Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.27 Published:25 September 2012

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  The Effects of ACC Deaminase-containing Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria on the Abiotic Stress Resistance of Plants 2012, 28 (27):  1-4.  Abstract + ( 1336 )   PDF ( 498199KB )   ( 834 ) The inoculation on plants with the ACC deaminase-containing PGPR can reduce the content of Ethylene, which can reduce the impact of abiotic stress on the growth and development of plants. This article analyzed and summarized the inoculation effect on plant with the ACC deaminase-containing PGPR under water, salinity, temperature and pollutants, and it conclude that PGPR can both promote the resistance and the tolerance to drought, flooding, salinity and recover the polluted soil via plant. At last, the future research directions were provided.

  Temporal changes of both chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase activities in transgenic rice with extra anti-fungal genes 2012, 28 (27):  5-9.  Abstract + ( 963 )   PDF ( 703415KB )   ( 714 ) In order to study the temporal change of extra-genes express in rice, the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in the leaves of the four transgenic rice lines with extra anti-fungal genes (chitinase gene and β-1,3-glucanase gene) in different growth period were measured using enzymatic reaction combined 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNS) colorimetry method. The results showed that the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in both transgenic rice lines and their parents increased with the proceeding of growth period. In the early growth period, there are slight difference of enzyme activities between transgenic rice lines and their parents, whereas the difference became greater with plant growth, which suggested that, in early growth period, there are low extra-genes express, even gene silencing or gene suppression. The curves of enzyme activities in transgenic lines vary greater than parents, and there are no correlation between enzyme activities and the number of extra gene. It was concluded that, for extra-gene express, there were time efficiency but no numerical superiority.

  Character Analysis of China National Authorized Rice Varieties During the Eleventh Five-year Plan 2012, 28 (27):  10-16.  Abstract + ( 936 )   PDF ( 625752KB )   ( 829 ) In order to analyze the main characteristics and existing problems of new rice species，and to provide the theory strategy for future rice varieties improvement, characteristics such as agronomic traits, quality and resistance of 288 Chinese newly national authorized rice varieties (including 183 hybridization indica rice, 105 japonica rice) during the Eleventh Five-year Plan were statistically analyzed. Rice morphology as well as the correlation between yield and yield related traits exhibited considerable differences among six ecological rice types. Long growth duration and large panicles were the major factors for high yield in single season rice along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, further yield increment could be achieved by increasing reproductive panicles on the basis of large panicles. For early rice along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Japonica rice in North China which had the most reproductive tillers, further yield increase should be the increment of spikelets per panicle. Japonica rice from North China and late-season indica rice had comparably better rice quality, while early season indica rice contained higher chalky rate. The entire 288 nation authorized rice varieties showed acceptable high resistance to rice blast while the resistance to rice planthopper was generally low, improvement of resistance to rice planthopper should be the focus in further rice breeding works. Outstanding male sterile lines played an important role in hybrid rice breeding. In addition to some previously bred superior lines like Ⅱ-32A, ‘Xieqinzao A’ etc, which were still widely used, newly bred promising A lines like ‘Tianfeng A’, ‘Wufeng A’, ‘Chuan Xiang A’ etc, also talent showed themselves. Two line hybrids thrived due to the application of a number of practical PGMS and TGMS lines, which were an important contribution in promoting rice breeding during the Eleven Five-year Plan.

  Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen on the Growth Characteristics During Booting Stage in Wheat 2012, 28 (27):  17-20.  Abstract + ( 1067 )   PDF ( 691119KB )   ( 923 ) In order to clarify the effects of different levels of nitrogen on wheat growth and development, to improve nitrogen use efficiency, to reduce the effect of excessive application of fertilizer on the environment pollution and to increase crop yield. ‘Yumai 49’ has been used for the material, the experiment carried out in the experimental farm of Henan University of Science and Technology with four nitrogen treatment including 120 kg/hm2, 180 kg/hm2, 240 kg/hm2 and 300 kg/hm2, respectively. Plant height, leaf area index, fresh weight and dry weight of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight of stem and sheath, fresh weight and dry weight of root, root volume and chlorophyll, MDA and soluble sugar content in leaves of wheat were studied at booting stage of wheat. The results showed increasing nitrogen within a certain extent could improve the wheat plant height, leaf area index, leaf fresh weight and dry weight, stem and sheath fresh weight and dry weight, root volume, but these were not increase or not significant increase when N exceeded 240 kg/hm2. Chlorophyll and soluble sugar content increased with amount of applied nitrogen increased, but MDA content decreased with amount of applied nitrogen increased. The experiment showed that, within the range of 180-240 kg/hm2 N fertilizer level were favorable to the growth and development during the booting stage in wheat.

  The Suitable Sowing Date and Winter Wheat Cultivars in the Northwest When Planting Moving from South to North in Jixibei 2012, 28 (27):  21-25.  Abstract + ( 970 )   PDF ( 548142KB )   ( 757 ) To detect the suitable sowing date and winter wheat cultivars in Jixibei, the effects of different sowing date on over-wintering and grain yield were studied, using three winter wheat cultivars (‘Jingdong 1’, ‘Suyin 6’ and ‘02 Tiepin 5’) by means of interval sowing. The results showed that, the survival in winter and grain yield were the greatest when these winter wheat cultivars were sowed at September 23th, and the main factors for yield increasing were of effective ears bearing. The yield of cultivars ‘02 Tiepin 5’ and ‘Suyin 6’ were significantly higher than ‘Jingdong 1’. Furthermore, the suitable sowing date in Jixibei was from September 20th to September 25th, and meanwhile should be adjusted according to the climate and cultivar character. The sowing date in warmer areas might be proper to delay, the sowing date should be ahead of time in cold areas. The varieties which had short growth period and the weak winterness should be appropriate to sow lately, the long growth period and good winterness varieties might be appropriate to sow early. When sowing date was postponed, the planting density should be increased to compensate for poor groups due to poor overwintering.

  Study on Spring Corn Soil Tests for Fertilizer Recommendations Technique Parameter 2012, 28 (27):  26-30.  Abstract + ( 977 )   PDF ( 560956KB )   ( 1002 ) In order to scientific and reasonable fertilization, promoting sustainable development of agriculture, this study on the basis of indoor analysis, plot experiments and nutrient rapidly measure technique, spring corn anticipant objective yield, the absorbed nutrient quantities of 100 kg corn grain yield, soil providing nutrient quantities, the ratio of fertilizer utilization in meadow black soil and corrected coefficient of soil effective nutrient were systematically studied. The results showed that, in the meadow black soil the spring corn anticipant objective yield was 9945 kg/hm2, the absorbed nutrient quantities of 100 kg corn grain yield was N 2.27 kg, P2O5 0.88 kg, K2O 2.01 kg. Soil providing nutrient quantities was N 212.4 kg/hm2, P2O5 81.4 kg/hm2, K2O 209.9 kg/hm2. Corrected coefficient of soil effective nutrient was N 0.49, P2O5 1.20, K2O 0.37, but the ratio of fertilizer utilization was N fertilizer 27.8%, P fertilizer 10.8%, K fertilizer 20.6%. So the parameter of testing soil nutrient and recommending fertilizer utilization quantities was pivotal factor in fixing on fertilizer utilization by testing soil and recommending fertilizer. This parameter affected by soil fertility and climate factor, etc. This parameter might apply in the same soil for a long time by checkout of plot experiment. We had weighed up the spring corn yield by there years corn yield before is comparative scientific reasonable.

  Analysis of Pedigree and Evolution of Traits for Peanut Varieties Registered in Fujian 2012, 28 (27):  31-36.  Abstract + ( 936 )   PDF ( 637133KB )   ( 739 ) Pedigree analysis and the changes of yield traits were studied based on the date of 33 peanut varieties registered in Fujian from 1949 to 2011. The results showed that: 45 varieties were used as parents for peanut breeding, and 22 parents were originated from Fujian, 24 parents were registered varieties. ‘Shitouqi’, ‘Yueyou 92’, ‘Shanyou 523’ ‘Quanhua 10’, and ‘Quanhua 327’ were milestone parent for peanut varieties in Fujian. phylogenetic relationship of varieties mainly came from Guangdong. Systematic breeding was main breeding methods from 1951 to 1980 in Fujian. Since the 1991s, cross-breeding became the main method of peanut breeding. With the replacement of peanut varieties, yield levels were constantly increasing. Gradually increased hundred pods and kernels weight played an important role for peanut production. Fat content increased slightly, while protein content changed in contrast. Plant height decreased, anti-lodging and anti-high fertility capacity improved, and they were suitable for close planting. The total number of branches decreased slightly, while the number of fruit branches was stability.

  Cloning and Expression Analysis of Rab2 Gene in Peanut 2012, 28 (27):  37-44.  Abstract + ( 1189 )   PDF ( 4345631KB )   ( 815 ) Rab2 is a member of small GTP-binding protein family controlling protein transport from endoplasmic reticulum to golgi body, some of them are found to be responsive to different environmental stresses. In order to obtain Rab2 in peanut, according to the jointed EST sequences, a pair of specific primer was designed, and Rab2 gene from peanut (AhRab2) was amplified successfully by RT-PCR. After T-A cloning, sequencing result indicated that the cloned cDNA contained a continuous complete open reading frame (ORF) of 636 bp encoding a polypeptide of 211 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 23.4 kDa. Sequence comparison of the AhRab2 revealed high level amino acid sequence identity with Rab2 from other species. Transcription of AhRab2 gene was differentially regulated by different environmental stimuli such as cold, dehydration, NaCl and the plant hormone ABA using real-time PCR. This gene can be used to regulate stresses resistance of peanut by genetic engineering.

  Effect of Genotypes on Plant Regeneration of Embryonic Leaflet in Peanut 2012, 28 (27):  45-48.  Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 753815KB )   ( 840 ) To provide culture method for genetic transformation and tissue culture in vitro, efficient adventitious shoot induction and plant regeneration of embryonic leaflets among 18 peanut cultivars in 5 types were studied in this paper. The embryonic leaflets were cultured on MSB5 induction medium (Murashige and Skoog salts plus B5 vitamins) supplemented with 1 mg/L NAA and 6 mg/L BAP, and then transferred to the medium supplemented with 4 mg/L BAP. The result showed that the frequencies of bud point induction were different significantly in the cultivars tested that ranged 62.2%-95.5% as well as in 5 peanut types. The highest induction frequency was obtained in Arachis hypogaea var. hirsuta (87.2%), followed by Arachis hypogaea var. rulgaris (81.5%), the lowest was Arachis hypogaea var. fastigiata (63.1%). When the explants with bud points were transferred to the medium supplemented with 4 mg/L BAP, some of the bud points developed and then regenerated plants. The regeneration rate of plant was also different, the cultivars in Arachis hypogaea var. rulgaris produced higher frequencies (83.5%-97.1%), while that of Arachis hypogaea var. fastigiata produced lower frequencies (14.8%-22.0%).

  Comparison of Genetic Variations of Agronomic Characteristics of the Different Soybean Varieties in M2 and M3 Induced by EMS 2012, 28 (27):  49-52.  Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 487918KB )   ( 722 ) Four spring soybean varieties were treated by 0.5% EMS (methyl sulfonic acid ethyl ester) solution, and genetic variations of the main agronomic characters in M2 and M3 were analyzed and compared. The results showed that, each generation agronomic characters all happened some degree variation, compared with M2. Among the characters of M3, the average genetic variation coefficient of plant height, branches, seeds per plant, seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight were less, main stem nodes were greater and pods per plant were well-matched, but this trend was different in between varieties. The earlier or the late plants were observed in each generation, the total maturity mutation proportion of M2 and M3 were 43% and 38%, the total maturity mutation proportion of each varieties from high to low was ‘Heihe43’ (0.71%) > ‘Beidou5’ (0.63%) > ‘Hefeng50’ (0.57%) > ‘Hefeng55’ (0.53%) in M2 and ‘Beidou5’ (0.64%) > ‘Heihe43’ (0.5%) > ‘Hefeng55’ (0.25%) > ‘Hefeng50’ (0.22%) in M3 , this showed the variation that maturity mutation proportion to M3 had reduced.

  Study on the Inducting System of Potato Microtuber 2012, 28 (27):  53-56.  Abstract + ( 882 )   PDF ( 529054KB )   ( 641 ) The study aimed to accelerate speed of propagation of potato microtubers. In this study, the induction system of potato microtubers was established by optimizing the influence factor. The results indicated that, the medium was MS with 0.05 mg/L IBA, 0.05 mg/L NAA, 10 mg/L coumarin, 10% sucrose and 0.2% activated carbon, dark culture and 20℃ were suitable for induction of microtubers. In this system, the tuber rate was 94.25%, the weight of single microtuber was 0.128 g, and the rate of high-quality potatoes was 100%. The system proved a technological foundation for industrialized production of potato micretubers.

  Preliminary Study on Mutation of Single-cells in Potato by 60Co-γ Irradiation 2012, 28 (27):  57-61.  Abstract + ( 971 )   PDF ( 1655479KB )   ( 712 ) This paper was designed to discuss the mutation of single cells in potato by 60Co-γ irradiation and obtain potato mutants fast and efficient. The base of this experiment was used plantlet and tuber of purple potato variety ‘Heimeiren’ as material for callus induction and secondary culture to establish suspension culture line. Then single cells were selected as irradiation materials and 5 treatments with different radiation doses were designed to observe the regeneration rate of single cell in different radiation doses. The results indicated that, a certain amount of regenerated individual plantlets were produced with the radiation dose of 10 Gy while the regenerated individual plantlets were slower and lower with the radiation dose of 20 Gy. When the radiation dose was above 40 Gy there was no regenerated individual plantlets produced. The results of nucleus slices observation showed that, after the regeneration culture of 30 days, the change of nucleus shape was significantly and the effects of radiation dose of 10 Gy on nucleus were lower than that of 20 Gy. In conclusion, the mutation of single cells by 60Co-γ irradiation has certain stability and mutant materials have been expected to obtain.

  Preliminary Report of Color Potato Breeding Experiment in Qinghai Plateau 2012, 28 (27):  62-67.  Abstract + ( 864 )   PDF ( 570039KB )   ( 721 ) In order to improve the structure of potato, enrich the market and satisfy the people’s needs, we used the ‘Qingshu168’ (red skin and yellow sarcocarp) and ‘Heimeiren’ (purple skin and purple sarcocarp) as parentstrain, and created a batch of new potato varieties with excellent characters prominent, vigorous growth, heat tolerance and high production through sexual hybridization. The types of the color potatoes were red skin red sarcocarp type, red skin white satcocarp type, red skin purple sarcocarp type, purple skin purple sarcocarp type, purple skin yellow sarcocarp type, etc. After screening, we chose 11 varieties among these types, such as ml08-1-53, and made the contrast experimental research. The results showed that, there were 7 varieties had 32.3%-64.7% increase in yield, comparing with the first reference object ‘Qingshu Ⅱ’. And there were 7 varieties, had 153.9%-216.1% increase in yield, comparing with the second reference object ‘Heimeiren’.

  Study on No-tillage Cultivating Techniques of Broad Bean Planted in Rice Field in the Northwestern Guizhou 2012, 28 (27):  68-71.  Abstract + ( 987 )   PDF ( 557577KB )   ( 843 ) In order to improve the utilization rate of northwestern Guizhou region winter rice paddies, by research optimal no- tillage planting technology of broad bean after rice, variety, density and seeding time were taken as research object, orthogonal design method with 3 factors and 4 levels was adopted to study the effect of the three factors on broad bean yield. The results showed that, the greatest impact on yield was seeding time (R=177.3), followed by the variety (R=163.5), and finally the density (R=134.9) in the three factors. Zhijin broad bean, 35 cm × 35 cm and October 28th were the best variety, density and seeding time of optimal combination of maximum yield.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Low Temperature Inducible Gene (MeLTI6A) of Manihot esculenta 2012, 28 (27):  72-77.  Abstract + ( 888 )   PDF ( 2056923KB )   ( 870 ) In order to research the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) resistant mechanism of adversity stress, the homologue gene of rice OsLTI6A was cloned, based on the cold induced and drought resistant gene MeLTI6A, from cassava. The sequence and function of MeLTI6A was analyzed. MeLIT6A genome full sequence was 273 bp, with which an integrated ORF length was 173 bp, an intron length was 99 bp. MeLIT6A encoded a protein which contained fifty-seven amino acids, and it contained a conserved domain with very high homology of Pmp3 super family. The amino acid sequence of deduced protein MELTI6A was 89.7%. 81.0%, 74.1% and 87.9% identical with the low temperature induced protein gene 6 A (LTI6A)’s deduced proteins of Ricinus communis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Zea mays respectively. Protein function prediction of MELTI6A suggested that it was a nonenzyme protein, had high hydrophobic property and two semipermeable film regions. It may have the function as a protein transporter and receptor, just like the AtLTI6A gene in Arabidopsis.

  Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on Chemical Components in Different Flue-cured Tobacco Variety Leaves from Different Grade 2012, 28 (27):  78-82.  Abstract + ( 893 )   PDF ( 554708KB )   ( 679 ) In order to indicate the effects of different nitrogen application rate and flue-cured tobacco varieties on chemical components of tobacco leaves, the change of chemical components from different grade were studied. The results showed that the nitrogen application rate significantly affected chemical components in leaves of C3F and X2F, and chemical components in leaves of B2F, C3F and X2F were significantly affected by different flue-cured tobacco varieties. The interaction of variety and nitrogen application rate significantly affected sugar metabolism of B2F, and significantly affected chemical components in leaves of X2F. In this study, nitrogen application rate and flue-cured tobacco varieties all had remarkable effects on chemical components of tobacco leaves.

  The Correlation of SPAD, Chloroplyll Content and Protein Content in 10 Ryegrass Varieties 2012, 28 (27):  83-86.  Abstract + ( 1100 )   PDF ( 575586KB )   ( 827 ) To understand the relationship between SPAD, chlorophyll and protein content, SPAD, chlorophyll and protein content were measured and compared in 10 ryegrass varieties. At the same time, the correlation between the SPAD and chlorophyll, protein content were analyzed. The results showed that, SPAD value, chlorophyll and protein content in the 10 ryegrass varieties were significant. The varieties of A25 and A22 were superior to the others in the 3 traits SPAD values, chlorophyll and protein content. There was significant linear correlation between SPAD value and chlorophyll content, protein content in the 10 ryegrass varieties. The results provided the basis to judge the content of chlorophyll and protein by SPAD.

  Change in Farmland soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Strategy in the Semiarid Regions of North China——As a Case of Xinfu County of Shanxi Province 2012, 28 (27):  87-93.  Abstract + ( 942 )   PDF ( 830854KB )   ( 814 ) In order to reveal characteristics of soil nutrients and guiding the fertility maintaining practices in the farmland in semiarid regions, the trend and mechanism of change in main soil fertilities (organic matter, total nitrogen, available P and available K) in farmlands of Xinfu County, Shanxi Province was analyzed by using soil survey data for 1963, 1980, 2006 and 2010, from which a sustainable strategy for agricultural nutrient resource management was put forward. The results indicated that, a significant change in soil fertility for 1963 through 2010. Since 1963, whole area mean soil nutrient contents in the overall decreased significantly, down to the minimum level in 1980. And then, the nutrients began to raise slowly, higher speed after 2006. Serious shortage of inputs and change of cropping patterns lead to fertility decline in the former stage, while a dosage augment of chemical fertilizer and improving irrigation promoted soil fertility after 1980, and returning straw to field speeded up the recovery of soil fertility after 2006. By 2010, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium content reached 15.3, 0.79, 15.6, 149 mg/kg, respectively. To further enhanced the soil fertility, implementation of precision fertilization, combined the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, increment of incorporated straw into the soil, and implement conservation tillage, improving irrigation and the expansion of irrigated area, should be the main regulation direction of agricultural management in the future in the area.

  Effect of Treating Returned Early Rice Straw by Decomposition Accelerant on Soil Chemical and Biological Characteristics in Late Season 2012, 28 (27):  94-98.  Abstract + ( 915 )   PDF ( 569780KB )   ( 728 ) To provide theoretical basis for rice straw processing technique by decomposition accelerant, effects of treating returned early rice straw by two types of decomposition accelerant, Fuganling and straw-decomposition microbe, on soil chemical and biological characteristics in late rice stage were studied in double rice field in Changsha, Hunan. The main results showed that: Soil nutrients contents were significantly affected by straw-decomposition accelerant (SDA), which mainly showed in increase of soil total N and available K before fully heading and decease of soil available N. SDA evidently affected enzyme activity in soil, while it was related to type of enzyme, type of decomposition accelerant and growth stage of rice. Compared to control, microbial activity in SDA treatments was lower before fully heading, while it was significantly higher after fully heading. Quantity of bacterium was increased, while quantity of epiphyte was decreased. Quantity of actinomycete was increased in straw-decomposition microbe treatment, while it was decreased in Fuganling treatment. Compare to Fuganling, the effects of straw-decomposition microbe on improving activities of soil main enzyme, activities of microbes and soil nutrient content were better.

  Isolation and Screening of Antagonistic Bacteria in Soil 2012, 28 (27):  99-103.  Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 652668KB )   ( 745 ) In order to obtain the original antagonistic bacteria strains of high efficiency and broad spectrum for preventing and controlling Camellia oleifera diseases, and to explore the effects of biological control, 223 strains of bacteria were isolated from soil samples. Antagonistic bacteria were selected by using confrontation culture method and activity determination of fermentation products. The results showed that: using Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium proliferatum as indicators, 21 strains were selected by plate confrontation method with inhibition zone width were 5.0-12.5 mm. They were 9.9% in accounted for the separation to the total number of bacteria, of which the strain Z26 showed the best inhibition activity; Re-selection tests by using confrontation culture method showed that the fermentation product of 21 strains had stronger antagonistic activities to 6 plant pathogens, of which 8 strains showed inhibition activity strong antagonistic activities to C. gloeosporioides and 4 strains showed inhibition activity strong antagonistic activities to F. proliferatum with inhibition zone width were ≥10.0 mm. They were 38.1% and 19.0% respectively in accounted for tested strains, of which the strain Z26 showed the best inhibition activity. The determination tests of fermentation product indicated that the antibacterial activity of 7 strains of fermentation broth could inhibit completely to the growth of C. gloeosporioides and the effect was obvious, fermentation filtrate inhibitory rate was 33.3%-58.3% and the effect was not obvious; bacteriostasis rate of more than 50.0% of the only Z17, Z26 2 strains. Therefore, the strains Z17 and Z26 had better antibacterial effect and biocontrol potential to C. oleifera diseases; they could be used as antagonistic strains of alternative of C. oleifera diseases.

  Explore on Best Digestion Conditions of the United Digestive Solution in Soil 2012, 28 (27):  104-108.  Abstract + ( 930 )   PDF ( 586852KB )   ( 969 ) Detect the current heavy metals in soil digestion process cumbersome and can not be unified Preparation digestion fluid problem, the study used nitric acid, nitric acid - hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid - hydrofluoric acid - hydrogen peroxide system separately for the three National soil standard samples GSS-3 and GSS-9 for microwave digestion, and optimize the digestion method and digestion conditions. We explored the HNO3(5)-HF(2) Preparation for the unification of digestion fluid ideal soil samples digestion condition, the best time for acid temperature was 170℃. This method could simultaneously digestion and determination of eight heavy metal elements, applicable to the determination of a large number of soil samples with a simple, rapid, accurate, less interference, etc., greatly enhance the work efficiency.

  Effect of Nitrogen Amount on Yield and Physiological Characteristics of Japonica Rice Varieties 2012, 28 (27):  109-112.  Abstract + ( 892 )   PDF ( 552875KB )   ( 746 ) Through the investigation of physiological characteristics and panicle traits, an experiment was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen amount in four levels on physiological characteristics and the yield of three japonica rice varieties, ‘Shennong 315’, ‘Shendao 7’ and ‘Shendao 11’. The results showed that, with the increasing of nitrogen amount, the leaf area index increased. The panicle length, the primary and secondary rachis-branches at high nitrogen level were more than those of other nitrogen levels. The yield of ‘Shennong 315’ and ‘Shendao 7’ were higher, and reached 9.78 t/hm2 and 9.65 t/hm2, respectively, followed by ‘Shendao 11’ in the high level, ‘Shennong 315’, ‘Shendao 11’ and ‘Shendao 7’ in middle level, the yield was 9.21 t/hm2, 9.11 t/hm2, 8.60 t/hm2, 8.49 t/hm2, respectively.

  The Effect of Persistent Flooding on the Kinetic Nutrient Absorption and Output of Wheat 2012, 28 (27):  113-117.  Abstract + ( 925 )   PDF ( 747768KB )   ( 787 ) The aim was to study the effect of persistent flooding on the nutrient absorption and output of wheat. The experiments were performed on the lime concretion black soil of the original soil column, installing six treatments, each treatment burying the corresponding root bags. In the jointing stage of wheat, the subject was flooded continually by nine days. During those days, the root bags were collected each day. Overall measurement was sampled by uniform of the stalks after the flood. The wheat growth was significantly suppressed by water-logging with a lower biomass and subsequently, a decreased output. Besides, the decrease of output varied in proportion to the flooding time. Persistent submergence damaged the ability of wheat to absorb nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and consequently, caused the decrease of nitrogen content and biomass. Compared with the result of control according to the t-test, the effect of flooding is significant or greatly significant. Flooding exerted a great passive impact upon the growth of wheat. It was found that the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were significantly inhibited, causing the decrease of biomass and output to an impressive degree.

  Effects of exogenous glucose on grain yield characteristics in wheat from its anthesis to maturity under drought and low nitrogen 2012, 28 (27):  118-123.  Abstract + ( 826 )   PDF ( 851330KB )   ( 822 ) The aim was to understand the regulation roles of glucose on wheat grain yield under drought and low nitrogen stress. Pot experiments were carried out to study the effects of exogenous glucose on wheat grain yield and quality characteristics from anthesis to maturity under soil drought combined with low nitrogen. The results showed that drought combined with lower nitrogen level significantly affected maturing rate and grain filling after anthesis. In comparing with normal nitrogen level, lower nitrogen level reduced fertile spikelet number, kernel number per spike, grain weight and grain plumpness.The yields of starch and protein in grains were reduced under drought combined with low nitrogen. However, application exogenous glucose under drought combined with low nitrogen significantly improved the accumulation of dry matter in grain, and increased maturing rate, the accumulations of starch and protein in grain. Wheat supplied with exogenous glucose could increase grain yield by maintaining comparatively higher SPAD of flag leaf during moderate and later grain filling, and prolonging the duration of grain filling. It indicated that the application exogenous glucose contributed to aggravation of the adverse effects of drought combined with low nitrogen on the development of grain and grain filling.

  Effect of Different Sowing Time and Seedling Density Design on Growth Characteristics and Yield Formation of Different Winter Wheat Varieties Under Water-saving Condition 2012, 28 (27):  124-129.  Abstract + ( 794 )   PDF ( 561127KB )   ( 725 ) In order to fully exploit the varieties of wheat yield potential, it was very important to define the wheat late sown optimum stage adapting the area climate change, and it was needed to understand the variety characteristics and to determine the rational sowing time and seedling density. In the only irrigation before sowing and at filling stage condition, the field experiment with randomized block design was conducted to study the wheat population growth characteristics and the suitable sowing time and seedling density of the wheat cultivars of ‘Taishan 23’ and ‘Taishan 9818’ in four combinations of sowing date and density. The results showed that, the important influencing factor was the higher stability of the thousand-kernel weight if the wheat was late sown in appropriate time. The leaf area index of flowering, filling stage was closely correlated with the yield. The yield production order of ‘Taishan 23’ in each sowing stage was B1 > B2 > B3 > B4, and the yield of the fourth sowing stage was the lowest and significantly different with the other three sowing stage in the current design. It was suitably sowed in early stage. The yield production order of ‘Taishan 9818’ was B2 > B1 > B3 > B4, and not significantly different with the other sowing stage. It was suitably sowed in all the four stages.

  The Application of Side Bar Fertilization Technology on Summer Corn in Shandong Province 2012, 28 (27):  130-133.  Abstract + ( 776 )   PDF ( 695481KB )   ( 782 ) In order to increase the nitrogen use efficiency, reduce labor intensity and improve the agricultural production and farmers' income, the field experiment has been done in Shandong Province under the same quality of nitrogen. The study researched on the effect of the fertilization methods on the growth, development and output of summer corn through the mechanical side bar fertilization technology compared to the conventional mixed fertilization. The research revealed that side bar fertilization technology could enhance the growth and output of summer corn. It turned out side bar fertilization treatment could increase 3.2%, 7.9% yield respectively than conventional mixed fertilization and no fertilizer treatment, and in some extent, side bar fertilization technology promoted and adjusted the soil water distribution.

  Study on Influence of Water Consumption to Dry Land Rape Yield and Water Use Efficiency under Different Climate Condition 2012, 28 (27):  134-140.  Abstract + ( 993 )   PDF ( 797081KB )   ( 740 ) Experiment on water consumption change and influence of water and temperature during spring rape growth process at high altitude dry land was carried out by sowing method in order to research counter measure of crops planter under climatic change background. The results showed that: water consumption of whole rape growth period was between 254 mm and 286 mm at high altitude dry land. Water consumption of bolting-blossom stage was 6.9%-10.3% of whole growth period. Water consumption of blossom-mature stage was 32.3%-58.2% of whole growth period. Water consumption of bolting-blossom stage and yield assumed significant correlation (r=0.890). Water consumption of blossom-mature stage and yield assumed significant correlation (r=0.764). Rape yield increased 37.9 kg/hm2 because water consumption increased 1 mm. Consumption temperature ratio of different sowing period and yield assumed significant correlation (r=0.844). Rape yield increased 86.4 kg/hm2 because consumption temperature ratio increased 1 unit. Water use efficiency of rape different sowing and yield assumed significant correlation (r=0.981). Rape yield increased 313.5 kg/hm2 because water use efficiency increased 1 unit. Way of improving water use efficiency was discussed according to climate change.

  The Effect of Organic-inorganic Compound Fertilizer Made of Paper Sludge on the Corn 2012, 28 (27):  141-145.  Abstract + ( 912 )   PDF ( 601396KB )   ( 826 ) In order to verify and define the agricultural possibility of the paper sludge, the sludge was processed by an industrial method of producing fertilizer. The results showed that, the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer could meet the quality requirements. After the fertilizer was applied to the corn, the parameters from physiological characteristics and growth period of the corn to soil physical and chemical properties were all improved. By comparing the results from three treatments (conventional fertilizer, no fertilizer, organic and inorganic fertilizer), the following conclusions were obtained: (1) after a safe dispose, the paper sludge could be treated as an organic raw material. The organic-inorganic fertilizer products were conformed to the national standard (GB 18877-2002), which could be popularized a larger area. (2) In the premise of equal pure nutrients, the organic-inorganic fertilizer made of paper sludge applied in the corn was better than the treatment of conventional fertilizer in term of promoting the mature period earlier. In addition, the former could make the plant height taller, the grain number per ear more and the weight of 100-kernel heavier, the yield much more, but the barren tip length shorter than the latter. (3) The organic-inorganic fertilizer made of paper sludge could not only improve the physical properties of soil and the preservation of soil moisture, but also increase the contents of soil organic matter, total N, P, K and available N, P, K effectively.

  Optimization of Medium Composition for the Production of Bacillus subtilis XK-1 Spores 2012, 28 (27):  146-151.  Abstract + ( 909 )   PDF ( 787937KB )   ( 950 ) Strain Bacillus subtilis XK-1 played a major role in biofertilizer research, but it was easily influenced by hypertonic and halophilic environment. So this study was to improve Strain Bacillus subtilis XK-1 compatibility by using Strain Bacillus subtilis XK-1 spore. In order to improve the formation rate and the quantity of the spore, systematic research was taken under cultural conditions. The medium composition for the production of Bacillus subtilis XK-1 spores was optimized by using the single factor and orthogonal tests. Various factors, such as carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, initial pH, temperature, fermentation time and inoculum size were investigated. The results showed that the optimum medium was as follows: bran 3%, bean peptone 3%, CaCl2 0.1%, NaCl 0.05%. The optimum culture conditions were as follows: pH 7.5, temperature 40℃, inoculum volume 20 mL/L and fermentation time 48 h. On the optimized condition, Bacillus subtilis XK-1 has a 96% rate of sporulation. It lays the foundation for the application of Bacillus subtilis XK-1 as a kind of microbial fertilizer.

  The Study on Automatic Feature Extraction of Leaf Lobes 2012, 28 (27):  152-156.  Abstract + ( 961 )   PDF ( 1429573KB )   ( 817 ) A function named convex hull distance was constructed in order to obtain automatic feature extraction of leaf lobes. After analysis of the function, it was judged if there were leaf lobes or not. If the result was yes, the type of leaf lobes would be identified and the quantity and depth of leaf lobes would be acquired according to the function step by step. The scheme had been tested using images in tree leaf database. The results showed that the parameter of leaf lobes existence made a clear distinction between leafs with leaf lobes or not; the locations of leaf lobes on leaf contour were found precisely and the judgments on leaf lobes number were right; the parameter of leaf lobes type showed obvious difference between different leaf lobes type; the parameter of leaf lobes depth showed difference of leaf lobes in depth. The tests showed the scheme was feasible. It could be applied to systems of automatic plant identification and plant growth monitoring.

  Innovating Strategies & Expediting Progress for Agricultural Science and Technology 2012, 28 (27):  157-162.  Abstract + ( 906 )   PDF ( 402801KB )   ( 832 ) Through summarizing the achievements of agricultural science and technology and analyzing the challenges of agricultural development, it showed that technological breakthrough had made the decisive factor in navigating agricultural development and facilitating agricultural upgrading, and technological advancement offered a fundamental way to propel agricultural development. Implementing agricultural technology innovation strategy, implementing integrated development strategy for agricultural technology, implementing institutional innovation strategy for agricultural technology and implementing strategies to create enabling environment for innovation constitute the key to expediting technological advancement.

  Research Progress on Molecular Mechanism of Trichoderma Mycoparasitism 2012, 28 (27):  163-166.  Abstract + ( 915 )   PDF ( 491679KB )   ( 874 ) Trichoderma spp.was a broad spectrum antagonistic fungus which could antagonized a variety of pathogenic fungi, mycoparasitism was main mechanism of Trichoderma biological control. To master the molecular mechanisms was in favor of reasonable application and transformation of Trichoderma, therefore, this article reviewed the molecular mechanism research progress of Trichoderma mycoparasitism, including the signal transduction of Trichoderma mycoparasitism and the hydrolytic enzymes producing in the process of mycoparasitism which hydrolysis of pathogenic fungi cell wall. Trichoderma signal transduction pathways in the process of mycoparasitism was heterotrimeric G-proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, the cell wall-degrading enzymes of Trichoderma included chitinase, glucanase and protease.

  Cloning and Comparative Analysis of Pectate lyase Gene from Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. cubense 2012, 28 (27):  167-171.  Abstract + ( 868 )   PDF ( 643761KB )   ( 707 ) To understand the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4 (FOC4) Pectate lyase (PL) gene sequence features, a pair of primer that according to the homologous gene sequence documented in GenBank was designed to amplify the PL gene. Using PCR and RT-PCR, the genome and open reading frame (ORF) from FOC4 was successfully amplified and named it pl2-FOC4. The gene included 3 introns and 4 exons. The cDNA encoding region was composed by 831 bases and encoded 276-amino acid polypeptide with 30271.9 Da of calculated molecular weight and 5.06 of pI. PL2-FOC4 got five N-glycosylation site, four Protein kinase C phosphorylation site, five Casein kinase Ⅱ phosphorylation site and three N-myristoylation site. The protein with evolutionary conservative and got the closest relatives with Fusarium oxyporum.

  Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Reductase Gene Fragment in Perilla frutescens 2012, 28 (27):  172-177.  Abstract + ( 1023 )   PDF ( 1231444KB )   ( 714 ) The purpose of this paper was to obtain hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase gene involved in rosmarinic acid (RA) biosynthesis pathway from Perilla frutescens. Gene special primers were designed based on sequences blast of HPPR genes from other species, and the fragment of HPPR gene in Perilla frutescens was successfully cloned by homology cloning method. The gene fragment, designated as PfHPPR (GenBank accession No. HM152567.1), was 426bp encoding 142 amino acid protein. Sequence alignment revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of PfHPPR was 92%, 93% and 92% identical to Coleus blumei, Salvia officinalis and Salvia miltiorrhiza, respectively. The PfHPPR expressed in all the tested tissues but at different levels with the highest in leaf, the second in stem and the lowest in root using the semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Further expression analysis reveals that the PfHPPR transcript levels might be influenced by the signaling components and stimulus such as ABA, SA and UV-B signaling pathways.

  Vascular-specific Expression and Cloning of BSP Promoter Activity Assay 2012, 28 (27):  178-182.  Abstract + ( 874 )   PDF ( 2939261KB )   ( 707 ) The vascular-specific expression promoter BSP was cloned from the poplar genome in order to study the activity and tissue specificity, and the plant expression vector was constructed with the promoter and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, then transformed the tobacco leaves using the biolistic method. The trans-formed tobacco were cultured in hypertonic medium overnight, then transferred to the inducted media (MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L +Kan 100 mg/L) to take root and when they grown to a certain height, the section were prepared using the vein and root which had formed the vascular tissue. The green fluorescence of each tissue was observed by the fluorescence microscope of OLYPUS BX51/BX52 with the blue excitation, at the same time the untransformed tobacco was as control. Results indicated that the GFP gene driving by BSP promoter had been a high level of expression in vascular tissue cells in comparing with the other tissue and the control group. The transient expression of GFP in tobacco vascular tissues suggested that the promoter had the activity of vascular tissue-specific expression.

  Determination of Myrosinase Assay Conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana Root and Its Comparition with Recombinant Protein Activities 2012, 28 (27):  183-188.  Abstract + ( 1032 )   PDF ( 939789KB )   ( 669 ) Glucosinolate-myrosinase is a kind of enzymes that degrade glycosidase, the express of this gene is tissue-specific. Research showed that, the new myrosinase TGG4 and TGG5 are found in Arabidopsis thaliana root. In order to find the function of TGG4 and TGG5, we extracted the myrosinase from ecological Col-0 root and the yeast contained recombinant protein, determined the enzyme activity condition and analyzed the different. It suggested that, the root myrosinase need higher ascorbic acid active concentration, it was about 2 mmol/L, the best reaction temperature and pH range were the same, for root myrosinase, the temperature was 37℃, and the pH was 4.5, for all myrosinase the NaCl had a strong inhibition of effect. The author believed that, root myrosinase did not work in salinity and themostability, and the enzyme also could not help root against disease and insect attack, but it might be play an important role in root growth.

  Cloning of INO promoter and construction of ovule-specific expression vector 2012, 28 (27):  189-193.  Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 1042642KB )   ( 753 ) The purpose of this study was to study the ovule-specific expression of the transgenic plants. Genomic DNA was extracted from Arabidopsis by using CTAB method, 35S::pCAMBIA1304-L117 gene plant expression vector was contructed, and then the genetic transformation of tomato was carried out. According to the reported INO promoter sequence, a pair of special primers was designed and synthesized. They were used to amplify by PCR, and this fragment was inserted into vector and sequenced. The results showed the cloned fragment had a homology of 100% with the INO promoter logged on GenBank. Furthermore the plant expression vector of pCAMBIA1304-L117 replacing the CAMV35S promoter with INO was constructed and transformed into agrobacterium EHA105 by the freezing method.The 35S::pCAMBIA1304-L117 gene plant expression vector was constructed,and it will lay a more foundation.

  Isolation of high quality total RNA from Gardenia jasminoides Eills. 2012, 28 (27):  194-198.  Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 864331KB )   ( 823 ) To establish an efficient method for high quality total RNA extraction from leaves and fruits of G. jasminoides, total RNAs were extracted with a high salt, low pH method and an EASYspin Plant RNA Mini Kit. The quality of the RNAs was estimated by UV spectrophotometric analysis, detected by 1% non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis. And the products reverse-transcribed from the total RNAs were also checked by 0.7% non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis. Both the RNA extracted from fruits with the high salt, low pH method and the RNA extracted from leaves with the kit had given a satisfactory yield. When the above two total RNA were run on a 1% denaturing agrose gel, sharp and clear 28S and 18S rRNA bands were observed, and the robust of 28S rRNA band was twice as intense as the 18S band, respectively. The ratio A260/A280 for the two total RNAs were from 1.9 to 2.0, and cDNA products reverse transcribed from the two intact RNAs had exhibited expected sizes from 250 bp to 5000 bp. Using these cDNA above as templates, fragment amplification of 60S ribosomal protein L18A gene was carried out successfully. Therefore, high quality total RNAs of G. jasminoides could be extracted from fruits with a high salt, low pH method, and extracted from leaves with an EASYspin Plant RNA Mini Kit.

  An improved method for extracting total RNA used to RT-PCRFrom Antagonistic Yeast Pichia membranefaciens 2012, 28 (27):  199-203.  Abstract + ( 911 )   PDF ( 766251KB )   ( 835 ) In order to obtain an ideal total RNA extraction method of antagonistic yeast Pichia membranefaciens, Three methods, including CTAB method, Trizol method and a modified SDS method were used to extract total RNA from yeast cell and the quality and quantity were compared with ultraviolet spectrophotometer, gel electrophoresis and RT-PCR reaction. The results indicated that the modified SDS method was better than the other methods since the value of OD260/OD280 and OD260/OD230 were 1.980 and 2.054, the purities were higher, the bands of 28S, 18S and 5S rRNA on gel electrophoresis were very clear and did not degraded, the brightness of 28S bands was twice of the bands of 18S，and the special band was amplified by RT-PCR. Comparably, CTAB method was not very good as the modified SDS method because the brightness of 28S bands was similarly as the bands of 18S. Trizol method was not fit the requirement of RNA extraction, the total RNA degraded and dispersed, DNA pollution was also found on gel electrophoresis. Therefore, the modified SDS method was appropriate for RNA extraction of antagonistic yeast and the quantity was highest.

  Antioxidant Response of Roots of Elsholtzia haichowensis Under Copper Stress 2012, 28 (27):  204-208.  Abstract + ( 916 )   PDF ( 1491860KB )   ( 643 ) In order to clarify the time course of plant antioxidant defense to copper excess, under hydroponics, the response characters of 100 μmol/L CuSO4 treatment 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days on lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produce and antioxidant enzymes activities in roots of Elsholtzia haichowensis, a Cu-accumulator plant, were investigated. The results showed that Cu treatment day increase led to significantly increase on lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content and antioxidant enzymes activities in roots of E. haichowensis. It suggested that increase on the lipid peroxidation, H2O2 produce and antioxidant enzymes activities (especially CuZn-SOD and POD) could lead to the up-regulation of the antioxidant defence system in roots of E. haichowensis under Cu stress.

  Purification on Eutrophicated Scenery Water Body by Bacillus subtilis and Scindapsus aureuson 2012, 28 (27):  209-212.  Abstract + ( 937 )   PDF ( 552907KB )   ( 1326 ) The pollution and ecological degradation of the artificial landscape water have become current key environmental problems. In order to seek the control ways of the water-body eutrophication pollution, this research is studied on experimentation which takes ecological restoration to improve water quality of the artificial lake using Bacillus subtilis and Scindapsus aureus in a new campus in Xi’an City. All processes and methods of test are conducted in accordance with their area of the procedures and standards as stipulated by the state. The experimental results indicate that the eutrophic water is purified effectively by Bacillus subtilis and Scindapsus aureus. The effect of purification of Bacillus subtilis is better than that of Scindapsus aureus in the short term and the highest removal effect of Total Phosphorus is 85%. The purification efficiency increase obviously when Bacillus subtilis is used in combination with Scindapsus aureus. The average removal rates of TN, TP, Chl-a, NH3-N, CODMn in wastewater were all higher than 80%.

  Sub-Cellular Localization and Expression Analysis of Sesuvium portulacastrum Genes Spmet 2012, 28 (27):  213-217.  Abstract + ( 931 )   PDF ( 748586KB )   ( 757 ) 为研究从海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrumand L.)中克隆的Spmet基因在植株体内亚细胞水平上的分布情况及组织表达的特异性，将Spmet基因的编码区定向克隆至植物表达载体pCAMBIA-1304上，使其与mgfp（绿色荧光蛋白）基因融合，构建Spmet基因植物瞬时表达载体，使用基因枪法将该表达载体导入洋葱表皮细胞，通过荧光激发，在荧光显微镜下观察洋葱表皮细胞中的绿色荧光部位，确定其在细胞中的表达部位。同时利用半定量PCR的方法对其在根、茎、叶中的表达特性进行分析。结果表明，该基因在海马齿植物的根、茎、叶中均有表达，表达量为叶>茎>根，融合蛋白主要分布在洋葱表皮细胞的细胞核上，细胞膜上也有微量表达。说明海马齿2型金属硫蛋白基因在海马齿植物中属于组成型表达，同时是一个核表达的基因，该结果为进一步研究Spmet基因在抗重金属方面发挥的作用打下了基础。

  New Progress and Prospect for the Microbial Degradation of Pyrethroid pesticides 2012, 28 (27):  218-224.  Abstract + ( 1237 )   PDF ( 597963KB )   ( 1459 ) Pyrethroid pesticides had became one of the three major kinds of pesticides which were widely used throughout the world since 1970s. With the extensive use of pyrethroids, they have caused serious effects on eco-system. Microbial degradation of pyrythroids has received increasing attention in recent years. The research progress on the microbial degradation of pyrethroids was reviewed in this paper. What is more, the application of biosurfactants in microbial degradation of pyrethroids was discussed.

  RAPD Analysis Among Isolates of Exserohilum turcicum in Maize from Yunnan Province 2012, 28 (27):  225-229.  Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 898419KB )   ( 756 ) In order to study the genetic variation of Yunnan Exserohilum turcicum from the molecular level, and provide theoretical basis for Exserohilum turcicum pathogenicity virulence differentiation and effective control of disease, Using random amplified polymorphic DNA technique, fifty-six Exserohilum turcicum isolates on maize that from some areas of Yunnan Province were tested for RAPD. Based on the distance, a dendrogram was constructed of the 56 strains tested, 10 genetic groups were formed. There was no correlation found between RAPD group and the geographic origin. The analysis showed that some strains from one area were closely related to some from another area. Nonetheless, rich genetic variation existed among the tested strains.

  Pathogenic Pathogen Categories Distribution and Germplasm Resistance Identification of Soybean Root Rot in Heilongjiang Province 2012, 28 (27):  230-235.  Abstract + ( 942 )   PDF ( 628775KB )   ( 654 ) To identify pathogenic pathogen categories of soybean root rot and screen germplasm resistance in Heilongjiang Province, we separated Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium debaryanum using PDA culture medium from soybean root rot plants collecting from 100 sites of soybean production areas in Heilongjiang from 2008, and Phytophthora sojae was separated by selective medium. The separation results indicated that, the occurrence frequency of major pathogenic bacterium was, Fusarium oxysporum occupied 42.7%, Pythium debaryanum 25.5%, Rhizoctonia solani 7% and Phytophthora sojae 25.2%. Our results showed that, after identifying 1249 portions of soybean materials infected under natural invasion condition, disease index of 471 portions were under 15%, occupied 37.7% of identified materials. Fusarium oxysporum was more frequent than others in artificial vaccination to 471 portions materials, in which disease index of 69 portions was under 15% and occupied 14.6% of test materials. From our results, we draw the conclusions that, we identified pathogenic pathogen categories of soybean root rot and there were materials resistant to root rot in soybean cultivars and resources.

  Toxicity Test of ten Fungicides to Macrophoma kawatsukai and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Laboratory 2012, 28 (27):  236-240.  Abstract + ( 1110 )   PDF ( 512484KB )   ( 688 ) Analyzing toxicity of fungicides against Macrophoma kawatsukai and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in laboratory to provide basis for screening and management of high performance chemical fungicide in the field. The detected toxicity experiments were conducted with mycelium growth inhibition method of 10 fungicides such as tebuconazole against Macrophoma kawatsukai and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The results showed that different fungicides on colony growth was different, in which 430 g/L tebuconazole SC was the most effective one to the pathogen with EC50 were 0.952 μg/mL and 0.41054 μg/mL respectively, but EC90 of M. kawatsukai (93.836 μg/mL) was lower significantly than C. gloeosporioides (487.73815 μg/mL). 50% iprodione WP and 70% metiram WG also had well control effect to M. kawatsukai with EC50 value were 0.586 μg/mL and 10.650 μg/mL respectively, but the two Fungicides were not ideal to C. gloeosporioides. 250 g/L azoxystrobin SC and 75% chlorothalonil WP had well control effect to C. gloeosporioides but was not ideal to M. kawatsukai with EC50 value were 0.0814 μg/mL and 7.313 μg/mL.

  Experiments on Cirsium setosum Control by Several Herbicides in Field 2012, 28 (27):  241-245.  Abstract + ( 846 )   PDF ( 2756500KB )   ( 780 ) Field efficacy trail was conducted to define the control effect on Cirsium setosum by 18 herbicides of different mechanism of action such as dicamba, tribenuron-methyl, 2,4-D butylate.picloram and so on. The results showed that the amount and weight control effects of 26% 2,4-D butylate.picloram and 48% dicamba were 71.19%, 70.69% and 91.63%, 88.67% respectively and higher than other herbicides on the thirty day after treatment. The control effect of 10% fluoroglycofen-ethyl and 41% glyphosate were followed, and the amount control effects were 64.88% and 63.15% respectively, and the weight control effects were both 84.69%. The control effect of other herbicides was lower than 60%. Resuscitation rate of Cirsium setosum in paraquat, bromoxynil octanoate and lactofen treatment areas were higher than others, and control effect was reduced on the 30 days after treatment.

  EfEffects of Bioherbicide Pelargonic Acid EW on Weeds Control in the Uncultivated Field 2012, 28 (27):  246-249.  Abstract + ( 1002 )   PDF ( 829635KB )   ( 1562 ) The aim was to study the control effects of pelargonic acid. The effect of 30% pelargonic acid on annual gramineous weeds and broad leaf weeds control in the uncultivated field was studied in this paper. By dividing testing areas and drug treating, the coverage and fresh weight control effects were investigated after 3 days, 5 days and 7 days treatment. The results indicated that a variety of annual weeds could be well controlled with 30% pelargonic acid EW at the active ingredient contents of 25-40 kg/hm2(the test concentrations of 83.4 to 133.3 L/hm2 ). After 7 days treatment, the coverage and fresh weight control effects on annual weeds reached 85%, which were not significantly different from the contrast paraquat AS at the active ingredient contents of 0.45kg/hm2 (the test concentration of 2.25L/hm2). However, the coverage effects of 30% pelargonic acid EW at the active ingredient contents of 40 kg/hm2( the test concentrations of 133.3 L/hm2 ) on gramineous weeds and broad leaf weeds highly reached 94.87% and 92.36% respectively as well as the fresh weight control effects reached 95.28% and 92.66% respectively. Pelargonic acid’s characters of efficiency, contacting and non-selectivity could meet the demand of weeds management in the uncultivated field, which is worth further researching and exploiting.

  Study of Formula and Wet-spreading of Beta-Cyfluthrin EW 2012, 28 (27):  250-254.  Abstract + ( 894 )   PDF ( 682477KB )   ( 895 ) In order to prepare Beta-Cyfluthrin EW with good stability and wettability, normal complex emulsifier was used to screen formulation, and determine the particle size distribution of formula with laser particle size instrument, and measure the surface tension and contact angle of formula with OCA20 (used Pendant Drop-method and Sessile & Captive Drop-method respectively). 4 kinds of Beta-Cyfluthrin EW formulation with good stability were found, their D50 were around 0.8-2.12 μm, and the particle size increased after heated storage; the surface tension of liquids ranged from 40 to 53 mN/m, significantly lower than those of deionized water (73.66 mN/m); the contact angle on apple leaves of liquids ranged from 46° to 74°, and obviously decreased within 60 S; In all the 4 kinds of formula, the 13# pesticide contained the lowest surface tension and the minimum contact angle when the solutions were dropped on apple leaves, and the contact angle decreased significantly. The research showed that 4 kinds of formula contained good stability and wet ability, and the 13# formula was the optimum formulation, wetting and spreading fast, so it was suitable for apple tree spraying.

  Effects of Low Dosages of Methoxyfenozide on Development and Food Utilization of Spodoptera litura 2012, 28 (27):  255-259.  Abstract + ( 929 )   PDF ( 590150KB )   ( 770 ) In order to evaluate the resistance risk of Spodoptera litura to methoxyfenozide and understand the biological characteristics of Spodoptera litura treated with methoxyfenozide, we raised diet with low dosages of methoxyfenozide to the larvae of Spodoptera litura, investigating its effect on the development and food utilization of Spodoptera litura larva. The results showed that low dosages of methoxyfenozide could inhibited the growth of insect, significantly decrease larval and pupal weight compared with control. Nutrient indicators showed that the relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), relative consumption rate (RCR) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) were significantly lower than control, and the approximate digestibility (AD) of larvae was significantly higher than control. According to the comprehensive evaluation, low dosages of methoxyfenozide could significantly inhibited the growth of Spodoptera litura.

  Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Stability of Bioactive Metabolite Produced by Tpb55 Strain Fermentation 2012, 28 (27):  260-264.  Abstract + ( 691 )   PDF ( 1251239KB )   ( 634 ) The purpose of this research was to control Tobacco wildfire disease by biological ways. It was determined the fermented liquid and sterile filtrate of Tpb55 strains to the inhibitory effect of tobacco wildfire germs by Filter method and Oxford cup method. It was determined the physical and chemical properties of the antibacterial material produced by Tpb55, such as thermal stability, acid-base stability and light stability by water bath heating, adjust pH, ultraviolet and sunlight sterile filtrate. The results showed that the bioactive metabolite had good inhibition ability to P. syringae pv. Tabaci. Filter paper determination method of the antibacterial circle diameter is 6.04 cm, and the agar diffusion determination method for it is 2.52 cm; Fermentation liquid on pH 3 to 8 keep higher activity, taking the neutral pH condition is the best and most stable; Light stability test result indicates that antimicrobial substances of Tpb55 strains produced against ultraviolet light has good stability, which continuous UV illumination 9 hours, and the bacteriostatic activity decreased not more than 16%. Therefore, Tpb55 is a bio-controlling strain with high potential value .This study provides effective component for further separation, purification of the fermentation liquor, and a research foundation for its further development.

  Research of Dampening Techniques for Cured Tobacco Leaves 2012, 28 (27):  265-269.  Abstract + ( 730 )   PDF ( 666020KB )   ( 811 ) Dampening test of flue-cured tobacco leaves was conducted by combination of different temperature and relative humidity to accelerate moisture absorption after curing, which connected tightly with improvement of grading efficiency in specialized grading and loose-leaf purchasing. It was turned out that moisture absorption rate of flue-cured tobacco was increased when environmental RH added from 70% to 90% at the same temperature, but it was decreased when environmental temperature went up from 30℃ to 45℃ at the same RH. Those results suggested that the dampening rate of flue-cured tobacco leaves were slow in combinations of high temperature and low RH, but it was fast in combination of low temperature and high RH within 30-45℃. The moisture absorption rate was fastest with best performance at temperature of 30℃ and RH of 90%.

  In Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Effects and Mechanism of Selenium –enriched and Germanium –enriched Inonotus obliquus polyphenol cai jianxiu 2012, 28 (27):  270-276.  Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 707072KB )   ( 655 ) The aim was to investigate the antioxidant effects of Inonotus obliquus polyphenol (IOP), Selenium-enriched Inonotus obliquus polyphenol (Se-IOP) and Germanium-enriched Inonotus obliquus polyphenol (Ge-IOP). The reagent kit methods were used to determine anti-reactive oxygen species (anti-ROS) unit and malondialdehyde (MDA) value, the spectrophotometry methods were used to determine lipoxygenase activity, inhibitory rate of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, respectively. In chemical modified systems, the antioxidant activity of 4.00 mg/mL IOP, Se-IOP and Ge-IOP were 52.36, 89.21 and 82.93 anti-ROS units, the inhibiting rates on lipoxygenase were 34.15%, 42.22% and 50.53%, respectively. In vitro cellular and tissular antioxidant systems, the inhibitory rate of 4.00 mg/mL IOP on mice RBC hemolysis by H2O2 inducement was 69.65%, which of 1-4.0 mg/mL Se-IOP and Ge-IOP were above 100%. The inhibitory effects of 1-4.0 mg/mL IOP, Se-IOP and Ge-IOP on the formation of MDA in mice without inducement were very significantly as compared with control group (P<0.01). In vivo antioxiddant systems, the MDA value in mice liver decreased very significantly when the mice were intra-peritoneal injected with IOP, Se-IOP and Ge-IOP (4.0 mg/mL,0.5 mL/d, 12 d) respectively(P<0.01), the GSH-Px activities in mice serum and liver also increased very significantly after being injected with Se-IOP and Ge-IOP(1-4.0 mg/mL,0.5 mL/d, 12 d) respectively (P<0.01). IOP, Se-IOP and Ge-IOP had antioxidant effect in vitro and in vivo, Selenium and Germanium could increase the antioxidant activity of Inonotus obliquus polyphenol.

  Study on Purification and Stability of Pigment from Red-purple Pitaya (Hylocereus polarizes) Peel 2012, 28 (27):  277-282.  Abstract + ( 2108 )   PDF ( 953201KB )   ( 1011 ) In order to using the macroporous adsorptive resins to study the purification condition of pigment from red pitaya peel and stability of the pigment after purification, By using static and dynamic experimental methods, the purification conditions were studied, the color scale of the purificatory pigment was calculated, and observe the stability of the purificatory pigment under different conditions. The results showed that, among the 5 macroporous resins tested, HPD100 resin was the best in adsorption effect and desorption effect. At room temperature, when 30% of ethanol was used as desorption solution, adsorption and desorption flow velocities were both 10 mL/min, the color scale of the purified pigment was 72.33, and it was 5.39 times higher compared with that before purification. Light was not conducive to the stability of the pigment, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, EDTA and glucose had little effects on the stability of the pigment, however, Sn2+, citric acid and tartaric acid accelerated the degradation of the pigment. In a word, macroporous adsorptive resins could effectively separate and purificate the pigment from red pitaya peel, pigment should be stored in the dark, and avoid contact with Sn2+, citric acid and tartaric acid.

  Research on Neutral Protease Preparation of Casein Antibacterial Peptide 2012, 28 (27):  283-289.  Abstract + ( 736 )   PDF ( 1610025KB )   ( 644 ) In order to substitute the widespread use of antibiotics to prevent from pathogen resistance, we greatly enhanced the development of casein antimicrobial peptides. We hydrolyzed casein using neutral protease and based on neutral protease concentration, hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature and pH viewed as influence factors. We used single factor experiments and centure-composite design center combination method of four factors and three levels experimental design to further optimize hydrolysis condition. The results showed that the effect of enzyme concentration, hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature and pH were significant. The conditions of casein antibacterial peptide preparation were optimized as following: enzyme concentration 3.73%, hydrolysis temperature 50℃, pH 7.9 and time 130 min. Regression equations predicting casein hydrolysate antibacterial ring diameter could reached 21.93 mm, the average degree of antibacterial ring diameter of three experiments could reached 21.91 mm, which was close to the theoretical maximum, showing that the model could predicted the optimal conditions of casein antibacterial peptide preparation.

  Effect of Drum Drying Processing Intensity on the Sensor Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaf 2012, 28 (27):  290-295.  Abstract + ( 1452 )   PDF ( 948600KB )   ( 679 ) In order to study effect of drum drying processing intensity on the sensor quality of flue-cured tobacco leaf, and find the suitable conditions for processing flue-cured tobacco leaf, the flue-cured tobacco leaf from major domestic and foreign production areas were treated by drum drying process with different processing intensity which was set in the range of the equipment performance by applying parameters combination, and the sensor quality of tobacco leaf was evaluated and compared. The results showed: with the drum drying process intensity increased, the proportion of flue-cured tobacco sample which aromatic style changed increased gradually; the proportion of flue-cured tobacco sample which aroma quality, volume of aroma, offensive taste, smoke concentration, smoke smooth, irritation, cleanness improved first increased gradually and then decreased gradually, the proportion of flue-cured tobacco sample which aroma quality, volume of aroma, offensive taste, smoke smooth, irritation improved was highest in the second processing intensity (cylinder wall temperature 130℃, hot air temperature 90℃, hot air valve opening degree 80%) and was 54%, 29%, 69%, 65%, 30% and 35%, and the proportion of flue-cured tobacco sample which smoke concentration improved was highest in the third processing intensity (cylinder wall temperature 150℃, hot air temperature 100℃, hot air valve opening degree 60%) and was 19%; the proportion of flue-cured tobacco leaf which dryness improved increased gradually, and the highest proportion was 15%; the proportion of flue-cured tobacco leaf which physiological strength improved was lower than 3%; the proportion of flue-cured tobacco leaf which aroma characteristics, smoke characteristics, taste characteristics deteriorated increased gradually. In the range of first-second processing intensity (cylinder wall temperature 115-130℃, hot air temperature 80-90℃, hot air valve opening degree 80%-100%), the proportion of flue-cured tobacco leaf which sensor quality improved and remained was significantly higher than that which sensor quality deteriorated, the drum drying process in the first-second processing intensity setting was beneficial to maintain and improve the sensor quality of flue-cured tobacco leaf.

  Optimizing Extraction of Flavones from Durra Seed Capsule Using Response Surface Methodology and Studies on Antioxidant Activity 2012, 28 (27):  296-301.  Abstract + ( 857 )   PDF ( 900685KB )   ( 661 ) Extraction process parameters of antioxidant flavonoids pigment in sorghum shell were optimized to improve the production of natural pigments. In this paper, the extraction of flavones from durra seed capsule was studied. On the basis of single-factors experiments, the response surface methodology were used to study the effect of extraction time, material solvent ratio and temperature on durra seed capsule flavones levels and Fe3+ of reduction, and the antioxidant of raw extraction from durra seed capsule was determined. The results showed that, the optimal extraction conditions were as the following: the ratio of liquid to solid 84.2:1 (mL:g), the temperature 73.5℃ and the time 104.4 min, under such conditions the extraction concentration of flavones was up to 5.7889 g/100 g, while the largest total reducing force of flavones was also obtained and the best reducing force date of flavones was 1.0863. The linear correlation of total reducing force and concentration of flavones reached significant. In addition, the raw extraction from durra seed capsule showed antioxidant function in vitro.

  Study on Optimizing Solid State-fermentation Medium of ‘Bingtang’ Navel Orange by Response Surface Methdology 2012, 28 (27):  302-307.  Abstract + ( 917 )   PDF ( 988090KB )   ( 719 ) In order to produce microbial protein, taking ‘Bingtang’ navel orange peels as raw material, statistical methods were applied to optimize the culture medium. The optimum auxiliary material, nitrogen source and inorganic salts were obtained by mono factorial experiments, which were bran, ammonium sulfate, ZnSO4 and CaCl2. The central points of response surface methodology were got by steepest ascent experiment, which were auxiliary material 15%, nitrogen source 3% and inorganic salts 0.25%. At last, the experiment results of box-behnken showed that the optimum culture medium was composed of auxiliary material 15%, nitrogen source 3.3% and inorganic salts 0.27%. Under the optimized conditions, true protein content reached 19.97%, which was closed to the maximum predicted value.

  A Study of Box Bulk Curing Technology 2012, 28 (27):  308-312.  Abstract + ( 1013 )   PDF ( 573027KB )   ( 1117 ) In order to study a new model to adapt the specialist bakery technology in modern tobacco farming and to accomplish. The result showed that, compared with the traditional bulk curing, box bulk curing technology had the advantage of accommodating more tobacco leafs and easy operating. This technology can help the farmers to reduce the labor intensity and employment cost, such as tobacco weaving and tobacco fitting. This technology had good application prospects for it could content 1.9 times as much tobacco leaves as traditional bulk curing technology, costs was cut by 50% and energy consuming costs was cut by 16%. There was no marked difference for the appearance quality and chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaves between the box bulk curing and traditional bulk curing.

  Analysis of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in China Between 2001 and 2010 2012, 28 (27):  313-316.  Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 531057KB )   ( 1017 ) Data of 2001-2010 collected by Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance and Reporting System (FDOSR) of China was analyzed. Total 5021 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported, resulting 140101 cases and 1427 deaths, fatality rate 10.19‰. 4243 incidents (84.51%) were ascertained of pathogens, with microorganisms of most incidents (40.93%) and cases (56.39%). The peak of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in June to September, incidents accounted for 57.40%, cases accounted for 57.88%, deaths accounted for 52.35%. Efficiency and quality of FDOSR for correct prevention should be improved to reduce the burden of foodborne disease.