Current issue

• 2023 Vol.39 No.36 Published:25 December 2023

  Response of Rice Canopy Temperature to Ambient Temperature and Its Regulatory Mechanism CHEN Zhang, LI Yuan, WANG Jiaqi, WU Yunfei, JIANG Min 2023, 39 (36):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1042 Abstract + ( 143 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1302KB )   ( 76 ) Environmental temperature has an important impact on rice production. The canopy temperature reflects the average surface temperature of various organs of rice canopy, which is composed of thermal characteristics and physiological responses to the environment. Canopy temperature significantly relates to environmental temperature, represents changes in rice internal physiological activities and also connects environmental conditions and crop genetic characteristics. Studying the impact mechanism and related regulation mechanism of rice canopy temperature can better explain the energy and material exchange between rice plants and external environment, which has high research value. This paper reviewed the basic characteristics of rice canopy temperature and the corresponding regulation mechanism of environmental temperature, and put forward some suggestions for future research on rice canopy temperature to better apply canopy temperature to rice growth monitoring.

  Influence of Row Direction on Use-efficiency of Solar Radiation in Canopy Bottom and Rice Yield MIAO Shujie, GUO Yan, YANG Haichao, XIA Ke, QIAO Yunfa 2023, 39 (36):  8-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0007 Abstract + ( 92 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1347KB )   ( 27 ) The study was carried out to investigate the effects of different row directions on use-efficiency of solar radiation in canopy bottom and rice yield for improving the utilization of light resource. ‘Nanjing 9108’ was cultivated with three row directions according to the geographical latitude and solar altitude angle as local conventional north-south direction, that was magnetic south 0o (CK), 30o from southeast (SE30), and 30o from southwest (SW30). Solar radiation intensity and photosynthetic parameters from canopy bottom were analyzed at filling stage; aboveground biomass and yield were measured at harvest. The results showed that adjusting row direction had a significantly effect on the total solar radiation intensity at the leaves of canopy bottom, which was in the order of SE30<SW30<CK from 8:00 to 17:00. The peak solar-radiation intensity on the leaves of canopy bottom in SE30 treatment was advanced to 11:00, while the higher solar radiation intensity of SW30 treatment maintained from 12:00 to 16:00. Due to the higher total radiation intensity and the longer duration of higher radiation intensity, the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of rice leaves in SW30 treatment were increased by 17.3%, 28.0% and 34.0% than those in CK, respectively. However, these properties of SE30 treatment were reduced by 9.9%, 10.3% and 26.0%, accordingly. After harvest, compared to CK treatment, SW30 treatment significantly increased both aboveground biomass and yield (approximate10.0%). The SE30 treatment had no significant impact on biomass, but the yield of which was decreased by 3.5%. Finally, SW30 treatment had the highest solar radiation use-efficiency on leaves of canopy bottom, which were 11.2% and 12.4% higher than those of CK and SE30, respectively. All these indicate that the adjustment of rice row direction to 30o southwest can significantly improve the solar radiation use-efficiency of leaves located in canopy bottom, thereby promotes biomass accumulation and yield formation. Thus, adjusting rice planting direction might be a potential way to improve rice production without increasing economic input in Jiangsu Province.

  Effect of Side-deep Nitrogen Reduction Fertilization with Slow Release Fertilizer on Nitrogen Uptake & Utilization and Rice Yield & Quality LI Yajuan, DONG Minghui, JIANG Yi, GU Junrong, ZHANG Wendi, WANG Yuxuan 2023, 39 (36):  14-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1041 Abstract + ( 91 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1211KB )   ( 40 ) To explore the effects of side-deep nitrogen reduction of slow mixed fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield and quality of rice, two different maturity cultivars were treated with blank (N0) treatment and conventional fertilizer treatment (240 kg/hm2, CFM) as control, four treatments of no reduction of nitrogen fertilizer (FM1), 7% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer (FM2), 14% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer (FM3) and 21% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer (FM4) were set for side-deep fertilization. The study aims to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the application of large-area mechanical inserted slow mixing fertilizer. The results showed that different fertilization treatments affected dry matter accumulation at different growth stages of rice, the dry matter accumulation of CFM treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments in the middle and early growth stages (tillering stage to jointing stage), and FM1 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments from booting stage to maturity stage. The nitrogen content of rice plants also varied according to different growth stages. The nitrogen content of rice plants at tillering to jointing stage was in the order of CFM > FM1 > FM2 > FM3 > FM4 > N0, and that at booting to maturity stage was in the order of FM1, FM2 > CFM > FM3 > FM4 > N0. Under deep-side fertilization, moderate-reduced nitrogen had little effect on panicle number, and the grain number per panicle was the most in FM1 or FM2. The seed setting rate of deep-side fertilization was higher than that of the control, the 1000 grain weight and grain yield was higher in FM1 or FM2, and there were differences among different varieties; compared with the control, the deep-side fertilization treatment increased the nitrogen use efficiency. The nitrogen agronomic utilization rate was FM2>FM1 or FM3>CFM>FM4, and the nitrogen physiological utilization rate of CFM was the lowest, FM2 or FM3 was the highest. The nitrogen absorption utilization rate was FM2>FM1>FM3>CFM>FM4, and the nitrogen partial productivity was FM4>FM3>FM2>FM1>CFM. The treatments of side-deep fertilization is beneficial to reduce chalkiness grain rate, chalkiness and alkali elimination value, increase head rice rate, amylose content, protein content, gel consistency and disintegration value, and moderate-reduced nitrogen can improve rice quality. In production, it is suggested to adopt the side-deep fertilization technology of slow mixed fertilizer with nitrogen reduction of 7%-14%, which is beneficial to achieve nitrogen reduction, cost saving and high quality and yield of rice.

  Effects of Different Slow-release Fertilizer Groups on Growth and Yield of Regenerative Rice in Southern Henan YU Guilong, LIU Xiangchen, ZHANG Qiang, FENG Daqing, ZHAO Haiying, GU Mengxuan, SUN Quandong, WANG Bin, XIONG Qu 2023, 39 (36):  22-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0024 Abstract + ( 89 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1191KB )   ( 37 ) The feasibility of light and simplified cultivation technology of ratooning rice in southern Henan and the reasons for yield formation were discussed by applying different combinations of slow and controlled release fertilizers. The results showed that under different treatments, the main factor for the yield increase of the first season rice was to increase the total spikelet amount by panicle grain fertilizer; The main factor of increasing yield in the regeneration season was to improve the regeneration rate by improving the leaf area index and dry matter quality in the regeneration season through bud promoting fertilizer. Under the condition of precise and quantitative fertilization, due to the timely and reasonable application of fertilizer, the total yield and nitrogen contribution rate of the two seasons were the highest. The new special fertilizer for ratooning rice was applied twice in the first season of rice growth, and applied as basal tiller fertilizer and ear bud fertilizer respectively. The total yield of the two seasons was 13.9 t/hm2, which was 1055 kg/hm2 lower than that of precise quantitative fertilization. The cost of labor and fertilizer was 990 yuan/hm2 lower than that of precise quantitative fertilization. The net income was 1478 yuan/hm2 lower than that of precise quantitative fertilization, which was only 3.5% lower than that of precise quantitative fertilization. According to the local employment situation, the new type of ratooning rice set fertilizer could be used to achieve the goal of stabilizing production and increasing income.

  The National Approved Wheat Variety ‘Weimai 9’: Analysis of Yield Stability and Adaptability ZHANG Yangli, CAO Sanchao, YAN Miaomiao, LI Qian, NIE Song, CHENG Min 2023, 39 (36):  28-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0019 Abstract + ( 93 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1180KB )   ( 19 ) In order to comprehensively understand the production characteristics of the national approved wheat variety ‘Weimai 9’, the summary data of the regional test and production test of Shaanxi Province from year 2016 to 2018, the regional trial production test of the dry and thin group in the national Huanghuai winter wheat area from year 2018 to 2020, as well as the production test results of the demonstration field of ‘Weimai 9’ in 2021 and 2022 were used. The productivity, stability and adaptability of ‘Weimai 9’ and ‘Jinmai 47’ (CK) were compared by the indicators of yield, coefficient of variation (CV), high stability coefficient (HSC) and adaptability, and the comprehensive resistance of cold resistance, drought resistance, hot resistance and disease resistance were analyzed to clarify the variety characteristics of ‘Weimai 9’. The results showed that the yield of ‘Weimai 9’ was more than 3 % higher than that of ‘Jinmai 47’ in the regional test and production test of 6 years. The CV of yield was slightly lower than that of the control ‘Jinmai 47’, and the HSC was lower than that of ‘Jinmai 47’. The ability to resist dry and hot wind was strong, the yellowing was good, and the quality was also greatly improved compared with ‘Jinmai 47’. ‘Weimai 9’ has outstanding yield, well stability, wide adaptability, excellent quality and well combined resistance, which is suitable for further promotion and utilization in the dry and thin land of Huanghuai area.

  Experimental Analysis of Fertilizer Effect of Potassium Humate Compound Fertilizer on Maize HU Zhuangzhuang, WANG Lulu, JIANG Xuebing, YIN Maozhu, JIANG Lei, JIANG Hanyuan, SHEN Weiliang 2023, 39 (36):  33-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0047 Abstract + ( 131 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1547KB )   ( 19 ) Potassium humate fertilizer can increase the content of available potassium of soil, which has the functions of improving soil, promoting crop growth, improving crop stress resistance, improving crop quality, protecting agricultural ecological environment and so on. In this study, conventional maize special fertilizer and potassium humate compound fertilizer were used as the control and treatment. After application, the factors such as soil improvement, fertility, growth, production, quality and planting cost were analyzed. The results showed that the treatment was better than control in soil improvement and fertility cultivation. Compared with the control, the treatment of vegetative growth stage could significantly promote the stalk thickening and lay a good foundation for the lodging resistance of maize. The treatment at the reproductive growth stage of maize significantly promoted ear weight, core weight, grain weight per ear and plot yield. The content of protein, starch, dry matter and reducing sugar of maize were improved slightly, but did not reach significant difference level. In terms of cost, potassium humate compound fertilizer increased maize yield by 22.6% and the yield per hectare increased income by 3918 yuan (29.6%). The results demonstrated that the application of potassium humate compound fertilizer had a good effect on improving soil, fertilizing soil capacity, promoting maize yield and quality, and increasing income, providing reference for high-yield crops and environment-friendly fertilization methods.

  Corn-soybean Intercropping Silage: Exploration of Suitable Harvesting Period and Correlation Analysis of Soybean Agronomic Traits AN Jiangang, ZHANG Xiao, LIANG Jianqiu, YANG Wenying, ZENG Zhaoqiong, YU Xiaobo, WANG Jia, FENG Jun, ZHANG Mingrong, WU Haiying 2023, 39 (36):  40-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0967 Abstract + ( 68 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1206KB )   ( 29 ) In order to guide the production of mixed silage of corn and soybean intercropping and select suitable soybean varieties, 17 soybean varieties were tested with corn variety ‘Zheng hong 6’ by observing the changes in yield and moisture content of mixed silage during a certain symbiotic period to determine the appropriate harvest time. Grey correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between 8 indicators of soybean and hay yield, as well as to comprehensively evaluate the performance of soybean varieties. It was found that when the symbiotic period between corn and soybean was 103 days, the mixed hay yield of all corn-soybean combinations reached its peak and the moisture content decreased to below 70%. The top 3 traits that were highly correlated with soybean hay yield were plant height (0.761), reproductive growth period (0.752), and full growth period (0.734), and the top 3 varieties in comprehensive evaluation were ‘Nan chun dou 50’ (0.820), ‘Qi huang 34’ (0.807), and ‘Hua chun 6’ (0.741). For the purpose of mixed silage production, it is advisable to choose tall and late-maturing soybean varieties, especially those with a longer reproductive growth period. The highest hay yield can be obtained by harvesting the mixed silage at a symbiotic period of 103 days in this region.

  Effects of Enzymes Application on Contents of Heavy Metals in Tea Garden Soil and Tea Leaves WANG Dong, LU Jian, ZHU Jianjie, PANG Yinghua, DU Yexin, SHI Hongxin, LOU Ling 2023, 39 (36):  48-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0068 Abstract + ( 77 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1079KB )   ( 14 ) To explore the prevention and control methods of heavy metal pollution in tea garden soil and tea leaves, the effects of enzymes application on heavy metals content in tea garden soil and tea leaves were studied by field sample collection and determination analysis in Jingshan Town of Yuhang. The results showed that compared with the CK, enzymes application treatment significantly reduced the pH and the content of Cd, Cr, Hg and As in tea garden soil, but increased the content of Pb in tea garden soil. The content of Pb and tea polyphenols in tea leaves was reduced, and the content of Cr and As was significantly reduced. The content of Cd and Hg was not detected in tea leaves. The enzymes application can effectively reduce the content of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Hg, and it has a good application prospect in ensuring the quality and safety of tea.

  Effects of Exogenous Substances on Seed Germination of Cosmos bipinnata Under Salt Stress CUI Xiwen, LI Yameng, LIU Dawei, YANG Fengling, WANG Ruixia 2023, 39 (36):  52-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0694 Abstract + ( 62 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1538KB )   ( 36 ) In order to alleviate the negative impact of salt stress on the germination of Cosmos bipinnata seeds and improve their salt tolerance, and to provide technical support for the cultivation of C. bipinnata on saline-alkali land, this study used the seeds of C. bipinnata as research materials to examine the effects of seed priming with different concentrations of exogenous substances (CaCl2, SA and SNP) on the germination of C. bipinnata seeds under critical NaCl stress. The results showed that the germination rate of the control group was 97.78%, while that of C. bipinnata seeds under 175 mmol/L NaCl was 42.22%, which decreased by 56.82% compared to the control group. Therefore, the critical NaCl stress concentration was 175 mmol/L. After priming with 0.2 mmol/L SA, 0.3 mmol/L CaCl2, or 0.25 mmol/L SNP, the germination rates of C. bipinnata seeds under 175 mmol/L NaCl were 72.22%, 71.11%, and 64.44%, respectively. All of these could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effect of 175 mmol/L NaCl on germination. Therefore, it can be seen that seed priming with appropriate concentrations of CaCl2, SNP, and SA can alleviate salt stress on the germination of C. bipinnata seeds.

  Study on the Impact of High-Temperature Heat Stress on Red-fleshed Kiwifruit: A Case Study of the Sichuan Basin in 2022 WANG Qin, ZHAO Zhou, ZHANG Xinyu, ZENG Juan, ZHANG Le, QIAO Rong, HOU Chunxia 2023, 39 (36):  57-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0042 Abstract + ( 62 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1731KB )   ( 17 ) In order to study the effects of high-temperature heat stress on red-fleshed kiwifruit, the high-temperature heat stress index for red-fleshed kiwifruit was employed. Taking the high-temperature heat stress in the Sichuan basin in 2022 as an example, quantitative evaluations were conducted on the impact of high-temperature heat stress on yield and quality of red-fleshed kiwifruit using agricultural meteorological observation records, quality test data, and surveys on high-temperature heat stress in red-fleshed kiwifruit orchards. The results showed that the high-temperature heat stress on red-fleshed kiwifruit in the Sichuan basin in 2022 was the most severe since 1978, with the average intensity index, coverage rate, and comprehensive impact assessment index all breaking previous records. Extreme high-temperature heat stress had a significant impact on yield and quality of red-fleshed kiwifruit. The average individual fruit weight decreased by 19%-46% compared to the previous year, coloration deteriorated by 1-2 grades, sugar content increased by 15%-50%, and soluble solids showed little change, within ±3.2%. Titratable acidity increased by 15.6%, vitamin C content increased by 13.6%-86.2%, and tannin content decreased by 9.8%-61.5% compared to the previous year. Changes in sugar-to-acid ratio and tannin content deviated from normal, resulting in a less appealing or peculiar taste. The impact of high-temperature heat stress was positively correlated with its intensity, indicating that a stronger heat stress led to a greater impact. Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between high-temperature heat stress and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities. For red-fleshed kiwifruit orchards, issuing early warnings for high-temperature heat stress and implementing measures such as shade netting, ground cover, and appropriate irrigation can effectively alleviate the adverse effects of high-temperature heat stress.

  The Screening of the Ammonia Nitrogen Degrading Bacteria and Measurement of Degradation Efficiency RAN Yunde, LIU Qian, ZHANG Lili, ZHI Junqiang, WANG Chongqing, JIANG Xingmei, ZHANG Jin, REN Jianjun 2023, 39 (36):  69-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0192 Abstract + ( 65 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1506KB )   ( 25 ) This research aims to obtain bacterial that can effectively degrade wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen. 6 strains with degrading ammonia nitrogen ability were enriched and isolated from high ammonia nitrogen wastewater using plate isolation and streak purification techniques. These strains were subsequently inoculated into chicken manure wastewater with high ammonia nitrogen content. After 48 hours of cultivation, the ammonia nitrogen concentration was measured every 8 hours using the Nessler's reagent method to select the best ammonia nitrogen degradation strain. It’s showed that all the 6 strains could effectively reduce the ammonia nitrogen concentration in wastewater with an initial concentration of 3.19 mg/mL. The degradation process followed the Boltzmann curve model. After 48 hours treatment by strain N-1 to N-6, the ammonia nitrogen concentrations decreased to 2.48 mg/mL, 2.47 mg/mL, 2.49 mg/mL, 2.55 mg/mL, 2.37 mg/mL and 2.53 mg/mL, respectively. The average degradation efficiency was 14.79, 15.21, 14.38, 13.33, 17.08 and 13.54 mg/(L·h), indicating that the strain N-5 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency. Moreover, it had 99.13% similarity to strain Streptomyces griseorubiginosus by the method of 16S rDNA gene sequencing, so it was named Streptomyces griseorubiginosus N-5. The strain N-5 obtained in this study possessed the characteristics of high tolerance to high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and strong degradation capability. It holds great application prospects for treating livestock wastewater.

  Response of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization to Freeze-thaw under Straw Addition: Research Progress LIN Zijun, LIU Wanling, CHEN Yimin, SUI Yueyu, JIAO Xiaoguang 2023, 39 (36):  75-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0020 Abstract + ( 59 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1275KB )   ( 15 ) To clarify the effect of freeze-thaw on nitrogen mineralization in soil during the period of freeze-thaw in spring and autumn, and the effect of inorganic nitrogen released by nitrogen mineralization under straw returning on soil nitrogen pool in Northeast China. Based on a large number of literature related to nitrogen mineralization in China and abroad, the influence mechanism of freeze-thaw frequency, freeze-thaw intensity and soil moisture on nitrogen mineralization process were expounded. The effects of straw addition on nitrogen mineralization during non-freeze-thaw, and the responses of nitrogen mineralization rate and amount and soil inorganic nitrogen mass fraction to freeze-thaw under straw addition were clarified. The general rule of nitrogen mineralization process to freeze-thaw under straw addition was summarized. More organic nitrogen was released by straw fragmentation under freeze-thaw, reducing the negative effects of freeze-thaw on soil nitrogen mineralization and promoting the accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in soil. The water and heat preservation ability of straw could facilitate soil nitrogen mineralization by retaining more microbial biomass during freezing. This article briefly put forward the theoretical mechanism of nitrogen mineralization, as well as the problems and prospects of related research methods in the period of freeze-thaw under straw addition, in order to provide scientific basis for the study of soil nitrogen cycling under straw returning during freeze-thaw period in Northeast China.

  Effects of Previous Crops on Nutrients in Tobacco Planting Soil ZHOU Fangfang, YAGN Ce, CAI Xianjie, DONG Pingping, MA Aiguo, LIU Wenrui, NONG Zhengbin, LI Weifu, WANG Liyuan, YAN Ding 2023, 39 (36):  83-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0021 Abstract + ( 56 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1170KB )   ( 15 ) The effects of different previous crops on soil nutrients were compared in Chuxiong to screen suitable previous crops for tobacco. It was of great significance to guide the production of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the pH of some soil in winter fallow field and after barley planting was much higher, and the content of available nitrogen was much lower. So it was necessary to improve the soil pH and increase the amount of organic matter when planting flue-cured tobacco. After planting broad beans, 33.33% of the soil pH was higher, and the content of organic matter in some soil was in a very deficient level, and the content of organic carbon was low. After wheat planting, more than 98% of the soil pH was suitable for tobacco planting, and the content of soil organic matter, organic carbon and available potassium was the highest. The soil fertility was suitable for subsequent tobacco planting. After planting rape, the soil organic matter and organic carbon content were rich, the content of available potassium and available nitrogen and fertility was moderate. In all, wheat was suitable previous crop for flue-cured tobacco, followed by rape. After planting broad beans, soil pH needed to be improved. Winter fallow fields and after planting barley, attention should be paid to adjusting pH and increasing organic matter.

  Investigation on Soil Fertility of Paddy Field in Yingde City LIN Baigui, ZHONG Wenliang, HUANG Jichuan 2023, 39 (36):  89-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0026 Abstract + ( 60 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1292KB )   ( 17 ) To investigate and analyze the soil fertility status of paddy fields in Yingde, so as to provide reference for scientific fertilization management of rice production. In the main rice planting areas of Yingde, the soil samples for test were collected from surface of paddy rice field for 4 consecutive years, the soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were detected, and the current status and variation characteristics of soil fertility in paddy fields of Yingde were analyzed. The results showed that the changes of soil pH, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium in Yingde paddy field were not significant during the 4 years, but the available phosphorus increased significantly. The paddy soil in Yingde City was generally acidic. The average pH values of the east, middle, northwest and southwest of Yingde City were pH 5.29, 5.94, 6.01 and 6.41, respectively. Soil was acidic in the east of Yingde City, and weakly acidic in other areas. In terms of soil organic matter, grade 3 soil accounted for 28.3%-39.4%, grade 4 soil accounted for 35.6%-41.7%, which was at a middle level. And organic matter in middle and northwest regions of Yingde City were significantly higher than those in east and southwest regions in this respect. The proportion of total nitrogen and available nitrogen in grade 1-3 soil was 70.0%-81.1% and 79.4%-87.2%, respectively, indicating that nitrogen was abundant in soil. Total nitrogen in the middle and northwest regions were significantly higher than those in east and southwest regions. Available phosphorus in grade 1-3 soil accounted for 73.9%-86.1%, which was at a rich level. The proportion of available phosphorus in eastern region was significantly higher than those in the southwest and northwest regions. Available potassium of grade1-3 soil accounted for 30.6%-37.8%, thus available potassium was generally lacking. In addition, the correlation between soil fertility indicators was significant. It is suggested to improve soil fertility by adding organic fertilizer and returning straw and green manure to the paddy field in Yingde, and appropriately reduce phosphate fertilizer and increase potassium fertilizer to balance soil nutrients. In addition, attention should be paid to the application of acid soil conditioner in east area of Yingde.

  Analysis of Agro-meteorological Factors Causing Apple Florescence Freezing in Zepu ABASI Kerimu, MENG Fanxue, KUDERETI Rehanguli, WANG Jun, LI Huimin 2023, 39 (36):  97-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1030 Abstract + ( 4821 )   HTML ( 2298 )   PDF ( 1210KB )   ( 13743 ) Low temperature and freeze injury is one of three major disasters that endanger the development of fruit trees in Xinjiang. The daily meteorological data during 1991 to 2022 from meteorological station of Zepu and investigation data about freezing injury of apple florescence in recently years were used to analyze the cause of freezing injury. The results showed that: from 1991 to 2022, the apple flower bud expansion period, flower bud opening period, the beginning of flowering were ahead of time by 2.0 to 5.1 d/10 a; apple florescence freezing damage was significant when the temperature dropped suddenly in flowering period, the lowest temperature reached -2.0℃, and the duration below 0℃ was 0.5 h; the dominant disaster-causing factors included the maximum diurnal range of temperature (no less than 22℃), the extreme minimum temperature (no more than -2℃), the spring cold weather, severe cooling, long duration, precipitation weather with dust weather (sandstorm, sand-blowing and floating dust) and severe wind. After freezing injury, the soluble solids content and other indicators of apple decreased to different extents. Freezing injury in apple flowering period affected the quality of apple. It will be of great scientific significance and application value to study on the freezing damage in flowering period of Fuji apple in Zepu apple producing area.

  Research Progress on MYB Transcription Factors Related to Anthocyanin Synthesis in Solanaceae SUN Baojuan, LI Tao, YOU Qian, GONG Chao, LI Zhenxing, LI Zhiliang 2023, 39 (36):  102-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0035 Abstract + ( 64 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1323KB )   ( 24 ) MYB transcription factors are the largest family of transcription factors in plants, and one of their important functions is to regulate anthocyanin synthesis. In order to comprehensively understand the regulation of MYB transcription factors on anthocyanidin synthesis in Solanaceae, this paper summarized the research progress of MYB transcription factors related to anthocyanidin synthesis in seven solanaceous plants, including petunia, potato, tomato, chili, eggplant, tobacco and Lycium chinensis, in terms of gene isolation and cloning, spatio-temporal expression, regulatory mode, etc. By phylogenetic analysis of MYB transcription factors genes related to anthocyanin metabolism pathway in Solanaceae, the author found that activated and inhibited MYB transcription factors in different Solanaceae plants were clustered by functions. The key MYB transcription factor genes regulating anthocyanin synthesis in fruit, namely SlANT1, SmMYB1, StAN1 and StAN2 were preferentially clustered together, and then clustered with StMYBA1, SlAN2 and LrAN2-like. SlAN2-like, SmMYB2, StMYB113，LrMYB1 and CaMYB were clustered together. SlAN2 and SlMYB75 of tomato are identical genes with different names; SmMYB1, SmMYB6 and SmMYB113 of eggplant are the same MYB transcription factor genes with different names. In this paper we propose the further research direction of MYB transcription factor genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, providing reference for the analysis of tissue-specific regulation mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in Solanaceae vegetables, the improvement of fruit colors by gene regulation and gene engineering, etc.

  The Damage of Invasive Alien Plants Avena fatua and Aegilops tauschii on Wheat Production in Xi'an SONG Xingjiang, WANG Tao, LI Fangxiang, CHANG Xiaojian, LI Xindi, SHI Yan, WANG Jia, LIU Gang 2023, 39 (36):  112-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0778 Abstract + ( 105 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1804KB )   ( 26 ) In order to evaluate the harm caused by the invasive weeds Avena fatua and Aegilops tauschii to wheat production in China, and to improve awareness and attention to the issue of biological invasion, this study took wheat fields in Xi'an as research objects, and thoroughly analyzed the impact of A. fatua and A. tauschii on wheat production through three consecutive years of field surveys from 2016 to 2018. It was found that A. fatua caused an average yield reduction of 16.35% in wheat, with a maximum reduction of 35.03%. The economic loss per hectare could reach 5,000 yuan, and the total wheat production in Xi'an decreased by 2.04×108 kg, resulting in an annual economic loss of 3.92×108 yuan and a cumulative loss of 1.18×109 yuan over three years. A. tauschii caused an average yield reduction of 7.14% in wheat, with a maximum reduction of 21.35%. The economic loss per hectare could reach 3,000 yuan, and the total wheat production in Xi'an decreased by 1.24×108 kg, resulting in an annual economic loss of 1.38×108 yuan and a cumulative loss of 4.15×108 yuan over three years. The invasions of A. fatua and A. tauschii have seriously threatened wheat production in Xi'an. To ensure biosecurity, it is necessary to follow the "Management Measures for Invasive Alien Species" and implement the risk prevention, source control, comprehensive management, coordinated cooperation, and public participation principles to establish a prevention and control system.

  Alternaria solani Strain DT-15: the Herbicidal Activity and Biological Characteristics ZHU Haixia 2023, 39 (36):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1012 Abstract + ( 66 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1554KB )   ( 12 ) In order to screen and obtain the biocontrol strains with high herbicidal efficiency, the strain DT-15 isolated from the Mentha haplocalyx Briq. disease sample in Datong County of Qinghai Province was used as the research object, the pathogenicity test in vitro, herbicidal effect evaluation in vivo, safety evaluation, strain classification and identification, and the optimal carbon and nitrogen source screening were carried out in this research. The results showed that the pathogenicity of strain DT-15 to 3 weeds in vitro was Elsholtzia densa Benth> Semen abutili> Chenopodium album. In pot experiment, the incidence rate of C. album and S. abutili were more than 91%, the control effect of fresh weight were more than 94%, and it was relatively safe to the main crops of Triticum aestivum L., Pisum sativum L., Vicia faba L. and Brassica napus L.. The strain DT-15 was identified as Alternaria solani. By comparing the colony diameter and the OD value of spore suspension, wheat bran was selected as the optimal carbon source for mycelium growth, and NaNO3 was selected as the optimal nitrogen source. Therefore, strain DT-15 has the potential to develop microbial herbicide for controlling some broad-leaved weeds in the fields of T. aestivum, P. sativum, V. faba and B. napus.

  Effect on Spore Producing Ability of Biocontrol Bacterium Bacillus subtilis CS16: Calcium Ions and Manganese Ions in Liquid Fermentation Process LIN Chenqiang, CHEN Longjun, SU Guangqiu, JIA Xianbo, CHEN Jichen 2023, 39 (36):  125-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0072 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1372KB )   ( 17 ) This study was conducted to optimize the fermentation conditions for spore production of strain Bacillus subtilis CS16 using the methods of single factor and orthogonal experiment. The effects of type and concentration of mineral salts on the spore count and sporulation rate of Bacillus subtilis CS16 were studied, and then fermentation technology was further optimized by orthogonal experiment on the basis of single-factor experiments. The results showed that the addition of CaCl2 or MnSO4·H2O in the medium significantly increased the spore count (P<0.05). Orthogonal experiment results indicated that the highest spore count reached 2.37×109 cfu/mL after 48 h of fermentation when 0.8% of CaCl2 and 0.04% of MnSO4·H2O were simultaneously added, which was 8.4 times and 6.5 times of the highest spore count compared with CaCl2 and MnSO4·H2O were added alone, respectively. The spore count increased almost 20 times compared with the control group (CK), and the sporulation rate reached to 65.02%, which increased nearly by 50% compared with the CK group. Simultaneous addition of Ca2+ and Mn2+ had a synergistic effect on the spore formation of CS16, which could effectively increase the spore count and sporulation rate in CS16 liquid fermentation process.

  Correlation Analysis Between Biochemical Parameters and Bird Damage of Maize YANG Xiaochen, LI Pengliang, WU Xuyan, LIU Jingke 2023, 39 (36):  132-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0102 Abstract + ( 64 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1735KB )   ( 21 ) To investigate the reason of the bird damage of maize and discover the key compounds for attracting bird damage, ‘Zhongxianuo 68’ maize variety was compared to its surrounding maize varieties of ‘Wannuo 2000’ and ‘Chaotian 1825’ from the aspects of the nutrition (protein, fat, starch), taste compounds (reducing sugar, total phenolics, total flavonoids) and volatiles. The results showed that the total phenolic content of ‘Zhongxianuo 68’ was the lowest, which was 24% and 38% of ‘Wannuo 2000’and ‘Chaotian 1825’, respectively. In contrast, the aromatic components of decanal, 2-heptanone and heptanal were at the highest levels in ‘Zhongxianuo 68’, and they weren't detected in ‘Wannuo 2000’ and ‘Chaotian 1825’. It may be the cause of bird damage to ‘Zhongxianuo 68’ maize. This finding has guiding significance for the prevention and control of bird damage of maize and the development of bird attractants.

  The Research Progress on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budget of Typical Pond Culture Model JIN Yuqin, CHEN Xi, MENG Shunlong, LI Fei, QIU Liping, LI Dandan, WANG Weiping, XU Huimin, SONG Chao, FAN Limin, HU Gengdong, XU Pao 2023, 39 (36):  140-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1028 Abstract + ( 72 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1277KB )   ( 17 ) Pond culture is the main business model of aquaculture in China, which plays a significant role in the development of aquaculture in China. In the pond culture system, nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients for plants in the water. Exploring their balance is an effective method to evaluate the utilization efficiency, conversion efficiency and aquaculture pollution level in the pond culture system. This paper summarized the nitrogen and phosphorus budget and the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus by aquaculture organisms in the pond culture system. It analyzed the significance of the research on nitrogen and phosphorus budget in the pond culture system, and provided a reference for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus deposition in the water, improving the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus by aquaculture organisms, further optimizing the aquaculture model, and reducing the pollution to the ecological environment.

  Comparative Study on Body Parameters, Colour and Meat Quality Characteristics of Crucian Carp (Carasslius auratus) Cultured Under Two Modes ZHAO Weilan, ZHANG Ting, LI Mengjiao, WANG Canli, WANG Hengjie, JI Qingxia, WANG Zhiyuan, YUAN Xiangyang 2023, 39 (36):  148-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0049 Abstract + ( 84 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1179KB )   ( 17 ) This study was performed to investigate the body color and meat quality of crucian carp (Carasslius auratus) cultured under two modes. Experimental fishes of artificial culture mode (230.90±8.14) g and wild mode (179.43±13.01) g were randomly selected. The body parameters, color, muscle composition, amino acids contents and muscle texture of crucian carp of two modes were measured. The results showed that the condition factor, viscera index, crude lipid content of crucian carp under artificial culture mode were higher than those under wild mode (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in body height/ body length (P>0.05). L and B values of crucian carp under artificial culture mode were significantly lower than those under wild mode (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in moisture, crude protein and ash (P>0.05). In addition, the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, chewiness of the muscle of crucian carp under wild mode were significantly higher than those under artificial culture mode (P<0.05). For essential amino acid, threonine, valine, leucine contents in muscle of crucian carp under wild mode were significantly higher than those under artificial culture mode (P<0.05). For nonessential amino acid, glutamate content in muscle of crucian carp under artificial culture mode was significantly higher than those under wild mode (P<0.05). In conclusion, compared with pond culture mode, crucian carp in wild culture mode has the characteristics of higher texture and lower fat, but its physical indexes are weaker than those in artificial culture mode.

  Think about Agricultural Development from the Pathway of Plants Absorbing Carbon Under “Soil Degradation” and “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization” ZHENG Xiaolan, LU Haiju, CUI Changhua, ZHENG Fucong, TAN Shibei, XI Jingen, YI Kexian 2023, 39 (36):  154-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0006 Abstract + ( 76 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1312KB )   ( 25 ) At present, we are faced with two world-class problems of “soil degradation” and “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization” target, both of which share a common point of carbon. What are the pathways for plants to absorb carbon? Can humans help achieve the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization” through crops and agricultural operations? To gain a deeper understanding of the interrelationships among them, and to contribute to the sustainable development of agriculture and the achievement of the “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization” target, this article started from the above two issues and the perspective of the carbon element ecosystem cycle. By reading a large amount of literature, tracking academic frontiers, summarizing the pathways of plant carbon absorption and the application research of carbon rich organic fertilizers, the representative results of carbon absorption and utilization by plants were found as followed. (1) Plant nutrients included organic matter and minerals. (2) The carbon cycle pathway of the ecosystem had been improved: increasing the way for plants to directly absorb and utilize small molecule carbohydrates through their roots. That is, in the carbon cycle of the ecosystem, carbon could be transferred from soil to plants. (3) Carbon rich fertilizers mainly included humus, organic fertilizer, microbial organic fertilizer, organic carbon fertilizer, etc. According to the pathway that plants absorb carbon elements, plants could absorb small molecule carbohydrates through their roots. Farmers could increase organic matter in cultivated soil through farming operations, improve soil and promote crop growth, while helping to achieve the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization”.