Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.18 Published:25 June 2014

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  Research Progress of Soil Enzymology and Microbiology Effects Affected by Straw Incorporation 2014, 30 (18):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2800 Abstract + ( 856 )   PDF ( 653159KB )   ( 544 ) As the important part of the global ecological agriculture, straw incorporation has a positive role in maintaining soil fertility, reducing fertilizer application rate and improving ability of carbon sequestration in soil. The interaction of soil enzyme activities, microorganisms status, amount of straw and incorporation mode has a significant impact on straw decomposition and transformation in field. Further studying of soil enzymology and microbiology effects after straw incorporation and revealing the biological mechanism show great significance on the sustainable utilization of soil source. This paper comprehensively analyzed the responses of soil enzyme activities and microorganisms status to straw incorporation and investigated the biological mechanisms of improving soil fertility by straw. On this basis, advances of soil enzymology and microbiology affected by straw incorporation were also discussed in this paper.

  Advances in the Research of Oil Flax 2014, 30 (18):  8-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2688 Abstract + ( 750 )   PDF ( 592908KB )   ( 716 ) The oil flax (Linum usitatissimum Linn) is an important oil crop in China which is characterized as fine texture, rich nutrient, and strong anti- adversity as well as wide adaptability. However, extensive cultivation technology and outdated management measure of oil flax were contributed to the low yield and poor quality for a long time. In order to realize oil flax high yield and good quality, this paper introduced the application value of oil flax and cultivation characteristic and mainly focused on the cultivation technology in the sowing proper time, balanced fertilization, intercropping, plastic mulching and so on. In addition, it also discussed current manufacturing status and existing problems of oil flax in China, and put forward some countermeasures for future development aimed at providing theoretical references for advancing the production and the cultivation research rapidly.

  Progress in Research on Determination Factors for Super-high-yield Rice in Special Eco-site of Yunnan Province 2014, 30 (18):  14-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2888 Abstract + ( 809 )   PDF ( 468395KB )   ( 508 ) The present paper reviewed the development of the super-high-yield rice in special eco-site in Yunnan Province. The effect factors that determinate the super-high-yield of rice were analyzed, particularly in the aspects of physiology and ecology. We further discussed the future consideration about the super-high-yield rice in special eco-site of Taoyuan, Yunnan Province. These researches might provide a possibility to achieve the goal for high-yield of rice within a large range, which in turn solve the problem of food supplies in the future. Finally, a possible vision of the future researches was given.

  Study Progress of Plant Root Model 2014, 30 (18):  18-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2881 Abstract + ( 572 )   PDF ( 485054KB )   ( 557 ) In order to construct high accuracy plant roots model, and improve the simulation precision of land surface process model and the ability of agricultural meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation, the development of the statistical model, visualization model and mechanism model for roots were summarized. The root models about root length, root density, root biomass, root surface area were analyzed. The development trend of root model was prospected. This paper believed that the root models were mainly based on the statistical fitting relationship between root index and non-environmental factors (e.g. time, soil depth) because the root observation was very difficult. With the construction of modern underground root observation system, developing the quantitative relationship models of root growth and multi environmental factors became an important direction of root simulation in the future. The mechanism of effects of environmental factors on root physiology and ecology was the key to the development of root model.

  The Progress of G Protein-coupled Receptors in Plant Development 2014, 30 (18):  23-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0022 Abstract + ( 1022 )   PDF ( 703627KB )   ( 1153 ) GPCRs is involved in a variety of plant signaling pathways, regulate cell cycle progression, and influence plant development. GPCRs mediate G-protein signaling pathway in plant which is a much conserved signaling mechanism. This paper described the plant GPCR-mediated G protein signal transduction pathways and their components, as well as GPCRs function in plants from seed germination and seedling growth, to the development process. The model of GPCRs regulating plant growth and development has also been presented.

  The Relationships Between Flag Leaf Angles of Various Rice Germplasms and Their Nitrogen Nutrition Efficiencies 2014, 30 (18):  29-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2826 Abstract + ( 600 )   PDF ( 538937KB )   ( 581 ) Flag leaf angleofrice was important component of the ideal rice architecture, and the important affecting factor of gaining rice yield. The relationships between flag leaf angles of variouss rice germplasms and their nitrogen nutrition efficiencies were studied to provide the theoretical foundations and technological approaches for establishing ideal rice architecture and improving nitrogen nutrition efficiencies. In this study, nine typical rice germplasms bred in different years were used as the experimental materials in pot experiments and grown under low nitrogen (0 kg/hm2 urea), medium nitrogen (240 kg/hm2 urea) and high nitrogen (480 kg/hm2 urea) levels. During mature stage, flag leaf angle, nitrogen contents of each organ in rice germplasms and soil were determined to analyze the correlations and fit function on the flag leaf angle and their nitrogen nutrition efficiencies including nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUE), nitrogen recovery efficiency (NAE), nitrogen translocation efficiency(NTE), nitrogen productivity of soil(NPS), nitrogen productivity of plant (NPP), nitrogen flow efficiency (NFE), nitrogen harvest index(NHI). The results showed that flag leaf angles and nitrogen nutrition efficiencies of various rice germplasms existed significant genotypic differences, which varied with different nitrogen levels. Flag leaf angles increased rapidly with the increasing of nitrogen, their genotypic differences among various rice germplasms under low nitrogen were obviously lower than those under medium and high nitrogen. The correlations between flag leaf angle and NUE, NPS, NPP or NHI were significantly negative, their descending deceased with logarithm function and the order of NPP＞NHI＞NUE＞NPS; and the correlations between flag leaf angle and NAE, NTE and NFE were not significantly negative,but the correlations among nitrogen nutrition efficiencies were markedly significantly negative or positive. So, nitrogen nutrition efficiencies of rice were predicted according to flag leaf angle inpractice, which provided the basis for regulating nitrogen application in real-time to accomplish high nitrogen utilization.

  Effect of High Temperature Stress on Pollen Traits and Seed Setting Rate of Rice at Flowering Stage 2014, 30 (18):  35-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2716 Abstract + ( 974 )   PDF ( 914712KB )   ( 481 ) The experiments were carried out in growth clamber to investigate the effects of high temperature stress during heading and flowing period on pollen and seed setting characters using two rice lines including heat-tolerant line Teqing (TQ) and heat-sensitive line YIL106. This study showed that the stained pollen rate, the pollen germination rate and the pollen grains on the stigma, the coefficient of anther dehiscence and the seed setting rate of rice under high temperature stress were lower than those under conventional temperature condition, the decrease scope of YIL106 were higher than that of Teqing. In this study, the significant difference was found between Teqing and YIL106, indicating that YIL106 was more sensitive to heat than TQ.

  Drought Disaster Evaluation Model and Temporal-Spatial Characteristics of Early Rice in South China 2014, 30 (18):  40-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2876 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 2233535KB )   ( 534 ) The paper aims to establish a quantitative evaluation model of early rice drought in South China, to analyze temporal-spatial characteristics of the drought disaster, and to provide scientific reference for drought disaster mitigation and climate change adaptation policy making. Using county based yield and growth period data of early rice, drought index of each growth period was calculated by daily meteorological drought indicator (DI), and coefficient in each growth stage was calibrated by statistical regression method. Average drought frequency of early rice in South China in recent 30 years (1981-2010) was 10.4%; mean yield reduction rate was 0.82%. Drought disaster mainly occurs in transplanting-tillering stage of early rice, and light drought day’s accounts for the main. Spatial distribution of early rice drought frequency and yield reduction rate was high in west and low in east in South China. High incidence region of drought spreads in the area from southwest Guangxi to Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong Province, where the drought frequency was 20%-50%, and yield reduction rate was 1%-3%. The driest 3 years in recent 30 years was 1991, 2002 and 1998. Drought disaster of early rice in South China tended to increase without statistical significance during recent 30 years. Those stations where drought disaster of early rice tended to increase significantly accounted for 10%, distributing in north and coastal region from Beibu Gulf to west Guangdong. Using drought evaluation model based on drought index of each growth period, the study revealed sensitivity difference between each growth stage of early rice, and temporal-spatial characteristics of the drought disaster was characterized in more detail, and therefore the drought evaluation model presented in the paper overcame the limitations of those models based on rain of whole growth period of rice.

  Estimation of Organic Matter Content in Paddy Soil Based on Hyperspectrum 2014, 30 (18):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2912 Abstract + ( 695 )   PDF ( 537173KB )   ( 452 ) The content of soil organic matter (SOM) could be obtained rapidly and accurately by using hyperspectral technology. But the model accuracy and stability are different by using different pre-processing transformations and multivariate techniques. In order to identify the best model to predict SOM, in this experiment, the spectral data of paddy soil in Huangchuan County of Henan Province was measured using ASD FieldSpec 3 Hi- Res hyperspectral meter, two multivariate techniques (Multiple Stepwise linear Regression (MSLR), Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR)) and eighteen pre-processing transformations of spectra data were compared with the aim of identifying the predictive effects of SOM. The results showed that the SavitzkyGolay first derivative using binomial polynomial and three smooth points (SGF3- 2) was the best preprocessing transformation method，either using the MSLR model or PLSR model the predictive model had both low errors and high accuracy. Compared to using MSLR method, the use of PLSR method can obtain more robust prediction model. The combination of PLSR multivariate technique and SGF3- 2 pre- processing transformation provided the best prediction model with the root mean square error for the validation set RMSEv=0.036 and coefficient determination for the validation set Rv2 =0.89. To choose the suit multivariate technique combined with pre-processing transformation can improve model accuracy. These different methods used in this study can also be applied to similar soil models for selection.

  Assessment Method of Cold-resistance on Winter Wheat 2014, 30 (18):  55-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2748 Abstract + ( 698 )   PDF ( 600389KB )   ( 469 ) In order to estimate the character of cold-resistance in winter wheat rapidly, two varieties samples with different cold-resistance were planted under indoors and outdoors respectively. To know the differences of damaged degree in two materials, the electrical conductivity method shows the degree of plant damage and survival rate were detected. The results showed that, the damaged degree of cold hardy variety indoors were the same at -24℃ for 5 days and cold sensitive variety were the same at -18℃ for 5 days. The survival rates of cold hardy variety indoors were less than 50% at -12℃ for 7 days, but the cold sensitive can survive less than 50% for one day. After freezing treatment there are no significant differences on survival rates between indoors and outdoors. The lethal temperature of cold hardy variety DNDM1 was -32℃ but JM22 was -15℃.

  Cluster Analysis of the Main Agronomic Traits of 30 Spring Wheat Strains 2014, 30 (18):  60-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3020 Abstract + ( 639 )   PDF ( 469674KB )   ( 440 ) In order to make efficient use of spring wheat germplasm resources and provide material for wheat cultivars breeding, 9 agronomic traits of 30 testing materials were tested for principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that 7 agronomic traits of effective number of tillers, biological yield, grain yield per plant, grain number per spike, spike length, thousand-grain weight and plant height have a high coefficient of variation over 10% , and they were the main agronomic traits that had an effect on the characteristics of spring wheat. Material could be divided into 3 categories, and the materials in the second category had excellent synthetic performance, the biological yield and grain yield per plant were large, thousand-grain weight and grain number per spike were moderate, so they were good breeding materials with ideal comprehensive characters.

  Improving Planting Quality and Crop Yield for No Tillage Winter Wheat 2014, 30 (18):  65-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0093 Abstract + ( 552 )   PDF ( 646779KB )   ( 446 ) No tillage winter wheat yield varied with different climate and soil conditions across regions, and adapting crop management to no tillage across different climate conditions is essential to obtaining high crop yield. In this study, three planting patterns with different no tillage seeders (A1, 12×28 cm, A2, 20×40 cm, and A3, 30×30 cm) planting pattern) and planting rates (B1 (225 kg/hm-2), 10% increase (B2, 247.5 kg/hm-2), and 20% increase (B3, 270 kg/hm-2) were designed under conversation tillage from 2009 to 2012, and their effects on crop growth and grain yield were analyzed. The results showed significant effects of plant pattern on wheat growth and yield, and A1B1 produced highest basic seeding, plant population, leaf area index, aboveground biomass and crop yield compared with other two sowing patterns. Increased spike number was the main contributor to increased wheat yield under conservation tillage. Increasing sowing rate improved spike number and crop yield, and can be considered as an important measures to cope with the low basic seeding under conservation tillage. Interactions between planting pattern and sowing rate significantly affected spike number and final crop yield. The three year results show that A1B2 can be considered as the reasonable crop management for the conservation tillage in the region.

  Effects of Climate Change on Spring Maize Growth and Yield Based on Stage Sowing Methods 2014, 30 (18):  71-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2900 Abstract + ( 1221 )   PDF ( 1010628KB )   ( 602 ) Aiming to research the spring maize adaptation in Northeast China to climate change and provide feasible strategies to government, in this paper, two sowing experiments, including stage sowing and geographical-stage sowing, were performed. Two experimental stations, Harbin in northern region of Northeast China and Jinzhou in southern region of Northeast China, are selected to carry out the stage sowing experiments. Two predominated varieties of spring maize, ‘Jiulong 8’ in Harbin and ‘Nonghua 101’ in Jinzou, are selected to plant in these two stations, respectively. Meanwhile, the geographical-stage sowing experiment was performed in Harbin and Jinzhou simultaneously with the spring maize of ‘Jiulong 8’. In the stage sowing experiment, normal sowing date was designed as CK in both two experimental stations, and other two plans were done with later sowing dates by 10 days and 20 days, respectively. While in the geographical-stage sowing experiment, normal sowing date in Harbin was selected as CK, and other three plans were performed with earlier or later sowing dates in Jinzhou site to represent future climate warming situations, expressed as CW1-CW3. Compared between CK and CW1-CW3, the impacts of climate warming on growth condition and yield of spring maize are studied. The results show that it is not good for spring maize in Harbin site if the sowing date is much later than normal. However it has no obvious impacts in Jinzhou site. If keeping the present variety, growth periods of spring maize are shortened under all three climate warming situations compared with CK. The shorten days are from 12 days to 20 days among three climate warming situations. The increasing trends are shown in 100-kernel weight and yield in all designed future climate warming situations, with the increase of 83-188 g/m2.

  Principal Component Analysis on Main Agronomic Characters and Fresh Ear Yield of Super Sweet Corn Inbred Line 2014, 30 (18):  79-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2882 Abstract + ( 1015 )   PDF ( 493976KB )   ( 437 ) In order to investigate relations of primary and secondary on main agronomic characters which influencing fresh ear yield of super sweet corn inbred line. The data were analyzed by multiple statistic methods. It was tested to plant height, ear height, leaf number, stem diameter, bare top length, ear length, ear diameter, ear rows, kernel per row, 100-kernel weight, percentage of kernel and fresh ear yield which 12 traits of 30 super sweet corn inbred lines involved were tested and principal component analysis was performed for them. Principal component analysis showed that the first 7 principal components characteristic values reach over 85% in their accumulative contribution rates, these principal components values will represent the genetic characteristics of 12 characters. The first 7 principal components might be regarded as fresh ear yield factor, ear rows factor, ear diameter factor, kernel weight factor, plant height actor, stem diameter factor and bare top length factor. That represented the comprehensive indexes of the experimental inbred lines. The above results could underlie comprehensive multiple character selection for super sweet corn inbred lines.

  Effect of Bacillus subtilis Immobilized by Sodium Alginate on Organic Phosphor Removal 2014, 30 (18):  84-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2820 Abstract + ( 1069 )   PDF ( 764968KB )   ( 767 ) To achieve optimal immobilized condition, Bacillus subtilis was immobilized by sodium alginate and calcium chloride. The optimal immobilized condition was explored through comparing the organophosphate removal efficiency of the immobilized bacteria with the non-immobilized ones. The results showed that, the highest organophosphate removal efficiency was achieved when the concentration of sodium alginate and CaCl2 was 4% and 3%, respectively, and the bacteria entrapment reached 2%, and the time of immobilization was 2 h. Compared with the non-immobilized cells, the immobilized ones have a high tolerance for the variation of temperature and pH value.

  A Quick and Sensitive Method for the Quantification of Organic Matter in Brown Soil 2014, 30 (18):  89-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2723 Abstract + ( 762 )   PDF ( 544741KB )   ( 563 ) The development of a rapid and accurate method for soil organic matter is considered important. The author investigated the feasibility of oven heating method to determine the concentration of soil organic matter. A total of 24 soil samples were collected in Liaoning Province. 6 temperature gradients (100-125℃) and 3 time gradients (30-90 min) were compared with the aim of identifying the best combination to predict soil organic matter. The results showed that: the correlation coefficients (r) of prediction of soil organic matter were above 0.995 when the temperature was ranging from 100℃ to 125℃ and time was ranging from 30 min to 90 min. In addition, when temperature was 115℃ and time was 30 minutes, standard deviation and percentage deviation were minimum compared with other combination of temperature and time. Compared with the oil heating method, the accuracy had been increased 12.4% using oven heating method. The above results suggested that: (1) oven heating method in this study is robust and stable enough to be applied for similar soils; (2) when determining organic matter in brown soil, the suitable temperature is 115℃ and time is 30 minutes.

  Effects of Different Period and Assign Rate of Potassium Application on Yield and Yield Components of Cotton 2014, 30 (18):  95-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2768 Abstract + ( 696 )   PDF ( 559627KB )   ( 472 ) To find out the appropriate potassium (K) ratio and time for maximum cotton yield, and the effect of K application on cotton yield, field experiments were conducted in 2012 on Lukou Experimental Station of Ezhou, Hubei Province. Potassium fertilizer was soil-applied in spilt on two of the three stages of cotton growth: before transplanting (A), squaring period (B), and peak bloom stages (C) of cotton, and then the treatments were: before transplanting and at squaring period (marked AB), before transplanting and at peak bloom stages of cotton (marked AC), and at squaring period and peak bloom stages of cotton (marked BC); and four application ratio rate by two times were 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, respectively. Fertilizer K application amount was uniform throughout all treatments. The results showed that, the highest seed index and bolls per plant were obtained at BC regime. Higher boll weight, lint percentage and fruits branch per plant were got for AB than that of AC treatment. For AC regime, the yield components of cotton was not the best, but the highest seed cotton yield was obtained. The highest yield components of cotton were got when the ratio of K application was 1:2. So, cotton demand for potassium in transplanting period (A) was less, but essential. Squaring period (B) and peak bloom stages (C) of cotton were the biggest potash demand period, and also the peak period of reproductive growth. It was significant effect on cotton yield to applied fertilizer K before transplanting and at peak bloom stages of cotton as treatment AC, and appropriately increasing the K application rate at peak bloom stages of cotton as a ratio as 1:2.

  Analysis on Yield and Quality Traits of Soybean Lines in Planting Region of Southern Huanghuai 2014, 30 (18):  104-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2844 Abstract + ( 1250 )   PDF ( 516101KB )   ( 460 ) In order to provide suitable soybean accessions in southern Huanghuai, 107 soybean quality, yield data and yield related traits data from the Henan Province, Anhui Province and Jiangsu Province was collected in 2011 and 2012, and the key yield limiting factors were determined with correlation, stepwise regression and path analysis. The results indicated that, the average yield of soybean lines was 2601.73 kg/hm2 in 5 test loci. Compared to the control ‘Zhonghuang13’, 48 soybean lines showed increase yield, accounting for 44.86%; the average protein content was higher and the high protein and fat content (total protein plus fat ≥ 63% and fat ≥ 20%) accessions was 70% or more in all 5 test loci. The correlation analysis showed the yield had extremely significantly negative relation with protein, fat and protein plus fat content (r=-0.27, r=-0.23, r=-0.48), had extremely significantly positive relation with effective branch number per plant, pod number per plant, seed number per plant and seed weight of per plant respectively. Partial correlation analysis also showed that, soybean yield and seed number per plant had extremely significantly positive relation. According to the standard regression coefficient of yield, seed number per plant was the primary determinant factor that effected soybean yield in southern Huanghuai. Path-coefficient analysis revealed that, the direct effect of seed number per plant was the largest. The protein and fat content had significantly positive relation with plant height and 100 seed weight (r=0.20, r=0.23), had significantly negative relation with effective branch number per plant (r=-0.19), had extremely significantly negative relation with pod number per plant, seed number per plant and seed weight of per plant respectively (r=-0.29, r=-0.44, r=-0.37). So, the breeding should pay attention to the balance between the various characters, we should think about the various agronomic characters of soybean exists the mutual influence at each other at the same time.

  Effect of Precipitation on Grain Yield on the Background of Climate Changes in Anhui Province 2014, 30 (18):  112-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2879 Abstract + ( 685 )   PDF ( 857030KB )   ( 614 ) In order to reveal different region temperature and precipitation of climate change tendency and unit area grain yield influence in Anhui Province, based on meteorological data from 1971 to 1990 and unit area grain yield from 1991 to 2010 in 78 counties Anhui Province. On the background of climate changes in Anhui Province, the author analyzed the effect of precipitation on grain yield by adopting mathematical statistics. The results showed that; temperature rose obviously, but inter-annual variation was relatively small. Precipitation had no significant trend variation, but the inter-annual fluctuation was large. The northern precipitation was less than the south, but the variation coefficient was greater than the south. So output fluctuation was mainly caused by unstable water condition. From March to Septemper optimum precipitation in positive growth phase, which 4 region crops was respectively to 400-800 mm, 400-1000 mm, 500-1000 mm, 800-1400 mm from north to south. Actively growing period crops and precipitation were bullish which were synchronal. Precipitation was bullish that was produced adverse effected by output, especially of 4 regions.

  Effect of Different Altitude and Sowing Date on the Yield and Its Components of‘2301S’in Yunnan Province 2014, 30 (18):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2930 Abstract + ( 792 )   PDF ( 539769KB )   ( 496 ) 2301S is the thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) indica line, which was bred by the Rice Research Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences. To solve the problems existing in the Thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line breeding of rice, this study took 2301S as material, used special ecological advantages of Yunnan with low latitude and high altitude, reproduction test base selection according to the requirements of rice low temperature sensitive genic male sterile line 2301S fertility sensitive stage and flowering stage on the temperature of. This paper studied the effects of different altitudes and sowing date on the reproduction yield and its components of 2301S. For the yield, the results showed that the optimal sowing date of 2301S was different under different altitude conditions. When at the elevations of 1429 m and 1532 m, the theoretical yield of 2301S with sowing date delayed first increased and then decreased, at the altitude of 1429 m, April 24th was the most suitable for planting. But at the altitude of 1532 m, the most suitable sowing date was on April 14th. While at the altitudes of 1631 m and 1663 m, the theoretical yield of 2301S decreased with delayed sowing date, April 4th was the most suitable for planting. By the analysis of variance could be learned, the altitudes, sowing dates and its interactions had very significant effects on the yield and its components of 2301S, such as effective panicle per plant, solid spikelets, seed setting rate and thousand-grain weight. The factors of altitudes and sowing dates had significant effects on the total spikelets of 2301S. The effects of altitudes and sowing dates on total spikelets of 2301S reached significant level, but its interactions effect was not significant. The results indicated that, at the low altitudes of deferred sowing and the high altitudes of early sowing, which was beneficial to production of 2301S. This study could be reference for solving breeding problems of other low temperature sensitive genic male sterile rice.

  Resistance Evaluation and Response of Different Vigna radiata Varieties at Germination Stage to Drought Stress 2014, 30 (18):  125-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2940 Abstract + ( 575 )   PDF ( 572543KB )   ( 451 ) The study analyzed the drought-resistance indexes of Vigna radiata at germination stage to provide theoretical basis for identifying drought resistance and screening V. radiate species. 15% PEG6000 was used to induce drought stress in the experiment.The germinating energy, germination rate, seed germ and root lengths were measured. The results showed that the germination rate, germination energy, germination index and vitality were markedly decreased.The length of embryonic root and embryonic bud also were decreased under drought stress. According to the relative germination rate, relative germination energy, relative embryonic bud length and relative embryonic root length, germination drought-resistance index and relative vitality index, varieties of V. radiata included three types with membership function method. The highdrought resistance was ‘Liangfeng 1’, ‘HX04037’, ‘Yulü 1’; the middle drought resistance were ‘Nenlü 1’, ‘Xinglü 1’, ‘Tianshandaminglü’, ‘Xilü 1’, ‘Lubao’, ‘Chilü 3’, ‘Bailü 1’, ‘Zhonglü 1’, ‘Jinlü 1’, ‘Babao’, ‘Zhonglü 6’, ‘Jibei12-1’, ‘Xinlü 1’, ‘HX04050’; the low drought resistance was ‘Lüzhenzhu 2’, ‘ZKY-2’, ‘Bailü 522’, ‘Hanlü 8’.Therefore, the germinating energy, germination rate, seed germ and root lengths can be used as an effective indicators for drought resistance identification at germination stage of V. radiata.

  Under Different Phosphate Fertilizer‘1360’Yield and Agronomic Characters of Grey Relational Analysis 2014, 30 (18):  131-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2942 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 613730KB )   ( 409 ) The plot test was conducted to study the effect of different amount of phosphate fertilizer on the new rape‘1360’in 2012- 2013, in Leiyan, Hunan Province, learn precocious growth characteristics of new rapeseed, in order to realizing the high- yield and high- efficient cultivation. Yield components and yield, agronomic traits and yield were analyzed by using the grey system theory, and the economic P rate was calculated. The results showed that, among the yield components, the effect of silique number per plant on yield was the highest, the influence of fruit grain number on yield was lower, the effect of thousand seed weight on yield was the lowest. The influence of agronomic traits on yield was plant height＞branch number＞branches number＞the main stalk pitch number＞rhizome thickness, the main factor determining production was plant height. Quadratic of one variable fertilizer effect model fitting results indicated that, the best phosphorus content was 143.80 kg/hm2, on the basis of the 180 kg/hm2 N and 135 kg/hm2 K2O, and the economic yield was 2113.63 kg/hm2.

  Analysis of Pedigree and Main Traits Improvement of Peanut Cultivars Registered in Fujian 2014, 30 (18):  136-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2957 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 652052KB )   ( 476 ) The genetic relationship and genetic improvement of main traits of peanut cultivars registered in Fujian were investigated to provide the foundation for new cultivars breeding and introduction for future. The paper analyzed the pedigree, coancestry coefficients (coefficient of parentage) and genetic improvement of main traits of 29 peanut cultivars which were registered in Fujian when began to carry out validation work so far. Results showed that, the 29 peanut cultivars involving in 38 direct parent which 92.11% been from Guangdong Province and Fujian Province, and ‘Shanyou 523’, ‘Yueyou 92’, ‘Quanhua10’, ‘Quanhua 327’ were higher frequency utilization. Pedigree analysis of the registered cultivars could be traced back to 47 ancestors parents, which 74.47% been from foreign landraces and overseas cultivars, but just only 8 parental ancestors were higher frequency utilization. Composed mainly by two genealogical trees, ‘Yueyou92’, ‘Quanhua10’, ‘Shanyou523’, ‘Quanhua327’ registered in Fujian were given directly to the backbone parental. Coancestry coefficients analysis further understand breed kinship distance within the cultivars group. With the era pushed back, most of the main traits of registered cultivars had been improved, 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight played an important role in improving peanut production. The genetic base of peanut cultivars registered in Fujian was rather narrow, so pedigree analysis could fully understand the genetic relationship of cultivars, and coancestry coefficients (coefficient of parentage) could further explain the genetic relationship distance in quality. Yield improvement should coordinate with the No. of pods per plant, pod and kernel size, shelling percentage and plant traits.

  Effection of Density on Yield and Yield Components of Major Maize Cultivars in Northern Anhui 2014, 30 (18):  145-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2999 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 731106KB )   ( 543 ) Rational close planting is an economical and effective measure to increase crop yield. In order to explore the suitable planting density of major maize cultivars in northern Anhui, we studied the grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight of three major maize cultivars, including‘Zhengdan958’,‘Ludan981’and‘Longping206’. The effects of planting density on yield and correlated characters were further analyzed. The study was performed at agricultural experiment farms of Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The planting density was set from 7500 plants/hm2 to 30000 plants/hm2 with an interval of 7500 plants/hm2. Water and fertilizer were supplied sufficiently. High yield cultivation method was also used. Based on the high yield achieved, we analyzed the relationship between crop yield and correlated characters. The results showed that, the planting density had the parabolic relation with the yield of‘Zhengdan958’and‘Longping206’. The most suitable density of compact type cultivar‘Zhengdan958’was 73300 plants/hm2. The most suitable density of semi- compact type cultivar‘Longping206’was 68600 plants/hm2. The most suitable density of flat type cultivar‘Ludan981’was 45000- 52500 plants/hm2. The planting density of compact type cultivar could be increased appropriately. However, it was negatively related to the grain number per spike and 1000- grain weight if the planting density is out of range. So, Ludan981 should be planted in low density to avoid risk.

  Studies on the Effects of Different Irrigation Ways on Cassava Yield and Soil Physical and Chemical Properties 2014, 30 (18):  151-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3077 Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 498329KB )   ( 416 ) The effects of two different irrigation ways on cassava yield and soil physical and chemical properties were studied with cassava cultivar ‘Xinxuan 048’ in this experiment. The results showed that Micro-drip irrigation for improving soil properties, improve cassava yield was the best, followed by micro-irrigation. Compared with the control, the cassava yield, the soil porosity, the soil available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium with micro-drip irrigation respectively increased 60.64%, 10.62%, 29.00%, 147.93% and 5.49%. It was showed that micro drip irrigation has an important role for improving soil physical and chemical properties, increasing soil available nutrients, and increasing cassava production.

  Effect of Symbiosis Period on Growth Regularity and Yield of Rapeseed Undersowing Rice of the Mode of Rapeseed-early Season Rice-late Season Rice 2014, 30 (18):  156-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3308 Abstract + ( 752 )   PDF ( 526233KB )   ( 442 ) In order to ensure the high yield of the mode of rapeseed-early season rice-late season rice and overcome season contradiction of the rapeseed-early season rice-late season rice cropping system in Jiangxi Province .To explore the growth and yield affected by different symbiosis period, the experiment was carried out in double cropping rice area of Jiangxi, Setting symbiosis period of rapeseed-rice were 10 d (D10), 5 d (D5), 0 d (D0, CK). The results showed that:(1) the D5, D10 treatments were basically identical with the maturity period of CK , but increased 5-7 days from the seedling stage to the budding stage, and extended the nutrition growth period of rapeseed, which was effective for nutrient accumulation at former stage, eventually laid the ground for achieving high yield. (2)The rapeseed undersowing rice was favorable for improving the density at the seedling stage, but the density at the other growth stages decreased with extension of symbiosis period, resulting in the seedling rate and plant rate of rapeseed decreased with extension of symbiosis period, the density of D5 treatment was biggest, followed by CK treatment, D10 treatment has the least density, 42.35×104ha-1, 40.02×104ha-1 and 36.68×104ha-1 respectively. (3)The symbiosis time influenced the growth and development at each period, it was favorable for ontogeny and yield per plant when symbiosis time delayed, but the yield of D5 treatment was highest, followed by D10 treatment, CK treatment has the lowest yield, 1564.12 kg/hm2, 1430.72 kg/hm2, 1402.37 kg/hm2, respectively. According to the results, suggest a favorable condition of 5 to 10 days symbiosis period of rapeseed-rice for getting higher yield undersowing rice of the mode of rapeseed-early season rice-late season rice, 5 days was best, should sow in suitable symbiosis as early as possible.

  Effects of Different Irrigation Methods on Morphology and Physiology of Alfalfa wangyuxiang 2014, 30 (18):  161-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2561 Abstract + ( 852 )   PDF ( 707620KB )   ( 798 ) Irrigation methods play an important role in plant growth and development. Effects of irrigation methods on alfalfa growth was studied in order to explore the irrigation methods with high water use efficiency and provide a reference basis for water- saving irrigation in plants. The material used in the study was Medicago Sativa cv Xinmu No.4. The response of alfalfa growth was researched by setting different irrigation methods: drip, sprinkler and flood in the field of alfalfa. The leaf area, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll and other morphological and physiological indexes of alfalfa were measured in full bloom stage. The morphology and physiology of alfalfa were affected by different irrigation methods. The highest chlorophyll content and the lowest proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) content showed that the alfalfa was less damaged under drip irrigation; the cell membrane permeability, soluble sugar content, proline content and MAD content were all the highest under sprinkler irrigation, which was proved to be a relatively huge damage to the growth of alfalfa; the leaf area was the largest and the cell membrane permeability, chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content were the lowest under flood irrigation. Based on the comprehensive evaluation, considering high efficiency and water saving, drip irrigation was the best irrigation method for alfalfa growth and flood irrigation took the second place.

  Antagonistic Effects of the Introduced Fungus Bionectria ochroleuca on Several Plant Pathogenic Fungi 2014, 30 (18):  166-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2594 Abstract + ( 976 )   PDF ( 621532KB )   ( 433 ) In order to explore biological control strains for effectively preventing and controlling plant diseases, Bionectria ochroleuca was introduced and its antagonistic effects on several plant pathogenic fungi were investigated, aiming at laying a theoretical foundation for its widespread application. In our study, the introduced fungal B. ochroleuca exhibited a varying degree of inhibition on plant pathogenic fungi including Alternaria solani, Botrytis cimerca, Fusarium oxysporum. sp cucumebrium Owen, Fusarium graminearum Sch1. f. sp vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd & Hans., Colletotrichum capsici, Fusrium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum, and Cercosporidium sofinum, with average width of inhibition zone was at 3.5~14.4 mm. Besides, the fermentation product of B. ochroleuca also showed good inhibitory effects on hyphal growth and spore germination of the pathogens, implying B. ochroleuca could secrete some extracellular antibacterial substances. However, its fermentation product displayed significant difference in inhibitory effects regarding to different strains, especially, showed the best inhibitory effects on F. oxysporum. sp cucumebrium Owen, with hyphal growth inhibition rate up to 73.3% and relative inhibition rate of spore germination was 78.2%, and in addition, it could lead to the distortion of germ tube which was used for spore germination. Furthermore, the fermentation product of B. ochroleuca could dramatically decrease the activity of intracellular protective enzymes as SOD and CAT (P<0.05) in pathogenic fungal hyphae. After treated for 21 hours, the SOD activity within the hyphae of F. oxysporum. sp cucumebrium was just 28.8% of the control, and CAT was 34.8% of the control. The above results showed that the introduced fungus B. ochroleuca had a certain application potential of being used as a biological control strain for plant pathogenic fungi.

  Study on the Correlation Between ‘Zhengda No.12’ Maize Planting Density and Yield 2014, 30 (18):  171-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2608 Abstract + ( 669 )   PDF ( 638920KB )   ( 354 ) In order to maize varieties is Zhengda No.12 as material, set 5.25×104/hm2 (D1), 6.75×104/hm2 (D2), 8.25×104/hm2 (D3), 9.75×104/hm2 (D4), 11.25×104/hm2 (D5) ×104/hm2 5 planting densities, random arrangement, repeated 3 times, effect of planting density on maize yield, seek the best planting density, in order to realize the maize super high yield cultivation was created to provide technical basis. The results show that, in the D1-D5 density interval, D3 density was highest, 15696.0 kg/hm2, yield of the order from high to low was D3 > D4 > D2 > D1 > D5. Through the regression equation of maize density and yield: y=6168.905x-373.984x2 (R**=0.971614), that was ‘Zhengda No.12’, the highest yield density was 8.2476×104/hm2. The highest yield reached 25439.18 kg/hm2. Therefore, effects of different planting density on ‘Zhengda No. 12’ yield significantly, the planting density of 8.2476×104/hm2 corn yield was the highest, less than or more than the density yield significantly decreased, the Ningxia corn high yield with good guidance.

  Spatiotemporal Variation and the Influences of Water and Heat Resource During the Growth Period of Winter Wheat in the Huaihe Basin 2014, 30 (18):  177-184.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2683 Abstract + ( 826 )   PDF ( 2822003KB )   ( 394 ) In order to provide a scientific basis for promoting the advantages and avoiding disadvantages, ensuring the high and stable production of the winter wheat, the spatial distribution and the temporal variation of heat conditions and water conditions for different growth periods of the winter wheat were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall tendency verification method, the linear tendency method and the coefficient of variation method. This based on the daily meteorological data of 106 weather stations in the Huaihe basin during 1971 to 2010. Results showed that the mean air temperature and the cumulative temperature above 0℃ had obvious geographical characteristics and the heat conditions were higher in southwest, lower in east and north. The mean air temperature and the cumulative temperature above 0℃ both increased significantly during the 40 years in different growth periods, especially in the vegetative stage. The increasing heat conditions can shorten the growth periods, reduce the dry matter accumulation and affect the yield of the winter wheat. Besides, the increasing winter temperature is beneficial to the overwintering and propagation of pests, making diseases of the winter wheat worse. The precipitation of different growth stages decreased from south to north and the water demand showed less regional differences. Precipitation cannot meet the growth needs of the winter wheat in most regions of the study area except southwestern part along the Huaihe. The rainfall deficit of the northern part was greater than 200mm, and was biggest in vegetative and reproductive growth phase. The change trend of the precipitation during 40 years was not significant. The significant decreasing water demand in parts of the northern area can help alleviate the influence of lack of precipitation on the growth of the winter wheat. But the increasing water demand in most parts of area along the Huaihe and in parts of the mid-eastern area increased the risk of droughts. Meanwhile the greater inter-annual variation of precipitation increased the risk of droughts and floods, which took a part yield loss of winter wheat. To ensure the high and stable yield of the winter wheat, the agricultural department needs to nurture new varieties of high yield and strong resistance and increase investment in infrastructure construction to enhance the comprehensive capacity of agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation.

  Effect of Combination Sowing Method on Population and Yield Formation of Winter Wheat 2014, 30 (18):  185-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2703 Abstract + ( 587 )   PDF ( 518017KB )   ( 433 ) In order to improve sowing quality of winter wheat after maize straw returning and technology to support for wheat production in wheat-maize rotation areas. 2-year field experiments of different planting ways were conducted on development of wheat population and yield formation. The results indicated that, the combination sowing way (broadcast sowing + broad width sowing) could significantly reduce the distribution of uneven seedlings unit in field and significantly enhance biomass accumulation of winter wheat under same seeding rate. In the combination sowing method, the seeding rate ratio of broadcast sowing and broad width sowing should be controlled at 1:2. The wheat yield of combination sowing way was significantly higher than the conventional drilling with same wheat variety ‘Shunmai1718’ and same seeding rate.

  Studies on Inducement of Sorghum Seeds by Diethyl Sulfate 2014, 30 (18):  189-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2714 Abstract + ( 646 )   PDF ( 507078KB )   ( 519 ) This paper studied the effects of different DES concentration and different soaking time on sorghum seeds of different genotypes for the purpose of detecting DES mutagenic effects the experimental results of the same genotype, the same soaking time and the different DES concentration showed that the suitable concentration of DES treating seeds was 0.3%-0.35%, 0.5% were lethal concentration. The experimental results of the same genotype, the same DES concentration and the different soaking time showed that the optimal soaking time of DES was 10-14 h. The experimental results of the same soaking time, the same DES concentration and the different genotypes showed that the sensitive degree of different genotype to DES was different and their lethal concentration and semi-lethal concentration are different. Although different genotypes have different sensitive degree to DES, but the appropriate DES concentrations for the majority of sorghum materials range from 0.3%-0.35%.

  Preliminary Study on Breeding Potentiality of Four Maize Landraces from Africa 2014, 30 (18):  193-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2715 Abstract + ( 721 )   PDF ( 497880KB )   ( 400 ) For providing the theoretical basis for the further improvement and effective utilization of four African maize variety resources, the combining ability and breeding potentiality of four maize landraces from Africa which could pollinate and seed set in Sichuan Province were evaluated by using the NCⅡ genetic mating design with five Chinese elite maize inbred lines. The results showed that the twenty top-crosses with resistance to disease and stalk breaking could adapt to Sichuan ecological conditions in plant height, ear height and growing period, and FDP1 from Guinea-Bissau which had higher general combining ability (GCA) and possessed the highest yield and relative heterosis with ‘Dan340’ among twenty top - crosses was valuable in maize breeding.

  The Morphology Characteristics of Winter Wheat Corresponding to Drought Disaster in Different Growth Stages in Huaibei Plain of Anhui Province 2014, 30 (18):  198-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2736 Abstract + ( 864 )   PDF ( 1092974KB )   ( 452 ) To established the mainly morphological characteristics for monitoring and evaluation of drought for winter wheat, this paper studied the main morphological traits of stem, leaf, ear, particle, plant height, leaf area during drought period in Huaibei plain by the qualitatively and quantitatively statistical analysis, based on the observation data of drought disaster during winter wheat growth period from 1980 to 2013 and drought stress experiment. In addition, this paper divided the winter wheat growth period into six growth stages, respectively sowing-trileaf stage, seeding stage, wintering stage, greenup-jointing stage, jointing-heading stage, heading to milking maturity stage and established the mainly morphology characteristics and grade standard of winter wheat corresponding to different growth stages and different disaster grade (mild, moderate, severe, special, severe). The grade standard can be used to be reference for defining the drought disaster grade in field investigation.

  The Study of Sensitives of Different Rice Species to Acetochlor 2014, 30 (18):  209-213.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2943 Abstract + ( 642 )   PDF ( 518584KB )   ( 597 ) This study was to focus on the sensibility of different rice species to acetochlor. Effects on rice sprout by acetochlor were studied by Petri dish method. The inhibitive effects on shoots, roots and fresh weights among different rice species were determined through the whole plant bioassay based on agar medium. The results showed that acetochlor had influence on the rice sprout. Acetochlor at low concentration could promoted the growth of rice shoots and roots, but it had strong inhibitory effect on them when acetochlor was applied at certain higher concentration and caused stronger inhibition to the roots than the shoots. Sensibility of different rice species to acetochlor was different. Among the sixteen rice species,‘Sidao’was the strongest resistant species, while‘Tianyou3301’the highest sensitive species. With application of 0.02 mg/L of acetochlor to rice seedlings, the inhibition ratio in shoots length, fresh shoots weight, roots length, fresh roots weight and roots number of‘Sidao’species were individually 1.46%, 6.42%, 51.06%, 60.87% and -6.45%, while those of‘Tianyou 3301’species 21.62%, 22.62%, 63.16%, 74.76% and3.89%. There was significant difference in the sensibility of rice among 16 different rice species to acetochlor and the correlation between the difference and species is irrelevant.

  Effects of Removing Leaf on the Chlorophyll Content and Grain Yield in Wheat Varieties 2014, 30 (18):  214-219.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2964 Abstract + ( 663 )   PDF ( 610128KB )   ( 503 ) This paper aimed to determine the contribution of leaves in different wheat varieties to grain, in order to provide theoretical basis for the stable high yield of wheat. Filed experiments were carried out on the Jianghuai region to study the effects of three treatments of removing leaf during anthesis on the chlorophyll content and grain yield in eight wheat varieties. The results showed that, the following: from the effects of removing leaf on the chlorophyll content, firstly, the effect of treatments of flag leaf on the chlorophyll content was in the following order: the treatment of removing other leaves except flag leaf > the treatment of removing 1/2 flag leaf > CK, but with the time passing away, the chlorophyll content of removing other leaves except flag leaf treatment was reduced, when reach the time of 20-25 days after anthesis the chlorophyll content was less than CK; The effect of treatments of backward second leaf on the chlorophyll content was in the following order: the treatment of removing flag leaf >the treatment of removing 1/2 flag leaf > CK, with the time passing away, the chlorophyll content of removing leaf treatments was higher than CK. From the effects of grain yield, the effect of grains per spike , the 1000-grain weight and grain weight per spike on the treatment of removing flag leaf was lower than CK, and was the lowest among all removing leaf treatments; The effect of the 1000-grain weight on the treatment of removing 1/2 flag leaf and the treatment of removing other leaves except flag leaf was lower than CK, but grains per spike were different among different wheat varieties, so grain weight per spike was also different. The effect of vary removing leaf during anthesis on ‘Liangmai 2’ and ‘Heng 7228’ is comparatively limited, so they are better for the stable yield of wheat.

  The Weather Characteristics and Forecast of Summer Maize Lodging in Henan Province 2014, 30 (18):  220-226.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2974 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 1028900KB )   ( 493 ) Based on the observed data from 2001-2012, analysis showed that the weather situations which caused summer maize lodging in Henan Province could be divided into 2 types: strong cold air type and short-term thunderstorms type. According to the path of cold air, strong cold air type could be divided into central-east type and west type, the scope of summer maize lodging caused by strong cold air may be large, but the intensity was not necessarily serious. Short-term thunderstorms type could be divided into Jianghuai invert trough type and the type of south airflow at the front of warm low pressure. Lodging scope of this type was generally small and local, but very serious. Strong cold air usually caused lodging in August and September, while lodging caused by short-term thunderstorms mostly occurred in July and early August, especially in July. Based on the statistical analysis of 40 cases, the author had built synoptic models about summer maize lodging under 2 different types of weather situations. Generally the scope of strong wind caused by strong cold air were relatively large, if accompanied by heavy rain, large area summer maize lodging would likely to occur, cause greater harm to agricultural production. The author mainly analyzed the atmospheric circulation background and the physical characteristics of a typical example at August 28 and 29, 2009, when a strong cold air caused massive lodging of summer maize. The weather forecast warning index and crop production advice were given in order to help reduce the summer maize lodging.

  The Effect of Topdressing Nitrogen and Irrigation on Plant Traits and Yield of Winter Wheat 2014, 30 (18):  227-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3158 Abstract + ( 762 )   PDF ( 485335KB )   ( 451 ) To clarify the effect of topdressing time of nitrogen and water on stem traits and yield of winter wheat, the field experiment was designed with seven topdressing time of nitrogen and water with winter wheat cultivar‘Jing 9428’as material, the stem straits, yield and its composition of winter wheat were studied in the experiment, and the relationship of grain yield with yield components and stem straits of winter wheat was analyzed. The results showed that the nitrogen fertilization and irrigation were applied when the third or fourth spring leaf emerged, the bottom first or second internode was elongated significantly, the uppermost internode length was significantly short, the plant height was significantly small, the number of head per hectare and grain number per head were significantly less, and the yield was significantly low. But in contrary, if nitrogen fertilization and irrigation were applied in the stage of the spring five leafs after irrigated in the stage of spring three or four leafs, longer bottom internode could be expected. The effects of the other treatments were not significant. The top function leaves Pn was enhanced significantly after irrigation or topdressing nitrogen, compared with that at the third or fourth stage, topdressing nitrogen and water at the fifth leaf stage enhanced significantly the Pn after the blossom. The effects of different topdressing time of nitrogen and water on stem number and dry matter per plant were little. It is suggested to carry out fertilization and irrigation in the stage of spring three or four leafs, and supplying fertilization in the stage of spring five leafs in this area.

  Effect of Subsoiling on the Growth Characteristics of Spring Maize 2014, 30 (18):  233-237.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3205 Abstract + ( 749 )   PDF ( 517547KB )   ( 439 ) In order to improve the farmland soil structure, productivity and soil moisture conservation ability in Beijing, we have carried out this project since 2011 in conservation tillage farmland to study the effect of subsoiling. The test plots are in Beijing yanqing, and arranged a test by one factor three level test.the subsoiling rotary tillage, subsoiling subsoiling and rotary tillage and harrow and traditional (control) analysis of 3 kinds of performance characteristics and yield of spring maize growth of tillage field contrast, to investigate the effect of different tillage patterns, determine the optimal cropping pattern. The results showed that subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment, 11155.5 kg/hm2; deep tillage and harrow, 10872 kg/hm2; the control of rotary, 9985.5 kg/hm2. Deep tillage + rotary tillage and subsoiling + rake two treatments compared with the traditional rotary had significantly difference per 0.0667 hectares yield.

  Effects of Super Absorbent Polymer to Drought Resistance, Seedling and Yield of Millet 2014, 30 (18):  238-244.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0458 Abstract + ( 624 )   PDF ( 560080KB )   ( 487 ) The less rainfall in spring in Loess Plateau of Inner Mongolia affects the emergence and yield of millet seriously, so it is a matter of great urgency to improve drought resistance of seedling of crops. This paper examined the seedling, soil moisture and yield of millet applied with PAA and different water rates. PAA application combined with water in the 6 treatments were 0 L/hole (P0), 0.1 L/hole (P1), 0.2 L/hole (P2), 0.3 L/ hole (P3), 0.4 L/hole (P4) and control (CK), and emergence rates, soil moisture and yield of millet were measured. The emergence of PAA combined with water treatments were 3-6 days earlier than that of CK and P0, the seedling emergence rate were P3＞P4＞P1＞P2＞CK＞P0. Treatments applied with PAA improved the emergence uniformity, plant height, stem diameter, root length, fresh and dry weight of millet and soil moisture. The soil volumetric water contents in the layers of 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm increased by 4.6%-11%, 1.2%- 15.5% , 1.3%- 5.7% , 0.9%- 3.8% and 1.2%- 4.6% , respectively. In the years of 2012 and 2013, compared with the control (CK), the yields under the application of a PAA combined with irrigation increased by 9.50%-32.43% and 14.88%-35.47%, respectively, with the increasing order as P3＞P4＞P1＞P2. Therefore, applying PAA combined with irrigation in millet could improve the germination rate and uniformity, promote the seedling growth and increase yield, and the optimization was applying PAA with irrigation 0.3 L/hole and 0.4 L/hole.

  The Effect of Different Sample Dispersion Temperatures and Time on Sorghum Amylose and Amylopectin, Total Starch Content Determination by Double Wavelength Spectrophotometric Method 2014, 30 (18):  245-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2589 Abstract + ( 780 )   PDF ( 698544KB )   ( 548 ) In order to determine the amylose and amylopectin, total starch content of sorghum, the effect of different sample dispersion temperatures and times on Sorghum amylose and amylopectin, total starch content by double wavelength spectrophotometric method were studied by double wavelength spectrophotometric method. In the range of 70-100℃, the percentage of amylopectin was the highest when the sample dispersion temperature and time were 75℃ and 15 min, the percentage of amylopectin was the lowest, among the sample dispersion temperature and time were 85℃ and 5min. For the amylose, the longer of dispersion, the higher of percentage, after 90℃. When the sample dispersion temperature was 75℃, the determined total starch content was the highest. These results demonstrated that the effects of sample dispersion temperatures and times on the determination of amylose, amylopectin and total starch content were different.

  Advances of Drought-resistant Genes and Drought-resistant Transgenic of Main Crops of Gramineae Plants 2014, 30 (18):  251-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3108 Abstract + ( 705 )   PDF ( 603202KB )   ( 648 ) The ability of plants to tolerate drought conditions is crucial for normal plant growth and productivity. In order to improve the ability of graminaceous crops to tolerate drought, the functional genes, transcription factors, and the signal factor which was related with plant response to drought were summarized based on the plant drought resistance mechanism. Advances of drought-resistant genes and drought-resistant transgenic about graminaceous crops, such as rice, wheat, maize and sugarcane were reviewed. In addition, the suggestions about plant drought resistance research were made, including important drought resistant gene excavation in adversity plants, integrated expression system construction and scientific and standard evaluation system research on drought resistance of transgenic plant.

  Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of prcA in Lactobacillus paracasei ping jingge 2014, 30 (18):  259-263.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2611 Abstract + ( 684 )   PDF ( 729184KB )   ( 489 ) The aims were to investigate the structure and function of prcA gene in Lactobacillus paracasei, and find out the relationship between prcA gene and autoinducing peptide gene of putative quorum sensing related genes in Lactobacillus paracasei. prcA gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and predicted by bioinformatic methods. The prcA was 416 bp, containing a 138 bp open reading frame (ORF), which encoded 45 amino acids, while the estimated molecular weight and isoelectric point of the putative protein were 5326.83 Da and 4.85, it was a stability protein without membrane- spanning domain, alpha helix, random coil and extended strand were major structural elements of polypeptide chain, subcellular localization result indicated that it was located outside the cell, prcA is the putative quorum sensing related gene in Lactobacillus paracasei encoding autoinducing peptide, which regulates bacteriocin production.

  Transformation of SeNHX1 Gene in Alfalfa (Medicago. sativa) by Sonication Assisted Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer 2014, 30 (18):  264-270.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2796 Abstract + ( 640 )   PDF ( 820507KB )   ( 509 ) In order to establish a high frequency and rapid regeneration system for the genetic transformation of alfalfa. Six cultivars of alfalfa were applied to investigate some factors which affect alfalfa genetic transformation system, such as ultrasonication, the concentration and time of agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and so on, by sonication assisted agrobacterium-mediated. Experimental results showed that, the best combination for alfalfa cotyledon transformation and resistant callus information were as follows: the concentration of agrobacterium tumefaciens infection OD600 was 0.4-0.5, and the appropriate time of infection was 10-15 min, with 10 minutes’ of ultrasonication in the meantime. PCR amplification of the DNA of kanamycin resistance callus revealed that, transformant and plasmid DNA amplified about 546 bp distinct stripe with the length respectively, which means salt tolerance gene SeNHX1 have integrated into alfalfa callus.

  The Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Severn Stylosanthes guianensises by Using AFLP and SSR Analysis 2014, 30 (18):  271-276.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3060 Abstract + ( 1057 )   PDF ( 929948KB )   ( 457 ) In order to study the genetic diversity of different varieties of Stylosanthes guianensises, seven Stylosanthes guianensises were analyzed by AFLP and SSR markers. About 88 percent of 966 bands produced by using twelve AFLP primer combinations were polymorphic. The average polymorphic bands of each pair of primers were 70.8. 10 pairs of SSR primers generated 26 bands in which 21 bands were polymorphic. The range of the observed heterozygosity in 10 pairs of SSR primers was between 0 and 0.7143 with an average of 0.1857. The average of Shannon’s information index and the average content of polymorphism were 0.6545 and 0.727. Clustering tree was ploted based on UPGMA. The analysis results of AFLP and SSR markers were exactly similar. Seven Stylosanthes guianensises were divided into two groups. The genetic relationship between Stylosanthes humilis HBK and Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca was the farthest and the genetic relationships between Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Oxley and Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Endeavour, Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Graham and Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Reyan No.5 were the closest.

  Purity Identification, Molecular ID Establishmentand Genetic Diversity Analysis of Soybeans Attending National Regional Test of NorthSpring Soybeanin 2012 2014, 30 (18):  277-282.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0031 Abstract + ( 663 )   PDF ( 534943KB )   ( 401 ) Purity identification, molecular ID and analysis of genetic relation of cultivars were completed for test cultivar in the national north spring soybean cultivar authorize. These work had great contribution to the cultivar breeding and spread. 13 SSR markers which distributed in 8 linkage groups of soybean were used to identify 94 cultivars belong to the tested varieties of national north spring soybean cultivar authorize in 2012. The results showed that the purity of these varieties ranged from 53.85% to 100%, and averaged 99.02%. Five SSR markers including Satt231, Satt288, Satt160, Satt193 and Sat-092, were used to identify the 94 soybean varieties, then a unique molecule ID was obtained for each variety. The genetic similar coefficient of 94 varieties ranged from 0 to 0.846, the average value was 0.2783, and the result indicated the genetic difference was huge in the 94 tested varieties. SSR analysis method was an effective method to identify the purity, construct molecular ID and complete analysis of genetic relation for the tested varieties.

  Research Advances in Thearubigins of Tea 2014, 30 (18):  283-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2780 Abstract + ( 1282 )   PDF ( 849010KB )   ( 891 ) Thearubigin, the main component of black tea soup color, is a kind of large molecular weight phenolic substance. Its content and changes play a crucial role in tea quality and human health. This paper reviewed the research progress of thearubigin discovery and development from some aspects of summary, such as formation pathway, preparation and separation. We also discussed its pharmacological function and application, including anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-mutation, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti- leukemia, anti- toxin, obesity prevention and deodorization activities, further more, especially, its prospects of applying in food pigment and chemical industry. In the review of these findings, the result was confirmed that thearubigin research in the future will be focused on introduction of enzyme- relative engineering into purification technique and monomer compound bioactivity study.

  The Effect of Withering Temperature on Physical Characteristics and Respiration of Tea Fresh Leaves 2014, 30 (18):  291-296.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2797 Abstract + ( 644 )   PDF ( 761081KB )   ( 359 ) In order to study the response of tea fresh leaves physical characteristics and respiration to the withering process parameters, setting three different withering temperature (20℃, 28℃, 36℃), the water content, bulk destiny, flexibility, elasticity, plasticity and color value, the released amount of CO2 of the withering leaves and the sensory evaluation of made tea were evaluated. The results showed that with the increasing of withering time, moisture content of tea fresh leaves decreased gradually, bulk destiny, plasticity and elasticity of leaves increased at first and then decreased during withering, and were the highest at 28℃; elasticity decreased at first and then increased, the elasticity of tea leaves were relatively lowest when the withering light intensity was 28℃; the L value (luminosity) declined generally, the a value (red and green degree) increased gradually, and it had the lowest value at 28℃, namely the green keeping was the best, the results of sensory evaluation also showed that the liquor color and shape of black tea at 28℃had the highest score, with the best quality; the released amount of CO2 decreased at first, then increased and decreased finally, and the amount was the largest when the withering light intensity was 36℃.

  Study on Moisture Dissipation Law of Juglans sigillata During Toasting——Based on FQS500H Coal Gasification Walnut Roasting Equipment 2014, 30 (18):  297-302.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3128 Abstract + ( 724 )   PDF ( 764582KB )   ( 433 ) The study focused on the moisture dissipation law of different species of Juglans sigillata. We adapted FQS500H coal gasification equipment for‘Dapao’and‘Xixiang’walnuts toasting and recorded the moisture dissipation law of walnut at different toasting stages. Based on these data, we then mapped out water changes with line graph to analyze the moisture dissipation law in walnut toasting. The result indicated the duration of high water loss rate for‘Xixiang’walnut was short with small fluctuation, and the duration of high water loss rate for‘Dapao’walnut was long with big fluctuation. At the front side of toaster close to the heat source, the duration of high water loss rate ranged from 0-26 hours with huge fluctuation, and main peak of water loss occurred late (8-22 hour). At the central part of toaster, the duration of high water loss rate ranged from 0-16 hours with small fluctuation, and main peak of water loss occurred early (0-4 hour). At the backside of toaster away from the heat source, the duration of high water loss rate ranged from 0-26 hours with small fluctuation and without obvious peak of wave loss after the main peak occurring around 0 to 4 hours. When adapting smart walnut toasting equipment, there were huge variations on the rate and speed of moisture dissipation, occurrence time of water loss peak and the fluctuation of water loss rate. All these factors were closely connected with toasting time, walnut species and the location of toasting inside walnut toaster.

  The Study of Threshing and Redrying Process on the Release of Phenolic Compounds in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke 2014, 30 (18):  303-307.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3350 Abstract + ( 942 )   PDF ( 598362KB )   ( 375 ) In order to study the effects of threshing and redrying process on the releases of the major phenolic compounds including hydroquinone, catechol, resorcinol, phenol, paracresol and orthocresol in mainstream cigarette smoke, three different grades of tobacco leaves, namely, B3F, C3F, and X2F, were tested. The results showed that: (1) seven different phenolic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke release amounts were significantly related to the grades and positions, the order was: B3F＞C3F＞X2F; (2) for B3F and X2F tobacco leaf, the order of effect of threshing and redrying process on the release of phenolic compounds was: tobacco redrying＞one time moistening＞two time moistening, for C3F tobacco leaf, the order was: one time moistening＞tobacco redrying＞two time moistening.

  Optimization of the Rotary Continuous Fixation Parameters of Needle-Type Premium Green Tea Processing 2014, 30 (18):  308-314.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2677 Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 565324KB )   ( 371 ) In order to explore process on the impact of sensory quality and sensory components of needle-type premium green tea and bring up optimal parameters in rotary continuous fixation. The optimized parameters of rotary continuous fixation could be carried out by multi-index evaluating on needle-type premium green tea, base on its appearance, aroma and taste. The factors effect on quality components of needle-type premium green tea were explored, including fixing temperature, fixation time and amount of input leaves. The results the best fixing temperature was 270℃, fixing time was 90 s and amount of input leaves was 125 kg/h in rotary continuous fixation. Fixing temperature had a significant impact on total amount of amino acids caffeine content, especially on tea polyphenols. Fixing time greatly affects water extracts, tea polyphenols and amino acids content. And amount of input leaves had a significant influence on caffeine content.

  Optimizing the Formula of the Maca Buccal tablets by Orthogonal Test 2014, 30 (18):  315-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2689 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 562145KB )   ( 617 ) Maca lozenge formula was optimized, and preparation techniques and product property of maca lozenges were explored as per orthogonal experimental design. With L9(34) orthogonal design graph, the optimal techniques were optimized, and sensory evaluation, stability, contained heavy metals and microorganisms of maca lozenges were concluded. The optimal conditions of technique were as follows: 80% maca powder, 12% Rhodiola rosea powder, and 6% Angelica sinensis powder, comprehensive sensory index at 246, where the contents of different heavy metals were in consistent with the standard (GB16740), and maca lozenge changed insignificantly in color, size, friability, and disintegration time, as well as microorganism content. The technique and quality control method was simple, easy, and reliable, and the process study had obtained the national patent process (patent number: ZL200810233796.X) and the content of heavy metal and microorganism laid foundation for the quality standard.