Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.22 Published:05 September 2011

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  Summary on the Reasons for Dormancy and Increasing Germination Rate of Tilia Seed 2011, 27 (22):  1-4.  Abstract + ( 1230 )   PDF ( 1217564KB )   ( 1660 ) Dormancy exists commonly in the Tilia L., which made it difficult in seedling production. The methods of dormancy breaking and seed germination enhancement had great significance for plant germplasm conservation and sustainable utilization. The existence of seedcoat, inhibitor, and development of embryo on seed dormancy were reviewed in this paper. On the basis of that, the methods of increasing seed germination rate included stratifying treatments, chemical methods treatments and embryo culture. It would be useful for future research in this field and the sustainable development of Tilia L. industry scientifically and rationally.

  Recent Advances of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Techniques in Plant Water Use Strategy 2011, 27 (22):  5-10.  Abstract + ( 1433 )   PDF ( 1237721KB )   ( 1423 ) There are a number of studies in plant ecological research using stable isotope techniques during the past two decades. Applications and advances of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope in plant water relations have been briefly summarized, for example, plant water use in different habitat, difference of water use source of various plant functional groups, hydraulic redistribution, applications to global climatic change and so on.

  Carbon Dynamics and Sequestration Potential of Degraded Grassland 2011, 27 (22):  11-15.  Abstract + ( 1137 )   PDF ( 1309166KB )   ( 1332 ) Grassland is the one of the most important terrestrial ecosystem and plays an important role in the carbon budget. The driving factors of degraded grassland and carbon changes were discussed. The key driving factors and dynamics of carbon of degraded grassland were discussed. The carbon sequestration potential and mechanism of grassland ecosystems were discussed based on grass and soil properties. And some suggestions were given for researching on the carbon dynamics of grassland ecosystems.

  Research on Woodland Ecological Adaptability of Ecological Fragile Region Based on GIS 2011, 27 (22):  16-21.  Abstract + ( 1242 )   PDF ( 4248825KB )   ( 951 ) In order to study woodland ecological adaptability evaluation mechanism of ecological fragile region, based on the survey aiming to the typical sample plots totally 41 operation area of Nandan county, Guangxi, comprehensive consideration of some factors relating closely with woodland ecological adaptability such as landform and physiognomy, soil and vegetation, etc, woodland ecological adaptability of Nandan county was evaluated intangibly synthetically by using ARCGIS analysis method orgnizing and calculating the space data,combining with the AHP method reseaching various evaluation factors Weight and choosing suitable subordinate function and fuzzy algorithm. The results showed that the grade proportion scheduling was as follows: II grade (45.62%)＞IV grade (27.84%)＞V grade (17.61%)＞II grade (8.93%)＞I grade (0%), the overall membership value of 3.5413, in IV grade; the results also showed that the effecting factors scheduling was as follows: slope＞gravel content＞elevation＞soil thickness＞canopy density＞aspect＞shrub coverage＞herb coverage. Meanwhile, according to the research results, the main reasons of woodland ecological adaptability for poor and the focus of ecological restoration and reconstruction were analyzed.

  Observed Features and Correlation Analysis of Moisture Content of Combustible Substances in Changbai Mountain 2011, 27 (22):  22-27.  Abstract + ( 949 )   PDF ( 1453355KB )   ( 819 ) Observation and research of forest fuel are important for the prediction of fire danger class, with the data of 8 stations in Changbai mountain (6 measuring points per station), the variations of fuel moisture were analyzed. It was found that the average fuel moisture in Changbai mountain under forest was 40%, and in most observation dates, it was not easy to burn for the fuel moisture there. Highly flammable condition appeared only one station, easy-to-burn days occupied 12% of the total days. The fuel moisture of the whole Changbai mountain under forest and the fuel moisture of the same measuring point and of different stations had a good consistency in variation. Analysis of fuel moisture and meteorological element data showed that there was an obvious link between fuel moisture and daily maximum temperature, evaporation capacity, sunshine duration. And there was good correlation between fuel moisture and cumulative precipitation 3 days before observation.

  Characteristics of P Element Background Value and Element Cycling in Forests Communities around Yuanyang Terrace 2011, 27 (22):  28-33.  Abstract + ( 1063 )   PDF ( 1476208KB )   ( 1006 ) In order to study the characteristics of P element background values, understand the P element cycling and its impact on the ecosystem in different forest types around Yuanyang terrace. The content of P element in dominant species leaves, soil and litter in nine forest communities around Yuanyang terrace area were studied, circulating factors and characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) In dominant species leaves, the average content of N was 1.69 g/kg ranging from 1.05 to 3.00 g/kg with the highest in Alnus nepalensis D. Don leaves and the lowest in Helilia Clivicola W. W. Smith.. In the litters, the average content of P was 1.51 g/kg ranging from 0.76 to 2.33 g/kg with the highest in Helilia Clivicola W. W. Smith. and the lowest in Clero dendrum banqei Steud. communities. The average contents of P in three forest types were plantation>broad-leaved forest>coniferous forest. (2) The average content of total P in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers was 0.72 and 0.38 g/kg; The average soil available P contents were 3.50 mg/kg (0-20 cm) and 2.62 mg/kg (20-40 cm). The contents of total P and available P in 0-20 cm soil layer were higher than in 20-40 cm soil layer. P contents in surface soil in the three forest types were broad-leaved forest>plantation>coniferous forest. (3) The average enrichment factor, retention factor and coefficient of restitution of the soil were 2.63, 1.06 and 2.46. The sequence was enrichment factor of leaves>coefficient of restitution of soil>litter retention coefficient. The average restitution factor and retention factor in broad-leaved forest were high. The average enrichment factor in coniferous forest was high.

  The Growth Pattern of Young Forests of Six Broadleaved Stands in Shaoguan City 2011, 27 (22):  34-40.  Abstract + ( 1021 )   PDF ( 1605858KB )   ( 901 ) In order to understand biological characteristics of local broadleaved trees, the study on growth characteristics of broadleaved stands of Cinnamomum camphora, Ligustrum lucidum, Tsoongiodendron odorum, Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Manglietia yuyuanensisand, Michelia chapensis were conducted from 2005 to 2008, using methods of determining mean ground diameter, tree height and crown width. The results were listed as follows: the growth of C. camphora, E. sylvestris and M. chapensis was fast, whereas the growth of L. lucidum, T. odorum and M. yuyuanensis was slow. Cluster analysis indicated that C. camphora, E. sylvestris and M. chapensis were fast-growth tree species with increment ranges of mean ground diameter from 2.2 to 2.5 cm, mean tree height from 0.9 to 1.1 m and mean crown width from 0.5 to 0.6 m, whereas L. lucidum, T. odorum and M. yuyuanensis were slow-growth tree species with increment ranges of mean ground diameter from 0.7 to 1.1 cm, mean tree height from 0.3 to 0.5 m and mean crown width from 0.1 to 0.3 m. The C. camphora, E. sylvestris and M. chapensis are the tree species which are suitable to popularize.

  Studies on the Quantitative Grade Standard for Sowed Seedlings of Larix olgensis 2011, 27 (22):  41-45.  Abstract + ( 983 )   PDF ( 1556899KB )   ( 966 ) Sowed seedlings of Larix olgensis were not planted in the field until they were transplanted for another year in the nursery. Because their size differentiated severely, sowed seedlings should have graded prior to transplanting in order to cost saving for irrigation and fertilization during subsequent culturing. Using principal component analysis, the grading standards were determined as diameter, the number of first-order lateral root>5 cm in length at junction, and the number of lateral root>1 cm in length. The ratio of I, II, III, and IV was 2.2%, 14.8%, 29.6%, and 53.4%, respectively. When they were transplanted, survival for these seedlings based on the grading standards was 80.0%, 70.1%, 60.8% and 55.0%. And significant differences in survival among the seedlings were found. Thus, the sowed seedlings should be graded prior to transplanting and could be graded into 4 classes based on these grading standards. Furthermore, the standards proved to be feasible and operational according to transplanting test.

  Cloning and Expression Analysis of Calmodulin Gene from Hevea brasiliensis 2011, 27 (22):  46-50.  Abstract + ( 1066 )   PDF ( 1583586KB )   ( 1048 ) In order to clarify the processes and mechanisms of the biosynthesis of natural rubber, based on EST sequence from an SSH cDNA library of Hevea brasiliensis, a full-lengh cDNA encoding Calmodulin,designated HbCAM1,was cloned from H.brasiliensis by RACE-PCR, which has a total length of 775 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 450 bp and encodes 149 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high identity of 100%,100%,99% and 99% to those of CAM from Ricinus communis，Vitis quinquangularis, Nicotiana attenuate and Jatropha curcas.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that the transcription of HbCAM1 in latex was induced by tapping and ethphon treatment，suggesting that HbCAM1 may be involved in the regulation of ehphon-induced high latex yield in Hevea brasiliensis.

  Preliminary Report of Chemical Control Corynespora Leaf Fall Disease of Hevea Rubber in Rubber Nursery 2011, 27 (22):  51-54.  Abstract + ( 1015 )   PDF ( 1461455KB )   ( 1246 ) To screen effective therapeuticagent, 5 fungicides, namely, thiophanate methyl (70% WP), prochloraz manganese (50% WP), carbendazim (50% WP), chlorothalonil (75% WP) and prochloraz (25% EC) controlling Corynespora leaf fall disease (CLFD) of Hevea rubber were conducted by using conventional method in rubber nursery. The preliminary results showed that prochloraz (25% EC) diluted 2000 times was best with control effect 82.99% after application 28 days. Chlorothalonil (75% WP) was better with control effect 78.20% at the same condition. Thiophanate methyl (70% WP), prochloraz manganese (50% WP) and carbendazim (50% WP) were worse with control effect less than 50% in conditions of test. So, prochloraz (25% EC) and chlorothalonil (75% WP) were preferable therapeuticagents against CLFD in rubber nursery with diluted 2000 times.

  Faunal Analysis of Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Bamboo Forest of Yunnan 2011, 27 (22):  55-65.  Abstract + ( 1073 )   PDF ( 1474420KB )   ( 1369 ) In order to provide basic information on control of bamboo forest pests, based on field investigation and literature review, the fauna of Pentatomomorpha was studied. The results showed that insects of Pentatomomorpha in Yunnan bamboo forests included 64 species of 9 families. Family Coreidae had the largest number of 29 species and Pentatomidae took the second place with 23 species. Most species markedly presented the characters of oriental realm, and only 5 species and 1 species respectively presented the characters of oriental-palaearctic realm and oriental-palaearctic-nearctic-ethiopian realm. In fauna of China, these species can be founded in southwest region, but 51.6% and 48.4% of them were distributed respectively in south and central of China. In fauna of Yunnan, 87.5% and 50% of these species were distributed in south margin of Yunnan middle-low mountain and strath and in southwestern Yunnan middle mountain and wide valley respectively. Few of them were distributed in other sub-district levels. The fauna of insect Pentatomomorpha in Yunnan bamboo forests markedly presented characters of both oriental realm and local region.

  The Study on the Nitrogen-absorbing Characters in Different Root Parts of Tamarix chinensis Lour. 2011, 27 (22):  66-69.  Abstract + ( 1218 )   PDF ( 1557153KB )   ( 986 ) To explore the nitrogen absorbing character in different root parts of Tamarix chinensis Lour., the flux of NH4+ and NO3- in the root tip, meristematic zone, elongation zone and mature region of Tamarix chinensis roots were measured by Non-invasive Micro-test Technique. The influence on the root growing of Tamarix chinensis and infection rate of Cistanche tubulosa was studied. The results showed that: (1) The NO3- was influx in the root tip, meristematic zone and elongation zone of Tamarix chinensis roots, the values were 9.7, 12.9, 11.7 pmol/(cm2?s) respectively. However in the mature region it showed efflux, the value was 11.0 pmol/(cm2?s); the NH4+ showed efflux in all rigions were measured, the mean values were 7.3, 36.7, 37.8, 21.7 pmol/(cm2?s) respectively. These results suggested the Tamarix chinensis preferred to take up NO3-. (2) The nitrate could increase the number of Tamarix chinensis roots and the Cistanche tubulosa.

  Studies on the Overwintering Place and the Overwintering Generation of Insects of Rhbdophaga SP 2011, 27 (22):  70-74.  Abstract + ( 1306 )   PDF ( 1421011KB )   ( 1029 ) In order to make clear the overwintering generation and the overwintering place of Rhbdophaga SP, master its biological characteristics and provide the scientific basis to control this insect, the author picked and peeled the galls in the infested wickers, then put the larva and pupa into different environmental conditions to research the characteristic of overwintering and find the overwintering place. The results showed that: the larva and pupa overwintered in the galls of damaged wickers in the current year. The overwintering place of this pest was out of soil. The overwintering generation of the pest was mainly in the galls which were in the scrap after processing and in the outside branches before processing. The galls falling in the field in harvest was the other source. In the practical application, galls must be removed and destroyed centrally after wickers harvest. And the galls falling in the field must be eliminated simultaneously. It could largely reduce the number of overwintering generation after taking such measure. And the perniciousness of Rhbdophaga SP would be remitted the next year.

  Analysis on Karyotype of Lacerta vivipara from Daxinganling 2011, 27 (22):  75-77.  Abstract + ( 976 )   PDF ( 1554389KB )   ( 1065 ) Abstract: The karyotpe of Lacerta vivipara from Daxinganling, Heilongjiang Province, was studied by using medulla cells colchicine-hypotonic air-drying technique. The results showed that the number of diploidy chromosome of males was 36 (2n=34+ZZ), and sex chromosome was the type of ZZ, while in females, they were 35 (2n=34+W) and W. The sex determination mechanism depends on sex chromosomes. All of chromosomes of males and females are telocentric except for females’ metacentric sex chromosome.

  Study on Sustainable Utilization of Shrubby Grassland in the Three Gorges Region of China 2011, 27 (22):  78-83.  Abstract + ( 978 )   PDF ( 1574219KB )   ( 921 ) In order to guide the production and use shrubland reasonably, a study was conducted on sustainable utilization of shrubland. The study was on a naturely shrubland of Hejiaping on the county of Changyang in Hubei Province in 1999 and 2000.The study with 9 local wethers was designed as three treatments including the control, the light- grazing and heavy-grazing. The results showed as follows: the total protective index of grasses, forb, shrubs and shrubland were 786.8, 360.3, 394.6 and 1541.6 (DM?kg/hm2) respectively, the total protective index of Quercus acutissima, Lespedeza formosales and Rhus chinensis as dominant shrubby plants were 152.7, 43.4, 33.5 and 36 (DM?kg/hm2) respectively, and those of Miscanthus sinensis, Themeda japonica (Willd.) Tanaka, Fragaria orientalis Los and Fimbristylis henryi C.B.Clarke. as dominant herbage plants were 525.2, 176.8, 15.2 and 84.8 DM kg/ha respectively. The use patterns of shrubland were adjusted based on correlations of grass yield and the size of protective index, in order to achieve sustainable utilization.

  Vegetation Index Models Based on MODIS and Their Application in Grassland Ecosystem 2011, 27 (22):  84-88.  Abstract + ( 1408 )   PDF ( 1430344KB )   ( 1247 ) In order to define the type of vegetation indices of MODIS and the usability on a larger scale, based on the analysis of the advantages of MODIS data, the vegetation indices of MODIS, vegetation index models and their applications in grassland ecosystem were reviewed. Two kinds of vegetation indices, such as NDVI and EVI could be directly extracted from MODIS data, and other vegetation indices such as MSAVI and RVI could be indirectly calculated from MODIS data too. Using MODIS vegetation indices, the linear regression model and some nonlinear curve models may be established, and they can be used in the estimation of the net primary productivity (NPP) in grassland ecosystem and the monitoring of grassland degradation and so on. And the further applications of MODIS vegetation indices in area extraction and carbon storage estimation of grassland ecosystem were prospected.

  Soil Fungal Communities Along the Vegetation Gradient in Hot-dry Valley of Yuanjiang, Yunnan Province 2011, 27 (22):  89-93.  Abstract + ( 1155 )   PDF ( 1396907KB )   ( 1318 ) In order to investigate whether the extreme environmental factors could be important factors in determining the composition of soil fungal communities by interfering with vegetation, we studied the soil fungal communities along the vegetation gradient in Hot-dry Valley of Yuanjiang, Yunnan Province. PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and clone library technology were performed in the study. The soil fungal communities showed a very small change from shrub to grass in spite of a significant vegetation gradient existed. Ascomycota was found as the dominant species in the soil fungal communities, accounting for 70% of all clones. There were relatively significant differences in the fungal communities between different soil layers, for example, Ascomycota mainly distributed in the surface humus soil, while Basidiomycota mainly in the mineral soil. Our results demonstrated the soil fungal communities were interfered by the extreme hot and dry environment, showed a quite different community from other general findings, which declared vegetation change decided the soil microorganism.

  Mammalian diversity survey of Guanlan forest Park ，Shenzhen city 2011, 27 (22):  94-98.  Abstract + ( 951 )   PDF ( 1331265KB )   ( 1323 ) Abstract： The 30 species of Mammals had recorded in Guanlan forest Park, Shenzhen city, there were belong to 4 families and 6 orders in Mammalian，21.19% of the total Mammal in Guangdong province, 4.65% of the total Mammal in China respectively. There 26 oriental realm species were dominance, It show low mammalian diversity because of has no native forest vegetation in the park, and the national key protected species was rare, only one specie belong to local protected animals of Guangdong province and 11 species belong to Ⅲ class protection animals of China. Two endangered species were included in the China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals.

  Research Progress in Genetic Transformation Efficiency of Chrysanthemum Mediated with Agrobacterium Tumefaciens 2011, 27 (22):  99-102.  Abstract + ( 1063 )   PDF ( 1212279KB )   ( 1030 ) Combining with the researches of chrysanthemum genetic transformation in resent years, we made a discussion about impact factors on chrysanthemum genetic transformation efficiency from the establishment of chrysanthemum regeneration system to Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of chrysanthemum. At present, many studies have shown that chrysanthemum transformation receptors with different genotypes, explants types, transformation conditions as well as added hormones is the key factors to determine the transformation efficiency.

  Effects of 60Co Irradiation on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Macadamia Cultivars 2011, 27 (22):  103-108.  Abstract + ( 1013 )   PDF ( 1538544KB )   ( 1096 ) Seeds of four macadamia cultivars ‘YunMac 57’, ‘YunMac 51’, ‘YunMac 41’ and ‘YunMac 58’ were irradiated by 60Co-γ ray at 40 Gy, 120 Gy and 200 Gy with the dose rate of 10 Gy/h. Effects of 60Co-γ ray on seed germination and seedling growth of macadamia were observed. Results indicated that the seed germination of macadamia were inhibited by 60Co-γ ray irradiation, the irradiation dose sensitivity of four cultivars were different. The seed germination rate of ‘YunMac 41’ was increased significantly at 40 Gy, but ‘YunMac 57’ was insensitive to the dose range in this study. The true leaf length, width and area were decreased significantly with the increasing of irradiation dose. The stem length of seedling from the irradiated seed was shorter than CK and the stem diameter bigger, but the variation range varied with different macadamia cultivars.

  Different Light Qualities on Growth of Lycium barbarum in vitro 2011, 27 (22):  109-113.  Abstract + ( 1038 )   PDF ( 2606142KB )   ( 1112 ) Using differentiated test tube seedlings of ‘Ningji 1#’ cultivar as experimental material, we investigated the effect of different light spectrum on wolfberry differentiation, rooting, and growth after transplantation. We hope this research could shorten production cycle of plant tissue culture, enhance the quality of tissue seedlings, provide shortcut to fast propagation of other plant species, and offer theoretical basis and data support for the effects of light spectrum on plant growth. The results showed that the 7:9 ratio of red and blue light quality had the greatest impact on Lycium barbarum differentiation and rooting in vitro, for the differentiation was earlier and the rate reached 96.8%, the rooting had more number and strong, the rate reached 95.6%. After 4 days transplanting to the matrix which mixed with the turf︰vermiculite︰perlite in 2︰1︰1. Observed after 25 days, the red and blue 7︰1 + white seedlings grew best, tidiness and high strong; followed by red and blue 7︰9; root length reached the maximum difference under the red light, that indicated the long waves promoted the plant extension length growth; their root fresh mass and root length decreased under blue light, which showed short wavelength light had less impacts on Lycium barbarum growth; comprehensive the differentiation, rooting and transplanting, we obtained the results for the 7︰9 ratio of red and blue was the most appropriate light quality on growth of Lycium barbarum.

  Effects of Different Preceding Crops on Rhizosphere Microorganisms of Flue-cured Tobacco Plant 2011, 27 (22):  114-118.  Abstract + ( 1238 )   PDF ( 1340069KB )   ( 1053 ) Took ‘K326’ of flue-cured tobacco as the experiment stuff. Preceding crops, depending on its type, has been commonly thought having positive or negative effect on rhizosphere microorganisms of flue-cured tobacco plant. Two field experiments were conducted with various before two ecology area different stubble to the smoke rhizosphere edaphon’s influence. The first stubble green manure, the wheat can increase the flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere soil mid and late part bacterium, ray fungi quantity, reduced the rhizosphere fungus quantity. Before the barley, fallow, pinches off the stubble when to smoke, before rhizosphere soil fungi quantity obviously were bigger than the rape, the wheat and the green manure, the stubble. In two ecology climatic regions, the first stubble planter rape affects not obviously to the smoke field rhizosphere soil fungi community, before the barley and the green manure, under the stubble plants the smoke soil rhizosphere microorganism quantity to be bigger than several other kind, stubble type obviously, by green manure good in barley.

  Effects of Different Fertilizing Methods on Growth and Photosynthetic Physiology of Oncidium 2011, 27 (22):  119-124.  Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 1549264KB )   ( 1248 ) The purpose was to study the effects of different fertilization on growth and photosynthetic physiology of Oncidium, find out the best way of fertilization in the vegetative growth phase. The studies on parameters of photosynthetic physiology and growth were carried on potted Oncidium by five different fertilizing methods at seeding and stocking stage. It was showed that in the vegetative growth phase, different treatments had obvious diversity in the indexes of plant height, dry material accumulation, content of chlorophyll of the leaves and its photosynthetic physiological characteristics. We found out that at seeding stage spraying or irrigating specialty fertilizer at low concentration, irrigating specialty fertilizer at medium concentration, can obviously increase the plant high, dry weight of the leave, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, Intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and so on. At stocking stage, irrigating specialty fertilizer at medium or low concentration，spreading slow release fertilizer, can obviously increase the plant high, diameter of bulb, dry weight of stem, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, carboxylation efficiency, and so on. The best fertilizing method at different stages of Oncidium: at seeding stage only spray or combine of spraying and irrigation of specialty fertilizer at low concentration; at stocking stage, irrigate specialty fertilizer at medium concentration or irrigate specialty fertilizer at low concentration together with spread slow release fertilizer.

  Study on the Effect of Flower Color of Lupinus polyphyllus in Different Soil pH 2011, 27 (22):  125-129.  Abstract + ( 1096 )   PDF ( 1573874KB )   ( 1588 ) The changes of flower color, pigments composition of Lupinus polyphyllus ‘Nanus Russell Gallery Blue’ in five soil pH were studied. The flower color was measured according to the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (RHSCC) and by a NF333 spectrophotometer, respectively. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PAD) and spectrophotometer were employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of anthocyanins, flavonols, chlorophyll and carotenoids. The results indicated that the wing L*、a*、C* reduce and b* rise with soil pH reducing，total anthocyanins(TA) and Chlorophyll content increased. TA also increased in the banner, but others content no obvious relativity from different soil pH. That tentatively identified soil pH does effect accumulation of anthocyanins in flower, and effect flower color of L. polyphyllus ‘Nanus Russell Gallery Blue’.

  Study on Drought Resistance of Four Limonium Mill. in the Seed Germination Stage 2011, 27 (22):  130-135.  Abstract + ( 1255 )   PDF ( 1555452KB )   ( 906 ) In order to research the difference and the size of drought resistence of four Limonium L., and choose Limonium L. of higher drought resistance for arid desert area. The seed germination rates, seedling fresh weights and vigor indexes and the germination recovery percentage of seeds that were incubated in PEG-6000 solutions for 7 days recovered after being transferred to distilled water of four species, Limonium bicolor, Limonium gmelinii, Limonium otolepis and Limonium aureum, were studied under droughty circumstances of different concentrations of PEG-6000. The reselt indicated that the germination rate, germination potential and germination index increased along with the reducing of PEG-6000 concentrations, which had inhibitory effect on the germination of seeds. The germination of seed can restore under PEG-6000 solution treatment. Drought resistance index of Limonium aureum was maximum, Limonium bicolor, Limonium gmelinii, Limonium otolepis being the second, the third, the fourth. The comprehensive evaluation of the seed germination rates, seedling fresh weights and vigor indexes of four species indicated that the drought resistances of the four species decreased in the order of Limonium aureum>Limonium bicolor>Limonium gmelinii>Limonium otolepis.

  Building-up of Regeneration System in vitro Culture of Portulaca oleracea 2011, 27 (22):  136-141.  Abstract + ( 1088 )   PDF ( 2797665KB )   ( 585 ) To establish the regeneration technique system of Portulaca oleracea which lay the foundation for the research of large-scale propagation and genetic improvement, the optimal conditions for disinfecting of explants, inducing of callus, differentiating of adventitious buds and rooting of test-tube seedlings of Portulaca oleracea were studied by using leaf and stem bearing buds as explants. The results showed that the optimum disinfection method was to put explants in 0.1% HgCl2 for 8 min; MS+2,4-D 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L was the best medium to induce callus, MS+6-BA 5.0 mg/L+NAA 0.4 mg/L was the best sprout medium; The optimal culture medium was 1/2MS+IBA 2.0 mg/L for rooting.

  Relationship between Biochemistry Characteristics and System Classification of Cassia in China 2011, 27 (22):  142-147.  Abstract + ( 1062 )   PDF ( 1646693KB )   ( 979 ) In order to draw a phylogenetic tree of 4 species of Cassia in China, the study used guaiacol method and polyacrylamide vertical slab gel electrophoresis to test the resistance indicators and peroxidase isozyme, and analyzed the differences between the result and traditional systematics. Peroxidase activity of 1 day, MDA of 3 days significantly differed among species, so it can be used as one of the indicators to explore their genetic relationship. 12 POD enzyme bands were found, characteristic enzyme bands are mainly in b-zone and a-zone. Differed from traditional Systematics, both resistance indicators and POD zymogram revealed that Cassia sophera is closer to C. nomame than C. alata in Systematics, while C. tora belong to another branch.

  Study on Archegonium Development of Matteuccia struthiopteris 2011, 27 (22):  148-151.  Abstract + ( 972 )   PDF ( 4979783KB )   ( 864 ) Experiments based on sexual reproduction Matteuccia struthiopteris way to do further research, and helps keep and breeding wild species resources. Mainly by means of optical microscope and paraffin technology detailed observe and record the archegonium of Matteuccia struthiopteris development process, and the results show that the archegonium formed in the under surface cell of the prothallium consists of 4~6 cells in the neck; Egg formation through two not equal division, the ventral canal cell disintegrated marks mature egg; Apical cell open, mature oocytes were fertilized; When the ventral canal cell concentrate become slightly flat hemispherical structure and non-dismatiement, prompting archegonium abortion. This study is the first time to specify the sequences and characteristics of the archegonium interior cell in Matteuccia struthiopteris, provide necessary reference material for the development and application of wild Matteuccia struthiopteris.

  Study on the Dynamic Accumulation Regulation about Tanshinone ⅡA at Different Growth Stage 2011, 27 (22):  152-155.  Abstract + ( 1107 )   PDF ( 1576206KB )   ( 1081 ) To know the accumulate regulation about tanshinone ⅡA, preliminary study on its biosynthetic course. To known the accumulation regulation about tanshinone ⅡA, preliminary study had been done on the biosynthetic course. This study chosen 7 salvia strains as material, and their tanshinone ⅡA concentration in root, chlorophyll concentration in leaf and POD activity had been tested at different growth stage. Data shown that: the accumulation regulation about tanshinone could be divided by tanshinone ⅡA concentration at 0.2%; significant correlation existed between the tanshinone ⅡA concentration and chlorophyll a concentration in leaf (rca＝0.458), stronger significant correlation existed between the tanshinone ⅡA concentration and carotenoid concentration in leaf (rxc=0.623), while there was not correlation between the tanshinone ⅡA concentration and chlorophyll b concentration in leaf (rcb＝0.069). The coefficient of the tanshinone ⅡA concentration and POD activity was 0.577, significant correlation existed. Hence, it had been supposed that if the tanshinone ⅡA concentration’s decline or not at flowering stage related to tanshinone ⅡA biosynthetic efficiency; the start step about biosynthetic course of tanshinone ⅡA maybe looked like to the carotenoid, and some gene looked like to chlorophyll a, but disliked to chlorophyll b; while tanshinone ⅡA related to the oxidation of auxin, and POD may attached to the biosynthesis of tanshinone ⅡA directly or indirectly.

  Genetic Diversity Analysis of Sugarbeet From the Northwest Region by SRAP 2011, 27 (22):  156-161.  Abstract + ( 921 )   PDF ( 1504622KB )   ( 932 ) In the present study,SRAP molecule marker was used to investigate the genetic diversity of 81 sugarbeet varieties from Northwest of China and 9 varieties from foreign in order to provide theoretical basis for parent selection of sugarbeet breeding,molecular marker-assisted selective breeding, germplasm resources and so on. 33 of 88 were obtained on basis of availability. A total of 592unambiguous bands were obtained, 324of which were polymorphic. The average ratio of polymorphic bands was 54.7%. Compute over-all mean showed that genetic distance was 0.3732, genetic similarity among varieties was and 0.6891, the genetic similarities within different groups of genotypes were 0.8364 among monogerm genotypes, 0.7528 among foreign genotypes, 0.7059 among polygerm tetraploid genotypes, and 0.6970 among polygerm diploid genotypes. The 90 genotypes were divided into three cluster groups based on cluster analysis by MEGA3.1 (at intercept of 0.2). The genotypes from Northwest region showed high level of genetic diversity.There are a definite difference between foreign and native genetic background based on genetic diversity index analysis by POPGEN32. Northwest materials are mainly high yield and medium Rhizomania resistant type.

  Construction and Optimization of an efficient System for Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris AFLP Analysis 2011, 27 (22):  162-166.  Abstract + ( 1097 )   PDF ( 2060786KB )   ( 867 ) 6 isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris collected by University of Warwick was used as the materials. The affect factors of AFLP were optimized, which were DNA extraction method, digestion time of Mse I/EcoR I, compositions of PCR reaction system and staining method, and an efficient system for X. campestris pv. Campestris AFLP analysis was established. The optimized factors were: the digestion system was 50 μL, the DNA template was 600 ng, the Mse I and EcoR I were both 5 U, the temperature was 37℃, reaction time was 4-6 h, pre-amplified products were diluted 10-fold for next selective amplification, the detection method was silver staining (AgNO3 content was 8 g/L and staining time was 15 min or so). The system was a powerful support for molecular level of genetic diversity in X. campestris pv. Campestris.

  The Molecular-mechanism Research of Multiple-Allele-Gene Controlled Male-Sterile in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) by Using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization 2011, 27 (22):  167-171.  Abstract + ( 1305 )   PDF ( 1421568KB )   ( 1006 ) AB01, the two-type line of multiple-allele inherited male-sterile Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis ) was bred by our research group, the technology system of this material had been build, but its sterile molecular mechanism was not clear yet. In this research, sterility and fertility cDNA libraries including 27 differentially expressed clones were constructed using the fertile and sterile buds of AB01 by the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). According to BLAST screening and functional annotation, 25 ESTs were homology to known sequence of the databases at the National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI). The 25 genes, with homology to known proteins, could be divided into 4 groups (7 flowers developing-related genes, 5 lipid metabolism, 3 energy metabolism genes, 3 chloroplast related genes and 7 encode the unclassified proteins). The results suggested the molecular mechanism of multiple-allele-gene controlled male-sterile Chinese cabbage was related with lipid metabolism, energy metabolism and photosynthesis progress.

  Study on the Cultivar Difference of Cd Uptake and Accumulation of Brassica chinensis 2011, 27 (22):  172-175.  Abstract + ( 1039 )   PDF ( 1335937KB )   ( 1204 ) A new strategy for controlling Cd pollution of agricultural products, the pollution safe cultivar (PSC), i.e. the low Cd uptake and accumulation cultivars cropping in the low Cd concentrations soil, was studied in this article. Twenty seven cultivars of Brassica chinensis were conducted with different concentration Cd soil in the pot study in the greenhouse. The result showed that the percentage of Cd content of edible part exceeded the national edible standard was 11.11% on the 0.516 mg/kg Cd soil. The percentage was 81.48% on the 1.113 mg/kg Cd soil, suggesting that Brassica chinensis was easily polluted by Cd. The Cd content of shoot of cultivar 6 (‘Bai Gen Bai Ye’), 11(‘Jing guang 1’), 19 (‘Gao Geng Bai’) and 20 (‘Qiu Tian Huo Zhi Qing’) was lower than the concentration of national edible standard, while the fresh weight of shoot did not reduce. These Brassica cultivars could be cropped in the light Cd pollution soil.

  A Survey of Heavy Metal Contamination in Commercial Vegetables of Qingdao and Lead Health Risks Assessment 2011, 27 (22):  176-181.  Abstract + ( 1417 )   PDF ( 1482392KB )   ( 1155 ) Vegetable is one of the largest foods consumed, and their quality directly relates to the physical health of urban residents. In order to evaluate the heavy metal contamination and the safe levels of vegetables, 24 kinds of vegetables from two important vegetables wholesale markets of Qingdao were random sampled in different seasons, we measured and analyzed the contents of heavy metal and then evaluated single pollution index and comprehensive pollution index by the method of national food hygienic standard of China, and health risk assessment from intake of vegetables containing Pb and Cd was assessed. The result showed that the heavy metal pollution in winter vegetables in Qingdao was more serious than in spring, and relied mainly on the fact of Cd and Pb. Scallions had the highest concentration of Cd and Pb, and garlic reached the level of moderate pollution; The results of health risk assessment indicated that the Pb and Cd contents of vegetables has not produced the prominent risk to health of citizens in Qingdao.

  Genetic Diversity Analysis of Wild Auricularia auricul -Jude from Heilongjiang Province 2011, 27 (22):  182-186.  Abstract + ( 1064 )   PDF ( 2040622KB )   ( 895 ) 30 wild Auricularia auricula strains were collected from Heilongjiang Province and analyzed by using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. 8 SRAP primer combinations amplified 157 fragments of which 122 (77.71%) were polymorphic. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) method. 30 strains distributed into six groups. The clustering analysis showed that there was a high level of genetic diversity among A. Auricula. This study will provide good reference for parent selection in further cross-breeding programs.

  Identification and Nutritional Components Analysis of Hypsizigus marmoreus and Pleurotus sajor-caju Fusion Strain 2011, 27 (22):  187-191.  Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 1792904KB )   ( 1007 ) Fusion strain IV19C of Hypsizigus marmoreus and Pleurotus sajor-caju which had laccase activity was selected quickly by RB-PDA plate and molecular marker method on the basis of the difference of Hypsizigus marmoreus and Pleurotus sajor-caju laccase activity. The nutrition components and safety of fusion strain IV19C were analyzed and evaluated with GB (national standards methods) and other related methods. The results showed that fusion strain IV19C was different from Hypsizigus marmoreus and Pleurotus sajor-caju, and the water content of strain IV19C was 90.0% and there was no significant difference with Hypsizigus marmoreus and Pleurotus sajor-caju. However, the ash and crude protein content of strain IV19C were 9.81% and 36.0%, respectively. They were significantly higher than that of Pleurotus sajor-caju. The crude fiber and crude fat contents were 18.3% and 2.50%, respectively. They were higher than that of Hypsizigus marmoreus. Seven essential amino acids were contained. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid were rich but tryptophan was deficient. The fruit body of strain IV19C was safe to eat based on acute toxicity classification. IV19C was rich in nutrients, safe to eat, and had a good prospect.

  Research on Soil Water Dynamics of Greenhouse Tomato by Different Irrigation Frequency 2011, 27 (22):  192-196.  Abstract + ( 935 )   PDF ( 2493453KB )   ( 927 ) In the whole growth period of tomato, according to soil moisture characteristics, full used of limited water resources and regulated soil moisture. Used TDR to study the yield and soil water dynamics of greenhouse tomato by different irrigation times of some irrigation amount. The result showed that: the depth of soil water dynamics changes by different treatments was 0-100 cm, and the change of depth 0-60 cm was best fury. The change of depth 100-180 cm was not distinctness. By soil moisture migration to be divided, there were 4 layers divided by the vertical variation of soil moisture: the active layer (0-30 cm), sub-active layer (30-60 cm), graded layer (60-100 cm) and stable layer (100-180 cm). Irrigation times less then consumption of soil moisture more, led to the active layer and the second active layer of the soil water deficit easily. The more number of irrigation on soil the moisture consume less, could easily lead times active layer of soil moisture deficit.

  Climate Ecological Applicability Regionalization for Kiwifruit Based on GIS in Guanzhong of Shaanxi Province 2011, 27 (22):  202-207.  Abstract + ( 1001 )   PDF ( 2091649KB )   ( 1137 ) The planting area of kiwifruit is increasing with the adjusting of agriculture industry structure in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province. In order to provide advices of using agriculture climate resources scientifically and reasonably, optimizing industry structure and finding the best way to reduce the loss caused by natural disaster to administrator. Based on the characteristic of kiwifruit growth and 30 years climate data of Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province, the climate suitability conditions of planting kiwifruit trees in this region were analyzed. Annual mean temperature, frost-free period and annual precipitation were selected to be the climatic regionalization indices. The spatiality of each regionalization index was built by the method of spatial analyst and mapping tools in GIS. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to classify the suitability planting area for kiwifruit planting in Guanzhong areas of Shaanxi Province as the climate optimum suitable, less suitable and unsuitable area. Ecological climate conditions in each area were also discussed. The results indicated that the suitability planting region for kiwifruit located from the foot of the north slope of Qinling to the north bank of Weihe River, related to twenty nine counties which elevation was below 1200 m, and Hancheng County which elevation was below 700 m.

  A Studying on Climate Suitability of Peach in Tianshui 2011, 27 (22):  208-213.  Abstract + ( 1023 )   PDF ( 1600355KB )   ( 982 ) Based on data of peach’s phonological observation from 2003 to 2010 and meteorological data from 1971 to 2010 in the Agrometeorological Experimental Station of Tianshui, the model for assessing the climate suitability had been set up and the variation characteristics of climate and their influence on growth of peach had been studied. The results showed that the annual mean temperature had increased with linearity and precipitation varied with periodicity. The synthesize climate suitability degree was 0.59, temperature suitability degree was 0.73 and water suitability degree was 0.47. It indicated that the temperature suitability degree increased and water suitability degree decreased in sprout and flowering period in recent years. There was significant minus correlation between temperature and water suitability degree in this growth period. The water and temperature suitability degree was on a declining curve in fruit expansion and maturation period. It showed that the condition of peach growth became worse in the later period. The temperature suitability degree was above the water suitability degree. We suggested that facility for supplying water in key growth stage of peach should be considered when we plan to build orchard.

  Optimization of SRAP-PCR System and its Application in Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangens) 2011, 27 (22):  214-218.  Abstract + ( 1113 )   PDF ( 1628996KB )   ( 1094 ) The main influential factors of SRAP reaction system were optimized for genomic DNA in wax apple (Syzygium samarangens) by orthogonal design. The results showed that the optimum concentration was 1×Buffer, Mg2+ 3.0 mmol/L, dNTPs 0.3 mmol/L, primer 0.4 μmol/L, Taq DNA polymerase 0.5 U, 40 ng template DNA with a total volume of 20 μL reaction solution. The molecular identification of 7 varieties of wax apple were achieved by 64 SRAP primer combinations with this optimum system which could provide clear, reliable and repeatable abundant polymorphisms molecular markers.

  Orthogonal Optimization and Establishment of SRAP-PCR Amplification System of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) 2011, 27 (22):  219-223.  Abstract + ( 952 )   PDF ( 1731984KB )   ( 856 ) Orthogonal design was applied to optimize SRAP-PCR system of Guava (Psidium guajava L.). Five main factors influencing on SRAP-PCR, including Mg2+, dNTPs, primer, Taq DNA polymerase and DNA template were examined by using orthogonal design. The results showed that the optimum concentration was Mg2+ 2.5 mmol/L, dNTPs 0.15 mmol/L, primer 0.4 μmol/L, Taq DNA polymerase 1.5 U, 20 ng template DNA with a total volume of 20 μL reaction solution, which suitable for P. guajava SRAP-PCR amplification. The molecular identification of 5 varieties of P. guajava was conducted by 64 SRAP primer combinations with the optimal SRAP marker system. It showed that the SRAP primers and its optimized system could be applied in the germplasm identification and genetic diversity analysis of P. guajava effectively.

  The Study on Ovule Genesis and Development of Female Gametophyte of Carica papaya L. 2011, 27 (22):  224-228.  Abstract + ( 941 )   PDF ( 3962675KB )   ( 862 ) The aim was to illuminate ovule genesis and development of female gametophyte of Carica papaya L., find out genetic background of Carica papaya L. and supply relative information for seed production. Parafin section and hematoxylin dyeing were used in the experiment. Experiment materials were made into permanent microscopic mount whose thickness was 10-12 μm. Finally, Nikon photomicroscope was used to photograph. The results found that the ovule was anatropous, bitegminous and crassinucellate, not forming micropyle. The single archesporial originated from cuticle of the nucellus. The megaspore tetrad arranged linearly. The megaspore near chalaza was the functioning megaspore. The development of embryo sac was the polygomum type. In the 8-nucleate embryo sac, 3 karyon near chalaza formed antipodal cells ahead of other karyon. Finally the female gametophyte consisted of one oocyte and one central cell. Before the oocyte was fertilized the two pole nucleus of central cell had comulated into a secondary karyon and the other cells disappeared. The study indicated that ovule genesis and development of female gametophyte of Carica papaya L. were in accord with universal law of angiosperm. However, there was some difference from other pursuer’s study. Complex genetic background of Carica papaya L. perhaps caused distinct difference of experiment material which leaded to different results.

  The Change of Ecological Factors in Greenhouse and its Effect on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Decorative Pineapple 2011, 27 (22):  229-233.  Abstract + ( 1025 )   PDF ( 1380772KB )   ( 785 ) The change of ecological factors in greenhouse and its effect on Photosynthetic characteristics of decorative 'Dennis' pineapple were studied. The results showed: Diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2 in greenhouse and the CO2 concentration between plants of greenhouse are different, Which reach the maximum in the morning 7:30 and afternoon 17:30 respectively; The diurnal change of photosynthetically active radiation of different position leaves in greenhouse Pineapple is the same, maximum appear at 11:30 in the morning, and the upper leaves>middle leaves>lower leaves; the maximum photosynthetic rate of different position leaves followed: which of upper leaves is 2.16 μmol/(m2?s) at 8:30 in the morning, which of middle leaves is 2.16 μmol/(m2?s) at 9:30 in the morning, which of lower leaves is 1.46 μmol/(m2?s) at 11:30 in the morning. The diurnal change of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the different position leaves are the same trend as the photosynthetic rate. In short, solar energy utilization and photosynthetic capacity of middle leaves of pineapple are the strongest, and the actual photosynthetic rate of the group leaves is not only in connection with the distribution of light intensity, but also with the ecological factors in the greenhouse.

  Studies on Partial Enzymatic Properties of Hexokinase Isozymes from Cabernet Sauvignon Fruit 2011, 27 (22):  234-238.  Abstract + ( 1286 )   PDF ( 1503726KB )   ( 1386 ) This paper aimed to study the biochemical characteristics of two hexokinase (HXK) isozymes-HXK1 and HXK2 which derived from Cabernet Sauvignon fruits. Crude enzyme, which obtained from former experiment, was treated with different substrates, and the activity of hexokinase was characterized by changes of absorbance 340 nm. The pI of the enzyme was determined by biuret method. The results showed that the ascending Km values of different hexoses were fructose, mannose and glucose, which proved that glucose was the optimal substrate. The maximum reaction rate of both isozymes appeared in fructose reaction. The pI of HXK1 and HXK2 was 5.8 and 5.6, and the optimum pH of two isozymes was about 8.0. It was concluded that the biochemical properties of HXK1 and HXK2 corresponded with the characterization of HXK.

  Effects of 12 Rootstocks on Yield and Fruit Quality in ‘Kyoho’ Grape 2011, 27 (22):  239-242.  Abstract + ( 1190 )   PDF ( 1420003KB )   ( 1173 ) Twelve new cold resistant rootstocks were as materials and ‘Beta’ as CK, to study the effects of 12 rootstocks on yield and qualities of fruits. Vitis amurensis × V. riparia NO.1 and V. riparia Glore on yield of fruits were significant higher than it was on ‘Beta’. For qualities of fruits, main ingredients of the weight of single-fruit, soluble solid substances, organic acid, soluble carbohydrate and contents of anthcyanin were analyzed was carried out. According to the evaluation, yield and qualities of fruit of the twelve rootstocks were higher than or equal to ‘Beta’, and they possibly substitute for ‘Beta’.

  Research on the Annual Accumulation of Dry Matter and Nutrient in ‘Jinhuang’ Mango in Hainan 2011, 27 (22):  243-246.  Abstract + ( 982 )   PDF ( 1416381KB )   ( 927 ) This experiment aimed to provide reference for balanced fertilization, and investigate the annual accumulation of dry matter and nutrient in ‘Jinhuang’ mango in Hainan. Results showed: (1)The annual accumulation of dry matter in the ‘Jinhuang’ mango tree was in the order of: harvested fruits>pruning leaves>flower and peduncle>pruning branch>dropped fruits, and the flower and peduncle was responsible for 17.17%,the dropped fruits for 1.26%, the pruning leaves for 22.23%, the pruning branch for 8.64%, the harvested fruits for 50.70%. (2)The annual accumulation of eleven nutrients in the ‘Jinhuang’ mango tree was in the order of N>K>Ca>P>Mg>S>Mn>Fe>Zn>B>Cu. (3)And hence for a crop of 1000kg ‘Jinhuang’ fruit the consumption of nutrients were dry matter 464.68 kg, N 5.46 kg, P 0.57 kg, K 4.62 kg, Ca 2.69 kg, Mg 0.40 kg, S 0.33 kg, Fe 51.62 g, Mn 158.84 g, Cu 2.90 g, Zn 9.43 g, B 7.26 g.

  Impact of different preservation temperature and light conditions on the quality of North Cordyceps species 2011, 27 (22):  247-252.  Abstract + ( 868 )   PDF ( 1790050KB )   ( 925 ) Common natural conditions were simulated in this experiment. Scattered light to day, night, dark, 10/5℃, 15/10℃, 20/15℃, 25/20℃, 30 d, 60 d and 90 d preservation time for the different experimental groups were used as experiment teams. 4℃ temperature, day and night dark and 30 d, 60 d, 90 d for the control group were used as control team, the bacteria in the plate medium speed germination, hyphal growth conditions, colony morphology and angular variability, turn expanded liquid strain, cultivated the grass, were observe. The results showed that strains the quality of the conditions were better preserved 10/5℃ 30 d>15/10 ℃ 30 d>4 ℃ (dark) 30 d>20/15 ℃ 30 d> 4 ℃ (dark) 60 d> 10/5 ℃ 60 d > 25/20 ℃ 30 d. That under certain conditions, the scattered light by day, day and night 10/5℃ and 15/10℃, 30 d preservation than traditional preservation refrigerator.

  The Effect on Fertilization and Proportion of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on the Nutrient Absorption and Output of the Hybrid Rape 2011, 27 (22):  253-257.  Abstract + ( 1092 )   PDF ( 1434858KB )   ( 832 ) The study researched the effect of fertilization and the proportion of nitrogenous fertilizer on the nutrient absorption and output of the hybrid rape by field experiments and analytical testing. The research revealed that fertilization can promote nutrient and potassic absorption of the hybrid rape’s straw, seeds and plants, most of which was taken up by seeds. The proportional application of nitrogenous, phosphatic, potassic and boron fertilizers (dealt with NPK) led to the average output of 1851.7 kg/hm2 and the increase rate was 34.81%, 25.40%, 17.91% and 9.34% compared with the way dealt with PKB、NKB、NPB and the peasants’ tradition, increasing the net benefit by 1797.39 yuan/hm2, 1550.00 yuan/hm2, 966.60 yuan/hm2, 1486.74 yuan/hm2. The efficiency of fertilizers were in order of nitrogen＞phorsphor＞potass, while the effect of zinc fertilizer was invisible. The dosage of nitrogenous fertilizer was positively connected with the output of rape seeds which increased by 26.52%-68.10% with nitrogenous fertilizer. While with the increase in the usage of nitrongenous fertilizer, the utilization ratio of which and agricultural benefit would decrease. The economical consumption of nitrogenous fertilizer was N 180.0 kg/hm2, where the utilization rate of nitrogenous fertilizer was 29.19% and the agricultural benefit was 3.58 kg/kg.

  Effect of Application of Calcium Cyanamid on Soil pH and Microbial Biomass in Vegetable Greenhouse Infected by Root-knot Nematode in Fallow Season 2011, 27 (22):  258-262.  Abstract + ( 1038 )   PDF ( 1365658KB )   ( 850 ) In order to study the effect of Calcium Cyanamid on soil biological and chemical character, Calcium Cyanamid was applied to soil infected by root-knot nematode in vegetable greenhouse planted celery, the effect on soil pH and soil microbial biomass was studied. The results showed that after application of Calcium Cyanamid, non-rhizosphere soil pH values increased significantly and the rhizosphere soil pH values in both treatments were lower than the non-rhizosphere. The rhizosphere soil pH values of applied Calcium Cyanamid celery were higher than that of CK, but lower than that in non-rhizosphere soil of CK. In treatments, in addition to fungi in applied Calcium Cyanamid soil, the other rhizosphere soil bacteria, fungi and actinomyce numbers were greatly more than that in non-rhizosphere soil, the level of the difference was significant (P<0.05). Application of Calcium Cyanamid, the bacteria and actinomyce number in celery rhizosphere soil increased by 100% and 65% respectively compared with CK. It also made B/F, A/F value of celery rhizosphere soil extraordinary improve. Although B/F, A/F value of celery rhizosphere soil had some higher than that in non-rhizosphere soil, the difference was not significant. In both treatments, total microbe number in rhizosphere soil was more than that in non-rhizosphere soil. The total microbe number in applied Calcium Cyanamid soil was distinguished higher than that in CK. After the application of Calcium Cyanamid, urease activity in celery rhizosphere soil was higher than that in non-rhizosphere soil, control treatment rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil by 18.5%, 49.2%, 25.4%, respectively. The root activity was 104% higher than the control, and the yield of celery significantly increased, more by 22.7%. As a result, this paper had demonstrated that applied Calcium Cyanamid in soil infected by root-knot nematode could improve soil biological and chemical character in vegetable greenhouse.

  Optimization of Seed Treatment Dose of the Cucumber Endophytic Chaetomium Ch1001 Strain for Biological Control of Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita 2011, 27 (22):  263-267.  Abstract + ( 1059 )   PDF ( 1530893KB )   ( 824 ) The cucumber endophytic Chaetomium strain Ch1001 has shown its ability to suppress root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, when applied as seed treatment. However, its optimum application dose, which is an important parameter for practical use in order to obtain robust seedlings as well satisfied nematode control efficacy has not been determined. In this paper, the root viability, defense related enzymes activity as well root knot nematode control efficacy were tested after cucumber seeds were inoculated with Ch1001 at 1×103, 1×104, 1×105, 1×106, 1×107, 1×108ascospores/seed respectively at sowing. Results indicated that root viability was not influenced by Ch1001 when the inoculum dose was at or lower than 1×105 ascospores/seed, but increased significantly at the inoculum dose of 1×106 and1×107 ascospores/seed， and decreased dramatically at 1×108 ascospores/seed. PAL and chitinase activity did not enhance after Ch1001 treatment， POD and CAT activity significantly increased at 1×105, 1×106 and 1×107 ascospores/seed，indicating that Ch1001 induced resistance related to active oxygen metabolism. The root knot nematode M. incognita control efficacy was positively correlated to seed treatment dose, the galls formation was significantly inhibited at 1×104, 1×105, 1×106 and 1×107 ascospores/seed treatment, the satisfied inhibition reached at 1×106 and 1×107 ascopores/seed treatment, which were 45.3% and 57.0% respectively. Based on the above results, the dose at 1×107 ascospores/seed was optimum for practical use because of the enhanced root viability, defense related enzymes activity as well as the lowest nematode invasion.

  Research for Cucumber Adaptability of Different Grafting Techniques 2011, 27 (22):  268-270.  Abstract + ( 978 )   PDF ( 1402692KB )   ( 933 ) Using tongue approach grafting and self-rooted as the control, we compared the single rootstock (cutting root, keeping the root) and the double root grafting (different rootstocks, all cutting roots) in cucumber on yield .The results showed that: the survival rate of grafted plants and plants handling growth potential was higher than non-grafting treatment. For the yield of cucumber, single-stock root pruning treatment was higher than it in keeping root treatment. The yield for double grafting cucumber was higher than it in other treatments, but it had the difference between double root grafting treatments. It concluded that double grafted root pruning can result in high yield, but it needed test for different rootstocks and scion before application.

  Effects of Oxamide on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Substrate of Mushroom Dregs and Vegetative 2011, 27 (22):  271-275.  Abstract + ( 983 )   PDF ( 1459537KB )   ( 759 ) In order to improve the industrialized breeding production efficiency, lower the production cost, and make the fertilizer been convenient for the manufacturer to obtain in brief and easily, research was conducted to study effects of low release nitrogen fertilizer of oxamide on vegetative growth of tomato seedling grown in the substrate of mushroom dregs. The results showed that, compared with the substrate with application with urea, EC value dynamic change of the substrate with application of oxamide was steady, increased slowly at first and then decreased slowly. Oxamide fertilizer could induce N, P and K nutrients balanced absorption by tomato seedling, and dry weight and fresh weight accumulation in seedlings. So tomato seedlings grew fast and healthy. Plant weight, stem diameter and chlorophyll content of tomato seedling grown on substrate were higher with application of oxamide fertilizer than with application of urea. In collusion, oxamide is the good N fertilizer in industrialized breeding due to promoting healthy seedling and operation was simple.

  Analysis on the Genetic Stability of Agaricus bisporus Strains Preserved in Liquid Nitrogen 2011, 27 (22):  276-280.  Abstract + ( 1013 )   PDF ( 1744893KB )   ( 797 ) After four years’ preservation in liquid nitrogen, four Agaricus bisporus strains, i.e. As2796, As3003, As4607 and As4580, were thawed and detected for the survival ratio. The survived cultures were put into mycelia running test in compost with different water content, different pH value and under different temperature. Moreover, their cellulase activity, isozyme patterns, RAPD patterns and fruiting ability were also checked. The experimental results showed that after four years’ liquid nitrogen preservation, the stock cultures of A. bisporus had the same mycilia growth speed and cellulase activity as the control, and they kept the same isozyme and RAPD patterns, as well as the original fruit-bodies growing characteristics, production and quality. Therefore, the liquid nitrogen preservation could keep the stability of A. bisporus stock culture in a long time.

  Preliminary Study on Comprehensive Evaluation of the Weather Ecology Suitability in Huaizhi Litchi Production Area with the Gray System Theory 2011, 27 (22):  281-285.  Abstract + ( 907 )   PDF ( 1458293KB )   ( 620 ) To match site with trees in orcharding, it could offer the theoretical reference in order to gain high yield, stable yield and top quality in production. Based on the output materials in the continuous 20 years (1961-1982) and the weather materials in the relate years from the major Huaizhi litchi fields of Conghua and 6 other counties in Guangdong Province, the feasibility of the application of the relational grade analysis of Grey System Theory to the weather ecology suitableness of 7 Huaizhi litchi fields, including Conghua County was evaluated. The results showed that the order of the weather ecology conditions were similar to ‘ideal state’ was: Conghua＞Huidong＞Huaxian＞Luoding＞Shenzhen＞Doumen＞Huilai, Conghua (r1=0.9418) was most closed to the ‘ideal state’ and the most suitable growing area, the grey relational grade analysis could estimate the weather ecology suitableness of each Huaizhi litchi field quantitatively, and the conclusion was corresponding with the fact of each field. It provided a kind of analysis method which was easy-calculating, direct-seeing and exact and reliable for objectively evaluating the weather ecology suitableness of Litchi field and growing the right plants in the right places.

  Influence of Different Culture Management to Fruit Quality of ‘Kate’ Apricot in Greenhouse NIU Zi-Mian 2011, 27 (22):  286-290.  Abstract + ( 997 )   PDF ( 1456913KB )   ( 721 ) 4, 6, and 8 years old Kate apricot trees in fine culture management and conventional culture management in greenhouse were used to study the light intensity in a day, the relative light intensity at different levels in proportion of the total volume of the canopy and the statistical capacity of different branches, leaves, fruit and fruit quality. The results showed that the rate of relative light intensity greater than 30% of total solar radiation was 68.5% and 61.1% in fine and conventional management. The number of branch, leaf and fruit was 402,4697and 93 in fine management and 417, 4997, and 80 in conventional management, respectively. The weight of fruit, the weight of stone and the edible rate was 137.69 g, 3.85 g, and 97.20% in fine management, significantly higher than that of conventional management. So the model of fine management will be wild used in the south and middle part of Shanxi for its high yield and high quality.

  Study on Investigation of Early Mature Seedling Litchi Resources in Southwest Guangxi 2011, 27 (22):  291-295.  Abstract + ( 1280 )   PDF ( 1483138KB )   ( 731 ) In order to deeply understand the status of early mature seeding Lichi resource of Southwestern Guangxi, the authors conducted a field study and analyzed its botanical character. The results showed that it mainly distributed in Longzhou, Daxin and Tiandeng of Chongzuo, Jingxi, Debao, Tiandong and Tianyang of Baise, Dahua and Du’an of He chi, its average tree age was 69.6. The trees with tall and erect trunks, long inflorescence, oval leaves and hearted-shaped or oval fruit was significantly early matured in early or middle of May. Leaf, flower and fruit was multiplicity of morphological types, variation coefficient between 20.0% and 29.0% was 34.4%, between 10.0% and 19.0% was 46.9%. Early mature seedling litchi resource of southwestern Guangxi was abundant genetic diversity. However, its protection and utilization was not effective. So it should be enhance resource protection consciousness and study on the selection breeding to use it efficiently.

  Study on the effect of Garden lawn pigment and ornamental characteristics in NPK fertilizer 2011, 27 (22):  296-300.  Abstract + ( 960 )   PDF ( 1433759KB )   ( 856 ) The study on the analysis by the effect of the change in pigment content, plant height, leaf water content under fertilization, which can provide a theoretical basis for the city lawn maintenance. Based on the 5 years old lawn to normal growth in urban landscape environment as the test materials, the author set N: P: K ratio of 2:1:2, and set the amount of nitrogen of PF1, PF2, PF3 respectively was 17.47, 20.96, 24.47 kg/hm2. By using a control without any fertilizer, and 3 times repetition to get the measurment of the changes in pigment content, plant height, leaf water content between June to October. The results showed that: PF2 treatment significantly increased the content of leaf chlorophyll a, and that of PF3 was second; every treatment would increase the content of chlorophyll b. The most obvious increase was in PF3, and PF2 was the worst; PF1 reduced carotenoid content with the most significant effect, PF2 was second; PF3 best promoted the growth of lawn height, PF2 was second; fertilization had a good effect for increasing the leaf water content. However, due to the impact of clip lawn, there were differences among the treatments in different months. With the generally analysis, PF2 treatments took the best effect on improving ornamental value.