Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.7 Published:05 April 2011

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  Research Progress of Maize Transformation with Bt Toxin Protein Gene Kai-rong Lei Qing LIn 2011, 27 (7):  1-5.  Abstract + ( 1291 )   PDF ( 637375KB )   ( 1709 ) In this paper, firstly, we review research progress of transgenic maize with insect resistant, classify and summarize main approaches of maize transformation with Bt toxin protein gene and screening of transgenic lines, then the bioassay for insect resistance and evaluation and utilization of genetic stability are introduced, too. Finally, we discuss the technical difficulties and prospect of transgenic maize with insect resistant. We hold that in order to promote better development of maize transformation with Bt toxin protein gene, the key technologies must be further study positively.

  Study on the Regulation Mechanism of Endogenous Hormone in Efficient Water Use of Crops 2011, 27 (7):  6-10.  Abstract + ( 1178 )   PDF ( 525835KB )   ( 1172 ) Regulation mechanism of endogenous hormone is of great importance for efficient water use of crops.In this paper, firstly, necessity and importance of further study on regulation mechanism of endogenous hormones for water use efficiency was dissertated, and then research progresses at home and abroad were reviewed including relationship between endogenous hormone and water use efficience in leaf level, between endogenous hormone and water use efficiency in biomass level and between endogenous hormone and water use efficiency in yield level of crops. Based on the research progresses, some problems and controversies in the research field were put forward, and future research trends of endogenous hormone in water use efficiency were discussed.

  Advance in Response of Morphology of Plant submergence 2011, 27 (7):  11-15.  Abstract + ( 1206 )   PDF ( 560578KB )   ( 2366 ) This paper summarizes the research advance in the morphological response of plant in order to supply basis for choosing waterlogging resistance plants in the regions suffering flooding. Flooding stress causes low light condition, as a result, gas diffusion is limited and the content of chlorophyll is degraded, finally photosynthetic rate of plants is declined. To adapt to submergence, plants develop some morphology characteristics, including producing aerenchyma, adventitious roots and larger lenticels, promoting stem elongation and wilting of leaves. So that they can maintain available oxygen diffusion, efficient absorption and a high energy level to ensure its normal physiological functions and plant metabolism. Further study on genes related to plant morphology adaptation and forecasting plant waterlogging resistance of field plants by data obtained in laboratory, and site-specific observation of flooding stress on forests are important aspects in the future.

  Determination Summary of Heavy Metals in Organic Fertilizer 2011, 27 (7):  16-21.  Abstract + ( 1261 )   PDF ( 606300KB )   ( 1529 ) In this paper, it is introduced the status of heavy metals in organic fertilizers on the world. It is summarized that the pre-treatment methods and the determination of heavy metals in organic fertilizers. Finally, it is forecasted the trends of the determination of heavy metals in organic fertilizers.

  Heterosis and Path Analysis for Yield Component Factor of Aromatic Hybrid Rice 2011, 27 (7):  22-25.  Abstract + ( 1409 )   PDF ( 544976KB )   ( 1067 ) Using 4 aromatic CMS line and 9 restoring line uncompleted hybrid for 21 varieties. The results showed that analysis of yield component heterosis: number of grains per panicle have stronger positive heterosis, seed setting percentage have negative heterosis. The results showed that path analysis: the effect between yield and yield component factor, effective panicle (1.0193) > number of grains per panicle (0.9260) > seed setting percentage (0.7860) >1000 grain weight (0.5450). So in hybrid aromatic rice breeding, we should improve seed setting percentage on ensuring the base of effective panicle.

  Effects of Different Fertilization Methods on Soil Enzyme Activities in Rice Seedling Raising Bed 2011, 27 (7):  26-29.  Abstract + ( 1329 )   PDF ( 639701KB )   ( 1085 ) Effects of different fertilization methods on soil enzyme activities in rice seedling raising bed were studied, which was using biological fertilizer. The main results showed that: the activities of soil dehydrogenase, urease, cellulose enzyme, Protease and Content of Nitrate Nitrogen were significantly increased, and effects of fertility betterment using biological fertilizer were better than normal method, but enzyme activities were no significant difference between saline soil + biological fertilizer and normal Paddy Soil. This result showed that rapid fertilization of seedlings was good to increase the activity of enzyme activity in soil and soil fertility, but the efficiency would be influenced by salt in soil.

  Effects of Nitrogen Appliation Level on Yield, Quality, and Hg、As、Cd Concentrations in Grains of High Quality Rice 2011, 27 (7):  30-33.  Abstract + ( 1170 )   PDF ( 588199KB )   ( 959 ) Studies on the effects of four different nitrogen application levels (zero, low, medium, and high) on yield, quality, and edible safety (Hg, As, Cd concentrations in rice grains) were carried out under field conditions with Gui xiaozhan, a high quality rice, as tested material. The results showed that when the nitrogen application was below 150 kg/hm2, with the enhancement of nitrogen application, the panicle per unit area significantly increased so as to enhance the rice yield, but the rice yield insignificantly improved when the nitrogen application was over 150 kg/hm2. As the increase of nitrogen application, the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate, and protein content were improved, although the chalky grains percentage, chalkiness percentage, amylase content, and gel consistency decreased. Among them, the difference of brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head rice rate between low, medium, and high nitrogen level was not significant, and they were all significantly higher than the treatment of zero nitrogen fertilizer application. There was no significant difference in chalky grains percentage and chalkiness percentage between medium and high nitrogen level, and they were all significantly lower than the treatment of low nitrogen fertilizer application. The protein content, amylase content, and gel consistency differed dramatically between different nitrogen application levels, and the difference reached to the 0.05 significant level. The results indicated that increasing nitrogen amounts had little effect on Hg concentration in rice, but it could result in increasing content of As and Cd. Among them, the difference in Cd concentration between medium and high nitrogen level was significant, and there was significant difference in As concentration between each nitrogen application treatment. Under this experiment condition, a proper amount of N application was beneficial to increase the rice yield, and improve the rice quality to a higher level. By reducing nitrogen fertilizer, As, Cd absorption and concentration in rice could be minimized, and edible safety could also be improved. The nitrogen fertilizer should be applied properly during high quality rice cultivation, but the nitrogen application rate should not be more than 150 kg/hm2.

  Analysis of SSR Marker-based Polymorphism of Rice Mainly Popularized in Hanzhong 2011, 27 (7):  34-37.  Abstract + ( 1480 )   PDF ( 1235254KB )   ( 1043 ) Mastering genetic polymorphism of rice varieties mainly popularized in Hanzhong, understanding their genetic background, clearing the relationship between all varieties. The genetic diversity of 20 rice varieties in Hanzhong, Shanxi Province was investigated with the technique of SSR. By using 14 effective primers, which were screened from 30 SSR primers distributed on all the 12 rice chromosomes. The results showed that: 69 alleles were detected by 14 pairs of SSR primers. The average number of alleles per SSR locus was 5. The average number of polymorphism information content per SSR primer was 0.48 with a range from 0.27 to 0.74. Genetic similarities ranged from 0.55 to 0.94. The genetic similarity was high and the genetic relationship was closed. The author thinks that the clustering analysis based on SSR marker and trend of pedigree method are fit. and it is one of the reasons that the yield and quality on rice is not easy to break because of near genetic basis of germplasm in Hanzhong.

  Principal Components Analysis onMajor Quality Traits of Winter Wheat 2011, 27 (7):  38-41.  Abstract + ( 1574 )   PDF ( 543669KB )   ( 1814 ) Principal component analysis on 13 wheat quality traits of F1 produced from 9 winter wheat varieties by Incomplete diallel cross design was carried out for appraising the contribution of wheat quality index to the qualities of different wheat. The results showed that 5 principal component factors, their cumulating contribution ratio reached to 85.52%, which could be obtained from 13 quality traits according to principal component analysis. Cumulating contribution ratio of first principal component factors to the wheat quality was the highest, which was 39.29%, followed by the second principal component factors. Appropriate increasing the first, second and fourth principal component factor will be favorable for improving the qualities of strong-gluten winter wheat and appropriate increasing the third principal component factor will be favorable for improving the qualities of weak-gluten winter wheat in winter wheat quality breeding.

  Correlation and Path Analysis of Yield Components of Winter Wheat Varieties with High Yield Potential Cultured in Regional Trials of Shandong Province 2011, 27 (7):  42-45.  Abstract + ( 1384 )   PDF ( 533317KB )   ( 1308 ) Using correlation and path analysis, on the Shandong province from 2008 to 2009 wheat area of high fat group trial of 165 wheat varieties (lines) yield and its components were analyzed. The results showed that: the coefficient of variation of yield components size: 666.7m2 spikes> grains per spike> 1000-grain weight; Yield components and yield related degree: 666.7m2 spikes> grains per spike> 1000-grain weight; Partial correlation analysis, 666.7m2 spike and thousand seed weight and yield were highly significant positive correlation, the number and yield of grain was positively related to yield components are the partial correlation between the significant negative correlation; The direct path coefficient of three yield components on yield is positive, which is the result of partial correlation analysis is consistent. According to the analysis and ecological conditions in Shandong Province and current characteristics of growing conditions, breeding and cultivation of wheat should be based on large groups of varieties of multi-spike-based, and to stabilize grains per spike, 1000-grain weight increased.

  Analysis on the Offsprings from Crossing between Wheat-Rye Substitution Lines by SSR 2011, 27 (7):  46-49.  Abstract + ( 1046 )   PDF ( 1097589KB )   ( 853 ) In order to study their genetic component and use them better, seven lines, 08-4、08-5、08-6、08-7、08-8、08-9、08-12,with big ears which came from crossing between wheat-rye substitution line 5R/5A and 6R/6A were identified by SSR.The results are followed: 17 SSR primer pairs located on chromosomes of rye were used for SSR amplification.The specific DNA fragments of rye, 168bp、178bp、190bp ,can be amplified by pimer Xgwm247-6RL in the lines 08-4、08-8、08-12. These results indicated that lines ,08-4、08-8、08-12, contained rye chromatin of 6RL. Because they have big ears and multispikelets with more number of grains per ear, these lines have very important value in wheat breeding and genetics improvement .

  Cloning of SSⅡ-A Partial Sequence and its Construction of RNAi Expression Vector 2011, 27 (7):  50-54.  Abstract + ( 1406 )   PDF ( 874992KB )   ( 1401 ) Soluble starch synthaseⅡ (SSⅡ) is the main character of the enzymes that catalyse amylopectin synthesis, the exploration of its three homoeologous genes’ (SSⅡ-A, SSⅡ-B and SSⅡ-D) contribution to amylopectin synthesis is very important to the genetic manipulation of starch synthesis and the improvement of starch quality in wheat. Here we cloned partial sequence (539 bp) of wheat SSⅡ-A cDNA using RT-PCR technology, which completely aligns to AB201445.1 (Triticum aestivum wSSII-A gene for starch synthase II-A, complete cds). The hairpin structure of the sequence was constructed based on H plasmid, and then it was ligated to the downstream of HMW-GS 1Dx5 promoter in pBAC47P. Therefore, the specific and effective RNAi expression vector was formed, which would lay a foundation to further explore SSⅡ-A’s contribution to amylopectin synthesis.

  Genetic Variation of Polyphenol Oxidase in Wheat and Screening of Wheat Varieties with Resistance to Pre-harvest Sprouting 2011, 27 (7):  55-58.  Abstract + ( 1303 )   PDF ( 613160KB )   ( 977 ) In this paper, the activities of PPO in wheat were determined to reveal the variation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in 195 varieties of wheat and to evaluate and screen of the resistance of pre-harvest sprouting from 24 popular wheat varieties. The results indicated that significant variation was observed among PPO activities of wheat in China, ranging from 4.95 to 13.99 AU/(min?g) and the variation coefficient was 21.4%. There were great deviations of the PPO activities among studied wheat. It indicated that wheat genetic improvement has great potential. Finally, there were great deviations of the PPO activities among commercial wheat cultivars in China ,several resistance of pre-harvest sprouting wheat was selected, including ‘Zhongmai 9’, ‘Jing 9428’, ‘Jimai 38’, ‘Shan 229’, ‘Ningmai 9’ and ‘Chuanmai 47’.

  Investigation and analysis on Maize yield and fertilizer actuality in Zigui county 2011, 27 (7):  59-62.  Abstract + ( 1295 )   PDF ( 575673KB )   ( 1350 ) The maize yields and fertilizer actuality of Zigui county were investigation and analysis. The results showed that employed proportion farmyard manure was very universality in main maize production region of Zigui county, Yichang. The fertilizer by mainly consists of urea and compound manure, and compound manure by mainly consists of 25% nutrient content and that the 10-7-8 was dominate. N application lowest was 156 kg/hm2, and the highest was 320.25 kg/hm2, the average N application was 234.4 kg/hm2. Rate of ground N fertilizer from 19.45% to 56.08%, and average rate was 37.2%. N fertilizer at seeding stage rate from 18.71% to 43.0%, average rate was 26.67%, heading dressing rate from 26.93% to 47.23%, average rate was 36.1%. Proportion of NPK was 1:(0.13-0.43):(0.13-0.43), average ratio was 1:0.23:0.26. There had positive correlation markedly in application rate of P, K and maize yield in 4350-7200 kg/hm2, and in N application rates of every stage and maize yield in 7800-8250 kg/hm2.This investigations shows that N application rate was reasonable in essence, and the application rate of phosphorus and potassium was slightly deficiency, to increase the yield of maize by enhance the rate of phosphorus and potassium reasonable.

  Study on Variation Offspring from Different Rice Varieties Introduced DNA of Maize 2011, 27 (7):  63-68.  Abstract + ( 1414 )   PDF ( 1670151KB )   ( 1403 ) Study on enhancing photosynthetic characteristics of rice through pollen tube pathway method by taking maize and common rice (Longjing 4) as donor and recipient. The content change of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll, the changing trend of net photosynthetic rate at the middle and late stages of development and RAPD, Peroxidase and Esterase Isozyme analysis and investigation on agronomic characters indicated that: compared with receptor, exogenous DNA introduction arose photosynthetic characteristics of variation offspring were changed to some extant at the physiological, DNA, Protein and morphological characters level. It was suggested that high photosynthetic efficiency in maize might be incorporated into the rice plant. The present research might develop a new technical approach for hybrid rice breeding.

  Effects of Soaking with Potassium Humate on the activity of Protective Enzymes and the Level of MDA of Maize Seedlings under Drought Stress 2011, 27 (7):  69-72.  Abstract + ( 1390 )   PDF ( 594166KB )   ( 1016 ) Research on the effects of soaking maize seeds with potassium humate against drought and the effects of potassium humate in chemical regulation of crop growth. They are used to soak maize seeds with different concentrations of potassium humate (0, 300, 400, 500 μg/mL), and then study the change of activity of protection enzymes as well as the level of MDA of maize seedling under the imitation drought stress with 16% PEG-6000. Comparing with the contrast, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of maize seedling which seeds were soaked with potassium humate increased, but the difference was no significant. The peroxidase (POD) activity increased and reached an extremely significant level in 500 μg/mL. The catalase (CAT) activity increased and reached an extremely significant level in 400 μg/mL and a significant level in 500 μg/mL. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased and reached a significant level in 300-400 μg/mL and an extremely significant level in 500 μg/mL. Soaking maize seeds with potassium humate, which might be reduced the level of membrane lipid peroxidation of maize seedling under drought stress and improve their ability against drought.

  Effect on the soybean yield and rhizosphere microorganisms by newbiological agents "yifengshou" 2011, 27 (7):  73-77.  Abstract + ( 1367 )   PDF ( 620264KB )   ( 1035 ) In order to study the promoting effect of soybean ‘Liaodou 20’ and the rhizosphere microbes by the new type of biological agent “Yifengshou”, we compared with brassinolide, compound fertilizer to research it by soybean pot experiment. In this paper, we investigated the soybean plant height, stem diameter and nodule several other growth indicators, yield components and rhizosphere bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. Analyzed the data by statistical software SPSS 13.0. It could be drawn that “Yifengshou” promote the growth and yield of soybean significantly, increased soybean nodule number significantly, increased the population of rhizosphere bacteria, and it could bring about a striking effect that combined with fertilizer.

  An Improved Method for Total RNA Extraction from Mature Seeds of Gramineous Grain Crops 2011, 27 (7):  78-82.  Abstract + ( 1706 )   PDF ( 1058246KB )   ( 1824 ) Conventional methods for RNA extraction are not feasible to mature seeds of gramineous crops for the enrichment of polysaccharide, protein and lipid. In this paper an improved method for isolating total RNA from the seeds of wheat, rice and maize is introduced. Comparing with the Conventional methods for RNA extraction, the improved method was of high purity (with the ratio of OD260/OD280 1.6~1.8) and integrity and the results of RT-PCR and Northern blot showed that the RNA extracted by this improved method can meet the experimental requirements for high quality RNA, such as microarray, small RNA library construction for subsequent Illumina sequencing.

  Effects of Straw Mulch and Zero Tillage on Soil Physical Properties and Cotton Physiological Characteristics 2011, 27 (7):  83-87.  Abstract + ( 1494 )   PDF ( 712123KB )   ( 1192 ) The experiment was conducted with the split plot design to study the effects of straw mulch and zero tillage on the temperature and bulk density of soil, the SPAD value of functional leaves, photosynthetic characteristics and growth situation of cotton. The results showed that the temperature and bulk density of soil, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), inter CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) of cotton were lower in zero tillage treatments than in tillage treatments, while the SPAD value of functional leaves was higher. The temperature of soil was lower in straw mulch treatments than in other treatments, while the moisture was higher. In zero tillage treatments, the bulk density of soil, the stomatal conductance (Gs), inter CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) of cotton were higher in straw mulch condition than in other conditions, which was opposite in tillage treatments. The bolls had no variety among with zero tillage treatments and tillage treatments. The bolls, boll weight and lint percentage was higher in straw mulch treatments than in no mulch treatments. The SPAD value of functional leaves was decreased with the increasing of straw mulch quantity, while the yield was increased. The photosynthetic characteristics and yields of cotton under the condition of straw mulch and zero tillage were lower than under the condition of tillage. The yield had no variety among with different mulches.

  Effects of Different Magnesium Application Level on Growth,Yield and Nutrient absorption of Flue-cured Tobacco of Yunnan 2011, 27 (7):  88-92.  Abstract + ( 1113 )   PDF ( 616787KB )   ( 922 ) The experiment was conducted to study the effects of different magnesium application level on growth,yield and nutrient absorption of flue-cured tobacco in Yuxi city, Yunnan province. Field experiment was randomly divided different small field, which was setup five levels of magnesium 0, 56.25、112.50、168.75、225.00 kg/hm2. The results showed that magnesium application level could increase yield, output value and ratio of first grade of leaves and CK was statistically significant. When magnesium application level was168.75 kg/hm2, the highest yield, output value and proportion of superior grade of leaves could be gotten.The quality was improved with Mg application level being 56.25～112.5kg/hm2. magnesium application increased the Mg content in tobacco leaves. The order of Mg contents in leaves at different positions was lower>middle>upper. Mg expedited the absorption of N、P、K in tobacco leaves. when the Mg application level was either scarcity or too high(≧225.00 kg/hm2）there was no benefit for the Cl nutrient absorption. The Ca content in tobacco leaves decreased with the increasing of magnesium application levels. Comprehensively considering agronomic characters, economic characters,quality and nutrient absorption, the optimum Mg application level should be 56.25~112.5 kg/hm2 for high-quality flue-cured tobacco growth in Yuxi city, Yunnan province.

  The Screening of Biodegrading Cellulose Fungi and Its Cellulase-Producing Conditions 2011, 27 (7):  102-106.  Abstract + ( 1270 )   PDF ( 763856KB )   ( 1150 ) 【OBJECTIVE】To obtain strains of macrofungi with high cellulase-producing activity, and explore their cellulase-producing conditions.【METHOD】Eighteen fungi were isolated from fruit body tissue of different wild fungi, and their cellulase activities were measured by using the Congo red dye for preliminary screening and assaying enzyme activity for second-screening, taking hydrolyzation zone, clearing zone ratios (clearing zone diameter/colony diameter), filter paper activity (FPA), endo-1,4-β-glucanase activity (activity of Cx-enzyme) and exoglucanase activity (activity of C1-enzyme) as evaluating selection criteria.【RESULTS】Four different strains producing high cellulase activity were obtained, which were Trametes cinnabarina, Corilus versicolor, Cryptoderma fastuosum and Tremella aurantialba respectively. The experimental results showed that the peaks of FPA from four strains were present after 7 days and Cx-enzyme activity reached its maximum after 8 days incubation, FPA and Cx-enzyme activity were stable at pH 4.0~5.2, the peak FPA occurred at 55°C, high Cx-enzyme activities were maintained within 30~60°C.【CONCLUSION】FPA and Cx-enzyme activity of macrofungi exhibited weak relativity, different macrofungi had different characteristic of cellulase. Wild macrofungi are important resources of cellulase for research and development.

  Isolation of the Psychrotolerant Facultative Anoxic Strain Y89 Amylase and Enzymatic Properties 2011, 27 (7):  107-111.  Abstract + ( 1079 )   PDF ( 1118850KB )   ( 1057 ) A psychrotolerant strain Y89 producing amylas,which is facultative anoxic , was isolated from activated sludge of sewage treatment plant of ShiJiaZhuang. The morphology, the physiological biochemical characteristics and the 16SrDNA analysis of the strain point out that this organism is a member of the genus Paenibacillus sp.. The strain is psychrotolerant, the optimum growth temperature was 16°C，the NaCl optimum for growth is 5%, the fastest growth occurred within pH6.0, the strain can also grow within a range of 5.0—9.5. The stationary phase of the strain occurred after cultured between72h and 124h ,water bath at 40℃, the amylase displayed maximum activity(386.13U/ml).

  Screening、Identification and Degradation Conditions of Cellulose Decomposing Bacteria Bacillus pumilus T-7 2011, 27 (7):  112-118.  Abstract + ( 1165 )   PDF ( 1312583KB )   ( 1392 ) In order to get one strain which can degrade the cellulose, more than 41 strains were isolated from vegetable field, animal manure and silage feed by heating gathering spore bacteria strains and Congo red culture medium transparent hydrolysis circle, and tested their transparent of fermentation liquor and identification to cellulose through secondary screening. The T-7 strain has the highest capability, its enzyme activity was 1678.89U/mL. The mycelium shape and the bacterial colony, physiological and biochemistry experiments and determination of the sequence of 16S rDNA of the fungi had been done. The strain was identified as Bacillus pumilus. The degradation condition and the best cultivation condition were studied. It showed that the concentration of inoculum 1 billion viable cells / 1Kg corn stalks, add the secondary carbon and nitrogen sources in the 2%sugar and 2% urea case to the corn, the degradation rate of cellulose was 40.34%. The results were explored a new resources for the biodegradation of cellulose ,and laid foundations for the large-scale production and use of the straw.

  The Construction of the Aseptic Strain of the Tissue Culture of Mini-papaya 2011, 27 (7):  119-122.  Abstract + ( 1172 )   PDF ( 599190KB )   ( 1253 ) The seed of mini-papaya soaked by the different reagents (aseptic water, GA3 and 6-BA) further purified in conditional culture medium, the effect of the different reagents on germination, the length of germ and radical, the height of the seedling of the seeds were preliminary studied, and the best seed pretreatment method on the construction of the aseptic strain of the tissue culture of mini-papaya was finally screened. The result indicated that: in the condition of aseptic strain, the seeds removed from the mini-papaya which the surface of the peel uniformly wiped by 75% alcohol, rinsed by aseptic water three times was the best sterilization methods, pollution rate of the seed was 2.52%. The seeds after sterilizing soaked by the equal-volume mix-solution of GA3 1000 mg/L and 6-BA 1 mg/L for 18 h, further purified in MS culture medium, the germination, the length of germ and radical, the height of the seedling of the seeds arrived the higher value, was 68.42%, 2.25 cm, 0.8 cm, 1.52 cm respectively. The total situation of seedling growth was better, that had constructed the aseptic strain of the tissue culture of mini-papaya.

  Electronic Microscope Observations on Microsporogenesis of Ecol-sensitive male sterile line 373S in Brassica nupas. 2011, 27 (7):  123-132.  Abstract + ( 1277 )   PDF ( 8055172KB )   ( 859 ) To identify anther abortion period and character of 373S, Electronic Microscope was employed to observe the microspore genesis difference between the male sterile line 373S and fertile line at subcellular level. The result showed that anther abortion started from the pollen mother cells stage. Cytoplasm of pollen mother cell was shrinking and no clear karyotheca was observed; At tetrad stage, a lot of small vacuolar were found in the microspore, and the subcellular structure was not clear. Endoplasmic reticulum was widely distributed in tapetum cell; At uninucleate stage. When pollen was developing, pollen wall thicken normally, but cytoplasm was obviously concentrated, endoplasmic reticulum was widely distributed in the pollen cytoplasm, but Golgi complex was rare or even disappear. Along the microspore genesis, degeneration of karyotheca was always found. No big vacuole was formed at the monokaryotic stage. In the tapetum cells, the endoplasmic reticulum was widely distributed, and Golgi complex was decreased in its number, however, the mitochondrial abnormalities were not observed. At mature stage, only hollowed pollen was left.

  Preliminary Study on High Yield Cultivation Measures of the New White Large Grain and Early-Maturing Wheat Variety-Mianmai 47 2011, 27 (7):  133-137.  Abstract + ( 1062 )   PDF ( 562085KB )   ( 955 ) Two-factor split-plot design was used in this paper to study the effects of nitrogen application rate and plant density on the yield of the new white large grain and early-maturing wheat variety-Mianmai 47. The results showed that, nitrogen application rate, plant density and their interaction influenced the yield significantly. The yield both increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate and that of plant density. In the same nitrogen application rate, the effective spikes increased, grains per spike decreased and grain weight decreased slightly with the increase of plant densities. In the same plant density, the effective spikes and grains per spike increased, and grain weight changed slightly with the increase of nitrogen application rates. The combination with high relative economic benefits was also obtained. The cultivation measures with high yield and high relative economic benefits of Mianmai 47 were that: the nitrogen application rate were 150-225 kg/hm2 and the basic seedlings were 120×104-240×104 per hm2 .

  Degradation of PBS-Based Copolymers and Impact on the Growth of Winter Wheat 2011, 27 (7):  138-143.  Abstract + ( 1042 )   PDF ( 1276039KB )   ( 1251 ) In order to study the degradation of PBS-based copolymer and impact on the growth of winter wheat, seeds of winter wheat were sowed and cultivated in a soil blended with polymers, such as PBS, poly (butylene succinate)-co-(hexane succinate) (PBS-co-HS) and poly (butylene succinate)-co-(butylene adipate) (PBS-co-BA). The degradation of polymers, the impact of the degradation intermediates and degradation products of polymers on the winter wheat seed germination and the growth had been investigated. The results showed that the degradation of copolymers proceeded faster than that of PBS under the same conditions of Shaanxi soil, different soil treatments with polymer did not affect the germination rate of winter wheat, stem height, but enhanced the plant biomass. These results suggested that investigated polymeric materials as well as the products of their degradation possibly at present temporarily in the soil do not affect plant growth.

  Analysis of High Yield and Efficiency Technique in Hybrid Rice ‘Yongyou 6’ 2011, 27 (7):  144-146.  Abstract + ( 1104 )   PDF ( 510443KB )   ( 985 ) In different yield levels, the constitutions of ear, grain and grain weight of ‘Yongyou 6’, a single cropping late rice, were analyzed. Methods of correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the relationship among traits and their contribution to yield. The results showed that the direct contributions of main economic characters to yield were determined to be per ear filled grains > effective ear > seed setting rate > 1000-grain weight. The promotion of high-yielding and effective cultivation techniques was suggested as follows: on the basis of certain effective ear amount, filled grains per ear should be mainly focused with a consideration to grain weight.

  Study on Suitable Time for Peanut Sowing in Southwest Regionof Shandong Province 2011, 27 (7):  147-152.  Abstract + ( 1324 )   PDF ( 832661KB )   ( 1057 ) Abstract: For unreasonable current situation of peanut sowing time in Southwest Region of Shandong Province, 7 different sowing date treatments aimed to find suitable peanut sowing time were arranged in this study within the framework of up to two months from 15/4 to 15/6 (2007～2009). By comparing the climate adaptation, individual biological traits and yield traits of 7 different sowing date treatments，it was reached around 5/5 suitable for peanut sowing at the local.

  Effect of Urease/Nitrification Inhibitor on Growth and Yield of Peanut 2011, 27 (7):  153-157.  Abstract + ( 1525 )   PDF ( 768132KB )   ( 1260 ) The effect of chemical fertilizer added with different types and contents of urease/nitrification inhibitors on the growth and yield of peanut were studied under open field conditions in brown soil. The results indicated that, against control CK1 treated with different inhibitors, the average dry weight of peanut in flowering period increased by 3.2%-23.1%, and the average stem length in mature period increased by 2.1%-10.0%, however, small effect on peanut tillering. The chlorophyll content was increased by 2.1%-10.7% in peanut flowering period. At peanut mature stage, the chlorophyll content treated with urease inhibitors NBPT1 and NBPT2 declined smaller than that treated with nitrification inhibitors DCD1, DMP1, DMP2 and DMP3. The tests also demonstrated that the peanut yield increased by 2.06%-11.65% treated with inhibitors, among them, DMP3, NBPT1 and NBPT2 with better effect. The tested results: chemical fertilizer added with inhibitors enhanced the growth and increased the yield of peanut. The main purpose was to increase fertilizer utilization rate and protect eco-environment, and to provide scientific basis for the developing and application of new type inhibitors.

  Analysis of Production, Quality, Resistance and Agronomic Traits in Cultivated Peanut Released by Henan Province 2011, 27 (7):  158-165.  Abstract + ( 1477 )   PDF ( 655927KB )   ( 997 ) 59 cultivated peanuts were registered by Henan Province, since establishment of crop variety examination and approval system. The results of the regional test of peanut showed that there were great changes in average yield, the highest yield, quality, resistance and agronomic traits. The average production was 4306.35 kg/hm2 between 2006 and 2009, which was 615 kg/hm2 higher than that was 3694.05 kg/hm2 between 1982 and 1990. Meanwhile, the average high yield was 6345.90 kg/hm2, which was 415 kg/hm2 higher than that was 5879.55 kg/hm2. The results showed that yield of registered peanut cultivars could be raised year by year, the resistances of new released peanut varieties were significantly higher than that of the check cultivars. Average quality of new released peanut was no significant improvement although qualities of individual species had obviously improved. The key of further improving yield were reduced the height, appropriate increasing in branch, increasing of mature pods per plant and 100-pod weight.

  Germplasm Innovation and Application for Soybean with High Oil and Resistance to SCN 2011, 27 (7):  166-169.  Abstract + ( 1311 )   PDF ( 505229KB )   ( 908 ) Soybean varieties were selected for sexual hybridization from different soybean lines with different soybean varieties. Generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced by pot culture, disease nursery experiment, quality trace analysis and oriented selection. Six new soybean germplasm Qingnong 05-1028, 05-1009, 05-1071, 07-1115, 07-1568 and 08-2535 was selected. They possessed good agronomical characteristics of resistance to race 1, 3 of soybean cyst nematode, high oil (fat content more than 22%), high yield and good quality. Therefore, it should be adopted in soybean quality genetics and breeding program for extensive genetic base.

  Effect of Continuous Applying Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer in Various Types of Soil of Dong-Ting Lake Region under Double Rice Cropping System 2011, 27 (7):  170-176.  Abstract + ( 1403 )   PDF ( 837624KB )   ( 950 ) Effects of continuous applying controlled release nitrogen fertilizer under double rice cropping system were studied by modeling 3 types of paddy soils in Dong-Ting Lake area using micro-plot trials conducted from 2005 to 2008. Four treatments as no fertilizer (CK), urea, controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) and 70% controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (70% CRNF) were designed. The results showed that the yield in treatments with controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) at N 150 kg/hm2 were increased by 10.3%, 8.0% and 2.4% compared with CF treatment, in alluvial loamy paddy soil (ALS), purple calcareous clayed paddy soil (PCS), and reddish yellow clayed paddy soil (RYS), respectively, and the yield in treatments with 70% CRNF were increased by 6.1%, 2.6% and -0.8%, respectively. The ranking order of nitrogen uptake amount by plant in early rice and late rice were CRNF >70% CRNF >Urea >CK in all 3 types of soils. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of CRNF in above 3 types of soils were 60.7%, 59.6% and 56.3%, increased by 23.8%, 19.4% and 16.3% compared with CF, respectively. Fertilizer use efficiency of CRNF in early rice were higher than of 70% CRNF during the whole experiment stage, while it in late rice turned from increase to decrease at the 3rd year. Continuous application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer could alleviate decreasing rate of soil nitrogen fertility and organic carbon, especially in alluvial loamy paddy soil. The results indicated that application controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could promote soil fertility, increase rice yield and fertilizer-N use efficiency in double-rice cropping system.

  Effects of Growing Grass on Soil Fertility of the Arid Land Apple Orchard in the South of Xinjiang 2011, 27 (7):  177-181.  Abstract + ( 1093 )   PDF ( 794836KB )   ( 1047 ) As one of the important soil managements, growing grass have great effects on the growth of the fruit tree and the soil fertility. The paper based on the apple orchard of Aksu area in the southern Xinjiang and studied the soil fertility changes under the growing grass and Qinggeng orchard soil managements. The results indicated that the growing grass can improve 0-30 cm soil organic matter content of the soil and the top soil increased more significant. The available nutrients had different degrees of improvement in 0-30 cm soil, but the quantity of the N content reduced in the 0-30 cm soil. The quantity of the soil phosphorus content increased with the soil depth and the content in 0-10 cm was Qinggeng>artificial grass>grass. The total potassium content was artificial grass>grass>Qinggeng. The soil total potassium content changes have no obvious differences. More attention should be given to the grass fertilizer and supple the consumption of nutrients for the orchard grass growing.

  The Yielding Ability, Stability, Compatibility and Resistance Analysis of Guifu 98-296 2011, 27 (7):  182-187.  Abstract + ( 1397 )   PDF ( 604487KB )   ( 1286 ) Objective: The performances of new sugarcane variety Guifu 98-296 were analyzed to understand the values in use and breeding. Method: The variety's yielding ability, stability, compatibility and the resistance were compared by analyzing the output (sugar cane stem output and sucrose output), the coefficient of variation and the regression coefficient; According to the sixth cultivate results of new sugarcane variety regional test in China. The stem yield and sucrose yield of Guifu 98-296 were 115.56 t/ha and 17.12 t/ha respectively, is situated second and first separately in all tested varieties, reaches the remarkable level difference with the control, The effect value of stem yield and sucrose yield were 8.95 and 1.34 respectively, and also situated second and first separately in all tested varieties; the coefficient of variation of stem yield and sucrose yield were 12.03 and 11.53 respectively, and also situated eighth and ninth separately in all tested varieties; regression coefficient of stem yield and sucrose yield were 0.98 and 1.00 respectively; The artificial infection incidence rate of smut disease was 7.69%, was the 2 levels resistance; The artificial infection incidence rate of mosaic disease was 0, was the 1 levels resistance; the average injury to plant height rate was 17.91% under the drought condition; Conclusion: sugarcane variety Guifu 98-296 belongs to higher yield and sucrose content variety, have good compatibility, the production stability is middle; Higher anti-sugarcane mosaic, anti-sugarcane smut, has stronger drought resisting ability. Is suitable for planting at dry and slopes land with less fertility.

  Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Application by Stages on Yield and Quality of sweetpotato 2011, 27 (7):  188-192.  Abstract + ( 1201 )   PDF ( 549147KB )   ( 1122 ) On the basis of the same level fertilizer application，field experiments were conducted to study the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by stages on yield and quality of sweetpotato in the town of Yuanyang village community Caijia 2 and the town of Shifou village community Caijia 3 of Jiangjin in Chongqing. The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization, application of nitrogen and potassium as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer by stages were effective to improve the yield of sweetpotato tubers. Among them, tubers yield were increased by 6.8% to 29.5 % and 7.7 % to 44.6% respectively in Yuanyang and Shifou. Vc content of sweetpotatos were in order to increase in main of the fractional fertilization treatments. The increase range was from 4.8% to 29.9% in Yuanyang and was from 0.7% to7.3% in Shifou. The contents of starch and total potassium in sweetpotatos were in order to decrease in all fertilization by stages treatments. The decrease range was 2.4% to 5.5% and 12.3%~69.5% in Yuanyang, 2.4% to 17.4% and 0.9%~22.8% in Shifou respectively. Changes of soluble sugar, crude protein and phosphorus in sweetpotatos were inconsistent in two experiments. Therefore, split application nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can improve the yield and some quality of sweetpotato.

  The Relationship Between Combined Application Levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium fertilizer and Yield Prediction of Lettuce ( Lettuce sativa L.) by Using Simulation Analysis 2011, 27 (7):  193-197.  Abstract + ( 1193 )   PDF ( 833394KB )   ( 1144 ) Abstract： Thirteen treatments (check not contained ) with different combined application levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium fertilizer were conducted for testing the absorptive effects of Lettuce ( Lettuce sativa L.) by the“3414”designment. The results showed that the plant needs to assimilate pure Nitrogen（N）1.21～2.26 Kg (average 1.88 Kg ), Phosphorus (P2O5 ) 0.57～0.81 Kg (avr. 0.64Kg), Potassium ( K2O )2.97～5.09Kg （avr. 3.92 Kg ）from soil to produce 1000 Kg biomass yield, and the application ratio of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium fertilizer was 3:1:6. The relationship between fertilizer application and yield prediction was analyzed in the application with a sole nutritional fertilizer or two nutritional fertilizers. With the result, we referred to this principle: “controlling N and P, increasing K” in lettuce field production. It was of great importance to decrease agricultural pollution in the point to use fertilizer optimally and reduce its loss.

  Effect of New Organic-inorganic Fertilizer on Rape Yield and Quality 2011, 27 (7):  198-201.  Abstract + ( 1332 )   In order to study the effect of the new organic and inorganic fertilizer on rapeseed yield and quality, this experiment adopted the randomized block design, and took April tendril rapeseed varieties as experiment material, to research the effect on rapeseed yield and quality of the different fertilizer processing and the different fertilizer. The results showed that the new organic and inorganic fertilizers could improve the yield and quality of rape significantly. When the amount of fertilizer is middle level, the effect was the most obvious. With the increasing of fertilizer, rape fresh weight, reducing sugar, Vc and nitrate content increased. But under different fertilizer levels, the nitrate content of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatment was lower than the corresponding fertilizer treatment, the difference was significant. The organic and inorganic fertilizer could inhibit on nitrate accumulation in rape significantly.

  The Application of AMMI Model in Cross Breeding of Castor 2011, 27 (7):  202-205.  Abstract + ( 1315 )   PDF ( 562180KB )   ( 946 ) The stability of variety yield traits is an important factor in the process of castor variety breeding and promotion. The general linear regression equation can only explain a small part of the interaction due to the interaction between genotype of variety and environment. Addition main effects and multiplication interaction (AMMI) model not only response interaction variance, but also accurately analyze the stability of varieties. The yield stability of four castor varieties was analyzed with AMMI model and biplot using data from multi-point tests in 2008-2009, and then evaluated stability and adaptability of varieties.

  The Cloning Strategies of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of Antibiotics 2011, 27 (7):  206-209.  Abstract + ( 1414 )   PDF ( 498950KB )   ( 1395 ) Streptomyces can produce a lot of valuable secondary metabolites such as agricultural antibiotic, plant growth hormone, and so on. Gene cloning and recombination of Streptomycetes offers a good possibility to improve secondary metabolite production and exploiting new type antibiotics. The identification of gene clusters of natural products has provided enormous information for the research of their biosynthesis, regulation, and self-resistance mechanisms. This paper reviewed the cloning strategies of the biosynthetic gene clusters of antibiotics.

  Advance in Crop QTL Cloning 2011, 27 (7):  210-215.  Abstract + ( 1101 )   PDF ( 592157KB )   ( 2106 ) The strategy, progress and molecular mechanism of crop QTL cloning were reviewed in this paper. Summarized 37 successfully cloned QTLs in crops, we found that the quantitative traits were controlled by a few kinds of genes, such as transcription factors, protein kinase, cytokinin oxidase, etc. More over, 12 of the 37 genes were transcription factors, which suggested that transcription factors are important reasons for plant evolution and variation. With the development of sequence techniques, much more advantage for QTL mapping will be provided by enormous genomic data and much more QTLs will be cloned.

  Discussion of Accumulation of Proline and its Relationship with Osmotic Stress Tolerance of Plants 2011, 27 (7):  216-221.  Abstract + ( 1381 )   PDF ( 668376KB )   ( 2609 ) Proline is an important osmotic adjusting materials to adapt to environmental stress in plants. This article summarized the effect of proline for Osmotic stress tolerance in plants, the advances in the accumulation paths of proline, and the genes, which are related to proline metabolism and transportation, the relative genetic engineering improvements for Osmotic stress tolerance of plants were also reviewed in this paper, puts forward some problems in present researches about Osmotic stress tolerance in plants and some directions for the following study, in order to provide a theory basis on genetic improvement in stress resistance of plants.

  Cloning, Construction of Plant Expression Vector and Establishment of Transformation System in Soybean of the cry1 Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis 2011, 27 (7):  222-226.  Abstract + ( 1748 )   PDF ( 1385158KB )   ( 1506 ) A Bacillus thuringiensis strain which produced crystal was isolated from soil with the method of sodium acetate-antibiotics heating in this study. By the known cry1 gene sequences, a pair of primers was designed. The PCR amplification was completed with the template of the DNA of the isolated strain, and the cloned fragment was sequenced. The results of sequence analysis indicated that this fragment had at least 90%-99% homology compared with the other cry1 genes. The target fragment was ligated with pBI121 vector and the plant expression vector was constructed, which was transferred into the cotyledon node system in soybean by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method and severa1 transformed plants were obtained which tested by PCR amplification. This result indicated that the transformed system in soybean was established.

  Comparative Study on Two Methods of Recycling Short DNA Fragments from Nondenaturing Polyacrylamide Gel 2011, 27 (7):  227-230.  Abstract + ( 1408 )   PDF ( 733878KB )   ( 1987 ) Recycling DNA fragments from polyacrylamide gel is a common technique in molecular biology, especially for recycling DNA short fragments. In this experiment, two methods (boiling method and water-bath method) were used to extract short DNA fragments which were co-precipitated with absolute ethanol and 3 mol/L sodium acetate together. The results were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At last, short DNA fragments was analyzed by the method of ultraviolet absorption. It showed that the recovery rate of short DNA fragments in water-bath method was higher than boiling method. Water-bath method combined with ethanol precipitation for extracted short DNA fragments had many advantages, such as economical and convenient which should be advocated to use widespread.

  Tissue-Specific Expression and Temporal and Spatial Expression of Atypical Odorant Receptor Gene OR2 in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) 2011, 27 (7):  231-235.  Abstract + ( 1251 )   PDF ( 738781KB )   ( 1094 ) To study the tissue-specific expression and quantitative analysis of atypical odorant receptor gene OR2 (orthologue to the Drosophila melanogaster DOR83b) in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (SexiOR2), the researchs on mRNA expression level and specific of atypical odorant receptor OR2 at different developmental stages in S. exigua were performed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time quantitative PCR). The results indicated that SexiOR2 was expressed in antennae and proboscis of male and female S. exigua. The expression level was the highest in male antennae 36 h after emergence, and was 5.5-fold higher than female antennae. The level of SexiOR2 was very low in proboscis. In this study, the tissue expression pattern and level of SexiOR2 was inferred at different developmental stages.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of β-defensin gene of Three-yellow Chicken W Xin-wei 2011, 27 (7):  236-239.  Abstract + ( 1308 )   PDF ( 690787KB )   ( 877 ) According to chicken β-defensin sequences published in GeneBank, a pair of specific primers was designed. The Gal-9 gene was amplified by using RT-PCR from the lung tissue of Xinzheng Sanhuang chicken. Then it was sequenced. The results showed that the length of the cDNA fragment obtained was 195bp, encoding 65 amino acids; BLAST analysis showed that the homology between the fragment cloned and the chicken β-defensin-Gal-9 gene sequences published in the Gene Bank was 98%. Then the sequence was contrasted with the 10 Gal-9 sequences published, at the same time, the phylogenetic tree was drawn. The results showed that the homology of them is from 91.8% to 94.4%; Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the gene and Gal-9 gene in the same evolutionary branch. That not only provided a base for research on immunologic function of Gal-9 in the native chicken, but also laid the foundation of developing new antimcrobial product with broad spectrum.

  The Control Strategy of Nilaparvata lugens 2011, 27 (7):  240-244.  Abstract + ( 1089 )   PDF ( 572991KB )   ( 1068 ) Yield loss is caused by brown plant hopper are becoming more and more serious in recent years. By analyzing the changes of rice cropping system and the occurring dynamics of the insect, new ideas and control strategies are forwarded: (1) The plant brown hopper that imperil the rice production in China might survive overwinter to north latitude of 19oN, but the disastrous insect source mainly comes from the south of 16oN, especially from the Mekong Delta of south Vietnam and Thailand. (2) Rampant of BPH might relate to the following factors: the expansion of rice growing area in Asean countries, substitution of high-stem type by dwarf type, multi-cropping seasons every year, higher planting density and fertilizer input, overlap of growth stage, utilization of susceptible rice varieties, extra use of pesticide, global warming that infavor of the reproduction and migration of the insects. Control strategies: push forward the defense frontline to the birthland, Mekong Delta, by implementing integrated pest control focused on regional ecology management: reducing the winter season rice growth area, setting up tropical fruit and cash crop producing base, international cooperation on BPH control, eliminating the migrating insects by seducing them in a confined trap.

  Toxicity Test and Effectivity of the Mixture of Validamycin and Bacillus subtilis to Rhizoctonia cerealis 2011, 27 (7):  245-248.  Abstract + ( 1522 )   PDF ( 569224KB )   ( 986 ) In order to clear the toxicity of the mixture of validamycin 5% WP and Bacillus subtilis (200 hundreds million spores per gram) to Rhizoctonia cerealis; the toxicity test was determined in laboratory by mycelium growth rate method. According to Wadley method, the synergistic activity was evaluated, and pot experiment of different ratio was studied. Results showed that coefficient of synergism was the highest and synergistic activity was the strongest when the ratio of validamycin 5% WP and Bacillus subtilis (200 hundreds million spores per gram) was 1:1. It’s preventing effect were 78.8%, 77.3%, 75.1% when concentration was 500, 125, 250 mg/L respectively, higher than carbendazim 50% WP (167 mg/L) and validamycin 5% WP (500 mg/L). The preventing effect and cure effect were evident. The mixture of validamycin 5% WP and Bacillus subtilis (200 hundreds million spores per gram) could taken as an ideal fungicides to Rhizoctonia cerealis.

  The Deposition Law of Coal Dust from Coke Oven Plant and its Effects on Antioxidant System of the Maize 2011, 27 (7):  249-252.  Abstract + ( 1135 )   PDF ( 792694KB )   ( 773 ) In order to further clarify the deposition law of coal dust and its effects on antioxidant system of the plants, effects of coal dust from the coal storage area of a coke oven plant in Taiyuan on antioxidant system of the surrounding maize within 400 m range were investigated, under outdoor coal dust was regularly collected and indoor plant physiology index analysis. Results indicated quantities of total dust and coal dust in the distance apparently decreased with away from the coal storage area. Moreover, the activities of the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased in the leaves of maize seedlings, especially SOD activity was more sensitive. It suggested that coal dust could promote the antioxidant system in maize, increase oxidation indexs such as T-AOC, SOD and CAT, and to some extent reduce the damage to maize.

  Physical and Chemical Properties and Safety Study of Six Corn Seed-coatings to Maize 2011, 27 (7):  253-256.  Abstract + ( 1275 )   PDF ( 656058KB )   ( 1042 ) To better understand the quality of corn seed-coatings , physical and chemical properties and safety of six corn seed-coatings were tested. Film-forming, Coating homogeneity and suspension rate of all coatings met the National Standards. Viscosity values of 15.5% Thiram?Carbofuran and 8.1% Carbofuran?Tebuconazole?Triadimenfon reached the National Standards. pH ranges of all seed coatings occurred between 6.38 and 7.55, and 25% Carbofuran?Thiram?Carboxin, 15% Thiram?Carbofuran?Tebuconazole and 20% Thiram?Carbofuran?Triadimenal came up to the National Standards. Pull-out rate of seed coatings met the National Standards excerpt 25% Carbofuran?Thiram?Carboxin. Germination potential, germination rate, germination index, date of seedling vigor index, seedling length and fresh weight of seeds treated with seed coating were lower than the control in Laboratory. Seedling emergency rates of all treatments in field trail were improved comparing with the control, but seedling quality had no significant increase. The results showed that 15.5% Thiram?Carbofuran is the best choice among the six corn seed-coatings.

  Study on Identification and Fermentation Condition of the Strain ZY-19-2 which Inhibit to Tobacco Black Shank 2011, 27 (7):  257-261.  Abstract + ( 4942 )   PDF ( 1161994KB )   ( 5164 ) Tobacco black shank is one of the most serious diseases of tobacco. People mainly adopt integrated management to the disease like, breeding for resistance varieties, agro-protection, chemical control, biological control and plant induced resistance in production of tobacco. Biological control is the best way against the disease for tobacco. The strain ZY-19-2 was isolated and screened from rhizosphere of tobacco, which demonstrated high inhibitory to tobacco black shank. In order to appraise its value, we identified the strain and studied its activity of Chitinase in different culture conditions. The results indicated that the stain ZY-19-2 was Paecilomyces lilacinus, which showed strongly inhibition action to parasitica Phytophthroa Dast var. nicotianae and the highest activity of Chitinase was 0.216 U/mL using 1.2% chitin as carbons source in the medium and the initial pH of fermentation fluid was 6.0, with 1% peptone as nitrogen, 0.1% Tween-80 as a surfactant, fermentation time being 60 h, rotation speed of 120 min. The strain ZY-19-2 was optimized in culture different conditions, which established foundation on producing highly effective Chitinase and chitooligosaccarides and controlling tobacco black shank.

  Extraction and Antimicrobial Activity of Spearmint Oil on Plant Eumycete in Vitro 2011, 27 (7):  262-265.  Abstract + ( 1196 )   PDF ( 898463KB )   ( 854 ) To study the inhibitory activity on plant eumycete in vitro of spearmint oil, which was extracted by steam distillation method and prepared to different concentration. 3 kinds of plant eumycete —— Helminthosporium turcicum, Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora capsici were chosen for test by using double dilution of test tube method. Result: Spearmint oil exhibited some inhibitory activity on Helminthosporium turcicum at 24th hour. But the activities weaken and vanished at the 36th hour and the 48th hour. It exhibited fine inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea. It also exhibited little inhibitory activity on Phytophthora capsici. Conclusion: Spearmint oil exhibited fine inhibitory activity against some plant eumycete.

  Preliminary Report on the Ovipositing and Feeding Host Species of the Meadow Moth (Loxostege sticticalis L.) 2011, 27 (7):  266-278.  Abstract + ( 1218 )   PDF ( 832443KB )   ( 894 ) Through extensive and systemic field investigation and observation in multi-points for 2 years, combining with former survey results, the host species and behavior mode of Loxostege sticticalis L.’s ovipositing and feeding have been listed and confirmed. The preference differences on plant species among different regions and larvae instars have been expatiated. It is indicated that the feeding host species are not completely coincident with that of ovipositing. The ovipositing positions and their ratios are also not fixed and would change with environmental temperature and humidity. The presented results have further elucidated the Loxostege sticticalis L.’s preference on host and this is an adaptability for population survival and development. Therefore, the meadow moth deserves one of the most important pest in crop growing, so that adjusting of crop species and timing weeding in cultivation are the efficient control measures.

  Effect of Electronic Beam Irradiation on Different Development Stages of Liposcelis paeta Pearman 2011, 27 (7):  279-283.  Abstract + ( 1233 )   PDF ( 632568KB )   ( 1043 ) The objective of this study was to prevent the damage on tobacco and other storage from Liposcelis paeta. The irradiation effects of electronic beam on different development stages of Liposcelis paeta in tobacco were studied. The results showed that the egg was the most sensitive stage to electron beam irradiation, and the adult was the most resistant stage. The hatching of egg could be stopped by 100Gy irradiation. The LD50 of the adult and nymphae at 21days after irradiation was 179.1 Gy and 130.9 Gy, respectively. When receiving a dose 300 Gy, the adult and nymphae wold die out within 63 days and 49 days, respectively. And no new generation was found after 300 Gy irradiation for adults. Thus, the dose of 300 Gy irradiation is recommended for the control of Liposcelis paeta Pearman.

  Study on Preparation and Properties of Phosphoric Agricultural Absorbent Resin 2011, 27 (7):  284-289.  Abstract + ( 1775 )   PDF ( 846187KB )   ( 1049 ) 【OBJECTIVE】In order to repair soil moisture, remit the influence to crops and forest that was brought by drought, prepared a kind of phosphoric agricultural absorbent resin;【METHOD】The resin was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization, adopted N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide as crosslinking agent, ammonium persulfate as initiator dosage, acrylamide(AM) and part-neutralised acrylic acid(AA) as raw material, during this preparation added some phosphorus power; 【RESULTS】After the system experiments,when the polymerization temperature was 75oC, the neutralization degree of acrylic acid was 60%,the concentration of acrylic acid was 15%, the ratio between acrylamide and acrylic acid was 4：1, the amount of initiator dosage was 0.5%，the amount of crosslinker agent was 0.02%，the amount of phosphorus power was 10 , the water absorption was 621g/g and 52.71g/g in distilled water and saline water;【CONCLUSION】Through this experiment, phosphoric agricultural absorbent resin was prepared, it not only good for water retention ,but also good for release phosphorus after a long run, which was do well in agriculture, even it was do well in environmental protection.

  Establishment of indirect ELISA method to detect Porcine Circovirus 2 antibody 2011, 27 (7):  290-294.  Abstract + ( 1512 )   PDF ( 622983KB )   ( 1362 ) The research established a fast and sensitive indirect ELISA method to detect PCV2 antibody. The experiment used the prokaryotic expressive PCV2-Cap protein as the envelope antigen. In addition, we also confirmed the optimal coating-antigen concentration、Rabbit Anti-Pig IgG concentration, and selected the best detection-pending serum dilution、critical value, and detected specificness、stability、coincidence rate by indirect ELISA method. The results indicated only the PCV2 postive serum was detected by indirect ELISA; The variance among the three repeat experiments was nonsignificant; The coincidence rate between indirect and the PCV2 Kit of JBT in Korea was up to 92.5%; The 204 swine serum samples from the Fujian Province were detected by indirect ELISA, the positive rate was 76.5%. The experiment revealed the optimization indirect ELISA was of good specificity, good repeatability and stability, and may be used as the serodiagnosis and the epidemiological study of PCV2 antibody.

  Quantitative Detection of Swine Streptococcus Pneumoniae by Fluorescence PCR 2011, 27 (7):  295-299.  Abstract + ( 1071 )   PDF ( 899468KB )   ( 812 ) Streptococcus pneumoniae is the pathogen which leads to the pneumonia and septicemia of young pigs. This study applies a new technique, real-time florescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, to establish a rapid diagnostic method for detecting the S. pneumoniae by using a set of special primers for 16S rRNA gene. The validations of repeatability, specificity and sensitivity indicate that this method is suitable for clinical diagnosis of S. pneumoniae.

  Optimization of Parameters of Exogene Transfection of Luchuan Pig Fetal Fibroblasts in vitro Mediated by Liposome 2011, 27 (7):  300-303.  Abstract + ( 1072 )   PDF ( 1039831KB )   ( 973 ) This study was aimed to obtain higher efficiency in gene transfection into Luchuan Pig Fetal Fibroblasts and to study the role of green fluorescence proten (GFP) as a reporter system. We investigated the effect of parameter such as the dose of DNA and liposome number of cell transfected and exposure time of the cell to the DNA-liposome complexes. It was indicated that 6ug DNA with 15uL liposome resulted in the highest transfection efficiency after 8h transfection

  Sheeppox Virus RPO30 Gene Cloning and Sequence Analysis 2011, 27 (7):  304-308.  Abstract + ( 1119 )   PDF ( 879152KB )   ( 884 ) Abstract: To research the goat pox virus by RNAi, the RNA polymerase 30 gene (RPO30) as a target sequence was analyzed. In the study, RPO30 was cloned by PCR, and sequencing shows that the open reading frame is 585bp that can code 193 amino acids,and there is a HindIII enzyme cut sites located during 110 to 117bp. The RPO30 sequence we cloned has different homology between different pox virus strains in the GenBank database. More bio-informatics software analyzed show that the amino acids site 4～12aa、18～26aa、50～61aa、68～92aa and176～190aa have more possibility of forming enzyme activity center. So, we should select these sites to inference.

  Expression and Subcellular Localization of Hu Sheep Myogenin and EGFP Fusion Protein 2011, 27 (7):  309-313.  Abstract + ( 1432 )   PDF ( 907213KB )   ( 1379 ) Abstract: [Objective] To construct the eukaryotic expression vector for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused with Hu Sheep myogenin (MyoG) for investigating the subcellular localization of EGFP-MyoG fusion protein in the transfected NIH-3T3 cells. [Method] MyoG gene was amplified by PCRfrom pMD19-T-MyoG and inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C1 to construct fusion protein expression vector pEGFP-C1-MyoG. Then NIH-3T3 cell was transfected with the constructed recombinant plasmid pEGFP-C1-MyoG. 48 hours after transfection, the subcellular localization of the fusion protein was monitored by fluorescence microscopy and the expression of MyoG was detected by RT-PCR and western blot. [Results] Enzyme, sequencing analysis indicated that the MyoG gene had been correctly inserted into the pEGFP-C1. RT-PCR detected specific 680bp band, indicating the expression of fusion protein in RNA level. Western blot analysis confirmed that the EGFP-MyoG fusion protein of Mr 53kD was detected in transfected NIH-3T3 cells. Fluorescence observed under fluorescence microscopy showed that EGFP-MyoG protein was positioned in the nucleus.[Conclusion] The fusion protein EGFP-MyoG was successfully expressed in NIH-3T3 cells, and it was positioned in nucleus in single cell level.

  Correlative Analysis between Polymorphism of PGC-1α Gene and Meat Quality Traits in Qingyuan Partridge Chickens 2011, 27 (7):  314-321.  Abstract + ( 1136 )   PDF ( 2445295KB )   ( 897 ) [Objective] The PGC-1α gene is the key gene impacting meat quality . In order to find out a mutation site having more influence on meat quality, this article studied the polymorphism of PGC-1α gene, which can provide the foundation of the next functional verification of protein. [Method] We found the polymorphism site of PGC-1α gene of Qingyuan Partridge Chickens by PCR-SSCP and PCR-LDR. Fat content, shear force and WLR（Water lost rate of breast muscle）tested as meat quality indicators were grouped according to different genotypes. And then we analyzed the impact of different genotype on meat quality via analysis of variance and multiple comparison. [Result] We screened two polymorphism sites SNP1 and SNP2 in Qingyuan Partridge Chickens, which are both mutated from G to A. SNP1 is in an intron, which has no effect on meat quality. SNP2 is a sense mutation in the exon 8 with a significant effect on WHC (Water Holding Capacity). Hens’ meat quality is better than cocks’, and there is extremely significant difference between the two sexes as to the shear forces. As for SNP2, the meat quality of AG genotype is better than of AA and GG genotypes.

  Effects of bacillus preparation on product performance and egg quality in layers 2011, 27 (7):  322-325.  Abstract + ( 1282 )   PDF ( 609926KB )   ( 1016 ) Abstract：This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of bacillus preparation on product performance and egg quality in layers. Three thousand and six hundred 259-day-old “jing fen yi hao” layers were randomly divided into 2 groups，with 6 replications per group and 300 layers each replication. Layers in control group were fed basal diet. The trail groups were fed diet supplemented with 3% bacillus preparation. The experiment lasted for 40 d. The results showed that there were no significant effects of trail group on product performance and egg quality of layers in this experiment. Egg quality was improved by trail group.

  Studies on the Genetic Variability of Five Rabbit Lines by Microsatellite DNA 2011, 27 (7):  326-330.  Abstract + ( 1112 )   PDF ( 1169310KB )   ( 928 ) In this study,10 microsatellite markers were used to analyse polymorphisms of five rabbit lines by microsatellite DNA.Effective allele number,polymorphis in formation content (PIC) and the genetic heterozygosity were caculated to evaluate the genetic variability within lines.The results showed:both the polymorphic information content and the heterozygosity in Belgium rabbit population were the highest(0.5704 and 0.8233),while both in Galifornian rabbit population were the lowest(0.4997 and 0.5897).

  Divergence time between domestic fowls in Anseriformes inferred from mitochondrial RNAs 2011, 27 (7):  331-334.  Abstract + ( 1130 )   PDF ( 634157KB )   ( 1153 ) Many water fowls have a long history of domestication for socio-economic reasons. However, phylogenetic relation in this group remains contradictory. In this study, we infer the divergence time between water fowls with mitochondrial RNAs in order to elucidate speciation events in domestic geese. Firstly, we have extracted DNA from Taihue goose and Landaise goose, which stand respectively for Chinese geese and European geese. Mitochondrial RNAs have been amplified by PCR method. Secondly, we pick up 10 complete mtDNA sequences from GenBank. Then, we reconstruct phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian method and RNA secondary structure. At last, the divergence time is inferred with r8s. The fossils we chose are : (1) a fossil anseriform that sets a minimum age of 11.1 Mya for the common ancestor of swans/brantas and geese. (2) earliest Branta fossil for a minimum age of common ancestry of Anser-Branta at 7.15 Mya. The results: divergence time for common ancestry of Chinese goose and European goose is assigned to 0.61 Mya, and split between Muscovy and Mallard have occurred in the early Miocence, i.e. ,15.5 Mya. Associating divergence time with geological event in Pleistocene, we infer climatic cycles with subsequent glacial and intergalcial periods have had an important impact on speciation of two domestic geese. Results in this study are useful to conservation and utilization of genetic resource in water fowls.

  Serological survey of Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease in Henan Province 2011, 27 (7):  335-337.  Abstract + ( 1251 )   PDF ( 568733KB )   ( 1040 ) Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease in Henan Province. 355 bovine sera from twenty cattle breeding farms in different parts of Henan province was collected and antibodies to Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were detected by ELISA. The result showed that 85 percent of twenty cattle breeding farms were infected by Bovine viral diarrhea virus. The highest positive rate in cattle breeding farms was 88.24 percent, and the average rate also arrived at 53.8 percent. It indicated that the Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease was widespread in the cattle breeding farms of Henan province.

  The tolerance in gastrointestinal tract environment and anti-diarrhea of strain JM-11 from chicken against pathogenic bacteria 2011, 27 (7):  338-342.  Abstract + ( 1168 )   PDF ( 704661KB )   ( 1138 ) In this study，strain JM-11 with antagonistic activity against E. coli was isolated from the cecum of healthy chicken. As the morphology characteristics and physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strain JM-11 was finally identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis. The test result of the tolerance in gastrointestinal tract and Bile salts were showed as follows: the strain JM-11 can survive in the simulated natural (bile salts content 0.3%, pH3.0 artificial gastric juice)environment. The model of diarrhea was produced by using antibiotics to break flora balance of intestinal tract, then pathogenicity E.coli was fed. The result of curing diarrhea of chicken by strain JM-11 was showed as follows: the quantity of E.coli was remarkably decreased (P<0.01), Lactobacilli activities significantly increased (P<0.01), immune organ index of chicken was significantly increased(P<0.05).

  Identification and Molecular Characterization of an Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain HN104 2011, 27 (7):  343-347.  Abstract + ( 1429 )   PDF ( 821114KB )   ( 1375 ) A virus was isolated from a suspected of suffering from avian infectious bronchitis chicken farms in Henan province in April 2010.The virus was confirmed as a genetic variation occurred avian infectious bronchitis virus by SPF chicken embryos induced dwarf experiment, chicken red blood cell agglutination test, interference with Newcastle disease virus proliferation assay and RT-PCR tests. Its allantoic fluid hemagglutination titer which for chicken red blood cells is 0.However,viruses’ HA titer is 27 after treatment by trypsin.EID50 (50% egg infectious dose) is 10-5.5/0.1 mL; It can significantly interfere with Newcastle Disease Virus La Sota strain proliferation in the chick embryo; SPF chickens infection Experiments showed that the virus can cause swelling of the kidney and spotted kidney. The S1 cDNA was 1617 bp. Phylogenetic tree showed that the kinship between IBV Massachusetts strain, T strain and 4/91 strain is distantly related less than 78%.

  Effects of Nerium indicum Leaves on Compound Action Potential of Sciatic Nerves of Toad 2011, 27 (7):  348-351.  Abstract + ( 1460 )   PDF ( 605463KB )   ( 1542 ) Abstract:To research the effects of the water extract from Nerium indicun leaves on action potential of the toad’s sciatic nerves. The toad’s sciatic nerves were divided into three groups, and infiltration with concentration of 10％,20％and 40％of the water extract from Nerium indicum leaves. the amplitude, conduction velocity, threshold intensity and refractory period of action potentials of the sciatic nerves from each group were measured respectively by BL-420F organism function experiment system. The conclusion of study had indicated that the water extract from Nerium indicun leaves could decrease the conduction velocity (p<0.05),slowed down the conduction velocity (p＜0.05),extended the refractory period (p<0.05),and increase the threshold intensity(p＜0.05).The action potential of sciatic nerves vanished at last. The action potential of sciatic nerves could recover. The conclusion of study had indicated that the water extract from Nerium indicum leaves could block the conduction of action potential of nerve reversibly.

  Clone, Expression and Detection of CDV VP2 Gene in E. coli 2011, 27 (7):  352-355.  Abstract + ( 1096 )   PDF ( 914717KB )   ( 979 ) To establish a yeast Pichia pastoris expression system expressing canine parvovirus VP2 protein (CPV VP2) to serve the diagnosis of CPV,development of CPV vaccine and research of VP2 protein function. To test the structure and fuction of VP2 protion in diagnoses and immunization in CDV.A pair of primers was designed and synthesized based on Canine parvovims(CPV)from GenBank,and the VP2 gene of CPV was cloned from bloody stool of a dead dog by PCR. The results showed that the complete sequence of the VP2 gene was 1 755 bp in ength . The nucleotide homology respectively is in 98.7%-99.7%.Then the VP2 gene was expressed by expression vector in BL21. The expressed productions were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting,and the results showed that the VP2 protein was high-efficiently expressed in E. coli.

  Isolation and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from Animals and Drug Resistance Analysis 2011, 27 (7):  356-359.  Abstract + ( 1579 )   PDF ( 980465KB )   ( 1647 ) Abstract: To study the drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from animals, the S. aureus were isolated and identified from four clinical samples which were collected from the pet hospitals in Qingdao, Jinan, Yangzhou and a chicken farm in Pingdu with S. aureus color culture medium. The drug resistance of S. aureus analysis was carried out by mini-broth dilution susceptibility test. The results showed that the isolating rates of S. aureu from the pet dogs in Qingdao, Jinan, Yangzhou and the chicken in Pingdu were 8.2%, 9.5%, 5.8% and 3.3%, respectively. The drug resistance rates of S. aureus strains isolated from pet clinical samples to oxacillin sodium, cefazolin sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, ampicillin sodium, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium, gentamycin and amikacin were low relatively. The resistance rates of S. aureus strains isolated from pet clinical samples to sulfamethoxazole sodium, lincomycin, benzylpenicillin sotassium, erythromycin thiocyanate, tilmicosin phosphate were more than sixty-eight percent. In the other hands, the resistance rates of S. aureus strains isolated from chicken to gentamycin, amikacin were 25.0%, 25.0%, respectively. It showed that the isolating rate of strains from chicken was lower than that from the dog pets, On the contrary, the drug resistance of S. aureus strains was higher.

  Synthesis and Detection of Artificial Antigen for Progesterone 2011, 27 (7):  360-363.  Abstract + ( 1191 )   PDF ( 843030KB )   ( 1081 ) Abstract: two kinds of artificial antigen for progesterone(P4) were synthesized and identified in this research. Progesterone-11alpha-hemisuccinate was conjugated with carrier protein Albumin Bovine V(BSA) and Albumin egg(OVA) by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCC).Then,10 Balb/c mice were injected with immunogen P4-BSA to produce antibody against P4. The prepared artificial antigens were accredited by Ultra violet scan and the titer of antibody against P4 was detected by Elisa. The results show that the conjugation molecular ratios of P4 with BSA and OVA are 18:1 and 10:1 and the titer is as high as 1:25600.

  Application of Reverse Genetics Manipulation in the Research of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome 2011, 27 (7):  364-368.  Abstract + ( 1027 )   PDF ( 584816KB )   ( 920 ) Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is considered one of the most important contagious diseases in swine industry today and responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. Reverse genetics manipulation has been used extensively in variety of fields of life science for several decades, which supports us a powerful method to explore organisms. This paper mainly summarized the application and perspective of reverse genetics manipulation in the research of PRRS, including virus rescue, vaccines development, molecular etiology diagnosis and so on.

  Advances in studies on genetic resources of grass carp 2011, 27 (7):  369-373.  Abstract + ( 1156 )   PDF ( 616018KB )   ( 1313 ) Abstract：The herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), one of the highest production of aquaculture fish in the world，is a special one for freshwater aquaculture in China. This species has been cultured for more than 1700 years. The species is distributed in China, Russia and Bulgaria, which was introduced to 93 countries. In China, the species is distributed in Yangtse river, Zhujiang river and Heilongjiang river. In this paper, the author summarizes the major results in study on genetic characters of morphology, cytogenetics, enzymatic genetics，molecular genetics and genomics in grass carp, including the genetic differences in morphology and molecular genetics levels. And some suggestions about studies on genetic resources and reasonable utilization of genetic resources are given for grass carp to protect and use genetic resources of grass carp.

  An analysis of the nutritive compositions in the muscle of Cranoglanis bouderius 2011, 27 (7):  374-379.  Abstract + ( 1285 )   PDF ( 712076KB )   ( 921 ) Abstract: 【Objective】【Method】Nutritional components in the muscle of Cranoglanis bouderius were tested and analyzed with routine methods. Samples of 10 wild—cultured individuals were collected from Tibet selincuo lake in January of 2007.【Result】The results showed that contents of crude protein，crude fat，moisture，ash and carbohydrates of fresh muscles were 17.86％,14.27％,65.70％,2.06％ and 0.11％respectively．The composition of amino acids of muscle was 18 common amino acids and 8 essential amino acids for human needs. In dry sample the total content of amino acids was68.71％; the content of essential amino acids was 26.84％.the percent age of essential amino acids in total amino acids were 39.06％, In dry sample the content of four kinds delicious amino acids was 26.66％. The composition of fatty acids of muscle was 16 fatty acids The contents of EPA and DHA in fatty acids were 1.86％and 2.85％,which were higher than some other economic fishes.【Conclusion】It was indicated that Cranoglanis bouderius is one of freshwater fishes with better nutritive value and raising value, deserving exploitation and utilization.

  Studies on 5 isozymes in different tissues of Hephaestus fuliginosus 2011, 27 (7):  380-384.  Abstract + ( 1276 )   PDF ( 2538414KB )   ( 817 ) Five isozymes (EST, CAT, POD, MDH, LDH) in six tissues (liver, heart, spleen, kidney, muscle, eye) of Hephaestus fuliginosus were studied by using vertical polyacrylamide gel gradient electrophoresis. Zymograms and loci of these 5 isozymes were analyzed. The results showed that these five isozymes presented tissue specificity to some degrees. Two sites were detected with EST and each site was encoded by 2 loci. Only one site was detected with CAT which included 2 loci. The zymogram of POD was relatively complicated, includeding 5 sites and 4 of which had alleles. Two types of MDH (m-MDH and s-MDH) were found in six tissues: s-MDH only showed one dimer; m-MDH had 2 bands in liver and 1 bands in other tissues. LDH was detected in six tissues and Ldh-5 was only found in heart.

  Construction of pEGFP/GH expression vector of Nile tilapia andexpression of GH／EGFP in NIH293T cells 2011, 27 (7):  385-389.  Abstract + ( 1057 )   PDF ( 1946355KB )   ( 923 ) Total RNA was isolated from Nile tilapia pituitary gland. Then we cloned the cDAN encoding growth hormone from the the Nile tilapia pituitary by Reverse Transcription-PolymeraseChain Reaction(RT-PCR), sequence of 785bp.The result of sequence analysis and restriction map shows that an open reading frame of tilapia growth hormone gene contains 615 base pairs which code for a polypeptide of 204 amino acids including 17 amino acids of the signal peptlde and 187 amino acids of the mature growth hormone. Nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of tilapia growth hormone gene are as same as Rentier-Delrue’s tilapia GH cDNA in code region.The objective fragment was inserted into the downstream of the carrier promoter and combined with the report gene EGFP.The combinant plasmid was verified by PCR of the bacterium liquid，restriction enzyme digestion and gene sequencing.The pEGFP-GH recombinant is transfected into 293T cells by lipofection respectively. The results showed that the expressing fluorescent cells are more than 90% by pEGFP-N1; but the pEGFP-GH is less weaker intensity. The phenomena show that the Nile tilapia GH gene has good activity in eukaryotic cells.

  Effects of Different Nutritional Conditions on the Phosphorus Purification of Three Submerged Macrophytes 2011, 27 (7):  390-394.  Abstract + ( 1505 )   PDF ( 623478KB )   ( 1170 ) In order to research the three submerged plants’ absorption characteristics of phosphorus in Taihu Lake, the influences of three kinds of submerged vegetation Hydrllaverticillata, Ceratophyllumm demersum and Elodea nuttalli absorbing phosphorus under different nitrogen consistence and light intensity were investigated under indoors simulating conditions. The results showed that during the 11 days experimental time, three kinds of submerged vegetation absorbed total phosphorous in water effectively under natural light. The purification effect was Ceratophyllumm demersum>Hydrllaverticillata>Elodea nuttalli; The purification effect of the same submerged macrophytes was different under different nitrogen consistence, the removal rate of Hydrllaverticillata and Elodea nuttalli with 42.48% and 51.33% in 0 mg/L nitrogen consistence experiment respectively was the best, Ceratophyllumm demersum with 61.06% in 7 mg/L nitrogen consistence experiment was the best. The results showed that light intensity environmental factor had significant effects on the uptake rates of phosphorus. The purification effect of three kinds of submerged vegetation became lower in the dark.

  Preliminary Exploration on Assessment of Intensive Pond Ecosystem Health 2011, 27 (7):  395-399.  Abstract + ( 1034 )   PDF ( 722274KB )   ( 900 ) Ecosystem health was a newly proposed concept in the world with the environment becoming a serious issue. A method, trophic state-comprehensive index based on researches on the ponds ecosystem health had been proposed to assess the ecosystem health of 3 kinds of ponds under different water purification methods, the conventional water self-purification, using of immobilized bio-film structure of artificial substrates, and the using of floating bed vegetation (the Ipomoea aquatica). Firstly, 4 indices including Chla, SD, TP and TN were chosen to calculate the trophic status index (TSI). Secondly, nondimensionalizated indicators such as physical indicators, chemical indicators and biological indicators were used to calculate comprehensive index to estimate the ecosystem health state. The result showed that under the 2 water purification methods, the TSI of the intensive ponds decreased, and the CI of the intensive ponds increased, which meant that the 2 water purification methods can make the ecosystem health of the intensive ponds much better. Most importantly, the results also reflected the fact that the combination of TSI and CI can be the method of assessing the ecosystem health of intensive ponds and even all trophic-level ponds.

  Establishment and Application of AFLP Reaction System in Gansu Rainbow Trout 2011, 27 (7):  400-404.  Abstract + ( 1307 )   Oncorhynchus mykiss is an important reared freshwater species, which has been cultured for more than thirty years in Gansu Province, China. Gansu golden trout is a new breed developed in Gansu, which had pass the National Aquaculture Species Identification Committee identifying and was recommend as the species reared in the northwestern areas. In this study, the DNA was extracted from the caudal fin of Gansu rainbow trout, and the conditions for AFLP analysis were optimized, including DNA concentration, dNTPs concentration, primer concentrati- on, denaturation time and annealing temperature.Then the AFLP reaction system was established. 100 ng genomic DNA was digested for 3 h at 37℃with34 U EcoR I and then 65℃for 5 h with 4 U Mse I , respectively; the product was ligated for 12 h with 1U ligase and was pre-amplificated; the products of pre-ampification was diluted 30 times, 8∶1 (w∶w) MseⅠ/ EcoRⅠselective primers for selective amplification; the amplification patterns were obtained clearly and stably. Finally, thirteen AFLP primer combinations that are suitable for Gansu Rainbow Trout cultivar were screened.

  Study on Fisheries Resources Information System of Taihu Lake Based on ArcSDE and MapGuide 2011, 27 (7):  405-408.  Abstract + ( 1112 )   PDF ( 1232745KB )   ( 1034 ) Spatial data on fisheries resources of Taihu Lake were collected and stored in the spatial database constructed by ArcSDE and SQL Server.The software named Mapguide was used to publish the spatial data. Fisheries resources information system of Taihu Lake had the functions such as electronic map browsing, layers management and spatial data query and analysis. The successful development of fisheries resources information system of Taihu Lake can expand the radius of data on fisheries resources and play a supporting role on fisheries development planning and decision.

  Effects of Humidification Sunlight Withering on the Quality of Soft Scent Summer Oolong Tea 2011, 27 (7):  409-413.  Abstract + ( 1263 )   PDF ( 663629KB )   ( 882 ) In order to improve the quality of summer oolong tea, the effects of a new processing technique of humidification sunlight withering on sensory quality and biochemical component of soft scent summer oolong tea were studied. Water was sprayed on the tender shoots of ‘Benshan’ and ‘Tieguanyin’ of tea plant cultivars (the water amount 6%、9%、12%、15%、18% tender shoots weight, respectively), and then soft scent summer oolong tea was manufactured after humidification sunlight withering. Oolong tea sensory was tested and biochemical compounds were determined. The results showed that: the relative air humidity of surface of humidification sunlight withering leaves enhanced, while the temperature of humidification sunlight withering leaves reduced, the time of humidification sunlight withering extended. Compared with control, the quality of oolong tea from 9%、12%、15% humidification sunlight withering technique were significantly improved, the bitterness and astringency of soft scent oolong tea degraded 2-3 level and the content of total free amino acids increased by the new technique of humidification sunlight withering.

  Total Nitrogen Contents of Cutters Flue-cured Tobacco Leaf in Hunan Tobacco-Growing Areas 2011, 27 (7):  414-417.  Abstract + ( 1051 )   PDF ( 746895KB )   ( 786 ) A total of 315 cutler flue-cured tobacco samples were collected from main tobacco-growing areas in Hunan, and their total nitrogen contents were determined by continuous flow method to study the regional characteristics of the total nitrogen content. The results showed that the means of total nitrogen contents in cutter flue-cured tobacco leaf were 1.93%. The samples with total nitrogen content under 1.5% accounted for 3.40% of the total. The total nitrogen content in cutler tobacco leaf was moderate in Hunan. There was not statistical difference in 3 main cultivars and in 3 ecological areas. The spatial variance trend of the total nitrogen contents decreased gradually from the high total nitrogen content areas of east to west in Hunan.

  Distribution of Tobacco Constituents in Tobacco Leaf Tissue- 4 types General Chemical Composition 2011, 27 (7):  418-422.  Abstract + ( 974 )   PDF ( 1694530KB )   ( 815 ) Currently, tobacco leaves of the formula processing was processed according to the grades and parts of the whole tobacco leaf, which ignored the information of chemical substance of the regional distribution in the single tobacco leaf. 48 sampling points within general chemical composition (nicotine, total sugar, K+, Cl-) measured were extracted from single flue-cured tobacco leaf by self-made hole with thin wood. Using geostatistical software (GS+) for windows, SPSS, Management zone analyst software analyze. The results showed that the ratio of nugget variance to sill variance of nicotine, total sugar, potassium ion, chloride ion > 75% indicated weak spatial dependence, but large spatial variability from Kriged map of general chemical composition; Only principal component 1, in 4 substances eigenvalue with 2.864 was greater than 1, accounting for 71.64% variable; The single flue-cured leaf can be accurately divided into four regions. It should be able to provide useful information for threshing and redrying, blending leaf groups of cigarette factory.

  Effects of Defense Low-Temperature Safe Seedling Culturing Technology on Chemical Composition and Economic Character of Flue-cured Tobacco 2011, 27 (7):  423-427.  Abstract + ( 1299 )   PDF ( 775630KB )   ( 924 ) In order to resolve the influence of low temperature during seedling-breeding on the growth of tobacco in southern tobacco region, effects of different technologies in floating system on chemical composition and economic character of flue-cured tobacco were researched. Results show that: the safe seedlings with the ability of defending low-temperature had an exuberant growth after transplantation , the number of effective leaves and the plant height significantly higher than the normal seedlings, the contents of chlorophyll and carotene increased in leaves’ function period while the degradation time was postponed and the speed was slowed down in mature period. The safe seedlings was in the favor of raising the content of starch in the leaves and decreasing the nicotine in the leaves and with remarkable higher yield and output value, they had the same chemical harmony, average price and the percentage of high quality tobacco as the normal seedlings, this technology can be popularized in south tobacco-planting area.

  Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Longan Cultivars and Seedlings in Processing Longan Dry Flesh 2011, 27 (7):  428-433.  Abstract + ( 1309 )   PDF ( 695619KB )   ( 1004 ) In order to screen out suitable varieties of longan in processing longan dry flesh, 50 longan cultivars and seedling plants were chosen to process longan dry flesh with hot-air drying technology. The factors that affected the quality and processability such as color, taste, smell, particle morphology, processing and yield were analyzed. On the basis of qualitative analysis, the author compared the materials with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the quality of the same varieties came from different areas did not differ greatly in processing longan dry flesh, and the quality differed greatly among varieties. Of all the varieties in this study, seedling-19 was best in color and shape, seedling-3, Juwu, Guixiang and seedling-23 were best in smell, taste, process and yield, respectively. Of all the varieties, seedling-19, Juwu and seedling-14 were the top three in processing longan dry flesh, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation of them were superior to Shixia, the mainly variety in processing longan dry flesh at present, and they would have high application values in production.

  Effects of different Fruit- shape agents to Fruit Quality and Fruit- shape indexof “Tianwang 1” Apple 2011, 27 (7):  434-437.  Abstract + ( 1394 )   PDF ( 557324KB )   ( 908 ) To investigate the effects of the different fruit- shape agents on fruit quality, 7-year-old “ Tianwang 1” apple trees were studied to use different fruit- shape agents during the flowering. The results showed that the fruit- shape index and the single fruit weight of treatments were significantly higher than the control; The high quality rate treated with 2.8% benzyl ammonium dobutamine gibberellins and ‘Guomeifeng’ solution with 400 times were 95.9% and 96.4%, respectively; The fruit firmness of ‘Guomeifeng’ solution with 300 times, ‘Yiguoling’ solution with 300 times, ‘Baofengling’ + ‘Yiguoling’, BN2 +‘Baofengling’ + ‘Yiguoling’ and other treatments were significantly greater than the control; The soluble solids contents were significantly increased by ‘Guomeifeng’(300 times), ‘Baofengling’ (300 times), ‘Yiguoling’ (300 times, 400 times) and BN2 (300 times, 400 times), but were significantly decreased by 2.8% benzyl ammonia dobutamine gibberellins (200 times, 400 times).

  Effects of the Date of Small Bagging on Fruits Internal Quality and Appearance of ‘Cuiguan’ Pear at Fruit Maturing 2011, 27 (7):  438-441.  Abstract + ( 1030 )   PDF ( 613368KB )   ( 872 ) The ‘Cuiguan’ pears were used as test materials, and effects of the small bagging in two times bagging on fruits internal quality and appearance were studied. The results showed that: conclusively, comparing as control (abbreviated as CK), at ‘Cuiguan’ fruit maturing, mean single fruit weight increased; fruit hardness reduced; A treatment: fruit in big bag on May 12 behind it was in small bag on April 22, the soluble solids content was high (excepting for C black); pericarp thickness increased; fruit dot density increased; fruit dot diameter decreased; fruit surface brightness improved; the fruit in internal black outer yellow bag (abbreviated as black bag ) surface was lightest green and lighter yellow, the fruit in internal white outer yellow bag (abbreviated as white bag) skin color was green bias and yellow bias. The fruit in black bag had lighter mean single fruit weight, higher fruit hardness, more soluble solids content, thicker pericarp thickness, bigger fruit dot density, smaller fruit dot diameter, brighter fruit surface brightness, lighter green and lighter yellow than the fruit in white bag between the same treatments. In all, the effect about A treatment was better: the fruit had higher soluble solids content and higher fruit hardness, meanwhile, A white fruit mean single fruit weight was the biggest and A black fruit mean single fruit weight was bigger, comparing as CK.

  Study on Optimal Enzyme Extracting Technology of Flavonoids in Kumquat Peel 2011, 27 (7):  442-446.  Abstract + ( 1106 )   PDF ( 816951KB )   ( 1349 ) With Fortunella japonica skin powder as raw material, ethanol-extracted cellulose solution Fortunella japonica flavonoids from the study. Single factor tested to determine the impact of the extraction rate of the main process parameters, namely ethanol concentration, water temperature, solid to liquid ratio, enzyme amount, and extraction time, and on this basis to L16(45) orthogonal test. Optimum conditions for the optimum temperature was 50℃, 70% ethanol concentration, solid to liquid ratio of 1:35, enzyme concentration 0.5%, extraction time 100 min, can achieve the best extraction effect.

  Research of the capsule made of the selenium-enriched peptide and its dissolubility 2011, 27 (7):  447-451.  Abstract + ( 1224 )   PDF ( 714772KB )   ( 952 ) Abstract According to the hygroscopicity and mobility of the selenium-enriched peptide, it should improve those characters. By choosing the best one from four kinds of auxiliary materials, it decides to use CMC. Its optimum proportion is 1:4. After the procedure of making granule and neatening granule, then added into the capsule. Ultimately, it researched the dissolubility of the selenium-enriched peptide capsule. In the first 30 minutes, its soluble rate is best, and its dissolution is about 90%.And T50 is equal to 14.72min and Td is equal to 18.93min.

  Study on the Screening of Liquid Spawn Medium and Explore of Culture Conditions of Pleurotus eryngii 2011, 27 (7):  452-456.  Abstract + ( 1142 )   PDF ( 647882KB )   ( 1089 ) The liquid spawn medium formula and culture conditions of Pleurotus eryngii in submerged culture with shake flask were studied according to the index of mycelia biomass. The results showed that the optimum formula for Pleurotus eryngii liquid spawn medium was as follows: sucrose 3%, corn meal 3%, wheat bran 3%, yeast powder 0.4%, KH2PO4 0.25%, MgSO4 0.1%, ZnSO4 0.05%, CaSO4 0.05% and initial pH 6-7. The optimal culture condition: Volume 80 mL/250 mL, shaking rate 150 r/min, inoculation rate 10% and 6 culture day.

  Research of Reaction Conditions Effect on Concentration of N-Nitrosodimethylamine 2011, 27 (7):  457-460.  Abstract + ( 1295 )   PDF ( 783861KB )   ( 1150 ) 肉制品生产过程中添加的亚硝酸钠（NaNO2）可以和二甲胺（DMA）反应生成毒性很强的N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定不同反应条件下NDMA的生成量，以确定不同反应条件对NDMA生成的影响程度。结果表明：亚硝酸钠和二甲胺的浓度大于30 mmol/L时，NDMA生成量明显增大。在pH较低范围内，最初NDMA的量逐渐增大，pH为3.0时达到最大值52.2 μg/mL。随后迅速下降，pH为5.0时下降到1.9 μg/mL，降幅达96.4%。温度变化对NDMA生成量的影响明显，温度从37℃上升到100℃时，NDMA的量从不到2.8 μg/mL迅速上升到72.3 μg/mL，增大约26倍。当反应时间低于3 h，NDMA的量始终保持在3.0 μg/mL左右；当反应时间超过3 h，NDMA的量开始增大，5 h后达到25.2 μg/mL左右，增大约7.5倍。在所考察的4个反应条件中，pH和温度对NDMA生成量的影响明显，其次是底物的浓度，影响最小的是反应时间。

  Study on the Optimum Extracting Condition of Polyphenols in Grapevine Cane 2011, 27 (7):  466-471.  Abstract + ( 1375 )   PDF ( 836702KB )   ( 1054 ) The aim of this paper was to study the optimal extracting condition of polyphenols from grapevine cane pruned in winter. And the different extracting factors such as extracting temperature, ratio of solid to liquid and alcohol concentration were investigated by the single factor experiment and response surface analysis. The optimum extracting process of polyphenols from the grapevine cane was listed as follows: extracting temperature 70℃, ratio of solid to liquid 1:16.5，alcohol concentration 50%. The yield of polyphenols was found to be 14.126 mg/g.Key words: grapevine cane, polyphenosl, response surface methodology

  Optimization of Microwave Extraction Technology of Flavonoids from Peanut Hulls by Response Surface Methodology 2011, 27 (7):  472-477.  Abstract + ( 966 )   PDF ( 796662KB )   ( 934 ) To study the optimal extraction conditions of flavonoids from peanut hulls by the method of microwave extraction, on the yield of flavonoids, a central composite design (CCD) experiment was conducted and the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the influence of four main factors, including microwave output power, microwave extraction irradiation time, ratios of solution to material and alcohol concentration. A quadratic polynomial regression equation of the forecasting model was set up. Regression coefficient and variance analysis showed the regression model fited the actual process well. The optimal conditions of microwave extraction were concluded as follows: ratios of solvent to material 1 g:30 mL, alcohol concentration 78%, microwave output power 460 w, microwave extraction irradiation time 120 s. Based on these conditions, the yield was 2.918 g/100 g. By colour reaction and paper chromatography, the products were flavonoids.

  Optimization of Processing Parameters for Long Shelf-life Bread Using Response Surface Methodology 2011, 27 (7):  478-482.  Abstract + ( 1045 )   PDF ( 1344989KB )   ( 939 ) As a kind of main staple, the shelf-life of bread normally ranges only from five to seven days. This affects the usage of bread in some circumstances. Therefore, research on how to largely prolong the storage of bread needs particular attention and to be studied. In the present paper, we investigated the relationship between specific volume and hardness of bread, and effects of different technics parameters on changing of bread specific volume. We employed response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the technics parameters of processing long shelf-life bread. Our results indicated that in the designated situations, the specific volume of bread negatively correlated with the hardness of bread, and the hardening rate increased significantly as the specific volume of bread changed. The addition of yeast and waking time correlated with bread specific volume, and the two factors interacted strongly each other. The best parameters to attain the maximal specific volume of bread revealed by canonical analysis showed that, the maximal specific volume of bread was 3.37 cm3/g, when the optimized conditions were 2.1% addition of yeast, fermentation for 106 min, and waking for 50 min.

  The process optimization of complex bacteria fermenting steamed bread 2011, 27 (7):  483-486.  Abstract + ( 1203 )   PDF ( 632717KB )   ( 1076 ) Through the single factor experiment of complex bacteria fermenting steamed bread， Select the best yeast powder for 0.1~0.2g, lactobacillus powder for 0.05~0.15g, the best proofing temperature for 28~32℃. Effects of the amount of yeast powder,the amount of lactobacillus powder and proofing temperature on the sensory quality of steamed bread use three factors and three levels orthogonal experiment.The research results show that Y-3 for 0.15g,L-25 for 0.1g and proofing temperature for 32℃ being the optimum process.The texture analysis verify the condition of steamed bread to achieve the best parameters.

  The Research on Processing Techniques and Stability of Kids Syrup 2011, 27 (7):  487-492.  Abstract + ( 1083 )   PDF ( 823993KB )   ( 908 ) To develop a kind of new kids syrup, of which meets the nutritional needs of children. The processing techniques and stability of kids syrup which authenticated organic syrup as primary raw material were researched in this paper, through single factor experiment and orthogonal design experiment. The optimal ingredient rates of the beverage product showed as follows: concentrated apple juice 12%, pear juice 2% and grape juice 2% as well as sugar 2%, honey 1%, citric acid 0.1%, calcium lactate 2.3%, taurine 300mg/kg, vitamin C 300mg/kg, L-carnitine 40mg/kg, acidproof CMC 0.15%, xanthan gum 0.04%, pectin 0.04%, sodium alga acid 0.04%. Established a safe and effective preparation of children's juice drink processing technique, precipitation rate of the end-product is 2.45% （5000r/min ，30min），and it looks limpid with faint yellow, smells aromatic, tastes sweet and sour.