Current issue

• 2021 Vol.37 No.27 Published:25 September 2021

  Genetic Transformation of Rice: Research Progress Peng Xiaoqun, Wang Menglong 2021, 37 (27):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0863 Abstract + ( 212 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1148KB )   ( 51 ) Rice genetic transformation technology is an important mean to explore the function of rice genes and carry out genetic breeding. In order to promote the application of rice genetic transformation, we summarized several genetic transformation methods, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated method, liposome method, electric shock method, particle bombardment, pollen tube pathway method and Agrobacterium-mediated method. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of these genetic transformation methods in practical application were described. Meanwhile, we focused on the research progress of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice as well as pointed out the influence of infection system, regeneration system and tissue culture conditions on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice. Moreover, some specific measures for optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation were also provided.

  Effects of Different Drip Irrigation Schedules on Soil Moisture, Wheat Growth and Water Use at Jiaodong Semi-humid Region Wang Zhijun, Wang Bisheng, Sun Xiaolu, Xu Mengjie, Yang Xiaohui, Hou Jinjin, Fang Quanxiao 2021, 37 (27):  6-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0360 Abstract + ( 285 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1381KB )   ( 46 ) To cope with the obvious shortage of rainfall and irrigation water resources in winter wheat season at Jiaodong area, the effects of different irrigation schedules on soil moisture, winter wheat growth and water use efficiency were studied to explore the optimal irrigation mode for winter wheat. The experiment was carried out from 2016 to 2019 using drip irrigation method, four treatments of T1 (no irrigation), T2 (jointing stage irrigation, 40 mm), T3 (flowering stage irrigation, 40 mm) and T4 (jointing stage and flowering stage irrigation, 40 mm each) were designed with 3 replicates. The results showed that: (1) at jointing stage, the volume water content of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm soil in T2 and T4 was 16.0%, 25.5% and 25.1% respectively, which was higher than that of T1 by 25.9%, 5.5% and 4.7%, respectively; the soil water storage was 204.9 mm, which was 6.5% higher than that of T1, the leaf area index was 2.9, 26.3% higher than that of T1, and the biomass was 6124.8 kg/hm2, 29.0% higher than that of T1. (2) At flowering stage, the volume water content of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm for T3 and T4 was 12.8%, 22.7% and 22.8%, which was 36.6%, 11.2% and 6.7% higher than that of T1, respectively; the soil water storage, leaf area index and biomass were 188.7 mm, 2.2 and 10781.0 kg/hm2, 12.8%, 24.3% and 24.2% higher than that of T1. (3) Compared with T1, T2 showed higher grain yield by 16.5%, water consumption increased by 13.0%, and water use efficiency increased by 2.7%, and T3 showed higher grain yield by 26.4%, higher water consumption by 13.3%, and higher water use efficiency by 11.0%. the yield of T4 increased by 22.7%, water consumption increased by 23.9%, but water use efficiency decreased by 2.0%. Comparison among T2, T3 and T4 showed that the leaf area index, biomass and yield of T3 were 5.8%, 5.7% and 9.0% higher than that of T2, respectively, water consumption had little difference, water use efficiency increased by 8.7%, irrigation water use efficiency increase by 138.5%. Compared with T4, the biomass and yield of T3 had little difference, the water consumption decreased by 8.7%, but showed higher water use efficiency by 13.4%, and irrigation water use efficiency increased by 160.4%. Based on the three-year results, drip irrigation at flowering stage (T3 treatment) with 40 mm could be considered as the optimal irrigation schedule for winter wheat at the area.

  Exogenous Glutathione: Effects on Maize Seedlings Under Low Temperature Stress Li Lin, Du Zhuo, Hou Wen, Zhang Kai, Huang Hao, Lu Yuncai 2021, 37 (27):  16-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0764 Abstract + ( 256 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1278KB )   ( 40 ) The purpose of this experiment is to study the effect of exogenous glutathione on enhancing the defense of corn seedlings against low temperature stress. The maize variety ‘Zhengdan 958’ was used as material in this study. Soil culture method was carried out with six treatments (CK, LT, G1, G2, G3 and G4), and each treatment was repeated three times. The maize seedlings with three leaves had leaf-spray for 3 days, and then transferred to artificial climate box with 10℃ low temperature stress. The growth traits of maize seedlings and the related physiological indexes were analyzed. The results show that spraying exogenous glutathione could significantly reduce the effects of low temperature stress on maize seedling height, leaf water content and chlorophyll content. Glutathione could alleviate the oxidation damage of maize seedlings under low temperature stress through enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. There is ignificant difference between LT and G3 whose antioxidant enzyme activities are increased by 79.25%. With the increase of low temperature stress days, the contents of soluble sugar and malondialdehyde in maize leaves increase gradually. Compared with the fifth day after stress, the contents of soluble sugar and malondialdehyde on the seventh day are increased by 106.97% and 25.33%, respectively. Taken together, exogenous glutathione can improve the growth ability of maize under low temperature stress, mainly by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic regulation ability, and maintaining cell osmotic balance.

  Effects of Combined Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Silage Maize Guo Jiang, Weng Qiaoyun, Song Yafei, Liu Yinghui, Yuan Jincheng 2021, 37 (27):  21-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0753 Abstract + ( 336 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1227KB )   ( 80 ) The effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield and nutritional quality of silage maize variety ‘Dajingjiu 26’ were studied by “3414” optimal regression design. The results showed that proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer could increase the fresh weight yield and dry matter yield of silage maize more than phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and could increase the content of crude protein (CP) significantly, it is beneficial to improve the content of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and fat; potassium fertilizer has less effect on improving the nutritional quality of silage corn; the increase of phosphate fertilizer is unfavorable for improving the nutritional quality. Among the 14 treatments, N2P1K2 treatment has better comprehensive performance. The results of this study could lay a foundation for formulating proper cultivation techniques of high-yield and high-quality silage maize in northwest Hebei Province.

  Yield and Quality of Forage Grass of Different Barley Varieties Zhao Jiatao, Yang Xianghong, Fu Zhengbo, Zi Shangyong, Liu Mengdao 2021, 37 (27):  27-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0746 Abstract + ( 290 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1168KB )   ( 41 ) To enhance the use of forage barley, a study about yield and quality of 10 barley forage grass varieties was carried out in Baoshan City, hoping to elect suitable varieties for planting. The results showed that ‘Baodamai 25’, ‘Baodamai 20’ and ‘Baodamai 12’ had outstanding performance over the average, the fresh grass yield of the three varieties was 40.15, 38.18 and 38.1 t/hm2, respectively; the crude protein content was high, which was 10.7%, 9.56% and 8.69%, respectively; the crude fiber content was low, which was 24.6%, 29.7% and 30%, respectively; the neutral detergent fiber content was low, which was 48.3%, 49.2% and 48.8%, respectively; the acid detergent fiber content was lower, which was 25.1%, 25.9% and 27%, respectively; the crude fat content was relatively high, which was 9.63%, 10.32% and 9.86%, respectively; the nitrogen-free extract content was high, which was 44.1%, 39.2% and 41.6%, respectively. The three barley varieties, ‘Baodamai 25’, ‘Baodamai 20’ and ‘Baodamai 12’, have the characteristics of high yield, rich nutrition, good palatability and high nutritional value, which could be used as silage or forage grass for demonstration and promotion in suitable areas of Baoshan City, thus promoting the development of local animal husbandry.

  Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chromosome Karyotypes of Two Wild Soybean Varieties: Comparison at Different Growth Stages Tian Xin, Zhong Cheng, Luo Huan, Li Xuepiao 2021, 37 (27):  32-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0565 Abstract + ( 272 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1467KB )   ( 25 ) To obtain high light efficiency of wild soybean materials and understand their best growth conditions, photosynthetic characteristics and chromosomal karyotype analysis of Dingpashan (Dingdou) and Kaili University (Kaidou) wild soybean at different growth stages were studied. The results show that Dingdou’s chlorophyll content at the flowering stage and the pod setting stage is lower than that of Kaidou. Dingdou’s chlorophyll content in the pod setting stage is significantly higher than that of the vegetative stage and the flowering stage. Kaidou’s chlorophyll content at the flowering stage and the pod setting stage is significantly higher than that at the vegetative stage. The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 and transpiration rate of Kaidou are all higher than those of Dingdou. The photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of Kaidou are both higher at the pod setting stage than that at the flowering stage and the vegetative stage. The photosynthetic rate of Dingdou is higher at the flowering stage than that at the vegetative stage and the pod setting stage. The intercellular CO2 concentration of Kaidou shows a decreasing trend at the pod setting stage, while the intercellular CO2 concentration in the vegetative stage and the flowering stage has a decreasing trend first and then an increasing trend.The intercellular CO2 concentration at Dingdou’s vegetative stage shows a trend of first decreasing then increasing and decreasing again, that at its flowering stage shows a trend of decreasing, and at the pod setting stage has a bimodal curve. The transpiration rate of the two wild soybean varieties is higher at pod setting stage than that at the flowering stage and the vegetative stage. Dingdou’s LCP is higher at the pod setting stage than that at the flowering stage and the vegetative stage, while LSP and Pmax are higher at the flowering stage than that at the pod setting stage and the vegetative stage. The karyotype formula of Dingdou is 2n=24m+12sm+ 4st; the karyotype formula of Kaidou is 2n=22m+ 16sm + 2st. Therefore, the photosynthetic efficiency of Kaidou is higher than that of Dingdou, and the photosynthetic efficiency of both the two varieties are higher at the flowering stage than that at the pod setting stage and the vegetative stage. Dingdou’s chromosome type is 2B, and Kaidou is 2C.

  Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Growth, Yield and Seed Quality of Brassica napus (Fengyou 10) Hu Kun, Wei Linnan, Zhang Shufen, Wang Jianping, Cao Jinhua, He Junping, Cai Dongfang, Wen Yancheng, Zhao Lei, Wang Dongguo, Liu Yizi, Zhu Jiacheng 2021, 37 (27):  39-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0695 Abstract + ( 278 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1157KB )   ( 29 ) To explore the suitable planting density and row spacing of the hybrid rapeseed ‘Fengyou10’ in Huanghuai area, a field experiment was conducted in the main rapeseed producing areas in Henan Province to compare the variety’s phenophases, SPAD value of leaves, leaf area index at flowering stage, economic characters, and yield and quality in different planting densities and row spacing arrangements. The results showed that the growth period of ‘Fengyou10’ was gradually shortened with the increase of density and row spacing. The SPAD value of leaves decreased gradually with the increase of density and the decrease of trailing distance in the bolting stage and flowering stage. The LAI of the plant increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of the density in the flowering stage. Under the same density, the LAI was higher in the row spacing of 40 cm. The plant height, the number of primary effective branches, the length of main inflorescence and the number of siliques were gradually smaller with the increase in density, while the branch position was increased, and the effective number of siliques per plant was decreased with the decrease of the traveling distance. The 1000-grain weight was not affected by the density and the arrangement of row spacing. The grain yield and oil content increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of planting density. The grain yield was the highest under the planting density of 420000 plants/hm2 and 40 cm row spacing, which was 2734.6 kg/hm2. When the row spacing was reduced to 20 cm, the average grain yield decreased by 4.65%. The contents of erucic acid and glucosinolate in grains did not change with the changes of density and row spacing. Under the condition that other cultivation measures remain unchanged, it is suggested that the planting density of ‘Fengyou10’ should be controlled within the range of 345,000-495,000 plants/hm2 and the row spacing should be set at 40 cm in Huanghuai area.

  Excellent Beta vulgaris Germplasm Resources: Screening and Evaluation Chen Li, Zhao Chunlei, Li Yanli, Wang Xi, Cui Ping 2021, 37 (27):  45-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0294 Abstract + ( 260 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1353KB )   ( 32 ) This study aims at screening and evaluating excellent Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) germplasms, and providing reliable information for their scientific application in breeding. 277 sugar beet germplasms were divided based on eight main traits including root yield, sugar content, harmful non-sugar substances and main diseases’ resistance. The germplasms were screened and evaluated. 37 high yield type germplasms with beet yield over 52 t/hm2 were screened out, as well as 88 high sugar type germplasms with sugar content over 17% were selected, out of which there were 4 high-yield and high-sugar ones, 21 high-yield and medium-sugar ones and 72 medium-yield and high-sugar ones. Harmful non-sugar substances of these germplasms were analyzed, resulted in 25 germplasms of low potassium (K) content (less than 3.79 mmol/100g), 96 of low sodium (Na) (less than 2.00 mmol/100g), and 49 of low α-nitrogen (α-N) (less than 4.76 mmol/100g). Among these germplasms, there were 4 with low content in both K and Na, 4 of low K and α-N content, 20 of low Na and α-N content, and 3 germplasms which were low in all the three harmful non-sugar substances. 10 germplasms were found to be highly resistant to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) and moderately resistant to damping-off, 5 were highly resistant to CLS and resistant to root rot, 14 were resistant to CLS and moderately resistant to damping-off, 5 were resistant to both CLS and root rot, and 3 were resistant to CLS and moderately resistant to root rot. These results suggest that among current sugar beet germplasms, normal or high yield type ones are insufficient, while high sugar type ones are abundant; germplasms are sufficient in CLS resistance, while inadequate in damping-off and root rot resistance, and with flat resistant levels.

  Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nitrogen Absorption of Plants: A Review Gao Wenli, Zaynur Turxun, Sang Yu, Ma Xiaodong 2021, 37 (27):  53-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0761 Abstract + ( 372 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1232KB )   ( 76 ) Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development, and also an important component of many compounds in plants, which is of great significance to plant growth and development. Arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi (AMF) can form a mutually beneficial symbiotic structure with 80% of terrestrial vascular plants. AMF obtain carbon source through host plant, and the existence of extra root hyphae increases the absorption range of nitrogen, which could effectively enhance the nitrogen exchange among soil-AMF-plant, improve the adaptability of plants to external stress, and promote the nitrogen cycle in the ecological system. Therefore, using AMF as transport media to explore the mechanism of nitrogen absorption, transport and metabolism in the whole symbiotic system has become a hot topic in ecology and agricultural production. In this paper, the mechanism of nitrogen absorption and cycle in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts was systematically reviewed from three aspects: nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen absorption forms and nitrogen transport and exchange by symbionts. The authors revealed the characteristics of nitrogen utilization in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts and its important role in nitrogen cycle, and put forward some scientific problems on nitrogen cycle in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts needed to be further studied.

  Detection and Degradation of Antibiotics in Ecological Environment: A Review Chang Donghao, Ge Jingping 2021, 37 (27):  59-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0773 Abstract + ( 354 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1239KB )   ( 48 ) With the progress of the times, antibiotics for treating bacterial diseases have been constantly developed, and they are widely used in animal husbandry and medical industries. The residual antibiotics are difficult to be decomposed in the animal body and human body, they get in the environment along with the excreta, they are reabsorbed by animals or accumulate in animals. Different types of antibiotics can also cause damage to the balance of microbial populations in the environment and even induce the production of resistance genes, which cause irreversible harm to humans. It this review, we analyze the antibiotic residues entering the human body by various forms, and the harm they can bring to human health. We summarize some common methods for detecting antibiotics and the methods for degrading antibiotics, including biodegradation, abiotic degradation and combined biodegradation. At last, we point out the future direction of the antibiotics’ residual degradation in the environment.

  Planting and Incorporation of Chinese Milk Vetch Coupled with Chemical Fertilizer Application: Effects on the Physical and Chemical Characters of Paddy Soil and Rice Yield Nie Liangpeng, Guo Liwei, Zheng Chunfeng, Lv Yuhu, Zhang Meng, Li Benyin, Pan Ziliang, Li Jie 2021, 37 (27):  65-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0767 Abstract + ( 256 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1184KB )   ( 45 ) Based on a 10-year field experiment on planting and incorporation of Chinese milk vetch coupled with the application of chemical fertilizer in Xinyang, Henan, six treatments (no fertilizer, 100% fertilizer, Chinese milk vetch with 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% chemical fertilizer) were set up. Soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil nutrients, rice yield and yield traits were studied. The results showed that compared with CK, the same amount of planting and incorporation of Chinese milk vetch and fertilizer reduction could significantly reduce soil bulk density and improve soil total porosity. The total porosity of soil could be significantly improved by applying chemical fertilizer and planting and incorporation of Chinese milk vetch. It could replace 20%-40% nitrogenous fertilizer by planting and incorporation of Chinese milk vetch. Compared with the single fertilizer application (100%F) and the combined fertilizer application with Chinese milk vetch (MV+100%F), planting and incorporation of Chinese milk vetch and fertilizer reduction 20%-60% could significantly reduce the available P content of the soil. Compared with CK, the content of available K in soil was significantly reduced by 5.5%-17.8% and the content of soil organic matter could be significantly increased by 15.0%-26.0%. Compared with CK, fertilization treatment could increase the yield by 30.0%-39.6%. The yield of rice was the highest by planting and incorporation of Chinese milk vetch and fertilizer reduction 20%. Compared with 100%F, the yield of rice increased by 2.7% to 7.1% under Chinese milk vetch with 80%, 60% chemical fertilizer. The main way to increase the yield is to increase the effective spike. Considering soil physical and chemical properties, rice yield and other factors of sustainable development of rice, the planting and incorporation of Chinese milk vetch in southern Henan rice area is 22500 kg/hm2, the fertilizer reduction of 20%-40% could be promoted, and the best fertilizer reduction is 20%.

  Bioactive Peptides Derived from Phycobiliprotein: A Review Li Fuqiang, Zhang Tingxin, Li Xiaojie, Zhu Liping, Yan Shigan 2021, 37 (27):  70-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0005 Abstract + ( 271 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1164KB )   ( 30 ) The purpose of this study is to provide references for discovery and structure-activity relationship characterization of phycobiliprotein-derived bioactive peptides, and promote the development and application of phycobiliprotein-derived bioactive peptides. In this paper, phycobiliprotein-derived bioactive peptides with different biological activities, including antioxidant peptides, antihypertensive peptides, immunomodulatory peptides, hypoglycemic peptides, antibacterial peptides and anti-inflammatory peptides, were reviewed. The sources, preparation, structure, function, and structure-activity relationship of phycobiliprotein-derived bioactive peptides were summarized. Finally, it was pointed out that there was certain blindness in the research and development of bioactive peptides using traditional methods, however, the combination of bioinformatics and traditional methods was conducive to efficient exploring of novel bioactive peptides, and the study could provide a new approach for the development of phycobiliprotein-derived bioactive peptides.

  AT-hook Genes and Their Role in the Regulation of Flowering in Plants: A Review Li Jinxuan, Guo Min, Wang Jiafeng, Yang Guili 2021, 37 (27):  77-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0788 Abstract + ( 235 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1101KB )   ( 97 ) AT-hook gene is a kind of genes that encode the proteins specifically binding to the sequence rich in AT bases in DNA minor groove. The encoded protein contains DNA binding protein motif centered on three amino acid residues of glycine-arginine-proline (GRP). In this paper, the characteristics and functions of AT-hook genes and their regulatory roles in flowering in Arabidopsis and rice were reviewed. AT-hook genes are not only involved in plant growth and development, stress and hormone signaling responses, but also play an important regulatory role in the formation of flower organs and the flowering of plants. The expression level of this gene is the highest in flower tissues, which affects the expression of the florin genes, and its encoding protein can regulate the transcription of genes related to flowering at the epigenetic level by changing chromatin status or recruiting protein complex, thus affecting the flowering of plants. AT-hook gene may provide a new perspective for epigenetic regulation of plant flowering.

  The Full-length Transcriptome of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculate): Sequencing and Characterization Sun Mingyang, Xu Shiqiang, Gu Yan, Mei Yu, Zhou Fang, Li Jingyu, Wang Jihua 2021, 37 (27):  82-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0775 Abstract + ( 260 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1751KB )   ( 32 ) To dissect the main biological processes and molecular mechanisms of Andrographis paniculate at the transcriptional level, the 60-day-old seedlings (seeds were used for production from Zhangzhou, Fujian) were chosen as experimental materials, and the initial sequence information of the full-length transcriptome of their roots, stems and the third true leaves (morphologically from top to bottom) were measured by the long read single-molecule sequencing technology. The initial sequences were dealt with screening, de-redundancy, correction, functional annotation and gene structure analysis. The results showed that the functions of Andrographis paniculate genes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, secondary metabolite synthesis pathways, and antibiotic synthesis pathways. The content of transcription factors directly involved in secondary metabolism, such as bHLH, bZIP, MYB and WRKY, ranked the top ten. Transcripts in the synthesis pathway of andrographolide precursors occurred alternative splicing, mainly in intron retention. Among them, one gene produced six mRNAs which promoters were altered. Overall, the secondary metabolism is the main biological process of Kalmegh, and related functional genes can participate in the process by combining abundant transcription factors and performing high-frequency alternative splicing.

  Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Soybean: A Review Yang Miaoling, Zhang Wei, Wei Qiuhe, Shi Liming, Guo Yuan, Zhang Kecheng, Ge Beibei 2021, 37 (27):  90-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0859 Abstract + ( 238 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1505KB )   ( 40 ) Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is an important disease in worldwide distribution, which seriously threatens the safe production and fast development of soybean industry. In order to effectively prevent the occurrence and development of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean, this paper summarized the latest research on the pathogenic biological characters, disease cycle, pathogenesis, disease-resistant breeding and integrated control of sclerotinia stem rot of soybean. It pointed out that the most important task is to excavate the superior resistance resources and explore the mechanism of interaction between soybean and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The study would lay a foundation for developing an effectively integrated control management strategy.

  The Pathogen Causing Root Rot in Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Mao County of Sichuan Province: Isolation and Identification Li Zhike, Tang Rong, Huang Xiaoqin, Zhang Lei, Zhang Zhongmei, Xian Yunxi, He Tianwei, Zhou Xiquan, Liu Yong, Yang Xiaoxiang 2021, 37 (27):  100-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0308 Abstract + ( 177 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1609KB )   ( 50 ) To identify the pathogen species causing root rot in Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Mao County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, and provide theoretical reference for scientific and effective treatment of this disease, the rot roots of Z. bungeanum were collected from Mao County and the pathogen was isolated and identified by tissue isolation method, pathogenicity determination, morphological characteristics and molecular identification which was based on ITS and tef1 gene sequences. The results showed that the mycelium of pathogen was gray white at the beginning, and then became blue brown or purple red. Large conidia of the pathogen were sickle-shaped and small conidia were kidney-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and tef1 gene sequences showed that the pathogen was attributed to the same branch with Fusarium solani in the phylogenetic tree. According to morphology and molecular identification, the pathogen of root rot in Z. bungeanum in Mao County of Sichuan Province was identified as F. solani.

  Trichoderma longibrachiatum Strain TS-1: Isolation, Identification, Antagonism and Solid Fermentation Condition Zhang Xiaojie, Zhou Tianwang, Wang Chunming, Guo Cheng 2021, 37 (27):  105-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0799 Abstract + ( 241 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1318KB )   ( 35 ) To screen biocontrol fungi that can effectively inhibit common plant diseases, a strain of Trichoderma TS-1 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a potato continuous cropping field in Jingtai County, Gansu Province. It was identified as Trichoderma longibrachiatum based on both morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes. The inhibitory effect of TS-1 on six different pathogens was determined by plate confrontation culture. Wheat seedlings were inoculated with TS-1 at different concentrations, and the seed morphological indices were analyzed. The fermentation conditions were evaluated using a single-factor method to determine the spore yield. The results show that T. longibrachiatum strain TS-1 has a positive bacteriostatic effect on Fusarium solani, F. sambucinum and Botrytis cinerea, and the inhibition rate is more than 70%. Compared with the control, it could promote the growth of wheat seeds to an extent. The maximum spore production is obtained using the TS-1 culture solids under the following fermentation condition: using the main ingredients of straw and bran as 9:1, adding 10% of barley, and taking lactose and ammonium sulphate as the carbon and nitrogen source. The above experiment shows that TS-1 has excellent biocontrol potential and its culture could be further expanded.

  Vegetables and Fruits at the Production Base: Assessment of Pesticide Residue Exposure and Early Warning of Risk Tian Gengzhi 2021, 37 (27):  112-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0046 Abstract + ( 240 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1197KB )   ( 41 ) By analyzing the current situation of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits in the production base, the assessment of risk exposure and risk early warning of 16 pesticides’ residue detected in 201 samples were carried out. Among the 268 risk exposure assessment results, 119 items of food safety index (IFS) were greater than 1 (44.40%). The residue of dimethomorphine, methamoxane and thiamethoxam in the vegetables and fruits of the production base were safe for human health. The remaining 13 detected pesticides should be included in risk management and their monitoring should be strengthened. Melons, brassicas, rhizomes, yams, leafy vegetables, solanaceous fruit, legumes and edible fungi all had unacceptable risk of pesticide residue, while fruits in the sampled base were safe. The risk of metalaxylene on solanaceous vegetables was acceptable, and the risk of imidacloprid on legumes vegetables was basically acceptable. In the assessment of risk early warning, except the medium risk of carbonfuran residue, imidacloprid, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and diethoate oxides were all at low risk. The other pesticides not exceeding the standard also had low risk. Prohibited pesticides of medium risk such as carbonfuran and low risk such as oxalogo and chlorpyrifos should be regarded as key monitoring objects.

  Active Ingredients in Picoxystrobin Suspension Concentrate and Water Dispersible Granule: Determination by HPLC Ma Tengfei, Jia Sunyue, Liu Lin, Zhou Qin, Gao Jinsheng 2021, 37 (27):  117-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0125 Abstract + ( 251 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1733KB )   ( 45 ) In order to establish a general method to determine active ingredient in picoxystrobin suspension concentrate (SC) and water dispersible granule (WG) using the same high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) condition,the samples were dissolved with acetonitrile, and analyzed by RP-HPLC. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (volume ratio 80: 20), the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the amount of injection was 5.0 μL. Separation was achieved on the Symmetry-C18 column and diode array detector (DAD) at 220 nm, and the quantitative result was calculated by external standard method. In addition, the peak purity was checked through DAD and the method was tested by different laboratories. The result showed good linearities in the concentration ranged from 100.1 mg/L to 1000.8 mg/L, with the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9993. The recovery of SC and WG were 100.64% and 99.74%, respectively. The RSD of measurement results were 1.31% and 0.69% respectively. RSD of different laboratories were 0.8052% and 0.6003%. RSDR were 0.8560% and 1.5625%, respectively. The precision, accuracy and peak purity results meet the requirements of analysis for pesticide products. The method is suitable for the determination active ingredient for picoxystrobin in suspension concentrate and water dispersible granule.

  The Environmental Control of Greenhouse in China: Research Progress Huang-fu Shanshan, Zhu Jiezhong, Yang Zaiqiang, Ma Yufei 2021, 37 (27):  125-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0586 Abstract + ( 645 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1195KB )   ( 55 ) Facility agriculture is the main direction of modern agriculture development, but China’s facility greenhouse environment control started late, its technology is relatively backward, and the control effect is poor. Intelligent control of agricultural greenhouses is a key part of facility agricultural planting and agricultural production at this stage. It is an important tool for China to effectively improve crop productivity and ensure crop quality. In order to promote the rapid development of the facility agricultural greenhouse intelligent control technology and accelerate technological progress in the field of facility agriculture, this paper summarizes the development status of domestic and foreign facility greenhouses and the development process of greenhouse environment control technology, analyzes the characteristics of greenhouse environment control in different periods, points out the shortcomings of China’s greenhouse environment control technology, and looks forward to the development direction of greenhouse intelligent control technology for facility agriculture.

  Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Process of Red Pigment from ‘Carmine Radish’ by Orthogonal Method Peng Hua, Song Xia, Zhang Chun 2021, 37 (27):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0729 Abstract + ( 202 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1278KB )   ( 49 ) To optimize the extraction process of red pigment from ‘carmine radish’, the ‘Yanzhihong radish 2’ was used as the raw material to analyze the red pigment extraction yield under different solvents by using ultrasonic technology, and to study the effects of different types and ratios of extraction liquid, different solid-liquid ratios, extraction temperature and extraction time on the absorbance value. The results showed that: (1) the absorbance value of the red pigment solution extracted by acetone hydrochloride was the highest; (2) the effect of extraction liquid ratio on the absorbance value was significant, and the effects of solid-liquid ratio and extraction temperature on the absorbance value were extremely significant; the effects of extraction temperature, solid-liquid ratio and the ratio of extraction solution on the absorbance value were in a descending order; (3) the content of red pigment in different radish varieties were measured by the most optimal extraction condition, showing that the absorbance value of the red pigment extract of ‘Yanzhihong radish 1’ and ‘Yanzhihong radish 2’ were the highest. In general, the absorbance value of red pigment extraction is the highest under the condition of using acetone hydrochloride as the extracting solution, the ratio of 10.8% hydrochloric acid: 30% acetone is 1:1, the solid-liquid ratio is 1:8 (g/mL), the extraction temperature is 50℃ and the extracting duration is 20 min.

  Under-forest Tetrastigma hemsleyanum: Polysaccharide Fingerprint in Different Producing Areas Zi Haoran, Xu Haishun, Wu Shengnan, Zhang Danning, Xu Juan, Bai Yan, Wang Hongzhen, Wu Xueqian 2021, 37 (27):  139-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0372 Abstract + ( 183 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1404KB )   ( 26 ) The evaluation system of polysaccharide fingerprint was established to identify the source and control the quality of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. T. hemsleyanum from different areas were used as materials, the polysaccharide spectrum, monosaccharide content and composition of T. hemsleyanum from different areas were determined by PMP pre-column derivatization-HPLC and chemometric analysis. The polysaccharide fingerprint and its common pattern were established for different origins, and 8 monosaccharide chromatographic peaks such as glucose, rhamnose and arabinose were determined. The similarity of each batch of samples was high, ranging from 0.934 to 0.997. According to the score of principal component factor, the quality of polysaccharide from Suichang was the best, followed by that from Wenzhou. The composition of its monosaccharides was determined, and high content of mannose, glucose, galactose and arabinose were obtained, which was 9.094%, 11.451%, 56.695% and 11.030%, respectively, with galactose being the main component of the polysaccharide of T. hemsleyanum. In this study, we established the polysaccharides fingerprint of T. hemsleyanum and determined the composition and content of monosaccharides. The method is stable and reliable, and can be used for the source identification and quality control of T. hemsleyanum.

  Effects of Different Feeding Rates on Growth, Water Quality and Microbial Community Metabolic Diversity of Cultured Tilapia Dong Xinxu, Fan Limin, Song Chao, Zheng Yao, Qiu Liping, Meng Shunlong, Chen Jiazhang 2021, 37 (27):  146-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0069 Abstract + ( 211 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1904KB )   ( 33 ) To study the effects of different feeding rates on the growth, water physicochemical indexes and microbial community metabolic diversity of cultured tilapia, 16±0.20 g Oreochromis niloticus was used as the research object, the effects of different feed rates on tilapia growth and water quality indicators were explored. Biolog-ECO method was used to detect the utilization of 31 carbon sources by microorganisms in culture water samples, to study the differences of microbial metabolic diversity under different feeding rates. The results showed that the tilapia with 4% feeding rate had the lowest feed coefficient and relatively high feed utilization rate; high feeding rate had a relatively great impact on water quality, and different feeding rates had an impact on microbial metabolic diversity in aquaculture water; the Shannon index of 4% feeding rate was relatively high, and there were more kinds of microorganisms in water; Pearson correlation analysis showed that COD, TN, TP, NH3-N had strong positive correlations (P<0.05) with water microbial metabolic diversity metabolism of β-methyl-D-glucoside, glucose-1-phosphate, glycyl-L-glutamic acid. In the process of tilapia culture, considering both ecological and economic benefits, we should feed the tilapia with proper feeding rates, the feeding rate with the initial tilapia size of about 16g is around 4%.

  Intestine of Acanthopagrus schlegelii and Microbial Communities in the Aquatic Water: Study in Two Culture Modes Nie Zhijuan, Shao Nailin, Zhang Zhiwei, Hu Jiawen, Xu Pao, Xu Gangchun 2021, 37 (27):  155-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0324 Abstract + ( 167 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1894KB )   ( 32 ) To investigate the microbial communities’ structure of water and intestine of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) reared in in-pond raceway culture system (IP) and pond (EP), intestines and culture water were selected as research objects. Using high-throughput sequencing technology, the structure and function of bacterial communities under the two different culture modes were compared and analyzed. The results show that the microbial communities are mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi, and the sum of their abundance is 98.32%-99.22%. At genus level, bacteria are significantly different. Furthermore, the main increased species in IP mode were Ruegeria (14.84%) Synechococcus (14.24%), Marivita (3.58%), norank_o__PeM15 (2.97%) and norank_C__KD4-96 (2.56%)(P<0.05) (IP > EP). However, the main bacteria in EP model are Enterobacter (10.31%), Mycobacterium (10.30%), Romboutsia (7.37%), Enterococcus (6.29%) and Lactococcus (5.38%) (P<0.05) (IP < EP). The bacterial community in intestine has high richness and diversity, IP mode is significantly higher than that in EP mode (P<0.05), but there is no significant difference between fish intestines (P>0.05). There are differences in the structure and function of the flora under the two culture modes, and there are a large proportion of bacterial communities with significant differences in relative abundance. Most of the dominant bacteria with significant differences are beneficial bacteria in the intestine of black sea bream in IP mode, while in the EP mode, the bacteria are mostly chronic or conditional pathogens.