Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.15 Published:25 May 2012

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  Review on Operation Procedures of Maize SSR Molecular Marker Technology 2012, 28 (15):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3066 Abstract + ( 1323 )   PDF ( 575476KB )   ( 1139 ) SSR is a kind of PCR based molecular marker with high genetic polymorphism, codominant inheritance, rich content and easy-detection. Maize SSR technology is widely used in varieties identification, heterosis groups establishment, and so on. DNA extraction, PCR amplification and product testing are the key links of maize SSR molecular marker technology process. Despite of the appearance of some instruments that can integrate some links or even the entire process of the SSR operation procedure, the high price of them and expensive consumables cost inhibit their application .Therefore, in recent years, a lot of optimization and improvement have been put into effect to make the procedure more simplified and efficient. In this paper, three basic circles of maize SSR molecular marker technology are summarized, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification, product testing. The tendency of the experimental reagent integration, experiment manipulation standardization, the experimental process automation is shown according to analysis.

  Advance in the Research of Soybean Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility 2012, 28 (15):  5-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3675 Abstract + ( 1423 )   PDF ( 569863KB )   ( 974 ) Utilization of male sterility for hybrid breeding will be an effective way to increase soybean yield. There are three kinds of male sterility in soybean, i.e. genic male sterility, photoperiod-thermo-sensitive genic male sterility, and cytoplasmic-genetic (cytoplasmic) male sterility (CMS). So far, only CMS is the practicable system for soybean hybrid breeding. In this paper, the discovery of soybean CMS was firstly reviewed, followed by the summary of the development and application of tree-lines system and the key technologies used for this system. Mechanisms on the cytology, molecular biology and proteomics were then subsequently summarized. At last, the authors propose that collaborative researches among different institutes, including but not limited to the reasonable exchanging of CMS materials will greatly facilitates the mechanism researches of soybean CMS.

  Yield Traits and Breeding Analysis of Indica Glutinous Rice 2012, 28 (15):  10-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2991 Abstract + ( 1442 )   PDF ( 580372KB )   ( 698 ) In order to improve breeding and cultivation level and efficiency of conventional indica glutinous rice, the effect and relationship between yield traits of 40 early indica glutinous rice and 61 late indica glutinous rice new strain and variety were studied by correlation and path analysis, and combines breeding practice explore the major direction of indica glutinous rice breeding about high-yield. The results showed that: the yield of early indica glutinous rice were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the yield traits besides growth period and seed setting rate, the grain number per spike between plant height and panicle length had reached extremely significantly and significant levels respectively, the effective panicle number contributed most to the yield (46.41%), the grains per spike ranked next (34.16%); the yield of late indica glutinous rice were extremely significantly and significant positively correlated with grains per spike and effective panicle number respectively, significant correlation between plant height and grains per spike, panicle length also, the grains per spike contributed most to the yield (38.80%), the effective panicle number ranked next (33.80%). According to the test results and breeding practice, put forward that the major aspect of early indica glutinous rice breeding should focus on increasing effective panicle number based on a certain 1000-grain weight was, and increase grains per spike by improving plant height and panicle length; emphasized on increasing grains per spike based on a certain effective panicle number was the major aspect of late indica glutinous rice breeding, and increased grains per spike and panicle length by improving plant height.

  Problems and Proposals of the Current Fertilization Situation in the Rice-wheat Rotation System in Tai Lake Basin 2012, 28 (15):  15-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3789 Abstract + ( 1278 )   PDF ( 545952KB )   ( 853 ) Tai Lake basin is one of the important market grain production bases. The aim of this paper was to find the best way of nutrient management in the rice-wheat rotation system in Tai Lake basin by analyzing of the current fertilization situation. In Tai Lake basin, the main problems were summarized as: large differences in the rate of fertilization were found between the farmers, excessive and insufficient rate were coexisting. Nutrients input were in misbalance. Farmers were more preferred to use nitrogen fertilizer than phosphate and potassium fertilizer, especially potassium fertilizer, which was no more than 20% of nitrogen fertilizer. The fertilizing time was found unreasonable, which was not consistent with crops growth. In conclusion, application, improvement and perfection of the best nutrient management technique was the inevitable way to achieve the consistent increases both in production capacity, economic benefits and in high efficiency in resource utilization and environment protection.

  Proteome Analysis of Wheat Roots at Different Iron Levels 2012, 28 (15):  19-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3536 Abstract + ( 1265 )   PDF ( 1535511KB )   ( 918 ) To realize the role of iron on the gene expression of plant, the proteome at different iron levels in wheat roots were explored by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The wheat seedling with 3 leaves which grown at Hoagland solution were separated into two groups, the first group was kept at normal Hoagland solution till the end of the experiments, and the second was grown at the Hoagland solution without iron. As soon as the deficient iron symptom of the wheat plants appeared, half of them were harvested and at the same time some plants of the first group as a comparable sample was also harvested. The other half of the plants of the second group were supplied with normal Hoagland solution for one week and then harvested, at the same time the remaining plants in the first group were also harvested. The protein of every sample was only abstracted from the roots. After the proteins separated by 2-DE, the protein spots were analyzed by PDQuest software. The results showed that, comparable to the plants supplied with normal iron level, the difference of 137 protein spots from the treated wheat roots appeared significant level (P <0.05), 76 protein spots of them were up-regulated by more than two times, and other 61 protein spots appeared down-regulated by more than two times. In the second experiment, 150 different protein spots appeared (significant level P <0.05) after the iron deficient plants were supplied with normal iron level for one week. 78 of them were up regulated by more than two times, and other 72 spots were down-regulated by more than 2 times.

  Construction and Detection of Yeast Two-hybrid Bait Vector for SBEIIb Gene Fragment of Starch Branching Enzyme from Zea mays 2012, 28 (15):  24-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3975 Abstract + ( 1481 )   PDF ( 1112833KB )   ( 864 ) The aim was to explore the effective situs of starch branching enzyme between its interactive protein in Zea mays and to construct bait vectors in yeast two-hybrid. The amino acid sequence of SBEIIb protein was analyzed by the CDD and NCBI, and the functional domain and non-functional domain were determined. The genes of the functional domain and non-functional domain were amplified by PCR, and purified and cloned into the pGBKT7 plasmid after digested with the same restriction endonuclease. The pGBKT7-SBEIIb-X (X=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) of the yeast two-hybrid bait vector were successfully transformed into the yeast cells AH109, and OD600 value over 0.8. The result indicated that bait vectors were not toxic to AH109 cells. The yeast transformants grew white colonies in SD/-Trp/X-α-Gal plates, but couldn't in SD/-His/-Trp/X-α-Gal and SD/-Ade/-Trp/X-α-Gal plates, so except for self-activation of the bait protein. Vectors of pGBKT7-SBEIIb-X (X=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) were constructed, and were not toxic to AH109 and could not activate the reporter genes, which would provide a foundation for further analyzing the effective situs of interactive protein with SBEIIb.

  Different Plant Growth Regulator Treatment on the Regeneration of Upland Cotton Cotyledon Sections 2012, 28 (15):  31-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3282 Abstract + ( 1437 )   PDF ( 1643465KB )   ( 880 ) To establish a high frequency regeneration system for the gene transformation of cotton, cotyledon nodes of three cotton varieties were acted as the explants, regeneration of cotton cotyledon section was modified and optimized to, especially the cotyledon node rooting was discussed. The results showed that: For bud induction, the best inductive medium suitable for ‘Baimian 1’ was MSB + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L IBA; the MSB + 2.5 mg/L 6-BA + 2.5 mg/L KT was suitable for ‘Baimian 2’. The MSB medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-BA was appropriate for ‘Coker 312’. Each explant could obtain 3 to 4 buds, and most of the buds could be elongate. For rooting, MSB+0.5 mg/L NAA medium was utilized.

  AFLP Fingerprinting Analysis of 31 Cultivars Attending the National Regional Trial 2012, 28 (15):  36-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3123 Abstract + ( 1072 )   PDF ( 779966KB )   ( 1029 ) For exploring the advantage of AFLP molecular marker in constructing the cotton fingerprinting, 31 cultivars of conventional cottons in team B, hybrid cottons in team C attending the 2009 and 2010 national regional trials were used for DNA fingerprinting. Two pairs of core AFLP primer were used for polymorphism analysis. Forty-four polymorphic bands were obtained which took 28.39% of total amplified bands. A primary DNA fingerprint database was established with 44 polymorphic bands. The cluster analysis showed that, all tested-cultivars could be completely identified at 0.92 similarity index level, and conventional cottons almost cluster together preferentially in different extent, so as hybrid cottons.

  Impacts of Climate Warming on the Main Growth Periods of Cotton in the Northwest Region 2012, 28 (15):  42-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2010-3240 Abstract + ( 1339 )   PDF ( 609964KB )   ( 812 ) Global warming has been a serious problem all over the world, and has an great impact on agriculture. It is very important to study the influence of global warming on Northwestward cotton, which is one of the three biggest cotton-growing areas, and how to deal with this problem to keep the safety of the national cotton industry and promote farmers' income. Based on the ground meteorological data of meteorological observation stations and agricultural information in Xinjiang, Gansu and Shanxi of Northwest from 1983 to 2004, development period changes of cotton under the context of climate warming were analyzed. The results showed that, over the past 20 years, the average sowing of cotton in different degrees of advance, most of the cotton sub-stop growing season dates were delayed, extend the growing period of cotton were very favorable for the cotton yield and quality improvement. Cotton sowing of earlier years and stop the extreme length of the earlier years of extremely frequented in the last 10 years, mainly due to global warming, spring temperature rose quickly, but also because warmer in winter, the ground temperature is relatively high.

  Nutrient Supplying Capacity of Typical Black Soil and Fertilizer Use Efficiency of Soybean in a Farm of Heilongjiang Province 2012, 28 (15):  46-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3331 Abstract + ( 1182 )   PDF ( 907740KB )   ( 935 ) As important parameters of nutrient balance method, nutrient supplying capacity of typical black soil and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean can supervise fertilization and increase production of farms in Northeast China. An experimental area, Heshan Farm in Jiusan Agriculture Reclamation Substation of Heilongjiang Province, was chosen to determine these two parameters using pot experiment with local black soil (Isohumosols) and designing 8 fertilizer treatments (CK, N, P, K, NP, NK, PK, NPK) under current field fertilizer input levels. The results showed that, the supplying capacity of N, P2O5 and K2O for typical black soil (Isohumosols) were 63.28 kg/hm2, 50.15 kg/hm2 and 110.39 kg/hm2, respectively, and their use efficiencies were 15.99%, 5.12% and 78.79%. The estimated optimal fertilizer input amount should be 72.87 kg/hm2, and the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O should be 1:0.88:0.16, based on above parameters by using nutrient balance method. The current field fertilizer input amount was less by 39%, and with lower N level, higher P2O5 and K2O levels. Consequently, a changing of fertilizer amount and rate should be taken into account.

  Effects of Paclobutrazol and Chlormequat Chloride on Potato Growth and Yield Index 2012, 28 (15):  52-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0090 Abstract + ( 1328 )   PDF ( 564304KB )   ( 820 ) Under condition of field cultivation, potato ‘Jizhang No.8’ were sprayed with paclobutrazol (PP333) and chlormequat chloride (CCC) in squaring period, flowering period and starch accumulation period to study their effect on yield constituents . The results suggested that: spraying PP333 and CCC could increase the yield and chlorophyll content, and decrease the average strain height of potato in all stages. The strain height was the lowest in squaring period. The production and chlorophyll content of potato increased most in the flowering period and lest in starch accumulation period. The strain height decreased range was 16.1%-43.4%, the SPAD value increased range was 1.8%-36.5%, the yield increased to 1.7%-35.57%. So flowering stage was the best growth period of potato to spray PP333 of 675 g/hm2 and CCC of 400×dilution rate, the yield increased to 35.57% and 28.0% respectively.

  Study on the Photosynthetic Physiology Characteristics of Blooming Rape in the High Altitude Dryland 2012, 28 (15):  56-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3213 Abstract + ( 1094 )   PDF ( 801244KB )   ( 770 ) In order to explore the influence on climate change to crop’s photosynthetic physiology characteristics, the environmental factors and rape’s photosynthetic physiology indexes were measured by using LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system in rape blooming period. The rape’s photosynthetic physiology index’s difference was studied in different years and in different sowings. The results showed that: diurnal change of rape leaf’s net photosynthetic rate presented a bimodal pattern, and had a midday depression, also morning’s net photosynthetic rate high to afternoon’s. The rape’s transpiration rate presented a bimodal pattern. The stomatal conductance presented “S” pattern in all. The diurnal change of photosynthetic active radiation and temperature presented a signal pattern. The air humidity presented “S” pattern. By significantly relativity analysis, the photosynthetic active radiation was a main environmental factor which effected net photosynthetic rate in rape blooming period (R2=0.6916). The photosynthetic active radiation and temperature were main environmental factors which effected transpiration rate (RPAR2=0.7133，RT2=0.5611). The air humidity was a main environmental factor which affected the stomatal conductance (R2=0.5503). The rape not only external environment but also internal environment were all in suitable state in moist year, which rape’s photosynthetic physiology indexes were higher than in drought year. The different sowing rape’s transpiration rate showed very significantly different (P<0.001). The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance showed significantly different (P<0.05). But the intercellular CO2 concentration showed not significantly different.

  Effects of Environmental Hormone Diosgenin on Enzyme Activities in Soil and Microbial Populations 2012, 28 (15):  62-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3022 Abstract + ( 1376 )   PDF ( 650603KB )   ( 836 ) In order to study diosgenin to the soil mierobe and enzyme activity, the effect of diosgenin on enzyme activities in soil and microbial populations was investigated in a microcosm mimicking soil ecosystem. The results showed that, the diosgenin to the catalase activity had the varying stimulation degree, to the sucrase activity were inhibited action, and the inhibitory action, recovered function was slowly, at low concentrations (40 mg/kg) diosgenin processing to the bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes had the different stimulation. But high concentration (80 mg/kg) had the inhibited action. Regarding to the nitrifying bacteria, no matter was the low concentrations or the high concentrations all had the inhibited action, and had a high positive correlation between the inhibition and the diosgenin concentrations.

  Study on Soil pH and Acidic Buffering Properties in AnHui Province 2012, 28 (15):  67-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3095 Abstract + ( 1625 )   PDF ( 851729KB )   ( 953 ) In order to understand the soil pH distributions and influencing factors and the effects of acid rain on soil acidification, 0-20 cm surface soil samples of four main soil types in different geographical regions in Anhui Province were collected, and the distribution and influencing factors of soil pH and acid buffering capacity were studied through the methods of information collection, indoor chemical analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that soil pH and buffer capacity of soils in Anhui Province showed a decreasing trend from north to south; the order of soil pH was: alluvial soil> Shajiang black soil> paddy soil> red soil, the relationships between soil pH and average annual precipitation, exchangeable Al, exchangeable acid and the total hydrolysis acidity were showed significant positive correlation (r2=0.7010-0.9039**); the order of soil acid buffering capacity was: alluvial soil (87.6 mmol/kg)> Shajiang black soil (36.4 mmol/kg)>paddy soil (29.2 mmol/kg)> red soil(23.0 mmol/kg), the relationships between soil acid buffering capacity and soil pH, soil basic ion exchange capacity and soil base saturation were significant positive correlation (r2=0.7631-0.9494**). This shows that the soil pH vary considerably in Anhui Province. The soil basic properties and environmental conditions strongly influenced the soil pH and acid buffering properties, which were bound to affect the consequences of soil by acid rain.

  Effects of Different Tillage Modes on Soil Organic Carbon and Carbon Pool Management Index in Fluvo-aquic Soils 2012, 28 (15):  73-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3477 Abstract + ( 1657 )   PDF ( 652625KB )   ( 832 ) Applied field trials, four tillage patterns including abandoned, tilled, no-tillage and rotary were designed to study the effects of different tillage modes on soil organic carbon and carbon management index (CMI) in North China Plain. The change in the SOC contents and different form labile organic carbon in these four different tillage modes were studied. Then contrastive analyzed the effect of different tillage modes on carbon management index. The results showed that, no-tillage and rotary were both beneficial to the accumulation of SOC. Compared with abandoned, total organic carbon under no-tillage and rotary respectively increased 26.42% and 12.52%. The active organic carbon responded to different tillage modes in different ways. Compared with abandoned, when took the mode of tilled, no-tillage and rotary, easily oxidized organic carbon respectively increased 23.72%, 44.34%, 27.84%, water oxidized organic carbon respectively increased 24.11%, 24.56%, 43.89%. Soil microbial biomass increased 109% under no-tillage. There were no significant change under other tillage modes, soil cultivation had promotion effect to optimize carbon management index, the mode of tilled, no-tillage and rotary had respective increased at 47.82%, 27.18% and 30.47%. From this, we could see that, different tillage modes had significant effect on organic carbon library activities in fluvo-aquic soils.

  Changes of Physical-chemical Properties and Nutrient Characteristics of Soil under Different Tillage Period with Application of Edible Fungi Wastes 2012, 28 (15):  78-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3336 Abstract + ( 1236 )   PDF ( 678181KB )   ( 769 ) In order to discuss the effect of edible fungi wastes long-term used in farmland, and to provide the basis of environmental impact assessment, this paper explored the influence of edible fungi wastes to soil physical-chemical properties and nutrient characteristics, by compared with different tillage periods soil (2, 3, 4, 6, 10 years) with application of edible fungi wastes continuously. The results showed that, the fertility of the soil had been greatly improved compared with uncultivated desert soil, but soil physical-chemical properties, organic C, N, P and K had different variation tendency under different tillage period, and salt content increased with tillage periods, as well as C levels, but K and P level maintain the same level between 2-6 years, with N levels decreased cultivation age. Soil salt content showed positive correlation with P, K and soil organic matter. The above results indicated that cultivation and land use and related irrigation profoundly affected desert soil under different tillage period with a application of edible fungi wastes.

  Cytological and Morphological Characteristics of Hybrids between Lophopyrum elongatum 1E Addition Line andGametocidal Chromosome 2C Addition Line 2012, 28 (15):  83-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0012 Abstract + ( 1157 )   PDF ( 932357KB )   ( 862 ) Lophopyrum elongatum is a wild relative of wheat that has excellent traits such as cold resistance, drought resistance and disease resistance. In order to transfer the desirable genes of Th. elongatum into wheat, hybrid, selfing and backcross were done between ‘Chinese spring’-Th. elongatum 1E disomic addition line and ‘Chinese spring’-Ae. cylindrica gametocidal chromosome 2C disomic addition line, the cytological and morphological characteristics of offspring were observed. Chromosome aberrations were observed in the mitosis and meiosis, the seed-setting rate of F1 was lower significantly compared with parents, the spike separation was observed in the hybrids, in addition to the normal spike, we also observed the compactoid. This study showed that, gametocidal chromosome 2C could induce chromosome aberrations and had a certain influence to seed-setting rate and spike. These results provided a good basis for further developing wheat-Th. elongatum 1E chromosome translocation and deletion lines.

  Preliminary Report on the Study of the Application of Transcription Factor CBF3 to Rice Breeding 2012, 28 (15):  87-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0216 Abstract + ( 1372 )   PDF ( 605139KB )   ( 796 ) Transgenic results showed that DREB/CBF transcription factors had important application value for improvement of plant stress-resistant breeding. In this study, by using of crossbreeding, CBF3 was transferred into rice indica strong restorer line, and the effect of CBF3 on the agronomic characters of the progenies of F2 restorer line under drought condition were studied. The results indicated that, the agronomic characters of transgenic rice 3 with CBF3 and nontransgenic rice 5 had little difference under drought condition, but in the cross between transgenic rice 3, nontransgenic rice 5 and indica strong restorer line, the agronomic characters of F2 made a great difference under drought condition, parts materials, such as 9311 etc., were manifested as that plant height increased significantly, the grain number per panicle, filled grain number per panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain weight per plant etc. decreased significantly, but another parts, such as OP193 etc., showed with fine combining ability in the number of effective panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain weight per plant etc. The study provided a reference for the further research in the new indica hybrid rice varieties breeding, which was with CBF3, and showed as super drought tolerance.

  Dark Grain Wheat Pigment Stability Study 2012, 28 (15):  92-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2741 Abstract + ( 1191 )   PDF ( 779865KB )   ( 751 ) Black grain of wheat is a new class of varieties in China in recent years, and it riches natural melanin and nutritional value. However, the black grains of wheat from the natural pigment extracted and studied its physical and chemical properties had not yet relevant reports, and research in this area would develop a natural pigment black grain of wheat, and had an important practical significance. In this paper, the black grains of wheat for the material, it extracted natural pigments and pigment stability of the nature of the study. The results showed that, it was soluble in water, ethanol and other polar solvents, water-soluble pigment. And it showed red under acidic conditions, alkaline under green. The black pigment of wheat grain was more than the heat (<80℃). Ca2+, Ba2+, K+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cu2+, Mg2+ these metal ions had a certain elegance to the role of pigment, but Ba2+, Al3+, Fe3+ there appear to precipitate. Vc, H2O2 of pigment color lighter, Na2HSO4 fade the pigment had a strong role. Salt, sugar, citric acid on the black pigment of wheat grain had hyperchromic effect. So, the black pigment of wheat grain physical and chemical properties was stable, which was an ideal natural color additive.

  Preliminary Results of Wheat Growth and Yield in Apricot and Wheat Intercropping 2012, 28 (15):  97-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2672 Abstract + ( 2148 )   PDF ( 558371KB )   ( 768 ) In order to explore apricot wheat intercropping of wheat growth and yield of structural characteristics, wheat intercropping in apricot, apricot base point to the middle of two rows of apricot trees from near and far were divided into three areas (under the crown area, near crown area, crown zone far), we studied the wheat growth and yield of structural characteristics in three areas. Select ‘Xindong 20’ as material, the changes of wheat ears, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, grain filling, yield components in apricot wheat intercropping were studied. The results showed that, tin wheat ears were faster than the intercropping system. In the intercropping system, the distance closer apricot, wheat and dry matter accumulation were lower the strength. Single-leaf area index for field was higher than the intercropping system. Single-filling rate was greater than the average for field intercropping system. Grains per spike and yield showed a single field for more than intercropping system, the highest one for field production, intercropping system for field average yield than the single-cut 49.72%. In the intercropping system, grain weight and spike number showed as far as the highest area > near crown area > under the district crown. Results indicated that, the apricot wheat intercropping system for wheat growth and development was not as a single field, resulting in lower wheat production in varying degrees.

  Investigation of the Yield and Quality Traits of the Auxiliary Triticum aestivum 2012, 28 (15):  102-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3322 Abstract + ( 1171 )   PDF ( 546474KB )   ( 739 ) In order to study the yield and quality of auxiliary Triticum aestivum and rationally explore excellent traits auxiliary Triticum aestivum, 6 ordinary Triticum aestivum genotypes and 6 auxiliary Triticum aestivum genotypes were used to study the yield and quality of auxiliary Triticum aestivum. The results showed that: ordinary Triticum aestivum was 28% higher than auxiliary Triticum aestivum on harvest index of the latter was 0.3823, the difference was significant. About spike number of a single plant, test showed that, auxiliary Triticum aestivum was 6.0 more than ordinary Triticum aestivum, by more than 50.5%, the difference was significant. Significant difference indicated that, ordinary Triticum aestivum was 1.68 times of auxiliary one on 1000-grain weight, which was 26.38 g on average. But there was no difference on grains. The results showed the average on protein content, wet gluten content and zeleny of ordinary Triticum aestivum was much higher than the auxiliary Triticum aestivum genotype, the average percentage were 14.53%, 37.00% and 30.72%, respectively. The moisture content of auxiliary Triticum aestivum was 12.82%, which was much lower than the ordinary one.

  Effect of Ploughing in Leisure Period on Yield and Soil Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in Dryland 2012, 28 (15):  106-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0507 Abstract + ( 1445 )   PDF ( 633328KB )   ( 922 ) In order to improve water use efficiency of winter wheat in dryland, Field test was conducted to study the effect of different ploughing in leisure period on soil water content, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat in dryland. The results showed that, soil water content was significantly increased at depth of 0-100 cm, 100-200cm especially at winter stage and before sowing according different ploughing in leisure period, obviously it was benefit for germination and winter-overing for winter wheat in dryland. Meanwhile, different ploughing in leisure period could improve soil water content, ear number, increase ear number and grain number per ear, significant increased yield and WUE in following growth stage, and the results showed that, the effect of increase was much better under deep plowing than deep tillage and notillage (CK). In a word, different ploughing in leisure period could improve soil water content, increase yield, and improve WUE, it was a better effected way to achieve yield increase of winter wheat in dryland.

  Response Characteristics of Climatic Hot-drying on Special Crops and Adaptive Technique in Gansu Province 2012, 28 (15):  112-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3078 Abstract + ( 1312 )   PDF ( 849426KB )   ( 791 ) Based on the meteorological data in 80 weather stations from 1961 to 2010, we analyzed variation characteristics of climate changing in Gansu. The results showed that, main feature of climate changing was hot-drying. The annual climatic trend rate in Gansu showed positive. The annual mean temperature increased by 0.29℃ every ten years and accumulated by 1.4℃ in a half century. The turning point appeared in 1977. The accumulated temperature above 0℃ increased by range of 40℃ to 80℃ every ten years. The precipitation showed a decreasing trend since 1961 and the precipitation departure decreased with 1.7% every ten years. Bounded by the Yellow River, the precipitation increased by 4 mm to 12 mm in the western and decreased by 10 mm to 30 mm in the eastern every ten years. The annual sunshine duration decreased by 9.8 hours every ten years and the trend of hot-drying went slowly in 21st century. The influence characteristics of climate changing on growth, planting region, meteorological disaster, biomass, yield and quantity of malting barley, hop, lily, pepper, oil olive, Chinese chestnut and day lily sec. seven special crops had been found in this paper. We suggested that, climate hot-drying exerted various and complex influence on plant, both of advantages and disadvantages. The refine and comprehensive regionalization for special crops had been made. We suggested that the high quality goods production plant base should been set up in optimum district and special crops field modern management should been established in order to adapt climate change. We should adjust the plant structure by climate forecast and pay more attention on meteorological disaster monitoring, assessment, early warning and defense.

  Research Advances of Chromosome Micro-separation Technology in Plant 2012, 28 (15):  122-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3016 Abstract + ( 1172 )   PDF ( 530088KB )   ( 890 ) The significance of Chromosome Micro-separation Technology was introduced firstly, then the four methods, Micro-separation via fine glass needles, laser beam, flowing sorting, and the combination of laser beam and via fine glass needles about the micro-separation of single target chromosomes, library construction, special probe screen and linkage map construction, were reviewed. The application prospects of this technique in plant were also discussed.

  Studies on Regeneration System of Mature Embryo from Diploid and Tetraploid Wheat 2012, 28 (15):  126-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2284 Abstract + ( 1229 )   PDF ( 2444437KB )   ( 792 ) In order to investigate the effect of genetype and medium on callus induction and differentiation, the mature embryos of Triticum durum Desf., Moxilika, Triticum boeoticum.Tb, Triticum boeoticum.Tu were cultured. The results showed that there were great differences in frequency of induction, differentiation and plant regeneration of mature embryos callus from four wheat varieties. Mature embryo-derived callus of Triticum durum Desf. showed best tissue culture response than other genotypes. With the concentration of 2, 4-D from 1.0 to 4.0mg/L，there was little differences on callus induction which was above 93%. Different hormone combinations have great effects on frequency of green spots and regeneration of callus from mature embryos. For Triticum durum Desf., Moxilika and Triticum boeoticum. Tb, the optimal hormone combinations of differentiation Medium was 1.5mg/L KT and 0.5mg/L NAA, under which the frequency of green spot were 85.22%, 61.67%, 8.50%, and the frequency of regeneration were 40.40%, 32.06%, 1.72%, respectively. Whereas with 1.5mg/L KT and 0.5mg/L NAA, the frequency of green spot and regeneration of Triticum boeoticum. Tu was highest, which were 18.64% and 8.47%, respectively. The genetype was the main factor influencing the tissue culture of diploid and tetraploid wheat, and the frequency of callus induction and plant regeneration was independent.

  Establishment of Ammonium’s Concentration of Embryonic Tips of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Mature Seeds 2012, 28 (15):  131-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3384 Abstract + ( 1242 )   PDF ( 1472751KB )   ( 867 ) In order to identify the concentration of ammonium while screening the positive mutants of soybean transformed by particle bombardment, transferred the embryonic tips of mature soybean ‘Hedou 12’ to the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of ammonium. It identified that, the concentration of ammonium was the condition of screening the mutants, which could inhibit the growth of embryonic tips. The growth of embryonic tips was not effectively inhibited, when the concentration of ammonium was lower than 0.5 mg/L. When the concentration of ammonium was higher than 0.5 mg/L, the plants were significantly inhibited and could not regenerate after transition to MS medium. So, 0.5 mg/L was the concentration for biolistics transformation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv ‘Hedou12’].

  Numerical Taxonomy and 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP of Rhizobia of Some Legumes Isolated from Mimosa spp. and Desmodium spp. 2012, 28 (15):  135-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3383 Abstract + ( 1563 )   PDF ( 677584KB )   ( 882 ) In order to characterize the diversity and phylogeny of rhizobium in Yunnan of China, 48 strains isolated from root nodules of Mimosa spp. and Desmodium spp. in 8 regions of Yunnan Province were studied with numerical taxonomy, 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP and 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. 23 genotype profiles were obtained from the fingerprinting of the 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP by four restriction endonucleases Hinf Ⅰ, Msp Ⅰ, Rsa Ⅰ and Hae Ⅲ. These strains were clustered into 4 branches at the similarity level of 70% by MVSP3.0 software. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that branch Ⅰ belonging to the genera of Burkholderia, include 1 strain; branch Ⅱ belonging to the genera of Cupriavidus, include 5 strains; branch Ⅳ belonging to the genera of Rhizobium, include 29 strains; branch Ⅲ belonging to the genera of Stenotrophomonas with no reference strains. The analysis of 28 phenotypic characteristic of these strains showed that most of these strains had a high level resistance to saline, some strains could grow under severe environment such as high content ration of antibiotics (300 μg/mL) and high temperature (60℃). All the results demonstrated a high genetic and phenotypic diversity of rhizobium nodulating legumes of Yunnan Province.

  Mechanism Study of γ-aminobutyric Acid on Flowering Time Promotion in Arabidopsis 2012, 28 (15):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0372 Abstract + ( 1374 )   PDF ( 933512KB )   ( 1415 ) To explore the mechanism of γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA) on plant flowering, different concentration of exogenous GABA (1, 5, 10 mmol/L) was sprayed on Arabidopsis 7 days seedlings at 1 day interval, the mock was spraying with clear water. This treatment was continuous to 4 weeks. The results showed that, GABA at different extent could promote early flowering in Arabidopsis grown both in long-day (16 h light/8 h dark cycle) and short-day (8 h light/16 h dark cycle) conditions. Quantitative RT-PCR technique was employed to investigate the expression level of flowering inhibitor gene FLC, autonomous flowering pathway gene FCA (FLOWERING TIME CONTROL PROTEIN FCA) and inflorescence meristem identification gene LEAFY (LFY). The results indicated that, GABA treatment could down regulate the expression level Flowering Locusc C (FLC) 2-5 folds, whereas the expression level of FCA and LFY was enhanced 1.5-6 times and 3-11 folds, respectively. The preliminary results indicated that, the role of GABA on Arabidopsis flowering acceleration was probably via the autonomous-pathway in which GABA signals triggered the up-regulation of FCA, down-regulation expression of FLC and thereby promoted the expression level of LFY and at last achieved early flowering regulation in plants.

  The Study on Different Explant of Hops Regeneration System 2012, 28 (15):  148-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0247 Abstract + ( 1276 )   PDF ( 978811KB )   ( 814 ) The regeneration systems from leaf, axillary bud and internodes explants of ‘Yulebite hops’ ( Humulus lupulus L.) were established in order to culture resistant cultivar by gene engineering technology. The result showed that the leaf, axillary bud and internodes from in vitro cultures of hops are able to regenerated shoots by direct organogenesis. But the leaf was better for establishing than others. The highest regeneration of the leaves (92.5%) and differentiation (56.0%) of callus was achieved from the MS-B5 mediums with sucrose 20 g/L, IAA 1.5 mg/L and 6-BA 0.5 mg/L, agar 7 g/L, pH 5.8, respectively.

  Genome-wide cDNA of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates Obtained from La Sota According to the SOE PCR Method ping jingge 2012, 28 (15):  152-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3737 Abstract + ( 1388 )   PDF ( 947684KB )   ( 804 ) In order to obtain Newcastle disease virus genome-wide cDNA of La Sota strain through a series of primers splicing. According to SOE PCR method, it was required to design primer. As for NDV La Sota strains, first sectional amplification was carried out, and then applied the SOE PCR method to connect the fragments. Genome-wide connections could obtained about 15000 bp amplified fragments. It’s turned out that the resulting product was genome-wide cDNA of the NDV La Sota. The results showed that the gene sequences which synthesised by SOE PCR method was sequenced and digest by restriction enzyme. It’s turned out that the gene sequences were consistent with the expected results. This study laid the foundation for the construction of Newcastle disease La Sota strain’s infectious cDNA. It also provided a reliable guarantee for the further study of the biological properties of NDV, the relations between its structures and functions, and to explore the factors that affect NDV virulence, as well as the development of new vaccines.

  Screening and Mutation Breeding of Strains Preducing Nucleic Acid Enzymatic 2012, 28 (15):  158-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3593 Abstract + ( 1340 )   PDF ( 1105421KB )   ( 871 ) For possessing independent intellectual property rights and meeting the needs of high-yield production strains of nuclease P1, 2%RNA was used as the unique carbon and nitrogen sources of the screening culture medium, 65 strains which could produce nuclease P1 were screened from citrus orchard soil. Strain YC34 was used as the mutation breeding starting strain with the highest enzyme activity to 127.3 U/mL, after treated by complex mutagenesis of UV, microwave and LiCl mutation, the high-yield strainYC34-1 was obtained. The crude nuclease P1 activity of broth was increased to 360.7 U/mL, 183.3% higher than the original strain YC34, which had good potential in application. The preliminary morphological results showed that the strain YC34 was identified to be Penicillium citrinum.

  Cloning and Expression Analysis of Two Catalase Gene of FOC4 and the Study on the Oxidative Burst in Banana by FOC4 2012, 28 (15):  163-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0116 Abstract + ( 1257 )   PDF ( 1583756KB )   ( 948 ) The aim was to explore the role of catalases of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense (race 4, FOC4) in pathogenesis. Titanium sulfate and hydroxylamine oxidation methods were used to detect the content changes of H2O2 and O2?- in the roots infected by FOC4. At the same time, two catalases in FOC4 were cloned and characterized by using genome information of Fusarium oxysporum (strain Fo5176) from Genbank. And then, Gene expression patterns induced by exogenous H2O2 and Musa paradisiaca were detected by RT-PCR. The result showed that the infected by FOC4 could cause oxidative burst in the roots of banana seedlings. Phylogenetic analysis showed that two catalases belonged to CatalaseA and catalaseC. The expression of 2 catalases had increased after induced by exogenous H2O2 and Musa paradisiaca. Foc4 CatalaseA might be one of the catalases which played a major role in eliminating the strong oxidative stress environment.

  Composition and Distribution of SSR Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in Hebei Provence and Northeast China 2012, 28 (15):  170-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0696 Abstract + ( 1454 )   PDF ( 1321222KB )   ( 841 ) To understand the distribution and variation of Phytophthora infestans in northeast China, SSR genotypes of 373 P. infestans strains collected from Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin Provinces in 2008—2010 were analyzed using the SSR primers Pi4B and Pi4G. A total of 16 kinds of SSR genotypes were identified: A-03, A-09, B-01, D-03, F-01, F-04, F-05, F-06, F-07, F-08, G-02, G-03, I-01, J-01, K-01 and L-01. Among them, the dominant genotype was F-01, accounting for 67.83% in the measured strains, followed by the F-06 genotype (14.75%). The numbers of SSR genotypes in Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin were 11, 8, 4 and 3, respectively. 7 kinds of SSR genotypes, including A-09, F-07, F-08, I-01, J-01, K-01 and L-01 were the first reported in the Northeast and the Hebei Region in China. During 2008—2010, the numbers of P. infestans SSR genotype were increased significantly in Hebei and Heilongjiang Province, and changed slightly in Liaoning and Jilin. It was clear that dominant SSR genotype of P. infestans in northeast of China and Hebei Province was single and high ratio could provide the basis for making comprehensive protection strategy in potato production, especially for the rational distribution of potato varieties.

  Research Progress of Vegetative Insecticidal Protein Vip3 from Bacillus thuringiensis 2012, 28 (15):  175-179.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2890 Abstract + ( 1045 )   PDF ( 554150KB )   ( 822 ) In order to completely understand the research progress of Vip3 toxin, the classification, characteristic, function, mode of action and application of Vip3 toxin were induced in this article. It was also indicated that several vital issues need to be solved in the further research work, although much research progress of Vip3 toxin has been made.

  The Spatial Distribution Pattern and Sampling Technique of the Small Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, in Paddy Field 2012, 28 (15):  180-184.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0237 Abstract + ( 1446 )   PDF ( 714552KB )   ( 671 ) The spatial distribution pattern and sampling technique of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, in paddy field in the Northwestern of Zhejiang province were studied by the methods of the aggregated indices method, Iwao method and Taylor power law method, in order to improve the monitoring, prediction and the sustained control level for this pest in paddy field. All of three methods shown that the distribution pattern of L. striatellus is the assemble distribution type, and the aggregation intensity increased with density of population. It was tested by Blackith’s population aggregation mean number (λ) method, when average population density (m) of adult and adult+nymph was less than 1.3978 and 1.4883 insect/tuft, respectively, their aggregation was caused by some environmental factors, such as surrounding environment, transplanting period, growth period and etc; when m≥1.3978 and 1.4883 insect/tuft, respectively, all λ≥2. The gathering was caused by the interaction of their biological characteristics and environment factor. Based on this distribution pattern, the model for determining the optimum theoretical sampling number and the optimum sequential sampling were proposed. The model were as follows: n=(1.96)2/D2(1.35595/m+0.41366) and T(n)=5n±4.13778 . These results provided scientific basis for sampling investigating precisely and controlling effectively the field populations of L. striatellus.

  Effect of the Meteorological Conditions in Winter on the Number 2012, 28 (15):  185-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2754 Abstract + ( 1190 )   PDF ( 773005KB )   ( 787 ) In to analyze the effect of the meteorological conditions in winter on the number of live corn borers after the winter in Dalian area, so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of the corn borers. Based on the recent 10-year meteorological data and the number of live corn borers after the winter in Dalian region, the correlation between the number of live corn borers after winter and the meteorological elements during the winter was analyzed. The results indicated that the number of corn borers after winter was significantly influenced by the meteorological conditions from late October to November. Low winter temperatures did conducive to their survival. More precipitation was beneficial to the increase in the number of live borers, in November. Established the statistical forecasting models of corn borer live pests after winner in Dalian region.

  Analysis on Residue Dynamics of Thiamethoxam Seed Coating on Potato by High Performance Liquid Chromatography 2012, 28 (15):  189-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0402 Abstract + ( 1304 )   PDF ( 643508KB )   ( 902 ) To study the residue dynamic, make an assessment on the security of Thiamethoxam in seed coating potato and establish the detection method of potato plant and tuber. The samples were extracted with methanol, concentrated and cleaned up, determined using HPLC equipped with UVD and external standard method. The results showed that this method was characterized by that recovery rates of plant and tuber were 86.73%-92.58% and 86.03%-93.35%, relative standard deviation were 3.46%-8.19%and 3.65%-6.22%, respectively. LOD at 1.0×10-9 g and sensitivity of 0.001 mg/kg. The decline rules of Thiamethoxam seed coating in plant of potato followed the first order chemical reactions dynamics equation, 60 days after planting, residual quantity of Thiamethoxam was 33.975 mg/kg which was the primitive quantities of sediment, Accordingly, its half-lives were 12.4 d. Thiamethoxam were not detected in tubers under the condition of this study.

  Spatial Distribution Pattern of Mecyslobus roelofis Larva 2012, 28 (15):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3905 Abstract + ( 1055 )   PDF ( 909766KB )   ( 798 ) In order to find out the distribution and occurrence law of Mecyslobus roelofis larvae in sweet potato fields, the spatial distribution pattern and theoretical sampling frequency were investigated and analyzed in 2011, using related aggregation index formulae, Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s m*-m model. The results showed that the spatial pattern of Mecyslobus roelofis larvae belonged to assemble distribution in sweet potato fields. The aggregating intensity of Mecyslobus roelofis larvae increased with the population density, but the space of the colony became smaller. The larva’s aggregation in sweet potato fields was due to environmental factors. Base on the data of spatial distribution, the optimum theoretical sampling number of the larva could be obtain from the formula [n=1.962/D2 (1.1047/m+0.8737)] and Iwao’s model [T0(n)=0.2n ± 0.4759 ] of sequential sampling.

  Study on the Clonality and Invasiveness of Invasive Plants in East Guangdong 2012, 28 (15):  199-206.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2988 Abstract + ( 1273 )   PDF ( 624436KB )   ( 907 ) The aim was to study the invasive mechanism in East Guangdong. The clonality and invasiveness of invasive plants in East Guangdong were counted and analyzed through field investigation and consulting literature. The results showed that there were 127 species of invasive plants, belonging to 48 families, in East Guangdong, about 70.08% of them were native to America, especially originated in South America (51.18%). Invasiveness of alien plants was divided into three grades according to their harm degree to invasive area, such as strong, middle and weak, etc. 22, 42 and 63 species belonged to the strong, middle and weak invasiveness, respectively. The number of invasive plants with clonality was about 55 species and accounted for 43.31% of all invasive plants. 10, 15 and 30 species with clonality belonged to the strong, middle and weak invasiveness, and about 45.45%, 35.71% and 47.62%, respectively. There is certain positive correlation between the clonality and invasiveness of invasive plants in East Guangdong, the alien plants with clonality can quickly grow organism, cumulative biomass and be easy to become single dominant species by means of clonal propagation and clonal growth in community invaded, so the clonality is one of important mechanism of the successful invasion for some alien species in East Guangdong.

  Identification of Pathogen and Disease Analysis of Sargentodoxa cuneata 2012, 28 (15):  207-210.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2722 Abstract + ( 1238 )   PDF ( 2238643KB )   ( 652 ) The aim was to prevent anthracnose of Sargentodoxa cuneata in Qian Dongnan State of Guizhou Province. The pathogen was obtained by tissue isolation, and identified by separation, spores size determination and cultivation in this experiment. The microscopic examination method showed that the disease was caused by Colletotrichum sp., and the spores were 5.2-6.5 μm×13.0-33.8 μm through size determination. Based on host and pathogenic feature, the pathogen was Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The disease of Sargentodoxa cuneata was caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. in Qian Dongnan State of Guizhou Province, and the disease could be reduced through agricultural measures and chemical control.

  The Degradation of Chlorothalonil in Soil and its Environmental Implications 2012, 28 (15):  211-215.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2664 Abstract + ( 1304 )   PDF ( 558729KB )   ( 764 ) Chlorothalonil is one of the most widely used foliar fungicides in the world. When using chlorothalonil to prevent or reduce fungal pathogens on crop plants, over-application, or application followed by irrigation or rainfall may cause the accumulation of chlorothalonil in soil. A better understanding of the fate and behavior of chlorothalonil in soil as well as its effects on soil ecological environment will improve our ability to use fungicides properly. This paper summarized advanced research achievements in degradation and transformation processes of chlorothalonil in soil and its effects on microbial activity and nitrogen cycling. The paper, on the basis of literature review, suggests that further studies are needed on the fields such as the exact mechanisms to influence microbial, the effects on microbial community structure and characterization, and the comprehensive evaluation of chlorothalonil application on soil fertility and ecological environment.

  Application and Study of Frequency-vibrancy Pest-killing Lamp During Insect Pest Management in Rice 2012, 28 (15):  216-220.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3927 Abstract + ( 1121 )   PDF ( 617518KB )   ( 718 ) In order to improve the quality of Xishuangbanna rice and reduce pesticide residues, how to control pest scientific and rationally became an important method. Frequency-vibrancy pest-killing lamp is a widely used in the area of physico-kill pest, of which characteristic was broad-spectrum, high performance and pollution-free. In this paper, we divided it into four areas, which were light with non-pesticide, light with pesticide, non-light with pesticide, non-light with non-pesticide; applied randomized block experiment, investigated pest dynamics, carried out prevention and cured with chemical pesticide and tracked measurable yield timely. The results showed that, frequency insect light attracted insects volume between 6.7 g to 224 g of single lamp per night, light with non-pesticide, light with pesticide, non-light with pesticide and compared non-light with non-pesticide, control efficiency that were controlled major pests in rice of rice planthoppers and stem borer to achieve a significant level. Also, in this paper, we mastered the control efficiency of frequency-vibrancy pest-killing lamp to rice pests preliminary, reflecting the reduction occurred in rice pest control cost reduction and rice yield income and other aspects of the more significant outcomes.

  Advances in Research on Anthocyanins of Blueberry 2012, 28 (15):  221-226.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3681 Abstract + ( 1836 )   PDF ( 676415KB )   ( 1746 ) Anthocyanins is a kind of functional water-soluble pigment, which pared wildly in plants, and has an important physiological activity for use as natural colorants in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. In recent years, researches on blueberry have increased rapidly due to their rich in anthocyanins. This article reviewed the structure types and content of anthocyanins from different varieties of blueberries, pH, metal ions and other factors affect its stability and the traditional solvent extraction with other assisted separation techniques, discussed its structural instability is an important factor restricting the development of blueberry anthocyanins industry. At the same time, proposed to study of the anthocyanin degradation mechanism and try to improve its stability and utilization, it is of significance to enhance investigations on the blueberry or Vaccinium berries anthocyanins.

  Studies on the Variation of Polyphenol, Carbohydrate and the Number of Eurotium cristatum During the Processing of Fu Tea with “Fungus Growing on the Loose Tea” 2012, 28 (15):  227-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3552 Abstract + ( 1251 )   PDF ( 753895KB )   ( 865 ) In order to find out the difference of fuguns growing on the different degree of raw tea and the impact which fuguns growing bring to the raw materials. In this paper, using the 2008 Fuzhuan Brick tea raw materials (A), 2008 Jinxiang Yi brick raw material (B), Bian Xiao raw material (C), and with the finished product (D) of 2008 Jinxiang Yi Fuzhuan Brick Tea raw materials with “quick maturation” as the raw materials of “fungus growing on the loose tea”, inspection of the major changes of biochemical components and the number of Eurotium cristatum which was the unique microorganism on the Fu tea during the processing of fungus growing, the results showed that the content of tea polyphenols, catechins, flavonoids, soluble sugars, crude fiber were decreased to some extent, while the content of amylose increased with a mall scale; E. cristatum were multiply faster during the processing with 5 days, they entered the exponential growth at the third day, and then increased at a low speed. Four kinds of Fu tea products’ quality were better than their raw materials; the variation of biochemical components and the number of E. cristatum made a foundation for the quality improvement during the process.

  The Detection of Exogenous Genes with Nested PCR and SYBR Green Ⅰ Real Time PCR in Genetically Modified Soybean Line 2012, 28 (15):  233-237.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0429 Abstract + ( 1099 )   PDF ( 1773254KB )   ( 773 ) Nested PCR and fluorescent SYBR Green Ⅰ real time PCR were developed for detection of several foreign genes (CaMV35S, CP4EPSPS) in genetically modified soybean. The results showed that, nested PCR could detect CaMV35S in 1 ng/μL DNA and the detection limit was 100 ng/μL in the first PCR. SYBR Green Ⅰ real time PCR could detect CaMV35S, CP4EPSPS genes and the detection limit was 0.1 ng/μL for CaMV35S. Different kinds of soybean foodstuffs were detected by nested PCR and real time PCR, the results showed that, no CaMV35S gene was detected in all the foodstuffs. Therefore, nested PCR and the SYBR Green Ⅰ real time PCR were the effective methods for detecting GM soybean foodstuffs.

  Studies on the Extraction, Purification of the Polysaccharides in Cordyceps sinensis and Its Autoxidation 2012, 28 (15):  238-242.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0731 Abstract + ( 1240 )   PDF ( 631547KB )   ( 976 ) In order to separate and purify polysaccharides in Cordyceps sinensis and study its autoxidation. The extract effect factor of polysaccharides in Cordyceps sinensis such as extraction time, temperature, solid/liquid ratio, were investigated based on the content of polysaccharides. The interactions of time-temperature, temperature-solid/liquid ratio and time- solid / liquid ratio, etc were investigated by response surface methodology. The polysaccharide was purified by Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration. Meanwhile, antioxidation of purified polysaccharides was studied. The Design Expert software was employed to inversely resolve the created quadratic regression model of the extraction yields of polysaccharides. The optimums conditions were as follows: the extraction time was 2 h, solid/liquid ratio was 1:34 and temperature was 100℃. The purified polysaccharides in Cordyceps sinensis showed stronger antioxidants. It could remove scavenging DPPH free radical and superoxide radical were investigated respectively.

  Effects of Exogenous Ascorbic Acid on Quality of Carrot during Storage 2012, 28 (15):  243-248.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3321 Abstract + ( 1081 )   PDF ( 918433KB )   ( 709 ) The aim was to study the effects of exogenous ascorbic acid (AsA) treatment on the quality of carrot during. Using 100 mg/L AsA to deal with ‘Beijing five inch’ and ‘whip red’ varieties of carrot with 0℃ storage, the quality indexes of carrot were determined. The results showed that: Using 100 mg/L AsA deal with carrot could maintain the carrot protein content and ascorbic acid content, delay the hollowing index and the increase of free amino acid content. ExAsA improved the activity of CAT and POD, inhibited the increase of H2O2 content, and effectively kept the edible quality of carrot. ExAsA treatment could effectively delay the aging process of carrot during storage, and extend the storage time of carrot.

  Studies on Bulk Curing Technology of Feature Variety ‘Minyan 35’ 2012, 28 (15):  249-254.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0229 Abstract + ( 1260 )   PDF ( 594028KB )   ( 667 ) In order to improve and optimize the bulk curing technology of feature variety ‘Minyan 35’, the effects of different curing measures on the qualities of upper and middle flue-cured leaves of ‘Minyan 35’ were investigated. The results showed that treatment A which applied with higher yellowing temperature and higher leaf drying moisture improved the apparent quality, economic characters, physical characteristics, chemical compounds harmony and smoking quality of flue-cured leaves of ‘Minyan 35’, as compared to the control which applied with lower yellowing temperature and lower leaf drying moisture. The flue-cured leaves quality of treatment B which applied with higher yellowing temperature and lower leaf drying moisture ranked only second to treatment A. As compared to treatment A, the leaf structure of treatment B was stiffer with larger proportion of blue veins and lower smoking quality. The flue-cured leaves quality of the control was the worst in the three treatments with lower apparent quality, economic characters, physical characteristics, chemical compounds harmony and smoking quality, as compared to treatment A and B.

  Effect on Value in Use of Tobacco of Different Maturity by Diverse Curing Techniques 2012, 28 (15):  255-259.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3059 Abstract + ( 1011 )   PDF ( 616448KB )   ( 648 ) Different maturity flue-curing tobacco leaves including unripe, mature, ripe and overripe at different stalk positions with ‘K326’ were cured respectively by three curing technique. The three curing techniques were made by different yellowing, color-fixing temperature and humility conditions which were lower temperature and lower humidity, middle temperature and middle humidity, middle temperature and higher humidity. The tobacco leaves after flue-cured were smoked. The results indicated that it was beneficial to keep and improve value in use for tobacco leaves after flue-cured of mature, ripe and overripe at lower position, ripe and overripe at middle position by the technique of lower temperature and lower humidity. By the technique of middle temperature and middle humility, it was good for raising flue-curing quality and preserving good aroma and flavor for tobacco leaves after flue-cured of mature at middle position, ripe at upper position. It was bad to keep good value in use for tobacco leaves after flue-cured by the technique of middle temperature and higher humidity.

  Study on the Technology of Extraction of Flavonoids Content in the Bitter Buckwheat 2012, 28 (15):  260-263.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3232 Abstract + ( 1273 )   PDF ( 634998KB )   ( 684 ) This text studied on the methods of extracting flavonoids of different organs on the bitter buckwheat as raw materials. The method was the high pressure extraction and the Ultrasonic extraction and the mix high pressure and the Ultrasonic extraction. The results showed that, in high pressure extraction 15 min, the content of flavonoids in the leaf was 5.46% and that of stem was 1.27%, and that of root was 0.54%. In the Ultrasonic extraction 60 min, the content of flavonoids in the leaf was 5.72% and that of stem was 1.71%, and that of root was 0.84%. In mix high pressure and the Ultrasonic extraction, the content of flavonoids was the highest in high pressure 10 min + the Ultrasonic extraction 30 min. The content of flavonoids of leaf was 6.43% and that was better than the average of the same conditions in high pressure extraction (5.07%) and that increased by 1.27%, and that was better than the average of the same conditions in the Ultrasonic extraction (5.53%), and that increased by 0.81%. The conclusion was that, the rate of recovery was the highest and that was up to 96.7% in high pressure 10 min + the Ultrasonic extraction 30 min.

  Research of Extraction Process of Solanine in Potato 2012, 28 (15):  264-267.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3179 Abstract + ( 1226 )   PDF ( 623764KB )   ( 728 ) Huchen potato were selected as experimental materials, researching the extract method using different solvent, material liquid ratio and extraction time for potato solanine affect the content of solanine. The results showed that, the combination which the solvent ratio of ethanol to acetic acid was 10:1, the ratio of material liquid was 1:15, the time of extracting was 3 h, that was significantly better than other condition combination, so it was the best extraction condition.

  Analysis on the Temporal-spatial Changes of Cassava Production in the World Based on GIS 2012, 28 (15):  268-274.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3281 Abstract + ( 1221 )   PDF ( 2768499KB )   ( 723 ) For comprehensive analysis and provide reference information of the world cassava production, the GIS (Geographic Information System) was used to analyze the temporal-spatial changes and change trend of the world cassava production from 1969 to 2009 based on the cassava production statistics provided by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). The results showed that, the spatial distribution of area harvested, total output and per unit area yield had a significant geographical differences. In the changing of the time series, the whole world production of cassava rising steadily, cassava production changes of the main producing continents and countries had different characteristics. In the space variation trend, the rules that north and south direction altering of the per unit area yield of cassava was the most obvious; the per unit area yield of cassava increased from the equator to north with adding latitude, and it decreased from the equator to south with growing latitude. GIS was a new technology that for researching the spatial and temporal changes of the cassava. The development model of world cassava should be taken to cooperation, exchange and mutual support. The sustainable development of cassava industry might be integrated the land resources, climate resources and technological resources of the world and developed the world cassava resources within a reasonable range based on the potential production of the cassava.

  Study on Spatio-temporal Change of Land Use/Cover in Chang-Zhu-Tan Region 2012, 28 (15):  275-282.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2873 Abstract + ( 1482 )   PDF ( 1722042KB )   ( 816 ) In order to reveal the land use change and spatial variation characteristics, strengthen land space control and promote the sustainable use of land resources in Chang-Zhu-Tan region during the period of rapid development of urbanization, based on the land use/cover status data in 1986, 1995 and 2005, combined with the technology of GIS, the author studied on spatio-temporal change of land use/cover in Chang-Zhu-Tan region. The results showed that: (1) forest and paddy were advantage in Chang-Zhu-Tan region. During 1986-2005, urban construction land and rural residential land continued to increase, while the paddy continued to decline; (2) various types of the land use are mutual conversion. Most of paddy, arid-land, forest, shrub and waters transformed into the urban construction lands. The new rural residential land was mainly come from paddy. Urban construction land growth appeared in two ways. One grew by attaching the existing urban construction land, the other grew by leaping; (3) the land use change existed obvious regional differences in Chang-Zhu-Tan region. The relative change rate of the land use type of Changsha City, Zhuzhou City and Xiangtan City was larger; while the relative change rate of the land use type of Liling City, Yanling county and Chaling county was smaller; (4) The average speed of the land use change was not fast in Chang-Zhu-Tan region. The changes of urban construction land, rural residential land, water and grass were positive, which grew with the fastest changing was the urban construction land; the changes of the remaining land use type was negative changes, which reduced with the fastest changing was orchard. It was thought that the main reason for spatio-temporal change of land use/cover was integration development, urbanization level improvement and differences in Chang-Zhu-Tan region.

  The Analysis of Spatial Distribution and Optimization on Rural Settlement Based on Village Region——Taking An Example of Qianjin Village in Linxi Town, Shizhu County, Chongqing 2012, 28 (15):  283-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3148 Abstract + ( 1295 )   PDF ( 1843007KB )   ( 807 ) As one of the important contents of the new round of overall planning of land use, the spatial distribution adjustment and optimization of rural residential area play an important part on the balancing urban and rural development, on the enhancing regional economy. Based on the spatial analysis technique, statistic analysis of GIS and landscape ecology theory, the author studied the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlements in village regions as a case of Qianjin Village of Shizhu County with the major data sources of the second national land survey (including contour line, river, road and rural settlements) at the scale of 1:2000. The results showed that rural settlements land areas were scattered sites in disorder at present, and main influencing factors included the degree of slope, inconvenient water, road accesses, and the distance from cultivated land. Application of the multi-factor overlay on GIS, the author divided residential into 4 types for optimized spatial distribution: forbidden construction zone, restricted construction zone, preferential construction zone and primary construction zone. The methodology was valuable for guiding land use settle on rural settlements.

  The Influence of Land Use and Cover Change on Net Primary Productivity of Middle-sized and Small Cities 2012, 28 (15):  291-296.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3118 Abstract + ( 1346 )   PDF ( 1489504KB )   ( 1084 ) In order to explore and research the influence of land use and cover change (LUCC) on net primary productivity of middle-sized and small cities during urbanization process, taking Zhangjiagang City as the study area, the author applied the MODIS image data and models related to net primary productivity (NPP) to estimate the act and potential NPP in 2008 and studied the characteristics of spatial distribution of the losing NPP caused by LUCC. The results showed that in urbanization, because of the LUCC of Zhangjiagang City, it lost a lot of NPP, the NPP in city area decreased sharply, the value of NPPlucc in forest and grassland relatively low, and which of agro-ecosystems was minimum for irrigation and fertilization, so had a higher production than potential NPP. The NPPlucc in Zhangjiagang appeared to have a decline trend from city to rural areas, there had two protuberance peaks on the urban and rural connecting areas and industrial regions in countryside. The results also showed that the disturbance to natural ecosystem was decreased by applying management measures and technology ways, then the loss of NPP caused by LUCC and human activities was minimized. It took a feasible way to decrease human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) and resolve existing problems in related to natural resource exhausted and sustainable development.

  Analysis on Driving Factor of Rural Collective Construction Land Circulation Based on Logistic Model——A Case Study on Yongchuan District of Chongqing 2012, 28 (15):  297-300.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3740 Abstract + ( 1313 )   PDF ( 639483KB )   ( 762 ) The purpose of this paper was to find out the driving factors in the process of the rural collective construction land circulation, in order to revitalize rural collective construction land in inventory. On the basis of the influence degree of the driving factors in collective construction land circulation, we classified them into three categories: the significant influence factor, the general influence factors and the unimportance influence factor, and deep research and analysis to each kind of drive factor. According to use investigation method, and Logistic Regression Method to research investigation data. This paper researched that the farmers' income level and social security were two important factors to influence, after the rural collective construction land circulation. Therefore, in order to ensure that the collective construction land circulation healthy and orderly, harmonious, stable development. need strengthening the farmers' the right to speak in the land circulation discourse, fully completing farmers' social security and improving farmers' employment environment.

  Construction Research of Beijing Suburban Natural Resources and Socio-economic 2012, 28 (15):  301-305.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3543 Abstract + ( 1173 )   PDF ( 618253KB )   ( 721 ) In order to improve decision-making and analysis ability of capital rural and agricultural, and further integrate and develop suburban information resources, Beijing suburban natural resources and socio-economic information management platform was constructed. Firstly, structure and content of system platform were elaborated from structure, data organization, function modules, monitoring range and content; Secondly, platform technology structure researches were developed such as data standardization processing, multi-source heterogeneous data fusion, spatial integrated storage and management, data collection and rapid updating; Finally, operation and routine maintenance of platform were pointed out, and several aspects noticed in its construction were also discussed. After 5 years of construction and operation, a space integrated management which combined suburban information resources qualitative analysis, quantitative calculation with visual display was achieved. It was very great significant for Beijing new socialist countryside construction and rural three agricultural development.

  Study on the Standard System for Leisure Agriculture 2012, 28 (15):  306-311.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3770 Abstract + ( 1091 )   PDF ( 611640KB )   ( 827 ) The leisure agriculture in China has currently stepped into the phase of adjustment and improvement. All the key elements about leisure agriculture are in dire need of regulation and direction for further development. On analyzing the current leisure agriculture development at home and abroad, the research probed into the connotation of leisure agriculture and its standardization, clarified the significance of establishing the standard system for leisure agriculture, and primarily constructed the leisure agriculture standard system. The results showed that establishing standard system meets the national need for promoting leisure agriculture, and the system construction should move round the key elements such as sectors, functions and key points of leisure agriculture, and focus on drafting the specific standards on national, industrial and regional level respectively, especially on the standards for construction and evaluation of leisure agriculture and the rules for services and operations.

  The Planning of Rural Leisure Tourism Destination Guided by the Thought of Harmony——A Case Study of the Lumingling 2012, 28 (15):  312-316.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3032 Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 727331KB )   ( 672 ) Rural leisure tourism is one of the popular leisure modes in modern times. The thought of harmony is the essence of the traditional culture of China. This article analyzed the connotation of rural leisure tourism from the perspective of "harmony thought". Rural areas were typical geographic spaces embodying "the Unity of Heaven and Humanity". Rural leisure was the optimum choice for man to realize self-harmony. Rural leisure tourism was a new impetus, a new pattern and a new way of promoting the harmony of social. This article tried to make a case study of the Lumingling scenic spot, attempting to apply the thought of harmony to the planning of rural leisure tourism destination. Integrating Chinese Harmony Culture with the planning of rural leisure tourism destination tightly will have long-term positive meaning not only for the research and spread of Chinese Harmony Culture but also for the development of Chinese tourism.