Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.6 Published:20 March 2011

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  Comparison of Heat Resistance of Eight kinds of Roof Greening Woody Plant 2011, 27 (6):  1-5.  Abstract + ( 1218 )   PDF ( 751469KB )   ( 1476 ) Screening woody plants to adapt to the roof special circumstances has important practical significance for riching the kinds of the greening plants and making it play the functions of roof greening and beautification. The high tempreture is the limited factor for plant growing. In order to expore the heat resistance of roof greening plants and study the adaptability of the plant to high temperature environments, Ulmus pumila L, Salix matsudana Koidz, Broussonetia papyrifera, Periploca sepium Bung., Populus simonii Carr., Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. planted on the roof and Ulmus pumila cv. jinye, Sorbaria kirilowii (Reqel) Maxim. suitable for roof greening were as the test materials in the experiment. The relative conductivity of leaves of above plants were tested at different heat treatment conditions, and with Forstst 2.1 the heat resistance of the eight kinds of woody plants were studied. The results showed that: the temperature and cell injury rate of leaves treated with different high temperature were ‘S’ shaped curve. The semi-lethal temperature of different plants from high to low was Periploca sepium Bung., Periploca sepium Bung., Populus simonii Carr., Salix matsudana Koidz., Ulmus pumila L., Sorbaria kirilowii (Reqel) Maxim., Broussonetia papyrifera, Ulmus pumila cv. jinye, and which were 65.30℃, 63.80℃, 57.85℃, 56.84℃, 55.87℃, 49.94℃, 44.81℃, 43.98℃ respectively. The heat resistance of Periploca sepium Bung. and Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. was best, that of Salix matsudana Koidz., Ulmus pumila L., Populus simonii Carr. was better, and that of Sorbaria kirilowii (Reqel) Maxim., Broussonetia papyrifera and Ulmus pumila cv. jinye were worst.

  Identification on Pathogen of Branch Rot of Jatropha curcas and Study on its Biological Characteristics 2011, 27 (6):  6-11.  Abstract + ( 1638 )   PDF ( 1079397KB )   ( 1047 ) In order to identify the pathogeny and pathogenicity of branch rot of Jatropha curcas. Branch rot of Jatropha curcas caused by Lasiodiplodia theobroma was reported, illustrated and literal description was given in detail based on the materials from YuanMo, Yunnan in China. Morphological and molecular data were taken into consideration when the pathogen was authenticated. In view of available references, the author thought that was the first report about it. The author gained some results after finished the study about the biological characters of pathogen, pathogen grow actively in the condition of 28-30℃, pH=5-7, the culture medium with C6H12O6, C12H24O12, yeast powder. Sporegermination was more active in the condition of 20-30℃, pH=6, humidity (90%-100%), sterile water. It can produce a few spore and spore apparatus under light. Mycelial growth was significantly inhibited in PDA plate which contained Propiconazol Carbendazim, at the same time, the interesting phenomenon was found that mycelial was fast growing in the PDA plate which contained Difenoconazole, Streptomycin, Chlorothalonil, Ethylicin, Propiconazole, etc. That was like in the PDA plate. The author thought this disease was rampant when hosts were wounded and ecology environment was high humidity based on analyzing biological nature of pathogen and ecology environment of host. After that the author had some good ideas about disease prevention and cure which disease should mainly be prevented and the use of pesticides scientifically must be adopted.We gained some results after finished the study about the biological characters of pathogen, pathogen grow actively in the condition of 28-30℃, pH=5-7, the Czapek culture medium with C6H12O6, C12H24O12, yeast powder. Sporegermination is more active in the condition of 20-30℃, pH=6, humidity=90-100%, sterile water. It can produce a few spore and spore apparatus under light. Mycelial growth was significantly inhibited in PDA plate which is contains Propiconazol Carbendazim, at the same time, the intertesting phonomenon was found that mycelial is fast growing in the PDA plate which is contains Difenoconazole, Streptomycin, Chlorothalonil, Ethylicin, Propiconazole, et. That is like in the PDA plate. We think this disease is will rampant when hosts ware wounded and ecology environment is high humidity based on analyze biological nature of pathogen and ecology environment of host. After that we have some good ideas about disease prevention and cure which is disease should mainly be prevented and scientifically use pesticides must be adopted.

  Effects of Atonik and GA Treatments on Seed Germination of Nauclea officinalis 2011, 27 (6):  12-16.  Abstract + ( 1331 )   PDF ( 751626KB )   ( 1202 ) The seed germination rate of the rare medical plant Nauclea officinalis under natural conditions is extremely low, and it is limiting factor to artificial propagation and resource conservation. Effects of Atonik and GA treatments on seed germination of Nauclea officinalis were determined and the treatments of both growth regulators obviously promoted seed germination of Nauclea officinalis. The optimum concentrations and time of the treatments were the 3000-4000 times solution Atonik soaking for 10-12 h, 400 mg/L GA soaking for 12 h. Compared with the control, the germination time were 9 and 8.6 day earlier, the germination potentials were increased to 28.3%-30.3% and 32%, and the germination rate were 32.3%-30.3% and 34%, respectively.

  Investigation of Soil Nutrients of Desert Area in Qinglongwan 2011, 27 (6):  17-20.  Abstract + ( 1220 )   PDF ( 591540KB )   ( 1087 ) In order to study the influence of different plants on the effect of soil in desert area and analyze the soil nutrients, the soil samples were collected from different plants in Qinglongwan, nutrient content were analyzed by organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorous, potassium. The results showed that the pH value was 7.40-7.72, soil showed slightly alkaline. The content of organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorous, potassium were relatively low. The content of organic matter had great effect on the contents and availability of other nutrients. The effect of different plants to protect and improve soil were different, the effect of the orchard and the mixed Populus tomentos-Robinia pseudoacacia forest was best, Populus simonii at last, except farmland. Generally speaking, the soil physical property in soil was obviously improved after modified by ecological forest.

  Zanthoxylum bungeanum ‘linxia cijiao’ Black shank Prevention Technology Research 2011, 27 (6):  21-25.  Abstract + ( 969 )   PDF ( 683719KB )   ( 935 ) It conduced an investigation in Hetan town of Dongxiang, Lianhua and Nanyuan town of Linxia, Yinchuan and Anji town of Jishishan, where the main cultivated area of Z. bungeanum‘Linxia cijiao’. Through numerical model Ⅰ analysis of 149 sample date, that was index of infection of black shank of Z. bungeanum with topography, irrigating, selection. Investigate and determine location, interplanting type, tree age, amount of tree per unit area, rate of tree shadow to ground, level of management, and so on. The results showed that irrigating was the leading factor that affected transformation of index of infection of black shank of Z. bungeanum. Every fact affects level was: irrigating>interplanting type> amount of tree per unit area>topography> level of management> tree age> location> rate of tree shadow to ground. Perfect match of reducing index of infection of black shank of Z. bungeanum was: B13+B23+B32+B41+B51+B62(B64)+B72+B82. Through comparative analysis of 159 sample date, incidence and disease extent of black shank of Z. bungeanum ‘Linxia cijiao’was different in different location. Disease extent of black shank of Z. bungeanum was serious 7-8 times in center than border and ridge. And a proposed technical measure of prevention of black shank of Z. bungeanum was developed.

  Influences of Road Accessibility on the Community Structure of an Evergreen Broadleaved Forest in Thousand-Island Lake, Zhejiang Province 2011, 27 (6):  26-29.  Abstract + ( 1227 )   PDF ( 685371KB )   ( 1021 ) To study the effect of human disturbances on subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests, the author quantitatively examined the community structure of the Castanopsis eyrei forest in relation to road accessibility in Thousand-Island Lake, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. The results showed that the average canopy cover of the tree, shrub and grass layer had significantly positive exponential correlation with the distance to the road, suggesting that increasing human disturbances could cause declines in accumulated biomass and growth condition of the community. However, these three layers showed different sensitivity in response to disturbances, i.e. trees

  Progress of Research on the Purification of Formaldehyde by Plants 2011, 27 (6):  30-34.  Abstract + ( 1329 )   PDF ( 625428KB )   ( 2472 ) Purification of indoor polluted air becomes a common concern topic along with living standards’ enhancement. As the top killer of indoor polluted air, the formaldehyde pollution was of special concern. The origin of formaldehyde and its enormous pollution in indoor air were inevitable so it was very import to purify indoor air formaldehyde. Compare with technology of physical absorption, chemical absorption, photocatalytic biodegradable, the purification of formaldehyde by plant was natural, environmental and easy operate，which became the hot topic and advanced science in the research of purification of indoor formaldehyde and houseplant landscape. The domestic and abroad research progress of aerobic granular sludge was summerized. The theory of purification of formaldehyde was the absorption by the stem and foliage, the metabolism and transformation by the plant, and the degradation by the rhizosphere microorganism. Toxicological purification of formaldehyde by indoor plants was viewed. Advantages and disadvantages in research were reported, too. Finally, the foreground of the purification of formaldehyde by indoor plants was prospected.

  Research Advance on the Biological Characteristics and Cultivation Technologies of Dendrobium Nobile 2011, 27 (6):  35-39.  Abstract + ( 1046 )   PDF ( 598937KB )   ( 1560 ) Being Orchidaceae Dendrobium’s plants, Dendrobium nobile was favored by consumers as its beautiful color and flowering characteristics. The research achievements on Dendrobium nobile in biological characters, propagation, effects of environmental factors and flowering-control were summarized. Furthermore, some problems existed were discussed in this paper. Considering how to solve the flowering control and improve the quality was very important today. And using hormones to control flowering and breeding some new varieties demand low-temperature, early flowering would also be future research direction of Dendrobium nobile.

  The Research Progress of Citrus Black Spot 2011, 27 (6):  40-44.  Abstract + ( 1240 )   PDF ( 627478KB )   ( 1482 ) In order to provide better understanding and handling of the disease of citrus black spot, the author reviewed the research progress of citrus black spot comprehensively. Since be found, the disease was researched constantly deeply. There were four kinds of symptoms reported in the world until today, the position classification standard of pathogens experienced several changes, molecular detection technology based on ITS greatly improved the accuracy and chemical control was still the main prevention means, but there were some problems such as the infecting mechanism of pathogen still unclear. Now the disease had spread to the major region of citrus in the world, as South Africa, Asia, Australia and South America, showed the increasingly serious dangers and was considered as an important quarantine disease by Occident, which had made some relevant departments pay attention.

  Study on Water Consumption Rule of Potted Pear 2011, 27 (6):  45-49.  Abstract + ( 1117 )   PDF ( 1934151KB )   ( 1100 ) Abstract: In order to study the water consumption characteristics of pear in different soil moisture conditions and different seasons, Using potted cultural Huangguan Pear of four-year old as the experiment materials, water consumption of different soil water status pear [Pyrus bretschneidery Rehd] was studied by weighting method. The correlation coefficient between the consumption amount and the climatic element and area of leaf was analysed. The results showed that adequate soil water treatment was significantly higher than moderate and severe drought treatment in water consumption. The water consumption during the canopy formation is small (0.25-0.58L/day). Early June is the biggest (10.1L/ten days) among every ten days. The summit in a day is at 10:00-14:00. With the decline in soil moisture, photosynthetic rate of pear was significantly lower in the mid growing season of pear, other factors were not significantly different. The regression analysis results showed that average air temperature is the biggest influence factor. There are distinguished positive correlation between the water consumption and average air temperature (p=0.0075), wind speed (P=0.0135), leaf area on pear(r=0.9516), distinguished negative correlation between the water consumption and air humidity (P=0.0462). it is suggested that development phase of pear, soil water, leaf area, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed are the bases to make the consumption water model of pear.

  Establishment and Optimization of ISSR Technique in Pyrus L. 2011, 27 (6):  50-53.  Abstract + ( 980 )   PDF ( 1934151KB )   ( 1009 ) In this study, the genome DNA was extracted from Xuehua pear and was used for inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)analysis. By evaluating amplification concentrations and conditions,the optimum reaction system of ISSR-PCR for Pyrus L. were established in a total volume of 20μL, containing template DNA 40 ng, 1.0 U Taq-DNA polymerase, 0.2μmol?L-1ISSR primer, 200μmol?L-1, dNTP, Buffer (Tris-HCl (pH8.3) 10m mol?L-1、KCl 50 mmol?L-1、 MgCl21.5 mmol?L-1). Amplified procedure was programmed for 5 minutes at 94℃, at annealing temperature for 60s,extension 120s at 72℃; 39 cycles: 60 seconds at 94℃, at annealing temperature(52℃) for 60s, extension 120s at 72℃and then a final extension 72℃ for 10 min after the last cycle and then keep at 4℃.Amplified products were detected by electrophoresis in 1.4% agarose gel (containing 1μg?mL-1 EB).

  Changes of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Parameters and Electrolyte Leakage in Different Ornamental Tree Species Living in Saline 2011, 27 (6):  54-59.  Abstract + ( 1038 )   PDF ( 1366262KB )   ( 1086 ) The electrical impedance spectroscopy parameters and relative electrolyte leakage of Ulmus pumila var. pendula and Ligustrum lucidum living in the same saline were measured, and the validity of electrical impedance spectroscopy parameters and relative electrolyte leakage were analyzed. The results showed that in saline, with increasing stress time, the electrical impedance spectroscopy parameters and relative electrolyte leakage of Ulmus pumila var. pendula and Ligustrum lucidum were changed regularly. The relative electrolyte leakage of Ulmus pumila var. pendula and Ligustrum lucidum leaves increased firstly and then decreased, the relative electrolyte leakage of stems decreased firstly and then increased. Extracellular resistance of leaves increased firstly and then decreased. The extracellular resistance and relaxation time of stems increased gradually or increased firstly and then decreased with increasing stress time. The correlation analysis indicated that the extent of ornamental trees salt-stressed could be reflected effectively through electrical impedance spectroscopy parameter. The results gave the preliminary parameters of electrical impedance for diagnosing level of saline-resistance in Ulmus pumila var. pendula and Ligustrum lucidum.

  The Effect of Different measures on Yield of Aucklandia lappa 2011, 27 (6):  60-63.  Abstract + ( 1301 )   PDF ( 563835KB )   ( 1210 ) To study the effect of different cultivation measures on the yield of Aucklandia lappa in order to provide scientific basis for GAP cultivation techniques. To adopt L9(34) orthogonal design to study the effect of different densities, base fertilizer, additional fertilizer, collecting time on yield of Aucklandia lappa by analyzing multiple-factor and single-factor. The results showed that the suitable measures of high yield of Aucklandia lappa were as follows: density of 20 cm×30 cm, 30000 kg farmyard manure added 450 kg compound fertilizer each hm2 as base fertilizer, 450 kg compound fertilizer and 300 kg urea as additional fertilizer each hm2, 10-11 months as collecting time.

  Studies on the Techniques of Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation for Cercis canadensis ‘Forest Pansy’ 2011, 27 (6):  64-67.  Abstract + ( 1074 )   PDF ( 1025096KB )   ( 1053 ) Young stem sections with buds of Cercis canadensis ‘Forest Pansy’ were used as explants for experiment. The effects of culture mediums and PGRs such as 6-BA, NAA, IBA, TDZ on proliferation and rooting of test-tube plantlets were discussed. The results showed that the medium suitable for proliferation was DKW+TDZ 0.03 mg/L+PVP 0.5 mg/L, the optimum rooting medium was 1/2 MS+IBA 25 mg/L+AC 0.6 mg/L. In this system, the highest propagation coefficient was 4.27 and the rooting rate was 73.3%.

  The 2-DE Analyses of the Proteins Expression during the Two Somatic Embryo Development Pathways in Camellia nitidissima Chi. DENG Su-Fang 2011, 27 (6):  68-73.  Abstract + ( 1123 )   PDF ( 3790321KB )   ( 1093 ) This experiment based on the established multiple cotyledons and flower-like shape (MCFS) repetitive embryogenesis system in Camellia nitidissima Chi.. The difference in the total proteins expression of the materials during the MCFS pathway and normal developmental pathway was analyzed by 2-DE. The results showed that: along with the growth advancement of somatic embryo, the protein variety and quantity increased first, and reached to the most in the cotyledon embryo stage, afterward gradually weakened, even vanished, and became to least in the seedling stage; the differences were distinct and existed both in every single phase of the same pathway and in the same phases of the two different pathways, PD(14.9kD) was specific protein in the MCFS pathway, that expressed in the calli which can differentiate MCFS embryo, as well as every stage from the sphere embryo to mature embryo.

  Study on Rapid Germination of Paeonia Delavayi and its Natural Hybrid Seeds 2011, 27 (6):  74-77.  Abstract + ( 1104 )   PDF ( 595141KB )   ( 1342 ) This study investigated under the conditions of the plug, with different matrix for peony root, gibberellin (GA) and low temperature on the promotion of seed germination and seedling growth .The results showed that: peat layer improved the quality of rooting rate and rooting; the speed of seed germination can be accelerated by treating with 400 mg/L GA for 2 h , it can accelerate the speed of seed germination rate of emergence, which reached a favorable way for hybrid peony rapid germination, to provide technical support to distant breeding.

  The Pathogen of Herbaceous Peony Gray Mould under Protected Cultivation in Beijing 2011, 27 (6):  78-83.  Abstract + ( 1331 )   PDF ( 1653883KB )   ( 1298 ) When moved under protected cultivation, the herbaceous peony often suffers from a leaf and branch wilt, causing serious damage. In order to clarify the causes and understand the occurrence regularity of the disease, the author regularly observed the occurrence of the disease. According to its symptom, pathogenic fungi isolation, pathogenic fungi morphologic characters and host range, it was identified that the wilt was caused by gray mould. The pathogen was Botrytis cinerea Pers. Research shows that the temperature for this pathogen growth and sporulation was from 4-28℃ with the optimum from 16-24℃, pH from 2-11 with the optimum from 3-5. The light influenced mycelial growth and sporulation, illumination was advantageous to mycelial growth while dark condition to sporulation. The continuous light can not produce the spores.

  The Breeding of Marigold Male Sterile Lines 2011, 27 (6):  84-89.  Abstract + ( 1314 )   PDF ( 7129138KB )   ( 1623 ) To plant suitable breeding of new hybrid varieties of marigold in Gansu Province, completely reverse the province depending on the introduced production of species and ensure the sustainable development of marigold industry, since 2002, the male sterile line with dual-use system have been chosen by using sterile plants found in the field, from which the marigolds GM-1 and GM-2 progeny segregating populations have been tested through cross combination in a large number of maintainers by breeding ring method. By comparison of fertility of the obtained lines, two excellent male LYX-1 (Double) and LYX-2 (single lobe), Sterile A-B line have been selected according to the features of fertile plants under the dual system flower petals or ill. The infertility rate is of 50% sterility controlled by a recessive gene, and biological characteristics are stable, which can be used in hybrid combination.

  Culture Condition Optimization of Test Tube-bulb Formation of Lily-Orientals 2011, 27 (6):  90-94.  Abstract + ( 1257 )   PDF ( 633425KB )   ( 1009 ) Test-tube bulblet culture is the key technology during the cultivation of lily bulb. To find out the effects of plant growth regulators and sucrose in different concentration on the test-tube bulblet formation, orthogonal test was designed. The result showed that the optimal medium treatment for bulblets induction was MS+0.2 mg/L KT+ 1 mg/L NAA+40 g/L sugar, and the optimal medium for bulb enlargement was 1/2 MS+0.2 mg/L KT+1 mg/L NAA+ 15 mg/L PP333, under which condition the swelling rate was more than 80%, and the optimal medium for rooting was 1/2 MS+0.05 mg/L NAA.

  Study on selection for Stress Tolerance of Beijing Wild Flower 2011, 27 (6):  95-98.  Abstract + ( 1299 )   PDF ( 626404KB )   ( 1425 ) Through investigation of wild flower resources in Beijing mountain areas, 170 species of wild plant were recorded, they belong to 48 families, 131 genus, respectively. Among them, 90 species have economic interests, including 29 species of woody plant and 71 species of herbals. Through selecting and experimental planting, such as Sedum aizoon、 Duchesnea indica、 Viola yedoensis 、Ixeris chinensis、 Apocynum venetum were selected , based on their haracteristics of drought-resistance and low nutrition requirement, their planting、culture and maintenance costs are low, therefore they are suitable to be widely planted in Beijing gardening and greening project.

  Effect of Water Stress on Growth and Physiological Characteristicsof Sedum Spectabile Boreau 2011, 27 (6):  99-102.  Abstract + ( 1426 )   PDF ( 807463KB )   ( 1143 ) In order to investigate the reaction and adaptation of Sedum Spectabile Boreau under water stress, taking 1-year-old seedlings of Sedum Spectabile Boreau as test materials, water content of soil, leaves relative water content, SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content and leaves relative water content were studied. Results showed that the water content of soil and leaves relative water content decreased under drought stress; the water content of soil and leaves relative water content increased under water logging stress. under water stress,the relative leakage of electrolytes and MDA content increased，but activities of SOD and POD increased at first but later decreased. Comprehensive analysis showed that Sedum Spectabile Boreau had some resistance on water stress.

  Microsporogenesis and the Development of Male Gametophyte in Anthurium andraeanum Lind 2011, 27 (6):  103-106.  Abstract + ( 1043 )   PDF ( 785742KB )   ( 1021 ) Anthurium andraeanum is very famous and precious flower. It is abortion in the northern part of the country, influencing its breeding. The article studies on the process of microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development of Athurium andaeaum, to discuss the cause of abortion and provide the theory evidence for its breeding. By using the general paraffin section technology and the electron microscope technology, the results indicated that the development of anther wall followed the basic type, and the tape of tapetum was the glandular tapetum, 2-cell type pollen. About 90% male gametophyte was abnormal in 2-cell pollen stage. In conclusion the process of microsporogenesis was normal but the deficiency of pollen number led to the maturation.

  Study on the Effect of Phospholipase D on the Freezing Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana 2011, 27 (6):  107-111.  Abstract + ( 1092 )   PDF ( 975197KB )   ( 1200 ) The experiment was purposely to research the effect of phospholipase D on the freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana, reveal the mechanism of plants freezing tolerance and phospholipid signal transduction. Arabidopsis thaliana mutant PLDγ1 or PLDγ3 was deficient and wild-type was used as materials. The two mutants and wild-type were cold acclimated and freezing stressed using a climate chamber. There were no significant differences between the ion leakage of the mutants and wild-type whether cold acclimation freeze or non-acclimation freeze. The results showed that PLDγ1 and PLDγ3 neither mediate regulation of constitutive freezing tolerance nor low temperature signaling.

  Studies on nutrient solution for dwarf lilyturf 2011, 27 (6):  112-116.  Abstract + ( 1267 )   PDF ( 638603KB )   ( 1004 ) In order to accelerate Ophiopogon japonicus’s growth and propagating rate, growth situation of Ophiopogon japonicus treated with 27 nutrient solutions containing different concentration of N, P, K was studied in pot trial. From the indexes of leaf growth rate, leaf out rate, chlorophyll content, renascent root number and root activity, it was showed that Ophiopogon japonicus can grow normally only with suitable NPK mixture ratio, the treatments of N2P2K1 and N2P2K2 can regulate belowground and overground biomass allocation better, accelerate the plants fast growth. It was the best for growth of Ophiopogon japonicus compared with other treatments that N, P2O5, K2O should be mixed according to the ratio 7:3:(8~8.5).

  Limitation to Genotyping Errors of Fluorescent Microsatellite 2011, 27 (6):  117-123.  Abstract + ( 1237 )   PDF ( 2756497KB )   ( 1372 ) More and more researchers focus on genotyping errors because of their effect on the biological conclusions of a study. Using the fluorescent microsatellite genotyping of wild and cultivated eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) as example, error rates had been limited from these two processes that are PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification and identification of the fluorescence peak in this study. The rapid and simple protocol was created for optimizing PCR amplification conditions. And some strategies were proposed to discern and assess errors from the fluorescence data. Our study provides some reference for experiment operation and data handling of microsatellite markers.

  Effect of Cadmium, Lead Pollutionon on Seed Germination and Biomass of Rape 2011, 27 (6):  124-127.  Abstract + ( 1091 )   PDF ( 599741KB )   ( 1096 ) The effects of cadmium, lead and their combined pollution on seed germination and biomass of rape were studied by sand culture method. The results showed that the single pollution of Cd2+ was capable to stimulate the germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE) and the biomass of rape at lower concentration. The single pollution of Pb2 + were capable to stimulate the germination percentage (GP) and germination energy (GE) at lower concentration. These indexes reduced gradually at higher concentration. Under the condition of combined pollution, they were capable to stimulate the germination energy (GE) ,germination index (GI) and the novel weight of root at lower concentration, but the vigor index (VI) were inhibited obviously as the increase of their combined concentration. Under the condition of Pb2 + and their combined pollution, the vigor index (VI), the shoots length of rape and the novel weight of plant were inhibited obviously as the increase of Pb2 +and their combined concentration. Effects of combined pollution were stronger than that of Cd2 + single pollution; meanwhile, effects of Cd2 + single pollution were stronger than that of Pb2 + single pollution.

  The Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Field of South-Eastern Suburbs of Harbin City 2011, 27 (6):  128-132.  Abstract + ( 1061 )   PDF ( 669272KB )   ( 1162 ) In order to investigate and study the heavy metals’ pollution conditions of the vegetable field of south-eastern suburbs in Harbin, the author determined the heavy metal content in each of the soil sample Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, As and Hg using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Using the index of geoaccumulation law and potential ecological risk as well as Songnen plain background value ratio as a parameter, the author assessed the heavy metals in the vegetable field of south-eastern suburbs of Harbin. From the geological evaluation of the cumulative index results,the author concluded that the order of heavy metals pollution was Zn>Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu> Ni>Cr>As, Zn reached moderately pollution-strong pollution levels; in addition, the potential ecological risk index results showed that: Hg was the most serious elements of potential ecological risk, reaching the level of medium ecological risk, the other seven types of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd were minor ecological risk, the integrated index of potential ecological risk RI was 169.565, it showed that heavy metal pollution had reached the middle of ecological damage. The results showed that: the vegetable field of south-eastern suburbs in Harbin had been polluted, the pollution level was intermediate, in medium ecological harm level.

  Effects of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Nitrate Accumulation and Light Absorption and Utilization of PhotosystemⅡ in the Leaves of Chinese Chive under High Temperature Stress 2011, 27 (6):  133-137.  Abstract + ( 1311 )   Effects of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on nitrate accumulation and light absorption and utilization of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) in the leaves of Chinese chive under high temperature stress were studied. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) in nitrogenous metabolism was depressed under high temperature and the nitrate content was increased. The activity of NR was significantly increased and the nitrate content was decreased obviously by spraying exogenous SA than comparison. At the same time, the chlorophyll content, PSⅡ maximal photochemical (Fv/Fm), PSⅡ effective quantum yield [Y(Ⅱ)], photochemical quenching (qP), original quantum efficiencies (Q) and maximum electron transfer rate (ETRmax) significantly increased, but nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) decreased obviously. Therefore, exogenous SA showed a positive role in reduction and assimilation of nitrate nitrogen, meanwhile it relieved the damage in the photosynthetic system under high temperature stress, improved the light use efficiency of the Chinese chive’s leave, in order to assure the process of nitrate assimilation smooth going.

  Analysis on Genetic Diversity Tomato Varieties Using SSR Maker 2011, 27 (6):  143-147.  Abstract + ( 1387 )   PDF ( 952838KB )   ( 1192 ) The genetic diversity of 24 tomato varieties, which were bred by Xinjiang province or introduced from America, was analyzed by 44 SSR primers. The results showed that a total of 44 SSR primers performed polymorphism and 283 allele loci were detected. The average number of alleles per SSR locus was 4.422 with a range from 2 to17. The effective alleles were 189.638 with average 4.310. The value of allelic polymorphism information content ranged from 0.140 to 0.915, on an average of 0.662 per SSR marker. The average number of genotypic diversity was 1.438 with a range from 0.235 to 2.620. The genetic similarity of paired varieties ranged from 0.715 to 0.924 with average 0.820, and the genetic similarity of 95% tested materials ranged from 0.715 to 0.800. The results of UPGMA indicated that the 24 tomato varieties could be clustered into 4 groups. Based on the pedigree analysis, it was concluded that the tomato varieties in Xinjiang province had closer genetic relationships with each other and the genetic diversity was not enough at present. It is necessary to explore the genetic resources and enlarge the genetic background in order to increase the yield in current rice breeding.

  Identification of Genetic Variation of Sweet Orange Clones from Hunan by Using SCoT Markers and Sequence Analysis 2011, 27 (6):  148-154.  Abstract + ( 987 )   PDF ( 1998556KB )   ( 1252 ) The primers for SCoT marker analysis were designed based on the short conserved region surrounding the ATG translation start codon. However, the SCoT technique was not found yet to be applied in citrus. In the present research, we collected 24 sweet orange clones from Hunan Province and analyzed by using SCoT marker to investigate their genetic variation. The amplified SCoT fragments were sequenced. The results showed that an optimal 20 μL reaction system of SCoT included 2.0 μL 10xPCR buffer, 1.6 U Taq DNA polymerase, 80 ng template DNA, 0.3 mmol/L dNTPs, 0.2 μmol/L primer and 1.6 mmol/L Mg2+. Application of this reaction system to fingerprint the sweet orange clones produced clear bands with good repeatability and reproducibility. The PCR products were of 100 to 1091 bp in size. After being sequenced, the polymorphisms could distinguish 12 sweet orange clones and pummelo. The BLAST result showed that part of the SCoT fragments coding region had high homology to ribosomal protein S3 N superfamily. The other sweet orange clones should be studied further.

  Study on Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi Diversity and Inoculation Effect of Prunus mongolica 2011, 27 (6):  155-160.  Abstract + ( 1277 )   PDF ( 1196161KB )   ( 1132 ) Mycorrhizal status of Prunus mongolica of western Inner Mongolia in the desert region was studied by observing the ectomycorrhiza morphological and the arbuscular mycrrhizal structure of the nutritive root. Ectomycorrhiza colonization was not found in the present study, while arbuscular mycrrhiza colonized quite well, and the highest frequency of colonization was 97%. Eleven arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species of four genera and one uncertain species were identified by the morphologiacal identification of the spores, among which Acaulosopra rehmii and Glomus mosseae were the dominant species. In addition, Glomus mosseae and Glomous versiforme were inoculated on Prunus mongolica, and the result showed that the nutritive root of Prunus mongolica and the Glomus mosseae can form the typical arbuscular mycrrhizal structure as hyphae, vesicles and arbuscular, but not with the Glomous versiforme. Glomus mosseae promoted the growth of Prunus mongolica.

  Effect of Fruit Bags, Illumination Intensity and Temperature on Membrane Integrity in Apple Peel Tissues 2011, 27 (6):  161-165.  Abstract + ( 1167 )   PDF ( 858632KB )   ( 1133 ) The present test was undertaken with Fuji apple fruit to find out the micro environmental changes of six kinds of fruit bags and the effect of light intensity and temperature on fruit peel tissue. It was proved that under natural conditions, it was the weak light intensity and the highest temperature in black bag; it was dark and the stable temperature in double bag. The treatment of full light could raise the 5'-Nucleotidase, SOD and POD activities, but it could also raise the O2- and MDA contents. It was bad effect on the fruit peel tissue. It was suggested that the fruit resistant was related to the change of environment that the bags were removed or not, and the time and way of removed bags could reduce the fruit sunburn.

  Effects of Different IBN Inducements on Related Protection Enzymes in Apple Leaves 2011, 27 (6):  166-170.  Abstract + ( 1387 )   PDF ( 772054KB )   ( 1055 ) There are two reasons causing the occurrence of rough bark disease on apple stem. Experiments were conducted under potted grown conditions, the activity of protection enzymes of the leaf were studied in the conditions of the over concentration of Mn and the inoculate by Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola. Results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and the malonaldehyde (MDA) contents all were strong at first and then declined. The maximum value of PAL by inoculate the Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola was earlier and higher than those of the over concentration of Mn. The over concentration of Mn had no effect on the PPO activities.

  Studies on the Chlorophyll Fluorescent Characteristics of 15 Apricot Cultivars among Different Variety Groups 2011, 27 (6):  171-176.  Abstract + ( 1145 )   PDF ( 837216KB )   ( 1176 ) The chlorophyll fluorescent characteristics of apricot cultivars among different variety populations were investigated for providing scientific basis for choosing high photosynthetic efficiency ecological type or cultivar. The chlorophyll fluorescent parameters of 15 apricot cultivars were measured by a PEA (Plant Efficiency Analyzer) from Hansatech Instruments. The chlorophyll fluorescent parameters showed significant or highly significant difference among cultivars or variety groups. Varieties of north China group were compared with other varieties of groups,the number of active reaction centers on the unit leaf area was more, the excitation energy of QA used to restore was in a high form,the energy of heat dissipation was relatively fewer, the energy transferred into the electron transport chain was higher. Varieties of north China group had higher light energy absorption, transmission and conversion efficiency.

  Study on Anatomical Structure Characteristics of Zizyphus Jujuba ‘Jingzao39’in the Stage of Fruit Enlargement 2011, 27 (6):  177-181.  Abstract + ( 1238 )   PDF ( 1078804KB )   ( 1012 ) Abstract: To investigate the cracking mechanism of jujube fruit, the changes and the anatomical structures of Zizyphus Jujuba ‘Jingzao39’ fruit an the stage of enlargement in different locations including cuticle, epidermis, sub-epidermal cell, mesocarp cells, the vascular thickness and the size of cavity were studied by microscopy in this text. The results showed that jujube fruit increased in volume with the gradual development of mature fruit, the changing trends of the cuticle thickness, the epidermal thickness, the size of sub-epidermal cell, the size of mesocarp cell and the vascular thickness were consistent, showed a gradually increasing trend. The changing trends of the size of cavity was different, showed “low-high-low” single-peak curve. The fruit enlargement and the jujube directions could have significant influence on anatomical structure of jujube fruit.

  Effects of Combining Bacterial Agents on Microorganisms and Nutrients Contents in Banana Pseudostem Compost 2011, 27 (6):  182-187.  Abstract + ( 1233 )   PDF ( 824009KB )   ( 1096 ) In order to use the wasted pseudostem effectively, the banana pseudostem was inoculated with the combining bacterial agents, and the effects of these external microorganisms on compost organisms and nutrients compound were investigated. Results showed that inoculating combining bacterial agents could increase the total number of microorganisms in the compost, and increase the quantity of organisms in early phase of composting and accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, thereby speed up the composting process. During the process of fermentation, the number of bacteria was higher than both fungi and actinomycetes significantly, and in the early phase of fermentation, the number of bacterial was around 100-1000 times, and 10-100 times higher than fungi and actinomycetes respectively. The complex strains increased the temperature of the composting pile and speeded up the arrival of high-temperature phase, and lengthened the sustainable time of high temperature, thereby enhanced the composting process. Compared to the control, the time for composting was shortened for 7 days with the combining bacterial agents. In addition, the combining bacterial agents could increase the amount of total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, and after composting, rapid available potassium was 86.8% higher than before.

  Effects of different fertilization methods on banana growth and yield 2011, 27 (6):  188-192.  Abstract + ( 1336 )   PDF ( 622485KB )   ( 1418 ) The effect of different fertilization methods on banana growth and yield was studied by applying appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer. The perfect fertilization technology support on banana was provided. The results showed that the banana was growing well at the vegetative growth period and bug period by broadcasting fertilizer during whole growth stages and prophase. The banana grew taller and thicker but floral emergence later at floral emergence period by watering and fertilizing during prophase. The fruit comb weight and the fingers per plant were increased, the fruit quality was improved, tasted good and the yield increasing effect was well however the manpower was high and the profit was low by watering and fertilizing during prophase and furrowing or holing application during metaphase and anaphase. The banana wilt disease infection risk was greater by furrowing or holing application during metaphase and anaphase.

  The Influence of Plant Leaves Extracts on the Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis to Pomegranate Wilt Pathogen (Ceratocystis fimbriata) 2011, 27 (6):  193-196.  Abstract + ( 1388 )   PDF ( 605754KB )   ( 1108 ) The present study was carried out to evaluate possibility of application combination of Bacillus subtilus with intercropping fruit trees in pomegranate plantation to control pomegranate wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. The role of strains of B. subtilis BS9601-Y1 and Y2 on the inhibition of C. fimbriata and leaves raw ethanol extracts of Eriobotrya japonica, Punica granatum, Zizyphus jujube, Eucalyptus spp were examined in laboratory condition. The results showed that the two strains of B. subtilis had strong inhibitory effect on C. fimbriata. The effect of Y2 was higher than Y1. The role of leaves of Z. jujube and E. japonica in inhibiting of C. fimbriata growth was stronger than other plants. The inhibition ratio of Z. jujube and E japonica were 29.1% and 44.6%, respectively. All leaves raw ethanol extracts showed strong inhibitory effect on B. subtilis. 0.5 mg/mL leaves extracts could inhibit 98% B. subtilis growth. In a word, the leaves extracts of trees planted in pomegranate yard influenced colonization and multiplication of B. subtilis. Therefore, intercropping fruit trees in pomegranate yard prevented using B. subtilis to control pomegranate wilt.

  Effects of ethephon and paclobutrazol preventing Longan spring inflorescence with branch leaves 2011, 27 (6):  197-200.  Abstract + ( 1260 )   PDF ( 595097KB )   ( 1092 ) Different concentration of ethephon and paclobutrazol was sprayed on the 15-year-old ‘Shixie’ longan fruiting trees during the terminal bud budding dates and the adaptive reagent preventing spring inflorescence with branch leaves was selected by observing the effects of ethephon and paclobutrazol on longan flower-bud differentiation. The results showed that 233 mg/L ethephon + 90 mg/L paclobutrazol, or 300 mg/L ethephon + 90 mg/L paclobutrazol showed the best on preventing longan spring inflorescence with branch leaves and causing flower cluster forming when they were sprayed at the beginning of spring longan flower cluster terminal bud becoming germinating and softening.

  Techniques for Modeling 3-D Shape and Realistic Rendering of Strawberry 2011, 27 (6):  201-205.  Abstract + ( 1268 )   PDF ( 1990162KB )   ( 1143 ) This paper aims to provide techniques for 3-D digital design and visual simulation of strawberry. Based on the analysis and observation of the morphological structure of strawberry, Ball B-splines based method has been used for modeling the shape of strawberry organs, with use of template technology to describe local detail features and to augment the realistic effects, and several principal control parameters with explicit biological background for these geometric models of organs were extracted. The proposed methods for modeling the 3-D shape of organs and simulating strawberry could be integrated easily with agricultural knowledge, and the generated morphological models have realistic effects. The flexibility and suitability of the proposed methods can be applied to the visual simulation of the different varieties of strawberry.

  Comprehensive Evaluation on Cold Effects of the Special Covers for Red Globe Grape 2011, 27 (6):  206-210.  Abstract + ( 1331 )   PDF ( 665484KB )   ( 1232 ) The experiment was conducted with 5-year-old Red Globe grape trees, studied using different covers on Red Globe grape winter test, by comparing the change of temperature, the winter conditions of grape branches, germination and the growth conditions of new shoots in the coming year, and comprehensive evaluation on cold effects of the special covers for Red Globe grape by Subordinate Function (SF). The results showed that the temperature around the branches higher 0.48-1.87℃ than the control after used different covers. After treated by covers in May, the number of the new branches, fruiting branches rate and the fruiting coefficient was higher than the control, the germination rate increased, the rate of cold branches decreased, the survival rate of self-rooted increased, shown strong growth potential, convenient and practical.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of 18S rRNA Gene in Ipomoea batatas and Ipomoea setosa 2011, 27 (6):  211-213.  Abstract + ( 1474 )   PDF ( 683838KB )   ( 1343 ) [Objective] to supply sequence information of internal control gene for analyzing gene expression of I. batatas and viruses infecting I. batatas. [Method] Sequences of 18S rRNA gene were cloned using PCR method from genomic DNA of I. batatas cultivar ‘Shangshu19’, ‘Beijing553’ and I. setosa, respectively. [Result] The sequencing of the DNA fragments all generated a total of 1630 bp nucleotide sequence. The obtained 18S rRNA gene sequences of I. batatas and I. setosa shared more than 98% identity with I. hederacea and Nicotiana tabacum among dicotyledons, and shared high identity with Lilium superbum among monocotyledons. [Conclusion] Partial sequences of 18S rRNA gene were cloned from genomic DNA of I. batatas cultivar ‘Shangshu19’, ‘Beijing553’ and I. setosa, which provided sequence information not only for analyzing gene expression of I. batatas and viruses infecting I. batatas using 18S rRNA gene as internal control, but for molecular systematic research of I. batatas and I. setosa.

  The Effect and Analysis that the Meteorological Factors Have on Nurse Young Plants of Triterygium Wifordii and Control of Greenhouses 2011, 27 (6):  214-218.  Abstract + ( 1475 )   PDF ( 662226KB )   ( 907 ) For the clarification of the production laws of raising seedlings of Tripterygium Wifordill and better grasping the main factors for the greenhouse effect to raise seedlings of Tripterygium Wifordill and increase the quantity and quality of this research by experimental field, the growth laws of raising seedlings of Tripterygium Wifordill in greenhouse and daejeon were on the observation, and the main factors in the regulatory approach was adopted in the greenhouse raise seedling. Thus, the results showed that: firstly, the breedproductive regularity of nursing young plants in greenhouses was nearly the same as in field growing. The yearly growing period was 252 days. Secondly, Tripterygium Wifordill had better resistance to shade. The proper shade of nursing young plants in greenhouses was good for growing. 50% of shading degree was better. Thirdly, moist environment benefited growing of Tripterygium Wifordill. Moisture content had great effect on Tripterygium Wifordill breed growing in greenhouse. The height of 1400 mm water supply was the best. Fourthly, the demands of growing environment were to avoid strong wind and evaporation. Fifthly, less range of temperature was of benefit to Tripterygium Wifordill growing. The paper could reach a general conclusion according to the above experiment: major meteorological factors had important effect upon Tripterygium Wifordill growing. In the process of nursing young plants of Tripterygium Wifordill in greenhouse, midde sunshade, greater water supply, less wind, less range of temperature and other reasonable controls did good to the quality and production of Tripterygium Wifordill.

  Movable disk soilless culture of plant research and design 2011, 27 (6):  219-222.  Abstract + ( 1055 )   PDF ( 667592KB )   ( 1311 ) In view of the maturation of soilless cultivation technique and its application of expanding, briefly analyzed current soilless cultivation technique characteristics and defects, and design a movable plant soilless cultivation. Lastly, three vegetables and conventional soilless cultivation comparative tested, the results showed that: the lettuce, water spinach and watercress’s survival rate increased 9.3%, 9.7 % and 8.9%, its effect was obvious good conventional planting the cultivation, can not only enhance the survival rate, but also decreased seedling stage material cost, has certain application prospect.

  Trace to the source of spice and perception for reforging smart space——Landscape Refactoring Strategy in City Landscape 2011, 27 (6):  223-226.  Abstract + ( 909 )   PDF ( 600900KB )   ( 947 ) The design filled with Spice could enliven the interactive form between landscape and public effectively,and make the public’s landscape experience achieve both creature comfort and aegis for spiritual home i.e. image and connotation.Aiming at spice lack in the contemporary city landscape construction,suggest the Landscape Refactoring Strategy,and based on interpreting the conception of Landscape Refactoring and Spice,explore the principles and strategies of Tasteful Design.Against the emergence of Popular Culture,we need to intensify the Tasteful Design,combining general aesthetic and landscape refactoring with tasteful design for promoting the sense of affinity and acceptance with the city landscape.

  A Research on the Landscape Benefit Quantification of Waterfront Green Land of Liuzhou Main Districts 2011, 27 (6):  227-231.  Abstract + ( 1012 )   PDF ( 600867KB )   ( 1013 ) The landscape benefit quantification is a trend of the landscape greening. Basing on the sample survey and learning from the AHP model and method by Tang Dongqin and so on, this article made the quantification analysis of landscape benefit quantification of waterfront green land of Liuzhou main districts by combining quantitative index with quantification analysis. And the research result were as follows: there were abundant plant varieties, most of which were native plants; there were various plant communities, whose flowers and other parts can both be appreciated; the seasonal appearance of the plants was obvious; the plant disposition combines beauty with practicality, realizing the design concept “people oriented”. However, the regional cultural varieties and featured plant varieties remain to be found and applied, and the maintenance, management and the ecological construction of the waterfront green land still had much room for improvement.

  Community Environmental Design of “Nakasu Guandu Century Garden” 2011, 27 (6):  232-237.  Abstract + ( 932 )   PDF ( 2925007KB )   ( 931 ) With the social and economic development, improvement of living standards, the environmental of new residential area has attention more and more concerns. Taking the design of “Nakasu Guandu Century Garden” in Zhongmou county, Henan province, as the example, and through the analysis the relationship between behavior, event pattern and space, a graceful, relaxed ecological and safe environment with strong sense of belonging was created with human scale and human activities as the priorities. Environmental design should, to a large extent, become the media for people to have mutual understanding, mutual trust, and joint creation. The development trend of community environment design in the new era was discussed, expected to be helpful for the community design, construction and use.

  Research on Characteristic Construction of University Landscape Based on Localization ——The Landscape Design of Changqing Campus of Shandong Communications University as an Example 2011, 27 (6):  238-241.  Abstract + ( 973 )   PDF ( 690870KB )   ( 793 ) Based on full understanding of vernacular landscape, the author analyzed the importance and urgency of campus landscape construction. And trying to talk about how to analyze and use the existing conditions and how to excavate soil material in order to create the local color of campus environment, by analyzing landscape design on Changqing Campus of Shandong Communications University. Finally, through comparison analysis of the excellent university landscape which has been built in China, the author proposed the strategy for improvement.

  Review of New Pretreatment Methods for Environmental Sample Based on Liquid-Liquid Extraction Mechanism 2011, 27 (6):  242-248.  Abstract + ( 1483 )   PDF ( 783689KB )   ( 1377 ) Traditional liquid-liquid extraction has been replaced by new environmental sample preparation techniques gradually. Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), liquid membrane extraction (LME) and counter-current chromatography (CCC) are environment-friendly pretreatment techniques for environment sample which complete sampling, extracting and concentration in one step. LPME and LME are essentially miniaturized liquid-liquid extraction; CCC combines advantages of liquid-liquid extraction and partition chromatography as a new type of chromatographic separation techniques. All three techniques have high efficiency in trace/ultra-trace enriching and purification. The review introduced advantages and disadvantages of LPME, LME and CCC and their application in environment sample.

  Spatial Temporal Dynamic Analysis of Land Use in Xinjiang Based on Information Entropy and Cointegration Theory 2011, 27 (6):  249-255.  Abstract + ( 1087 )   PDF ( 894430KB )   ( 1056 ) The information entropy values are of guiding significance to the regulation of the land use structure in a region because they can reflect the dynamic change and transformation degree of land use types in a region in a certain period of time. The land use dynamic change is the global topic, the structure change of land use is the result of the land use dynamic change. The applications of the information entropy values of the land use structure and cointegration theory, Granger causality test are discussed in the paper. The result shows that: firstly, the information entropy of land use structure reflects the spatial temporal land use situation in Xinjiang. The information entropy rises slowly with the lapse of time, its change scope is small. Xinjiang land use structure is overall stable, but differences between Southern and Northern Xinjiang, land use differences are significant; secondly, the land use change and economic development is closely related. The variables of land use and economic development are nonstationary time series. The cointegration relation has also been found between land use and economic development in Xinjiang. Economic development is the land use changes one way Granger causes. The economic development is the main reason of the land use and type change, special natural ecological environment in Xinjiang should arrange various lands overall and coordinate between the economic development and the land use based on protecting the ecological environment. Therefore, we must make the adjustment and optimization of the land use structure in this region to maintain the regional system's stability.

  Spatial Variability and Comparison of Different Models of Interpolation of Tillage-Layer Soil Organic Matter Based on Geostatistics 2011, 27 (6):  256-260.  Abstract + ( 1210 )   PDF ( 1051609KB )   ( 1102 ) The objective of this study was to explore the spatial variability of tillage-layer soil organic matter content, and to guide the evaluation and management of soil fertility, so as to achieve the sustainable use of land resources. Through sample gathering and analysis of soil samples, the organic matter content of tillage-layer soil samples were determined, and the spatial variability of soil organic matter was studied based on Kriging method handled by ArcGIS, and selected the optimal Kriging interpolation model. The results showed that the optimal Kriging interpolation model of tillage-layer soil organic matter in Wendeng city was Tetraspherical model, and the value of C0/sill was 0.86. This showed that the spatial correlation of tillage-layer soil organic matter is very weak and was affected by human activities, such as tillage, the application of fertilizers and cropping system. These factors made the spatial correlation of tillage-layer soil organic matter weaken, and gradually became homogenization. The organic matter content of tillage-layer soil was low, so the management of tillage should be changed in order to achieve the sustainable use of arable land resources.

  Analysis on the Current Pollution Situation of Cu, Pb and Zn in the Cultivated Black Soil of Songnen Plain 2011, 27 (6):  261-265.  Abstract + ( 1210 )   PDF ( 710402KB )   ( 925 ) The black soil region is one of the most important food bases in China, and it plays a vital role in food security and national economy. In this paper, the total content of the cultivated black soil and made a study on the current pollution in Hulan, Suihua, Hailun, Yi’an and Nenjiang. This article’s aim is reveal health of the cultivated black soil, and provide a theoretical basis for scientific management of the black soil ecosystem. The assessment of the comprehensive environmental quality was conducted by adopting the Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index and TOPSIS method. The results showed that, from the southeast to the northwest, there was no obvious distribution law in the pollution level of Cu, Pb and Zn of soil. The pollution level of Cu, Pb and Zn in Hulan and Yi’an was lower than that in Suihua, Hailun and Nenjiang; and it increased with deepening of soil profile in most of sample plots. Only in Suihua, the pollution level of the 10-20 cm soil layer was lower than that of the 0-10 cm soil layer. There was no prominent relevance among Cu, Pb and Zn, which indicated that the three elements came from different sources. The result of two methods was closely consistent, the environmental quality of black soil was good in each survey area.

  Isolation, Identification and Growth Condition Optimization of Degrading Bacteria of Oil Contaminated Soil 2011, 27 (6):  266-271.  Abstract + ( 1285 )   PDF ( 2616682KB )   ( 1086 ) In order to study the effect of microbe remediation on soil contaminated by petroleum, three strains of petroleum degrading bacteria were isolated from contaminated soil in Daqing oil field, which was named No.18, H and 21 strains, which can use oil as the carbon nutrition for their growth. These three bacterium species had been clearly identified by using morphological and molecular biological methods as micro-bacterium, arthrobacter and bacillus. Single factor test design was used to test the strain growth conditions in inorganic salt medium including pH, salt concentration, nitrogen, phosphorus and other factors. The results showed that the optimum growth conditions was pH=7, NaCl concentration of 3% for strain H, and pH=8, 3% salt for No.18 strain as well as pH=7, NaCl concentration of 1% for No.21 strain. The best nitrogen source was KNO3 for H strain, NH4NO3 for No.18 strain and NH4Cl for No.21 strain. The most suitable phosphorus source was K2HPO4:KH2PO4 with the rate 1:2.for No.18 strain, and K2HPO4.for both of No.18 and No.21 strains.

  Overview on Study of Estimating Infiltration Parameters and its Spatial Variability 2011, 27 (6):  272-275.  Abstract + ( 1136 )   PDF ( 590410KB )   ( 1183 ) Infiltration process was one of the most important soil physical properties in the design, evaluation and simulation of the surface irrigation methods. In this paper, the infiltration model was summarized, all kinds of estimation methods of infiltration parameter were introduced, and the disadvantage and the merit of these methods were also pointed out in this paper. All of this offered academic foundation in the estimation method for the future. In addition, this paper also introduced the progress of the estimation method, pointed out the directions.

  The Influence of Geomorphic Heterogeneity on the distribution of Soil Fauna in Shrub-meadow on Guizhou Plateau 2011, 27 (6):  276-280.  Abstract + ( 1345 )   PDF ( 722987KB )   ( 1151 ) The research about the distribution of soil fauna in the unique geographical environment on Guizhou karst plateau is a lack of consideration. Research on soil fauna in natural shrub-meadow shows that geomorphic heterogeneity does something to soil fauna which come from Huajiang valley,Qinzhen basin and Bijie mountain. The communities and quantities of the soil animals is on the increase along the valley-mountain direction, and the percentages of Hymenoptera and Diplura are on the decrease, the percentage of Collembola is on the increase. The distributions of Diptera and Hemiptera have a positive correlation to the relative humidity. The distributions of Plesiopora and Acari have a positive correlation to the illuminance.

  Schemes Research for the Land Consolidation Engineering Disign A Case of Wujiang Village in Pengshui County of Chongqing 2011, 27 (6):  281-285.  Abstract + ( 1019 )   PDF ( 681158KB )   ( 1276 ) In order to research the actual work application of the design scheme of the land consolidation project in western China，the author applied mathematical analysis, field investigation method, the sampling survey to study. Land consolidation design scheme is the precondition of the construction, that requires to be more professional and scientific. However, land consolidation and rehabilitation project design method lag behind and land consolidation agencies using different methods are mainly restricted by the system and economy. From the land development and consolidation of engineering design perspective, the author puts forward some suggestions on village-level land consolidation and rehabilitation project using quantitative analysis method. Through the village land unknotting work design, irrigation and water conservancy project design and field road engineering design, the author put forward suggestions on village-level land consolidation and rehabilitation project.

  Study on Farmland Protection of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area Based on Food Security-A case Study at Wushan County in Chongqing 2011, 27 (6):  286-289.  Abstract + ( 1132 )   PDF ( 698826KB )   ( 827 ) The quantity of cultivated land is the main element of the grain production capacity, and farmland protection is the key for food security and livelihood in three gorges reservoir area. This paper takes wushan county as an example, on the basis of comprehensive analysis of some factors, such as population, unit area grain yield, the adjustment of agricultural structure, the farmland demand in construction, predicts the cultivated land demand quantity and effective supply of cultivated land in 2010, 2020 by cultivated area of food security model. The results showed that the land demand areas in 2010, 2020 were 33428.57 hm2, 33391.25 hm2, and the effective supply areas in 2010, 2020 were 41102.82 hm2, 40205.62 hm2. Having regard to the poor agricultural conditions and local situation, it was determined that farmland protection areas in 2010, 2020 were 41200.00 hm2, 40400.00 hm2. It was concluded that the effective supply of cultivated land was higher than the demand quantity area and could fulfill future food production targets. And this paper puts forward some suggestions to ensure farmland quantity and the grain security.

  Analysis of Environmental Impacts of the Application of Fertilizers in Different Pear Production Systems 2011, 27 (6):  290-295.  Abstract + ( 960 )   PDF ( 645699KB )   ( 1710 ) The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the greenhouse gas emissions and energy use of fertilizers applied between the production of certified organic pear, green food certified pear, and conventional pear in two areas in China. Data were collected from interviews with farmers during 2007 and 2008. Three calculation methods for energy value of manure had been found in the literature: substitution method, by-product method, and thermal method. The choice of various calculation methods for estimating the energy value of manure turned out to have great influence on the results in terms of energy use of fertilizers applied in different pear production systems. The greenhouse gas emissions were lowest from fertilizers applied in certified organic pear production, whereas the environment burden was highest in certified organic pear production system. Possible explanations for these differences were discussed.

  Research Progress on Evaluation of Soil Environmental Quality in Agricultural Production Area 2011, 27 (6):  296-300.  Abstract + ( 1245 )   The purpose of soil environmental quality evaluation in agricultural production area was to provide the basis for the agricultural produce certification and the sustainable use of land. This paper reviewed research progress on selection of soil environmental quality evaluation standards, evaluation index and determination of the weight indicators. It also summed up advantages and disadvantages of the traditional method and GIS-based method for soil environmental quality evaluation in agricultural production area. Finally, the paper drew the prospect in the related areas.

  The Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Dynamic Change of Frost-Free Period in Shandong Province Based on GIS 2011, 27 (6):  301-307.  Abstract + ( 958 )   PDF ( 982250KB )   ( 867 ) For comprehensive analysis of trends in frost 49 years and providing reference for regional crop structure adjustment and selecting appropriate species for varieties growing period, based on the meteorological data from 1961 to 2009 of 86 meteorological stations and digital elevation models (1:250 thousand) in shandong province, the method of regression analysis was adopted in calculating the first/last frost dates and frost-free period. Statistical analysis and spatial analysis were carried out 15 grid layers with the first/last frost dates and frost-free period by GIS, and the results were tested by Mann-Kendall. The results showed that: (1)in spatial, the last frost dates start with southwest, and gradually to the northeast direction from southwest, the latest were the shandong peninsula and the central mountain in shandong province; But, the latest frost date had certain changes in different area and in different age. The first frost dates start with northwest, and gradually to the southeast direction from northwest, the latest were the department of lunan and southeast coast; all the average age of frost-free periods on the number of days increasing from north to south. (2)In temporal, the latest was 70s of the 20th of the last frost date, the earliest was average of 2001-2009; The first frost date was on the contrary. The earliest was 70s of the first frost date, the latest was average of 2001-2009. The least of frost-free period were 60s, 70s of the 20th, the longest was average of 2001-2009. Tended to rate of last frost date was-2.6d/10 a, the tendency was statistically significant by 0.01's check, there was obviously ahead trend in series of last frost date. Tended to rate of first date was 2.0d/10a, it also passed a checkout, and there was obviously postpone trend in series of first frost date. Tended to rate of frost-free period was 4.6d/10 a, it also passed a checkout, and there was obviously increase trend in series of first frost date.

  Statistics of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere over Kunming during summer 2008 2011, 27 (6):  308-312.  Abstract + ( 1091 )   PDF ( 690326KB )   ( 1000 ) Abstract: The statistical characteristics of inertia gravity waves in the lower stratosphere (21～28 km) over Kunming are studied based on the high vertical resolution L-band radiosonde data in the summer (June to August) of 2008 from Kunming sounding station. The results show that: 1) The vertical wavelengths are mainly in the range of 3.5～4 km, with an average of about 3.53 km. The horizontal wavelengths are mainly distributed between 250～1250 km, with a mean value of about 714 km. The ratio of the mean horizontal to vertical wavelength is about 200:1. 2) The intrinsic frequency is mainly concentrated in 1 ～2.5 , with an average of about 1.7 , equivalent to an intrinsic period of 17 hours or so. 3) The gravity wave energies are mostly propagating upward in the vertical direction with an occurrence of 86 %. The mean horizontal propagation directions of the gravity waves are mainly eastward, northward, southwestward, southward, and southeastward. 4) The vertical intrinsic phase speed is dominated by -0.1～0 m/s, with a mean value of about -0.06 m/s. The horizontal intrinsic phase speed mainly ranges from 10～20 m/s, with a mean value of about 14.5 m/s.

  The variational characteristics and trend prediction of temperature in Haerbin past 50 years 2011, 27 (6):  313-316.  Abstract + ( 990 )   PDF ( 787534KB )   ( 1255 )

  Study on Automatic Monitor and Control of Water-saving Irrigation 2011, 27 (6):  317-321.  Abstract + ( 1069 )   PDF ( 1953369KB )   ( 1272 ) That Increasingly scarce water resource has posed a serious threat to urban greenbelt in China's economic and social development. And water-saving irrigation been carried out has become an inevitable choice for the further development of the city, the precision irrigation as an important part of which has been of great importance to all parties. This article analyzed the theoretical basis to achieve automatic control of irrigation previously. Subsequently, the principle and form of urban greenbelt automatic water-saving irrigation systems were been introduced. Eventually, that the typical design for water-saving irrigation of urban greenbelt and the design of different plant configuration mode was completed.

  Analysis of the Current Status of Urban Green Space System in Jinan City Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process 2011, 27 (6):  322-326.  Abstract + ( 1274 )   PDF ( 1597343KB )   ( 1041 ) Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of urban green space current status in Jinan city were made by an evaluation system of the urban green space system established with analytical hierarchy process. The results indicated that the current status of Jinan urban green space had a better efficiency and the synthesis index was 0.5033. However, some problems were still existed such as the low targets of the green space per capita, the uneven distribution of the green patch and the poor layout of the greenery place as a source of oxygen.

  Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metals in the Sediment of Changshou Lake 2011, 27 (6):  327-332.  Abstract + ( 1204 )   PDF ( 880539KB )   ( 1040 ) In order to understand different season variation of heavy metals contents, contents of heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments of Changshou Lake were monitored continuously through high-water period, normal-water period and low-water period. The influence factors of heavy metals on the contents were also investigated. It was found that heavy metals in the sediment showed obviously seasonal variation characteristics. The maximum of heavy metals in Shoudao, with high level of eutrophication, appeared in normal period. The author also studied mainly that pH influences on the contents of heavy metals in sediments, the conclusion was that contents of heavy metals and pH had a positive correlated relationship.

  The spatiotemporal patterns of Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the superficial deposits at Shen’ao Bay, and the comparison between Surrounding areas 2011, 27 (6):  333-337.  Abstract + ( 1022 )   PDF ( 830029KB )   ( 890 ) For N and P are the one of the most important factors in near-coast cage culturing system, the research on Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) has been conducted once a month at Shen’ao Bay in 2007 and 2008 to reveal its distributions and patterns in superficial deposits. It was showed that the fluctuation of TKN was 0.533-2.038 mg/g. The temporal fluctuation of TKN was weak and no seasonal patterns were found, but there was a significant spatial variation; It was also showed that the fluctuation of TP was 0.042-2.085 mg/g with no seasonal patterns. And a significant spatial patterns was showed. Meanwhile, a similar research was conducted at Dahao culturing area. The comparison of TKN and TP in superficial deposits of Shen’ao Bay, Dahao culturing area and Zhelin Bay (data was quoted from another paper) was conducted. It was showed that the contents of N and P in Shen’ao bay were lower than in the two areas, meanwhile its contents were correlated with human activities in Shen’ao bay.

  The Assessment of Hydrochemistry Characteristics and Eutrophication Types of Lakes in Lower Reaches of the Yellow River 2011, 27 (6):  338-341.  Abstract + ( 1006 )   PDF ( 634911KB )   ( 954 ) To rationally develope, utilize and protect the water resources in lakes of lower reaches of the Yellow River, hydro-chemical composition of natural water in Dongping Lake, Daotunwa Lake, Mata Lake and Baiyun Lake was analyzed, hydro-chemical types and fundamental characteristics were determined and nutritional types of the water were also comprehensively evaluated. To determine the nutritional type standards of these four lakes, five indexes [chla (chlorophyll), TN, TN, CODmn and SD (transparency)] were selected as evaluation parameters. Compared with the eutrophic criteria of lakes in China and referd to the method that dividing the Tai Lake nutrient in percentage terms, individual grading and comprehensive grading methods were adopted. The results of water quality monitoring data showed that: the type of water of Dongping Lake and Baiyun Lake was CIINa, Mata Lake and Daotunwa Lake was CIIINa, and they were alkaline lakes. Organic oxygen consumption in Daotunwa Lake and Mata Lake was very high, with an average of 9.58 mg/L and 21.47 mg/L, respectively, which indicated water here had been polluted. Organic oxygen consumption in Dongping Lake and Baiyun Lake was low, with 5.06 mg/L and 4.02 mg/L on average, respectively. The N:P ratio in Dongping Lake and Baiyun Lake was 61 and 45, respectively. The higher N:P ratio demonstrated that nitrogen was fully supplied in these two lakes and growths of plants and algae were limited by phosphorus. The results of nutritional types of the water data showed that: Dongping Lake, Daotunwa Lake, Mata Lake and Baiyun Lake were in mesoeutrophic-eutrophic state, eutrophic state, high eutrophic state and mesotrophic state, respectively. On the whole, most of the lakes at the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River had been suffering from varying degrees of pollution, water quality is deteriorating in recent years, and nutritional types of water had reached the eutrophication level. However, water quality in Baiyun Lake remained stable in good condition, and needed to strengthen the protection.

  Microbial Investigation on Assimilation and Ethanol Fermentation of Levoglucosan from Cellulosic Pyrolysis Products 2011, 27 (6):  342-349.  Abstract + ( 1156 )   PDF ( 1158401KB )   ( 1112 ) The levoglucosan-assimilating and ethanol-producing microorganisms were screened using 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose (levoglucosan) of cellulosic pyrolysis products as a sole carbon source from 89 strains of microorganisms (mostly producing ethanol) and 319 soil samples, respectively. 2 strains of yeasts (Sporobolomyces 1 and Rhodotorula 1) and 6 strains of moulds (Rhizopus 4 and Monascus 2) had weak levoglucosan-assimilating ability in 89 strains of microorganisms. 70 strains of yeasts and 10 strains of bacteria were isolated from the 319 soil samples. In all isolated microorganisms, the strain of No. Y215 showed the strongest levoglucosan-assimilating ability. After it was cultured for three days, the utilization rate of 2% levoglucosan was up to 64.12%. This strain was classified as Lipomyces starkeyi according to a taxonomic identification. Among all tested microorganisms, no microorganisms could ferment levoglucosan to ethanol. The results gave microbial strains for constructing recombinant strains to ferment levoglucosan to ethanol.

  The Economic and Environmental Analysis of Crop Residues Burning and Reutilization in China 2011, 27 (6):  350-354.  Abstract + ( 1350 )   PDF ( 591357KB )   ( 1759 ) The paper discussed the issues on economical and environmental benefits of crop residues burning off or reutilization. The study systematically summarized the domestic academic researches on the causes and hazards of crop residues burning off, and economical and environmental benefits of their utilization, etc. The results showed that crop residues burning off had been become a significant environmental and social problem in China, and the reason that farmers burned off crop residues was always the too high opportunity cost and the low returned to harvest and reutilize crop residues; the environmental benefits of crop residues reusing technologies, such as straw power generation system and straw gasification system, was evident, but the economical benefits were uncertain, affected by technology, raw materials, market and other factors; while the key constraints to large-scale reutilization of crop residues were the high cost of harvesting, storage and transportation and the imperfect relevant systems. Overall, the insignificant comprehensive benefits of existing technology had restricted the reutilization of crop residues in China, which meant the government’s support to promote further technological innovation of related areas was quite necessary.

  Research Progress on Biomass Pyrolysis Techniques of Straw 2011, 27 (6):  355-361.  Abstract + ( 981 )   PDF ( 771262KB )   ( 1898 ) Biomass energy has attracted considerable attention owing to its excellent environmental friendliness and renewability. It is significant to explore and utilize the biomass energy in various aspects, including waste recycling, conversion of energy structure, environmental improvement and protection, and so forth. The author reviews the application and development of biomass energy, and analyzes the mechanism of pyrolysis and the typical technology of biomass pyrolysis process, as well as the characteristics of a variety of cracker. In addition, developing a large-scale production and reactor is an important issue and also the tendency of biomass pyrolysis in the thermal cracking process.

  Study on the development of tropical industry crops in China 2011, 27 (6):  362-367.  Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 705615KB )   ( 1276 ) Compared with the world’s tropical crops, this study analyzed tropical crops industry, and discussed the development target and pattern chosen of tropical crops industry. Then three strategy routines for the tropical crops industrial development in China were brought forward. First, basing on moderate scale of development at home, to improve output and quality of tropical products and then establish a proper modern tropical crops industrial system; Second, to implement the "introducing" strategy in order to enhance its general production capacity; Third, to carry out the strategy of "going out" to exploit the international market, to cooperate oversea resources-exploring, and to promote our international competitiveness. It provided reference for tropical agriculture effectively.

  Situation Analysis and Development Strategy of Maize Industry in China 2011, 27 (6):  368-373.  Abstract + ( 1691 )   PDF ( 621256KB )   ( 2692 ) The situations of new Chinese maize production and consumption were reviewded in the paper.Though Chinese maize industy has developed rapidly and made great achievements, it will be more difficult to continue improving its production capacity.The maize consumption growth is in a rigid trend,and the maize oversupply will be gradually transformed into balance,even into relatively tight supply.The pressure on effective self-sufficiency is mounting,the industry uncertainties are increasing,and the danger is expanding.The constraint factors including the shortage of agricultural resources,the structural contradiction of varieties,the low level of mechanization,etc. were analyzed,and some appropriate countermeasures such as scientific utilization of agricultural resources,optimization of varieties and regional distribution ,promotion of mechanization and so on were put forward to guide people to recognize Chinese maize indutry and take effective measures to promote more healthy and orderly maize industry development.

  Survey and Analysis on the Resource of Drynariae Rhizoma 2011, 27 (6):  374-379.  Abstract + ( 960 )   PDF ( 679629KB )   ( 1201 ) To provide valuable data for the quality control, resource conservation and utilization of Gusuibu (Drynaria fortune (Kunze) J. Sm.). Field investigation, market survey, sample inspection and literature collection were used. The herbalogical study, resources distribution, adulterant, quantity and marketing were carried on a systematic summary and analysis. The investigation revealed that 4 provinces in China were the major producing areas of Drynariae Rhizoma, including Guangxi Province, Guizhou Province, Yunnan Province and Hubei Province. There were 6 different adulterants in Drynariae Rhizoma. The supply and demand of Drynariae Rhizoma is needed to be balanced, and the sale price of Drynariae Rhizoma keeps going up. Crude drugs of Drynariae Rhizoma from market need to be identified precisely for medication safety and quality control, at the same time natural resources of Drynaria fortune (Kunze) J. Sm need to be protected effectively and utilized rationally.

  The Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Heilongjiang Agricultural Products' Circulation System 2011, 27 (6):  380-386.  Abstract + ( 1402 )   PDF ( 758870KB )   ( 1045 ) The agricultural products’ circulation system is the hub of connecting smallholder production with big market and circulation, and the key of promoting the two-way flow of agricultural products and the development of agricultural modernization. Therefore, it is significant to analyze the agricultural products circulation problems and to rebuild and carry out the new circulation system of agricultural products to adapt big market and big circulation. The authors applies AHP method with a questionnaire survey to find key factors on the development of Heilongjiang agricultural products’ circulation system. It includes the following six aspects the scale and number of agricultural products’ logistic enterprises, the collaboration level of all members of agricultural products’ supply chain , the service efficiency and collaboration level of management agencies in agricultural products’ circulation, the development situation of agricultural markets, the improvement and implementation degree of related policies and regulations’ in agricultural products’ circulation, the development scale and competitiveness of agricultural products’ processing enterprises. It has analyzed the main existing problems on these key factors. To solve these problems and improve the circulation system of agricultural products, it has built a new efficient and smooth agricultural products’ circulation system, and put forward some countermeasures to promote the formation of this system.

  The Distribution Character of Spring Maize Poteintial High Yield Area in One Cropping Zone 2011, 27 (6):  394-399.  Abstract + ( 926 )   PDF ( 1446924KB )   ( 1034 ) The climatic data was analyzed in seven typical stations where spring maize got high yield in one cropping zone in order to define the potential high yield zone. What’s more, the AEZ (agro-ecological zone) model was used to validate the distribution of high yield zone in the study area, it showed that about 49.25% planting area of spring maize could be up to the light and temperature standard in special soil condition, it contained 25.3% area which could be irrigated. The analysis of climatic data also showed about 53.56% of that could meet the high yield demand for spring maize. So it confirmed the feasibility of the analysis of climatic adaption for high yield zone distribution. In one cropping zone, the constraint factors for yield were heat quantity and water resources, meanwhile, the water factor restricted much more than former. The potential high yield zone was distributed mainly over Northeastern Plain, Hetao Plain, one cropping zone in Northern China Plain and Oasis irrigation area, which would be the highlight of high yield zone development.

  GIS Supported Climate Division of Dried Red Jujube in Northern Shaanxi 2011, 27 (6):  400-404.  Abstract + ( 1105 )   PDF ( 750496KB )   ( 971 ) This paper analyzed the climatic conditions for the needs of dried red jujube growing (Yang-mu jujube) in Northern Shaanxi. Determined annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours, ≥ 10 ℃ accumulated temperature, frost-free period, the average temperature of flowering, precipitation in picking time as the climate division index of dried red jujube in Northern Shaanxi. Simulated the small-grid data of climatic resources of the division index using GIS technology and established the score function of all index factors combining with division index. Obtained the comprehensive evaluation map of red jujube zoning by computing and divided the dried red jujube groweth areas into suitable area, sub-suitable area and unsuitable area after classification. The results show that thoes counties east along the Yellow River were the suitable area of dried red jujube in Northern Shaanxi.

  Study on Agricultural Eco-Compensation in Erhai Catchment 2011, 27 (6):  405-409.  Abstract + ( 1069 )   PDF ( 597598KB )   ( 1136 ) Taking Erhai catchment in Yunnan as a research object, based on the project demonstration towards agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control, the agro-ecological compensation mechanism of Erhai catchment was studied. With the compensation subject as Dali Prefecture government while the compensation object as farmers in the watershed, testing the compensated ways of funding compensation, technical compensation, intellectual compensation, etc, making the implementation of planting industrial construction modulation and livestock and poultry waste utilization and regeneration, good and active demonstrated effects were showed, such as availably reducing the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants, lowering down the livestock and poultry waste pollution to Erhai water body, strengthening the acquaintance of farmers and technical people by publicizing and training. Finally, some suggestions that included increasing compensation investment, enlarging compensation range, detailing compensation criteria, gradually establishing agro-ecological mechanism that adapted to the continuous development of agriculture in Erhai catchment were proposed.

  Discrimination and Analysis of Main Influencing Factors for Rural Sustainable Development 2011, 27 (6):  410-414.  Abstract + ( 1096 )   PDF ( 638843KB )   ( 857 ) This study aimed to identify the main ones from a number of impacted factors within and outside system of rural sustainable development. A method of DEMATEL was applied to set up direct effect matrix in order to seek integrated effect matrix from the view of effect relation among influencing factors of rural sustainable development. The main factors of sustainable development of rural areas were determined which were 6 factors of the farmers income level etc from seeing about the integrated affected relationship of factors through calculating degree of influence, degree of being-influenced and degree of center for every factor. Suggestions were put forward in order to accelerate rural sustainable development finally through analysis of the main influencing factors by the numbers.

  Game Analysis of Rural Land Circulation Based on Xiwan Village 2011, 27 (6):  420-422.  Abstract + ( 1045 )   PDF ( 550356KB )   ( 937 ) In recent years, there are many theoretical and academic issues on exploring the circulation of rural land, but full investigations and thorough analysis of the typical villages in an area is not sufficient. Based on the modern economics, with the help of typical case of Xiwan village, using both the survey research and game analysis, this paper discovered the prominent role of intermediary organizations, and summed up a dynamic equilibrium of the operating mechanism which maintains the game, and may provide a reference to land transfer in middle and west areas.

  Analyse on Protection of Farmers' Rights and Interests in Rural Land Circulation Jianghui 江辉 2011, 27 (6):  423-425.  Abstract + ( 970 )   PDF ( 568536KB )   ( 951 ) This article discusses that the necessity of protecting farmers' rights and interests in rural land circulation, then expounds loss of farmers' rights and interests in China's rural land circulation, it includes economic loss and lack of social rights, then analyses this phenomenon from the low social status of farmers and unclear of relevant policies and regulation, shows that some positive and effective measures should be taken, such as improving the quality of farmers and legal awareness, clear property rights, the establishment of interest compensation mechanism and a multi-level of the social security system etc, steadily push forward the land circulation , protect their rights and interests .

  An Empirical Study on New Residential Construction in Hebei Province 2011, 27 (6):  426-430.  Abstract + ( 1360 )   PDF ( 664893KB )   ( 1049 ) New residential construction in rural areas is an important part to promote the building of a new socialist countryside and is also on behalf of rural development. In view of this, the paper seeks to summarize the work experience of the rural new residential building in Hebei province, providing decision-making basis to new residential building for rural. The paper carried on an extensive and in-depth research, summarized the result of building in Hebei province, analyzed the problems during the process of new residential construction, and put forward for some recommendations to solve the problem. These recommendations included: making an efficient use of rural land, developing the city with rural, subsidize agriculture with industry; simplify approval procedures and make relaxation of building working land policy; developing the law of new residential construction and demolition implementation details; improving supported policy and strengthen the implementation of supervision; training the leading cadres in order to raise awareness. The paper summarized the working methods for new residential construction in Hebei province which was the reference for the rural residential building process.

  Three Traditions in Research about Migrant Worker’s Social Network: an Introspective Literature Review 2011, 27 (6):  431-434.  Abstract + ( 979 )   PDF ( 550853KB )   ( 957 )

  OECD Measure to Market Price Support of China’s Agricultural Products 2011, 27 (6):  435-438.  Abstract + ( 909 )   PDF ( 570150KB )   ( 923 ) The study focuses the OECD’ method used to measure the extent of support provided to agriculture in many countries. It is concluded that products should cover wheat, rice, maize, soybeans, rapeseed, peanut and so on to assess the level of MPS (market price support). It is important to measure marketing margins, transportation costs, and quality adjustments accurately.

  Analysis of the Transformation Situation and Demands of Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements in Sichuan 2011, 27 (6):  439-442.  Abstract + ( 1153 )   PDF ( 595486KB )   ( 998 ) Agricultural S&T was the determinant which promoting Agricultural modernization’s sustainable，quality development. SO, it played an important role in agricultural S&T work and agricultural modernization that grasping the situation and demands. Based on questionnaire survey and group interview in Ya’an, Meishan and Ziyang, This paper got the conclusions: First, utility ratio of S&T for 70.8%, But actual promotion rate less than 40%, Second, Requirements showed diffuse and diversification, Among them, good crops and livestock and pest control technology were the hotspot. Third, it was clear insufficient in postpartum link. Finally, It investigated the restricting factors while offered the efficient way that Increasing supply and enlarging demand.

  The Application of Total Quality Management Theory (TQM) on Quarantine and Supervision of Import Container 2011, 27 (6):  443-446.  Abstract + ( 991 )   PDF ( 594935KB )   ( 822 ) 【OBJECTIVE】To improve the supervision quality of import container through the application of Total Quality Management Theory (TQM).【METHOD】Taking an analysis on the feasibility of application of TQM on quarantine and supervision of import container.【RESULTS】The characteristics of TQM are satisfied with supervising import container under the TQM management. More than this, using TQM on import container supervision has many superiorities such as reducing management cost, promoting amelioration continually, satisfying both internal customer and exterior customer.【CONCLUSION】The requirements of quarantine and supervision import container can be satisfied through implementation of TQM. Some suggestions are also given by the author that how to improve the result of TQM implementation.

  The Evaluation of Intensive Land Use in the Development Zone Based on BP Artificial Neural Network A Case of Zhejiang Suichang industrial park 2011, 27 (6):  447-450.  Abstract + ( 1003 )   PDF ( 686992KB )   ( 1038 ) Based on the BP artificial neural network and empirical analysis, this study tried to explore the suitable method for the evaluation of land intensive use. Results showed that the score of Suichang industrial park belonged to the lower level in Zhejiang. The main reasons were that completion rate, output intensity and intensity of investment in fixed assets were low. And drawing the following conclusion, BP artificial neural network didn’t only avoid the impact of man-made factors on the evaluation results, but also had a strong potential for practical application.

  The Study on County Variation of Land Use Structure and Trend Prediction Based on Markov Model-Taking Xinji City in Hebei Province as an Example 2011, 27 (6):  451-454.  Abstract + ( 1042 )   PDF ( 685440KB )   ( 961 ) This study explored the development of county land use, the purpose is to resolve the contradiction between land protection and growing demand of land for construction. The research based on Markov transition matrix, predicts the change trend of land use structure of Xinji. The results show that with the current development trend, cultivated land will continue to decrease, and construction land will increase, the pressure on cultivated land protection will increase more and more. Construction land spread too fast and cultivated land occupancy rate increase quickly will be a serious problem in land management. Aiming at this condition, people must take appropriate measures to control the growth rate of construction land, improve the level of intensive use of construction land, strictly limit cultivated land occupied, and finally realize the purpose of protecting cultivated land.

  The Application of GIS in Artificial Influence on Data Analysis of Meteorological Operation 2011, 27 (6):  455-458.  Abstract + ( 1288 )   PDF ( 2114430KB )   ( 1415 ) Taking the weather modification operation command system as an example, the author analyzed the comprehensive treatment application of the meteorological data in the artificial influence weather operation command, introduced the general idea and major aspects of GIS technology applied in modification operation command system, including the data analysis and processing, radar data processing show, all kinds of detecting data fusion of superposition, elaborating the graphical display and rockets safety management and regional areas shooting range management etc. The results realized the space management of the meteorological data, prediction warning information, the rocket shoot regional data in the artificial influence weather homework command, could evaluate the homework effect scientifically based on GIS.

  The Parametric Geometric Modeling method for Lettuce Based-template 2011, 27 (6):  459-463.  Abstract + ( 1282 )   PDF ( 2434271KB )   ( 1118 ) In order to reconstruct the three-dimensional model of lettuce rapidly, the idea of reverse engineering was introduced to the lettuce geometric modeling and a template based on parameters method is proposed. Firstly, with the help of three-dimensional scanning device, multi-resolution lettuce organ template was constructed. Then, the morphological characteristics of lettuce plants were analyzed to extract characteristic parameters. Finally, parametric geometric model of lettuce plant was assembled through controlling the morphological parametric and the templates. The results showed that this method could reconstruct high realistic geometric model of lettuce quickly and easily, and have reference value for complicated structure plants.

  The Design of Wheat Variety BP Classifier Based On Wheat Ear Feature 2011, 27 (6):  464-468.  Abstract + ( 1215 )   PDF ( 960078KB )   ( 930 ) Digital image analysis was adopted in the identification of 40 samples of Xinjiang spring wheat of four varieties according to the spike external morphological characteristics: awn number, awn long, ear length, RGB color features. A three-layer BP neural network classifier was established, the average accurate recognition rate was more than 85%, among which,there were two varieties’ accuracy rate reaching 100%.

  Thinking on Quality and Safety Forecasting Information Research of Tropical Agricultural Products 2011, 27 (6):  469-472.  Abstract + ( 1027 )   PDF ( 1192640KB )   ( 1070 ) Tropical production is an important pillar of promoting the development of agricultural economy in tropical zone of china. Quality and safety of tropical agricultural product has become one of the bottlenecks for economic development in tropical zone of China, quality and safety forecasting information research as important means and measure of ensure the the quality and safety of tropical agricultural products and protect the rights of consumers and play important role in tropical agricultural development. This article analyzes the necessity and present situation of quality and safety forecasting information research of tropical agricultural products, and put forwards proposals to further strengthen the research.

  A method of tobacco disease for Image Enhancement 2011, 27 (6):  473-477.  Abstract + ( 849 )   PDF ( 620366KB )   ( 965 ) Tobacco disease is the important factor which restricts tobacco mass and quality, so exactly recognizing and preventing from the tobacco disease are the problem urgently solving. Image enhancement is digital image’s pretreatment, it can effectively improve the image’s entirely or part characters. This study took the usual infectivity disease of tobacco as research object, with the language of MATLAB. Using the gray-scale transformation, median filter and the combination of the two methods to processed the tobacco wildfire disease gray images. The simulation result indicated that the two kinds of technologic union can make the image detail characteristic especially obvious and the smoothness of the image especially clear, the effect of image enhancement was better than any using of the two technologies.

  Informatization Construction and Economic Growth in Empirical Research 2011, 27 (6):  478-482.  Abstract + ( 1014 )   PDF ( 630427KB )   ( 1001 ) This paper uses the modified Cobb-Douglas function to analyze capital, labor, and information contribution to regional economic growth and impact. The results shows that the information contribution plays an important role in promoting the regional economic, and it can provide important support for the local economic development.

  Path of Urban Agriculture Consumption Effects Improving DUAN Xiao-Li 2011, 27 (6):  483-486.  Abstract + ( 1116 )   PDF ( 587723KB )   ( 920 ) On the basis of intercept investigation of Zhengzhou urban agriculture area, the results suggested that the main reason such as lack of leisure agriculture products, backward of hardware facilities, inadequate of management mechanism and the backward of leisure consumption idea, which restraint consumption effects improving of urban agriculture. In order to promote urban agriculture consumption effects fully, the following measures should be taken, such as develop the special products and innovation of marketing modes, strengthen infrastructure and realize ecological value, further efforts to instill relevant elements and improve service quality, reconsidering leisure idea and stimulating demand.

  Strategic Environmental Assessment and Research on Ecotourist Construction of Agricultural City Taking the Green Agricultural City of Suihua as an Example 2011, 27 (6):  487-492.  Abstract + ( 1013 )   PDF ( 719656KB )   ( 824 ) Planning process in order to carry out strategic environmental assessment to promote the ‘Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment Law’, in view of construction of eco-tourism at home and abroad which is very weak, the author took suihua city as an example for the strategic environmental assessment features to built the approach system of strategic environmental assessment, namely: (1)The list of environmental impact identification method; (2)Using AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method of integrated evaluation of the value of eco-tourism resources; (3)Using capacity analysis to predict environmental impact. And this method system is applied to the empirical research of eco-tourism plan in the city of suihua in heilongjiang province. The component of the ecological environmental capacity is limiting factor of overall tourist environmental capacity. In this paper, the author did the empirical research about all the tourism plan of suihua. Through the analysis and comparison, the results showed that: the component of ecological capacity was the minimum in the five components, it decided the whole tourist environmental capacity basically. After prediction, the resource value of ecological tourism in suihua was low when it compared with other resource of tourism in province at present. At the same, the main reasons of hydrophobic load of eco-tourism environment that a single pattern of opening, product drab, these also resulted in the idleness of the tourism resources.