Current issue

• 2013 Vol.29 No.31 Published:05 November 2013

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  Study on Growth Regularity ofCastanopsis fargesii Yu Xinyan 2013, 29 (31):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1278 Abstract + ( 817 )   PDF ( 777038KB )   ( 601 ) In order to study the growth regularity of natural Castanopsis fargesii and estimate the development of it. Based on the Castanopsis fargesii’s analytic material in Yanping, Fujian, through the stem analysis method and the fitting of the equation, the author studied the law about how Castanopsis fargesii’s diameter at breast height, tree height, volume change with age. The results showed that: the natural Castanopsis fargesii diameter at breast height, tree height, volume total increment increased with age growing in natural circumstances in Yanping, Fujian, the best growth model of natural Castanopsis fargesii diameter at breast height, tree height of was quadratic curve model, the best growth model of volume was Richards and Korf. When tree growth was 12, the speed of growth was faster. The juvenile seedling grew quickly, in order to improve the growth of Castanopsis fargesii, people should pay attention to its watering and fertilizer management especially, when cultivating in order to improve the increment of Castanopsis fargesii.

  A Study on the Annual Growth Dynamics of Manglietia insignis Seedlings from Different Provenances Chen Juyan, Deng Lunxiu, Chen Jingyan, Chen Zhiping, Tan Huamei 2013, 29 (31):  8-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1353 Abstract + ( 819 )   PDF ( 672377KB )   ( 556 ) The objective of this study was to by means of Logistic equation studied the height and diameter of annual Manglietia insignis seedlings from three different geographical sources(Dafang provenance,Leishan provenance and Rongjiang provenance), and then analyed the growth rhythm of annual Manglietia insignis seedlings.The results showed that the growth pattems of height and ground diameter of three provenances were similar to ‘S’ curves and could be fitted with Logistic equation.And by equation the four stages could be divided into emergence period, early growth period, vigorous growth period and later growth period for the growth of height and ground diameter.The rhythm of the height and ground of the Manglietia insignis seedlings three provenances were same.The start time of vigorous growth period for the height from Dafang provenance was earlier than Leishan provenance and Rongjiang provenance,but the end time was to be posterior to Leishan provenance and Rongjiang provenance 1-2 months;The start time of vigorous growth period for the diameter from Dafang provenance was earlier or later than other provenances,but the end time was later than other provenances 5-7 days; The height and diameter of vigorous growth period from Dafang provenance were long, but the growth rate were slow. Instead,the height and diameter of vigorous growth period from Leishan provenance and Rongjiang provenance were short, the growth rate were fast. Annual growth in height of Manglietia insignis seedlings from Dafang provenance,Leishan provenance and Rongjiang provenance were 16.12 cm,16.75 cm and 16.42 cm; Annual growth in diameter were 5.52mm,6.27mm and 6.05mm. There was no obvious difference in height between different provenances.The diameter in Dafang provenance and Leishan provenance had significant difference, but other provenances had no obvious difference. There was a large variation between different provenances and within provenances. The height and the ground diameter of the seedlings from the Leishan and Rongjiang provenances are batter than the seedings from the Dafang provenances.

  Study on Phonological Character in Seedling Period of 60 Introduced Populus deltoids Clones 2013, 29 (31):  15-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1850 Abstract + ( 935 )   PDF ( 551261KB )   ( 601 ) In order to provide directionally genetically improved breeding materials of poplar by exploring the phenological traits genetic variation level and its development potential of Populus deltoides and carry out the resource evaluation, the author observed and analyzed 8 phenological phases in seedling period of 60 Populus deltoids clones introduced from America. The results showed that: (1) there was obvious difference in phonological character among clones, especially in lamina stage and late deciduous stage, with the largest variation coefficient of 14.97% and the minimum of 3.83% respectively. (2) The time of lamina stage was most scattered while that of late deciduous stage was most concentrated. The phonological character in the early stage of seedling growth was the main factor influencing the length of growing season. (3) By principal component analysis, the author classified phenological phases into 3 typical periods, including germination stage, lamina stage and deciduous stage. (4) The author classified 60 clones into 4 types by using clustering analysis in phenological time variables of clones.

  Cloning and Sequence Characterizing a Mlo Gene in Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. Qin Bi1, Wang Meng2, Xue Song3, Hu Zhongyun3, Zheng Fucong2, Zhang Yu2 2013, 29 (31):  21-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1414 Abstract + ( 1244 )   PDF ( 940811KB )   ( 735 ) Mlo is an important member of plant diseases resistance genes. Cloning and sequence analysis of Mlo gene in Hevea brasiliensis will lay the foundation for breeding for disease resistant varieties through the transgenic technology. In this study, the barley Mlo gene (GenBank accession number: Z83834) was served as a query to search in the EST and transcript databases of Hevea brasiliensis, and then the homologous EST were assembled. The CDS fragment of Hevea Mlo gene with the expected size (1668 bp) has been successfully cloned by RT-PCR. The Hevea Mlo encoded 555 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular mass of 63.14 kDa and a 8.85 isolectric point. The structure analysis revealed that Hevea Mlo protein had a conserved Mlo domain and 8 transmembrane domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Hevea Mlo shared the highest similarity with the Mlo protein from Manihot esculenta and Ricinus communis, with 92.1% and 87.6% sequence identities. In the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, Hevea Mlo shared the highest similarity with AtMlo8 with 67% identical residues, which also contained 8 transmembrane domains. Therefore, the Hevea Mlo cloned in this study was designed as HbMlo8. Cloning and sequence analysis of HbMlo8 gene suggested that it belonged to Mlo gene family, these results provide a basis for further verify its function in Hevea brasiliensis.

  Study on the Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Mangrove Forest in Zhanjiang Bay 2013, 29 (31):  27-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1244 Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 517106KB )   ( 592 ) The mangrove forest in Zhanjiang Bay plays an important role in prevention of coastal erosion and typhoon hazards. In order to reveal soil characteristics, 3 sample plots of mangrove forests respectively located at Donghai Dake, Libu Village and Techeng Island were set up, and the soil samples at depth of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-50 cm were collected. Then the pH, carbon content, total N and available N content, total P and available P content, total K and available K content, and salt content were examined. The result showed that the 9 soil physical and chemical indicators tested varied obviously along with the increase in soil depth. The soil was highly acidic, and developed towards acid sulphate soil. The high salt content was also found in the soil, exhibiting salinization characteristics. Optimizing the soil environment was suggested.

  The study on tissue culture regeneration system of Eucalyptus dunnii 2013, 29 (31):  32-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1645 Abstract + ( 751 )   PDF ( 492302KB )   ( 584 ) In recent years, the Eucalyptus dunnii had become an important afforestation tree species in southern China because of its fast growing and high cold-tolerance. But its seeds mainly depended on imports and the price is expensive, so to carry on the regeneration system of the research was of great significance to solve the problem of seedling. In this paper, a regeneration system of E. dunnii using seed and axillary bud as explants was established, the results showed: Using aseptic sowing technique of E. dunnii, cutting their hypocotyls and cotyledons and cultured in vitro, establishment of adventitious buds and plant regeneration of embryogenesis. The best culture medium was 1/2MS+6-BA0.5+NAA0.2+IBA0.5, the subculture cycle was 25 days, the subculture coefficiency reached 3.1. Furthermore, E. dunnii axillary buds were used to study organogenesis approach. The results showed that 1/2MS+6-BA0.5+NAA0.2+IBA0.5 medium also suitable for axillary buds induction and differentiation. Subculture cycle and propagation coefficient is consistent with the embryogenesis way. The axillary shoots were transferred to rooting medium 1/2MS+NAA0.2+IBA0.5 which come from embryogenesis and organogenesis pathway, 7 days later, successions generated roots, the rooting rate could reach to 70%-71% after 25 days. The results provided the theoretical and practical basis for the rapid propagation and factory production of E. dunnii.

  Effect of Oil Palm-pineapple Intercropping on Soil Nutrition and Related Enzyme Activities 2013, 29 (31):  36-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1864 Abstract + ( 929 )   PDF ( 886485KB )   ( 572 ) In order to explore the effect of oil palm-pineapple intercropping on soil nutrition and soil enzyme activity, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil nutrition and enzyme activities in an oil palm-pineapple intercropping system. Results showed that: the intercropping treatment could reduce soil pH; organic matter content displayed no significant difference between treatment and control, while the content in harvest period was higher than growing period. Soil nitrogen, phosphorus content in treatment was higher than in control, and soil potassium in treatment was higher than in control during growing period, while there was no significant difference between treatment and control in harvest period. The intercropping treatment reduced soil urease and phosphatase activity overall, meanwhile increased catalase activity.

  Observation on Phenophase and Quality Analysis of 4 Different Walnut Cultivars 2013, 29 (31):  42-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1488 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 526069KB )   ( 576 ) In order to provide a theoretical basis for selecting fine varieties of walnut, phonological period of Xilin No.3, Xiangling, Xifu No.1, and Chico were observed in 2012, meanwhile the main economic characters were determined by principal component and correlation analysis, which included nut width, nut length, suture width, average nut weight, nut shell thickness, per kernel weight. The results showed that: apart from Chico was protogynous, the other 3 cultivars were protandrous. Xiangling was superb among 4 cultivars. According to more than 80.971% of the cumulative variance proportion, the results proposed three principal components and its function equations which reflected the main economic characters of walnut. The key principal component values of various varieties were calculated, it would be applied to select fine varieties, the results were similar to practical phenotype. The method of principal component analysis was more scientific and simple while evaluating main economic characters of walnut comprehensively.

  Effects of Light and Sand Burial on the Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of stipa glareosa Li Faming1,2, Liu Shujuan1,2, Zhang Yinghua1,2, Zhu Shujuan1,2, Liu Kebiao1,2, W 2013, 29 (31):  47-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1470 Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 746811KB )   ( 528 ) In order to studyStipa glareosa seed germination characteristics and mechanism of dormancy, seed germination and experiment ecological methods was used to study the effects of different light, cut through the kind of and removal of different proportions of skin (fruit) onStipa glareosa endosperm germination and analog field conditions different burial depths seedling emergence. The results showed that:Stipa glareosa germination rate under dark conditions was significantly higher than light conditions; removal of 75% of the endosperm, Stipa glareosa germination was the fastest; different burial depth when buried of 0.5 cm in shallow sand seed germination andStipa glareosa was the highest rate of seedling emergence but dormancy rate was the lowest; sand burial depth of more than 2 cm after,Stipa glareosa seed germination, seedling emergence rate and sand burial depth was negatively correlated with sand burial depth dormancy rate increases.Stipa glareosa seed was the germination type latent dark conditions. Artificial seedingStipa glareosa seeds should be 0.5-2 cm depth is appropriate.

  Research on Soil Organic Carbon Components under Different Management in Bamboo Forest 2013, 29 (31):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1805 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 530463KB )   ( 695 ) The dynamic changes of soil organic carbon components and its influential factors were investigated through setting fertilizer plots in typical bamboo (Phylostachys pubescens) forests in Yuhang, Hangzhou. There were three treatments including Control (CK), site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), and farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP). During one year study period, the content of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranged from 102.5 mg/kg to 200.2 mg/kg, and the content of microbial biomass carbon ranged from 150.8 mg/kg to 431.3 mg/kg. Soil DOC was significantly higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer （p=0.0203）, while microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in winter was significantly lower than that in Autumn. Compared with CK, content of DOC and MBC in FFP were reduced by 13.3% and 14%. The results also showed that the release quantity of soil respiration was slight higher in FFP than in CK. SSNM treatment reduced the soil CO2 annual emission amount.

  Effect of Compound Media and Plant Growth Regulator on the Cuttage Propagation of Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yun Tian Cai Gui’ Xiaoxiao Liu Yuanhua Dong 2013, 29 (31):  58-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1295 Abstract + ( 1000 )   PDF ( 829016KB )   ( 884 ) A cutting orthogonal experiment with three factors and three levels was conducted under full light and intermittent sprinkling to study investigate the effect of compound media, type and concentration of plant growth regulators on the cutting propagation of Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yun Tian Cai Gui’. The results showed that in group A compound media and concentration of plant growth regulator had all had extremely significant effects on rooting rate except the type of plant growth regulator. The rooting effects of these three factors on the rooting rate were: compound media> concentration of plant growth regulator> type of plant growth regulator. The best treatment of group A with the rooting rate of 83.3% was: medium under compound organic substrate: pearlite: vermiculite (3:4:3), soaking 200 mg/kg of GGR for 2 hours. And in group E, except the concentration of plant growth regulator, other two factors had extremely significant effects on rooting rate. The best treatment of group E with the rooting rate of 80.0% was: medium under wormcast: pearlite: vermiculite (3:4:3), soaking 200 mg/kg of GGR for 2 hours. However, the rooting rate of the control treatment with the cutting medium of Yangtze River alluvial soil was 20%-30%. This was proved by the second experiment with a rooting rate of (90±3.3)%. Cutting under the full light and intermittent sprinkling, these two methods of cutting with the roots belonging to surface root type can shorten rooting time significantly, increase rooting quantity and product good quality seedlings according to the plan screened out.

  The Effects of Humic Acid Under Different Water Levels on Poplar Growth and Soil Fertility Zhang Jingmin1,2, Sang Maopeng3, Liu Chunsheng4, Xing Shangjun2 2013, 29 (31):  64-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1338 Abstract + ( 751 )   PDF ( 476572KB )   ( 634 ) In order to explore poplar high-yield water and fertilizer condition, the effect of humic acid and inorganic fertilizer on poplar growth and soil fertility were conducted under low, normal and high three different water levels by pot experiment. The result showed that: there was no significant difference on the dry weight under low water treatment between the application of humic acid and inorganic fertilizer, but had significant difference under regular and high water treatment. Under the three different water levels, total average dry weights were 14.60 g, 96.03 g and 230.00 g respectively which had significant difference between them. Compared with inorganic fertilizer under the same water levels, the application of humic acid significantly decreased the contents of nitrate nitrogen and available P, K, increased the content of ammonium nitrogen; significantly increased the contents of total C and correspondingly the humus activity; and had significantly enhanced the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme, but had little effect on catalase enzyme. As for the urease enzyme, the application of humic acid significantly increased urease enzyme in the low and regular water treatment, and had no significant difference in the high water treatment. To sum up, application of humid acid were blocked under low water treatment, but it had significant effects on poplar growth and soil fertility under regular and high water treatment.

  Grafting Techniques on Aged Landscape Tree of 6 Species Ren Mingying1, Ren Jie1,2, He Xiaoyan1, Han Bingbing1, Fu Songling1 2013, 29 (31):  69-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1490 Abstract + ( 782 )   PDF ( 1035886KB )   ( 725 ) In order to produce high quality landscape trees, this paper had studied grafting techniques for six years. We selected 6 high value landscape tree species, such as Loropetalum chinensis, Lagerstroemia indica var. Alba, Ligustrum lucidum, Ulmus parvifolia, Acer spp., Camellia olifera. The paper researched the aged trees grafting techniques from four aspects such as transplant, grafting, the management and art shape. The results showed that planting on higher position and related technical measures could enhance the survival rate above 92% of transplanting significantly. Same directional with the original place and physical fixed auxiliary could prevent the big tree bark broken. The research also showed that using the special nail to fix and cover in plastic wrap, could improve the grafting survival rate above 86%. Wooden support could guide the branches build higher artistic ornamental value.

  Establishment and Comprehensive Evaluation Index System for Energy Utilization of Bamboo Species Resources Wu Zhizhuang1,2, Xiong Deli3, Xia Enlong4, Shao Qiong1, Zhong Zheke1 2013, 29 (31):  74-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1516 Abstract + ( 912 )   PDF ( 468258KB )   ( 742 ) In order to accelerate the processes of energy utilization of bamboo resources in China, the comprehensive evaluation index system of energy bamboo was established in accordance with the principles of index system, which was composed of growth and energy characteristics, physical and chemical properties of all 20 index combined with the special properties of bamboo resources. Meanwhile, 9 bamboo species were conducted a comprehensive evaluation with the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Comprehensive index indicated that: sympodial bamboo>monopodial and amphipodial bamboo, Bambusa wenchouensis, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens scored highest with great energy utilization prospects. The results indicated that: the evaluation system and method employed in this study had an acceptable consistency with the real situation. It could provide a systematic procedure for subjective judgments for energy bamboos selection, which would benefit to the further development and utilization of bamboo resources and solve the shortage problem of raw materials of biomass energy industry.

  Research Advances of Physiological Effect and Mechanism of Hydrogen Sulfide in Plants Wang Wei, Zhang Wei, Zhu Liqin, Shen Yonggen 2013, 29 (31):  78-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1037 Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 563463KB )   ( 1026 ) Hydrogen sulfide has been found to be the third gas messenger after nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Recent results indicated that hydrogen sulfide plays a very important function in plant physiological processes. In this paper, Research advances of hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic pathways in plant and physiological functions and mechanism were summarized, which involved in regulating stomatal closure, seed germination, root development, mineral stress, plant disease, drought, regulation of plant senescence and some other physiological processes. Suggestions were put forward that hydrogen sulfide signaling functions and regulation mechanism with modern biotechnologies need more investigation.

  Relationships Between Flue-cured Tobacco Leaf of the Stable Carbon Isotope Composition at Differentiation Variety and Ultrastructure Tan Shuwen1, Wang Yi2, Wang Chongde3, Pu Weiqiong3, Yan Kan1,4, Wu Xiaoxiao1, Ya 2013, 29 (31):  83-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0679 Abstract + ( 979 )   PDF ( 2217389KB )   ( 439 ) In this paper we will represent the researches that we did on flue-cured tobacco cultivars including Hongda, K326, Yunyan87 and NC71 that were broadly planted in Yunnan province. Taking middle leaves of these cultivars that planted in the same field in mature period as test samples, we studied the relationships between the leaf’s stable carbon isotope composition（δ13C）and the ultrastructure of chloroplast, glandular hairs and stomas. The results were：(1) δ13C values were: K326＞NC71＞Hongda＞Yunyan87. (2)The average number of osmiophilic granules in chloroplasts was ranked as follows: K326＞NC71＞Hongda＞Yunyan87. (3) There were maximum and plumpest long-handled glandular hairs with secretory function on the surface of K326’s leaf while the Hongda’s is less and thinner. (4)The density of stomas was ranked as follows: K326＞NC71＞Yunyan87＞Hongda.（5）δ13C was strong positive correlate with the average number of osmiophilic granules (P＜0.05), weak positive correlate with the average numbers of starch granules, the length of chloroplast and the density of stomas(P＞0.05). Furthermore δ13C was weak negative correlated with the length of starch grain and the density of glandular hairs (P＞0.05). The results indicated that (1) stable carbon isotope composition was varied in different tobacco cultivars and (2) the variation was associated with leaf ultrastructure

  Preliminary Study on Separation of Pleurotus eryngii Protoplast Zhang Peng1,2,3, Gong Lingfeng3,4, Zhuang Weidong1, Zheng Jinshui1, Zhu Jian2,3 2013, 29 (31):  91-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0772 Abstract + ( 858 )   PDF ( 902604KB )   ( 625 ) The optimal conditions such as enzyme concentration、enzymatic hydrolysis time、reaction temperature、mycelium culture way、mycelium age and type of osmotic stabilizer for the lywallzyme hydrolysis of the cultured mycelia of Pleurotus eryngii for protoplast production were investigated by single factor experiment. The results showed that the highest production rate of the protoplast was emerged under the conditions that 5 days old liquid mycelium in the enzyme solution of 2% lywallzyme digested for 2.5h at temperature of 29℃ with 0.6mol/L mannitol as osmotic pressure stabilizer. This study has laid the foundation of protoplast breeding of Pleurotus eryngii in the future.

  Study on the Color Analysis of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease Based on Digital Images Li Jun1, Chen Zhende2 2013, 29 (31):  96-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0534 Abstract + ( 657 )   PDF ( 755984KB )   ( 539 ) In order to achieve rapid non-destructive monitoring of tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease, we analyzed the images of tomato leaves using computer image processing technology. We compared 9 color parameters in 3 color systems. The study showed that there were significant differences in five color parameters. In a further study on distribution statistics, we found the optimal distinguish interval of each parameter. Each distinguish rate of G, Y and Cb is more than 70%. The optimal distinguish interval of each 3 value is 135, 121 and 110. This provided important parameter basis for the follow-up study on identify model. The result shows that it’s feasible to identify tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease based on color analysis.

  Oriented Screening Antagonistic Bacillus against Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. cucumarinum Owen and Analysis the Character of its antifungal agents Bu Chunya1,2, Jia Yuqi1, Wang Younian1,2, Jin Yongsheng2, Liu Yayi1, Wang Xuejin 2013, 29 (31):  101-107.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0673 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 934262KB )   ( 609 ) This study was to oriented screen antagonistic Bacillus against Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cucumarinum Owen and analyze the character of its antifungal agents. Heat treatment and morphological observation combining flat confrontation culture method was used to oriented screen antagonistic Bacillus against Fusarium oxysporium. Sixty three isolates of spore-producing bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of protected continuous cropping cucumber. Among them, two strains, named as j-50 and j-28, were found to have high antifungi activities against Fusarium oxysporium. Especially, strain j-28 had an inhibition zone of 11.0 mm against Fusarium oxysporium. Furthermore, strain j-28 also had high antagonistic effects on other plant pathogenic fungi. The strain j-28 was identified as Bacillus subtilis by physiolofical characteristics, biochemical, morphological, as well as the 16S rDNA sequence analysis. This study showed that antifungal activities of strain j-28 were significantly affected by heat and acid-base treatment, which may suggested that the antifungal agents of strain j-28 may be protein. Bacillus j-28 with high antifungal activities and its special characters can be a potential biological control source of Fusarium oxysporium.

  Endogenesis Hormones Contents Changes in Cucumis melon Fruit and the Influence of ABA to Fruit Mature Liu Yan, Zhang Zhongxia, Liu Ying, Cai Guifang 2013, 29 (31):  108-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0678 Abstract + ( 1023 )   PDF ( 716409KB )   ( 663 ) Abstract : Through the internal detection and external temperature testing method, researching the dynamic changes in muskmelon fruit development and ABA influence fruit mature. The results indicated that: the IAA and ZR contents were higher in the early muskmelon development, GAs content gradually rised after the muskmelon slowly grow period, ABA content gradually increased after the mature of the muskmelon. After using the ABA-contained medium temperature, sucrose synthase was greatly improved, neutral invertase activities were significantly inhibited, sucrose of fruit discs content increased, glucose content droped. Comprehensive analysis thinks: The fruit of the early development of cell division and swelling are related with the IAA, ZR and Gas contents. ABA is probably one type of important hormones that start muskmelon mature, which adjusts to the fruit sucrose accumulation and promotes to mature fruit quality transformation through regulating sugar metabolism-related enzymes.

  Changes of Different Grass Years on Soil Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Manganese of Pear Orchard in Yellow River Delta Liang Bowen1, Liu Chenglian1, Wang Yongzhang1, Li Wenyan2, Yuan Yongbing1 2013, 29 (31):  113-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1401 Abstract + ( 821 )   PDF ( 490867KB )   ( 533 ) The soil calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese content change in different grass years of pear orchard was studied. The surface (0-20 cm) and sub-surface (20-40 cm) soil in the orchard with golden pear[Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) ‘Nakai’] grown with grass for 3, 4 and 8 years, respectively, were compared with that of the clean cultivated pear orchard. The items were measured including soil total Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn by ICP-OES-Optima 8x00. Inter-row and inter-plant soils were both measured. In pear orchard with grass growing, the total Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn of inter-plant surface soil were increased 25.35%-58.00%, 8.83%-24.73%, 15.30%-40.55%, 17.93%-57.94%, 11.86%-28.12%; the inter-plant sub-surface soil were increased 11.44%-39.08%, 3.17%-38.53%, 6.69%-38.25%, 24.34%-55.81%, 3.31%-34.00%; the inter-plant surface soil were increased 24.36%-53.05%, 31.70%-63.81%, 33.58%-66.05%, 24.34%-55.81%, 35.79%-73.21%; the inter-plant sub-surface soil were increased 18.29%-52.92%, 27.77%-69.69%, 27.45%-72.19%, 19.02%-62.75%, 32.70%-81.69%. Sown grass significantly increased the total Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn in different layers of the inter-row and inter-plant soil, and the content of both elements show that 8 years>4 years>3 years> clean cultivated, and sub-surface soil higher than surface soil, inter-plant higher than inter-row.

  The optimized research on proliferation culture medium of Chinese Dwarf Cherry 2013, 29 (31):  118-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0658 Abstract + ( 863 )   PDF ( 525819KB )   ( 571 ) 【Objective】Selected the most suitable medium for Cerasus humilis proliferation could improve the quality of the plantlets and optimize asexual reproduction system of Cerasus humilis. 【Method】The proliferation culture stage plantlets of Chinese Dwarf Cherry 2 were as test materials，and different media, different hormone concentrations and different sucrose concentrations and different pH were as the main content to study the proliferation effect. 【Result】The most appropriate medium for Cerasus humilis 2 to Proliferation was MS . In the treatment of NAA 0.2 mg / L +6- BA 0.5 mg / L + MS , the average differentiated shoots number and the number of shoots greater than 2 cm were the largest. The treatment of MS medium with sucrose concentration of 40 g / L can not only significantly increase the number of differentiated shoots but also improve seedling rate. The MS medium with pH 6.0 was most suitable for the growth of Cerasus humilis 2. 【Conclusion】 Suitable for Prunus Humilis Bunge 2 proliferation medium was MS +NAA 0.2 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+6 g agar +40 g sucrose, pH value is 6.0.

  Bioinformatics Analysis of VvWRKY71 Transcription Factor in Vitis vinifera L 2013, 29 (31):  123-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0737 Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 718880KB )   ( 678 ) The characteristic of VvWRKY71 transcription factor in grape was analyzed and predicted by bioinformatic methods in the following aspects: physical and chemical characters, secondary and tertiary structure of protein, conserved domain, subcellular localization, function category and molecular phylogenetic evolution. The results showed that VvWRKY71 was an unstable hydrophilic proteins which made of 311 amino acid with molecular weight 34.8KDa; Random coil and α-helix were the major structural element of polypeptide chain; And it possessed one conserved WRKY domain, so it belonged to WRKY transcription factor; Subcellular localization result indicated that VvWRKY71 was located in nucleus very likely. Function analysis indicated that it was involved in transcription and transcription regulation. This research showed VvWRKY71 would play important function as a transcription factor.

  Preferred Studies on the Nutritional Solutions of Hydroponic Ornamental Sweetpotato 2013, 29 (31):  129-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0468 Abstract + ( 815 )   PDF ( 660126KB )   ( 616 ) In this paper ornamental sweetpotato with different leaf was used as the main test material to study the relationship between inorganic nutrients and the growth of hydroponic culture.it has discussed the best experiment nutrition, all the researches may provide some academic and technical supports for ornamental sweetpotato when it applies in landscape and indoor garden. The results were as follows: the content of Chl and the growth had significant differences with others by treating with 1/2 times lettuce circulating experiment nutrition, kept the pH 6.5~7.0 and EC 2.51~2.66. It can achieve the best viewing and bring life to the garden in that condition.

  Relations of Growth of Tea Plants Under the Condition of Water and Fertilizer Coupling 2013, 29 (31):  137-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0869 Abstract + ( 765 )   PDF ( 487079KB )   ( 633 ) With 311-B optimized saturation design, the regressive maths model was set up based on the relations of plant height and new shoot length and dry weight of tea plants under the condition of water fertilizer coupling. Analysis showed that the interaction effects among these factors were positive on the dry weight of tea plants with the influenced order as N and water>P and water>N and P, and the influence of single factor was N(x1)> water(x3)>P(x2). The optimum combinations of N and P were 0.485g?pot-1 and 0.274g?pot-1, and the irrigation frequency for four to five days every time under the conditions of this experiment.

  Isolation and Selection of Endophytic Bacteria from Erigeron breviscapus 2013, 29 (31):  142-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0669 Abstract + ( 893 )   PDF ( 552196KB )   ( 537 ) In order to solve the problem of the shortage of Erigeron breviscapus resource, endophytic bacteria in plants and soil of Erigeron breviscapus were isolated and identified. Endophytic bacteria were isolated and identified by using pure culture and 16S rDNA morphology. 100 endophytic bacteria were isolated from Erigeron breviscapus. The numbers of bacteria strains from plant and soil were 62, 38 respectively. Bacillus and Pseudomonas were dominant endophytic bacteria in Erigeron breviscapus and soils accounting for 55% and 28% of total endophytic bacteria. The results showed that quantity, species, and distributing of the endophytie bacteria in different part of Erigeron breviscapus and soils are different, the quantity of Endophytic bacteria from leaves and normal soil were the highest.

  Comparison of carbohydrate content variation between wild species and cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa 王露 2013, 29 (31):  147-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0663 Abstract + ( 779 )   PDF ( 948587KB )   ( 592 ) Abstract: The objectives of this study were to understand the role of carbohydrate metabolism in the enlargement of tuberous roots in Rehmannia glutinosa, and to provide a foundation for improving the yield and commercial grade of R. glutinosa. The content of soluble sugar was determined by anthrone colorimetry, and the contents of monosaccharide and oligosaccharide were determined by HPLC. Conditions for determination of monosaccharide content: mobile-phase acetonitrile-water (85:15), flow rate 1.0 mL/min, column temperature 40℃; for oligosaccharide content: mobile-phase acetonitrile-water (70:30), flow rate 0.5 mL/min, column temperature 25℃; for ELSD: gain 300, drift tube temperature 40℃, flow rate of nitrogen gas 30 psi, and spray pattern was cooling. The results showed that (1) in the leaves, soluble sugar content was increased in the cultivar compared with the wild variety; oligosaccharide content was increased at elongate period and rapid growth period, and was higher than that of the wild variety. (2) In tuberous roots: the content variations in both varieties were roughly similar; the cultivar showed obviously higher contents of fructose, glucose, stachyose and starch than the wild variety, while the wild variety showed higher sucrose content than the cultivar. The leaves of the cultivar showed higher photosynthetic capacity. During growth period, the decrease of sucrose content in tuberous roots could raise the gradient of sucrose contents between the “source” and the “sink”. This variation would benefit the transportation of photosynthetic assimilation products from leaves to tuberous roots, and thus boost the growth of roots and increase the yield of R. glutinosa.

  Chemical composition of flavonoids in Stellera chamaejasme L. and tag the activity of Tetranychus cinnabarinus B 2013, 29 (31):  154-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0632 Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 581077KB )   ( 735 ) To study acaricidal activity of compounds from Stellera chamaejasme L, three flavonoids were isolated from EtOAc and n-butanol extract of S. chamaejasme L by using various chromatographic techniques, and their chemical structure were identified as daphnelantoxin A (1), quercetin (2) and (+)-epiafzelechin (3) on basis of comparing spectroscopic data with literature. Their half lethal concentration (LC50) values against Tetranychus cinnabarinus B were detected as 4.9434 mg?mL-1, 7.6930 mg?mL-1, 2.2494 mg?mL-1 in acaricidal activity test, respectively. The result showed that epiafzelechin possess more better acaricidal activity.

  Study on the Pathogens of Root Rot on Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce and Study on Screening for the Fungistat 2013, 29 (31):  159-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0408 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 2503198KB )   ( 545 ) To make clear the pathogens of Root Rot disease of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce., diseased rots of Polygonatum odoratum cultivated in Xinshao of Hunan Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. base were collected using for isolation and identification of pathogens of Root Rot .13 antifungal Chinese herbal extracts were first used to test with the pathogens to screen for the best one by using the growth rate method. The result showed that the pathogen was Fusarium solani; extracts from Artemisiae argyi Levl.et Vant.,Sophorae flavescentis Ait.,Fructus Evodiae, Angelica sinensis (olive.) diels, showed obvious effects to inhibit mycelial growth. The results provided dates for the disease control of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce.

  EEffects of Different Fertilizers on Nutrient Uptake and Utilization of ‘Qinyan 96’ 2013, 29 (31):  163-167.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0466 Abstract + ( 819 )   PDF ( 458290KB )   ( 568 ) The objective of this study was to investigate the optimum amount of fertilization of ‘Qinyan 96’ under the treatments of 3 factors (N, P and K), 4 experimental designs (without nitrogen, reducing nitrogen, normal, and more fertilizer), the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and nutrient absorption efficiency was measured under the different proportion of fertilizer at rosette and mature stage. The results showed that: the nutrient content of tobacco leaf was increased with the augment of nitrogen applying at rosette stage, while the content of nitrogen in leaf was decreased with the increment of phosphorus applying, phosphorus content did not change significantly, potassium content increased first and then decreased. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of tobacco leaf was higher when the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer was 45, 30,90kg/hm2, respectively. In the maturity stage, N content of tobacco leaf was 2.57% and increased by 25.6%, compared with the control, when the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer was 90, 60, 90 kg/hm2, respectively. When the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer was 45, 90, 90 kg/hm2, P content of tobacco leaf was 1.30% and increased by 12.1%, when compared with the control. K content of tobacco leaf increased by 52.3%, when the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer was 45, 60, 90 kg/hm2, respectively. N use efficiency of tobacco was the highest and increased by 6.76%. The suitable amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium application was 45, 60, 90 kg/hm2 under this investigation of ‘Qinyan 96’.

  Effect of New Type Synergist of Poly Amino Acid on Vegetable Growth and Yield 2013, 29 (31):  168-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4043 Abstract + ( 830 )   PDF ( 661514KB )   ( 2969 ) In order to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and protect agricultural ecological environment, the field test was used to study the influence of poly amino acid synergist on vegetable growth and yield. The results showed that compared with the traditional fertilization, the treatments of poly amino acid synergist increased the eggplant plant height, leaf width and yield by 5.6% ~ 11.1%, 7.1% ~ 14.3% and 3.1% ~ 11.8% respectively; and increased the cabbage plant height, leaf width and yield by 6.2% ~ 13.4%, 9.1% ~ 12.7% and 2.5% ~ 5.8% respectively. The results also showed that when vegetable growth period was in two months, the treatment of compound fertilizer + urea + 2 ‰ poly amino acid synergist obtained higher yield; When vegetable growth period was more than two months, the treatments of compound fertilizer + urea + 2 ‰ (3 ‰ or 4 ‰) poly amino acid synergist + 7 ‰ NAM inhibitor were recommend in practice. Poly amino acid synergistic agent is a kind of polymer, with the functions of conserving soil water, combining and activating soil nutrient. At the same time, with the biodegradable property, under the action of soil enzymes, it can be completely degraded into free amino acids, and absorbed and utilized by crops, without any residual and secondary pollution. Therefore, the poly amino acid synergist is a kind of environment friendly fertilizer synergist, and should be appropriately promoted in the agricultural production.

  Effect of biochar on vegetable yields and the soil physical and chemical properties in greenhouse 2013, 29 (31):  174-178.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0770 Abstract + ( 881 )   PDF ( 521989KB )   ( 1088 ) A field plot experiment was conducted to study the effect of biochar on vegetable yields and the soil physical and chemical properties in greenhouse.The results showed that biochar significantly reduced soil bulk density from 2.65% to 15.73%,improved soil CEC from 1.03% to 5.46%,increased soil organic carbon from 7.28% to 24.95%,and increased soil avaiable potassium from 19.07 %to 168.5%,compared with general treatment.The contents of soil hydrolysis nitrogen and available phosphorus were also increased,but the differences were not significant.Biochar had little effect on soil pH, but significantly increased soil total salt content.The low amount of biochar had little effect on vegetable yields or improved the yields, but with increasing usage, the yields tent to downward. Therefore, the application amount of biochar should not be too high in greenhouse soil.

  Disease-preventing and Yield-promoting Effects ofBiological Agents 3BY4 and BQ9 against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease 2013, 29 (31):  179-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0641 Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 572874KB )   ( 664 ) The effects of biological agents 3BY4 and BQ9 on resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease and on yield-promoting by spray were studied. Greenhouse test showed that3BY4 and BQ9 provided significantly control efficacy, with rates of 58.19% and 52.77% respectively. The control efficacy of 3BY4 and BQ9 to tomato yellow leaf curl virus reached 47.03% and 42.76%, respectively, under field conditions in Ganyu. Furthermore, the effects of strains 3BY4 and BQ9 on the yield and quality of tomato in fields were investigated. The yields were increased by 21.32% and 26.13% after application of 3BY4 and BQ9 respectively and they could also improve the tomato quality by increasing the contents of Vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble protein and decreasing the content of organic acid. The field test in Beijing suburban area resulted that the control efficacy after treatment with the agents to Oudun was over 44%, but 17%-30% to Zhongnong 105 and Moneymaker, showing breeds variability. Our results suggest that 3BY4 and BQ9 have good effect against tomato yellow leaf curl virus and on yield-promoting and will have a broad application prospect in the future.

  Effects of hydration-dehydration on seedling drought resistance in dry chili 2013, 29 (31):  184-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2294 Abstract + ( 806 )   PDF ( 456492KB )   ( 655 ) Effects of hydration-dehydration on seedling drought resistance in dry chili was studied by the repeated drought method; aim to screen the best treatment of hydration- dehydration for enhancing the seedling drought resistance of dry chili. The results showed that hydration-dehydration can effectively increase the seedling drought resistance of dry chili. Hydration-dehydration treatment can promote the germination of the seeds. The repeated drought seedling survival rates of the treatment group significantly exceeded the control. Treatment cycles have no impact to the repeated drought seedling survival rate, but the soaked time showed a distinct role. 6 hours is the best soaked time for dry hot pepper seeds.

  Effect of Soybean Meal Combined Application of Chemical Fertilizer on Greenhouse Cucumber Yield and Quality and Soil Fertility 2013, 29 (31):  188-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0454 Abstract + ( 870 )   PDF ( 509901KB )   ( 644 ) Field experiments were carried out to study effect of different fertilizer rate of soybean meal and nitrogen on greenhouse cucumber. Which included single application of soybean meal, chemical fertilizer and soybean meal application combine with organic fertilizer on cucumber yield, quality and the utilization ratio of the fertilizer and the soil fertility. The results showed that, single application of soybean meal or chemical fertilizer and combine application of soybean meal and chemical fertilizer could significantly increased the total yield of cucumber with the same nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer application amount. Compared with treatment CK, the yield of M2N1, M1N1 and M1N2 treatments were increased by 47.1%, 68.6% and 30.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the different treatments in cucumber fruit soluble sugar, protein and nitrate, nitrite contents, but Vc content in M2N1 treatment was the highest. Different fertilization treatment could significantly improve cucumber absorption of nitrogen and potassium. But there was no significant difference in the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer utilization rate between all treatments. Soil inorganic nitrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and pH value of soil fertility properties changed obviously after cucumber harvest. Soil pH and soil nutrient changes showed a negative correlation, the soil pH value and soil available phosphorus, rapidly available potassium content was significant negative correlation with soil, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content was negatively related to. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of soybean meal release rate was higher, could completely replace the common organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer for cucumber production, the preferred proportion of soybean meal nitrogen and chemical nitrogen fertilizer was 1:1 or 2:1.

  Study of Influence of Late Frost Variation on Apple in Pingliang Gansu 2013, 29 (31):  194-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2072 Abstract + ( 856 )   PDF ( 753372KB )   ( 595 ) Based on the meteorological data of 7 stations in Pingliang form 1971 to 2010, the variation characteristics of late frost and Spring temperature was analyzed. On the basis of the phenological observation data in Kongtong from 1987 to 2013, the response characteristics of late frost to apple phenophase was also analyzed. The results showed that there were obvious regional differences of late frosts end date and late frosts lasting days in study area. The late frost end date delayed and the late frost lasting days increased from east to west. Since the late 90 s, except in individual years, the late frosts end date advanced at the rate of 13.4d/40y. The average temperature in spring, average minimum temperatures and average maximum temperatures showed an linear upward trend since 1971 under the background of global warming, the accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ increased too. The growth periods of apple’s bud burst, developing leaves, flowering ,etc. had advanced about 10-13 days. The bud burst earlier had increased the damage chance of freezes to fruit tree’s bloom in spring. Furthermore, the late frosts end date delayed in individual years and the duration of process increased made more freezing risk on apple.

  Comparision of quality and antioxidant capacity between Vaccinium corymbosum Land and Vaccinium corymbosum in Shanghai 2013, 29 (31):  201-205.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0611 Abstract + ( 771 )   PDF ( 578999KB )   ( 689 ) The research was to explore the fruit quality and antioxidant activity between different varieties of Blueberry. Using five introduced varieties of blueberry in Shanghai as experimented materials .Through analyzed fruit quality, anthocyanins, total flavonoids content, DPPH [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazylradical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl)] and FRAP(ferric reducing antioxidant potential Assay)related to antioxidant capacity of Blueberries. The results showed ‘Brigitta’ produced the biggest fruit, 2.87 g;‘O'neal’ had the highest soluble solids content, 13.44%, while acid solid was much higher, so the fruit tasted thick sweet. ‘Blue crop’ had the highest acid solid ratio, 11.8. Determination of Antioxidant flavonoids and anthocyanins of showed that Elliot had the highest antioxidant flavonoids and anthocyanins contents. At the same time, ‘Elliot’ showed higher antioxidant activity than the other cultivars, as measured by assays of DPPH and FRAP. So after introducing, ‘O'neal’ had the best qualities as the excellent fresh varieties;‘ Elliott ’ was the most suitable varieties of blueberry to do health care products processing.

  Research on the Quality, Yield and Water Consumption Characteristic of Lycium barbarum by Irrigation Frequency 2013, 29 (31):  206-210.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0462 Abstract + ( 906 )   PDF ( 639883KB )   ( 592 ) With Lycium barbarum as test material, examined the effect of different irrigation on yield and quality of irrigation frequency, Lycium determine water production functions. Results showed that the wolfberry autumn fruit harvested in the water consumption of basic rendering and Autumn fruit growth stage for small, large vegetative growth, peak period of full productive age and characteristics of florescence; by fitting the yield and water consumption of Lycium barbarum and concluded that water production function was y=-1.2162x2+1461.07x-436857 (R2=0.7673), when water consumption to reach 600.68 mm, production reached 1965.47 kg/hm2, where irrigation frequency up to five times. Not only for the highest yield, so that relatively high water use efficiency, but also access to a better quality of Lycium barbarum, achieving high yield and efficient and uniform.

  The Best Harvest Time of Artificial Cultivated Sanghuang 2013, 29 (31):  211-214.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0628 Abstract + ( 887 )   PDF ( 517008KB )   ( 1087 ) Abstract: objective Comparative study on the biological characteristics between the cultivated with different age limits and the wild “sanghuang”. Method To determine and compare the content of polysaccharide, total flavone, total triterpenoids by using UV-Vis between the cultivated with different age limits and the wild “sanghuang”. Results The three kinds of chemical composition of the cultivated “sanghuang” with two ages limit is higher than the others. Conclusion We can preliminary identify the best harvest time of cultivated “sanghuang’ is two ages.

  Study on Atmospheric Nitrogen Wet Deposition in Fujian Tobacco Planting Area 2013, 29 (31):  215-220.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0465 Abstract + ( 724 )   PDF ( 939246KB )   ( 592 ) The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of atmospheric nitrogen wet deposition on tobacco produced. Growing attention has been paid on atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in China for its rapid increase because of the sharply increasing emissions of nitrogenous pollutants in the last two decades. However, quantification of atmospheric N deposition in tobacco planting areas, which is related to acidification and eutrophication as well as the tobacco quality, is still rare. In this study, monitoring of N wet deposition at five sites in Fujian tobacco planting area was carried out in 2009. The annual precipitation ranged from 1134 mm to 1737 mm. Concentrations of total nitrogen (TDN), NO3--N, NH4+-N and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were 1.14 mg/L, 0.37 mg/L, 0.39 mg/L and 0.38 mg/L, respectively. The total N wet deposition ranged from 11.77 kg/(hm2?a) to 20 kg/(hm2?a), with an average value of 15.94 kg/(hm2?a). Both the concentrations and deposition decreased from the north to the south along the Wuyi Mountain. Higher N concentrations were found in January, February, September and October at all the five monitoring sites. Except Changting site, large parts of N deposition were concentrated on the warm season, from March to September. During the tobacco planting season (February to July), inorganic N deposition (DIN), DON and TN deposition accounted for 44%-62%, 33%-67%, and 44%-63% of that for the annual deposition, respectively. N deposition increased with the precipitation at all monitoring sites, fitting a power equation (r2=0.41).