Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.19 Published:05 July 2014

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  Analysis of Climatic Effects on the Components of Forest Litterfall Production 2014, 30 (19):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0023 Abstract + ( 892 )   PDF ( 510856KB )   ( 601 ) Litter acts as a connection between plants and soil and directly affects on the nutrient and energy cycling of forest ecosystems. Based on the data of the literature from 1977 in China, including annual litterfall production and climatic factors of forest, the author analyzed the influences of climatic factors on the components of forest litterfall production in natural and planted forests, respectively. The results showed that: correlation had reached significant or very significant among leaves, twig and fruit & flowers litterfall production regardless of in natural forest or planted forest (P<0.05, P<0.01). Correlation coefficients were higher between litterfall production components and climatic factors in natural forest than in planted forest. Annual mean minimum temperature had the better correlation with leaves, twig and fruit &flowers litterfall production in natural forest and their correlation coefficients were 0.51, 0.45 and 0.58, respectively (P<0.01). There was a remarkably negative correlation between bark litterfall production and annual mean wind speed in natural forest and its correlation coefficient was -0.76 (P<0.05)。Air temperature had obviously affected on leaves, twig and fruit &flowers litterfall production in planted forest, and their correlation coefficients were from 0.26 to 0.37 (P<0.05, P<0.01). Through PATH analysis, it was found that annual mean temperature, annual mean maximum temperature and annual mean minimum temperature were main factors affecting on leaves, twig and fruit &flowers litterfall production. There were differences in influence degree of air temperature on the components of litterfall production due to different source of forest types.

  Study of Seedling Selection of Introduced Provenances and Families of Pinus latteri 2014, 30 (19):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3240 Abstract + ( 721 )   PDF ( 549708KB )   ( 526 ) In order to study growth superiority of the fine family and provenance of Pinus latteri, 91 families of 4 provenances of P. latteri introduced were investigated in the seeding stage. The seedling height, ground diameter, germination and height-to-diameter ratio of P. latteri were tested. The factors of family and provenance had significant affection on germination rate and ground diameter, the factor of family had significant affection on height-to-diameter ratio, the factor of provenance had significant affection on seedling height. 11 superior families were selected; meanwhile, Family T36 which had a very significant growth variation was found and the relevance of between clustering classification and provenance was studied by the used method of cluster analysis.

  Induction of Adventitious Root in Pinus tabulaeformis 2014, 30 (19):  13-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0259 Abstract + ( 863 )   PDF ( 543565KB )   ( 596 ) To establish a model system with high frequency adventitious rooting in Pinus tabulaeformis, adventitious buds and hypocotyl cuttings from this species were used to induce adventitious roots. Then, effect of cotyledon, age of seedlings, plant growth regulators and treatment methods on the induction of adventitious roots from hypocotyls were studied. The results showed that hypocotyl cuttings have more stronger potential to induce adventitious root than adventitiou buds. And suitable medium was 1/2 DCR medium containing 20 g/L sucrose and 6 g/L agar with pH 5.8. When cultured the hypocotyl cuttings from 2-week old seedlings on this medium with 4 mg/L IBA for 15 days, then turned the culture to the same medium without IBA, the frenquency of adventitious rooting high to 96.67% was obtained. This provided a feasible experiment system for the further research on mechanism about adventitious root formation in Pinus tabulaeformis.

  Study on the Accumulation and Tolerance of 20 Plants to Heavy Metal Pb in Soil 2014, 30 (19):  19-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0126 Abstract + ( 681 )   PDF ( 507192KB )   ( 584 ) Heavy metal pollution of soil has been increasingly serious environmental concerns in China. To extract heavy metal lead (Pb) from contaminated soil by phytoremediation technology, a pot experiment was developed with 20 plants grown in soils at different concentrations of Pb. The survival rate, growth as well as Pb accumulated in different organs of 20 plants were measured. The results showed that: Sedum tatarinowii, Ailanthus altissima ‘Qiantou’, Rosa multiflora, Forsythia ‘Goldvein’, Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. and Catalpa bignonioides ‘Aurea’ could be classified as Pb-accumulated plants as the Pb contents in their above-ground parts were 11.87-164.502 mg/kg. Amorpha fruticosa, Populus×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’, Platanus acerifolia and Salix babylonica L. Sp were not Pb-accumulated plants as no Pb in their above-ground parts. The Pb-transfer ratio of Rosa multiflora and Sedum tatarinowii was much higher than other tested materials. Pb content in under-ground parts of Populus×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ reached 3160.85 mg/kg. And it had much higher biomass among tested materials. It could fix and eliminate Pb in Pb-polluted soils as other Pb-accumulated plants mentioned above.

  Study on Drought Resistance of 4 Species of Caragana 2014, 30 (19):  25-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0218 Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 638114KB )   ( 594 ) In order to supply a more adequate theoretical basis for the selection of afforestation plants, plant configuration and vegetation construction in Ulanbuh Region, the physiological and biochemical responses of C.roborvsky, C. stenophylla, C.davazameii and C.korshinskii to drought stress were investigated under filed condition and assessed comprehensively by means of fuzzy subordinate function method. The results showed that: the leaf water content and bound water/free water ratios of four species increased as the decreasing of soil water content. Variance analysis showed that the difference between C. stenophylla and C.davazameii was not significant but had significant difference with C. roborvsky and C.korshinskii. With the increase of soil drought, water deficit and cell membrane permeability in leaves of four species increased, however, the dehydration rate of leaves in vitro of different germplasm had the same tendency, water loss speed was rapid at 0-9 h while slow at 9-24 h. Based on the drought membership function value it was concluded that the drought resistance order of fore species was C.korshinskii>C.davazameii>C. Stenophylla>C. Roborvsky.

  Biomass and Its Estimation Model of Flamingia macrophylla Intercropped with Rubber Plantations with Different Ages in Xishuangbanna 2014, 30 (19):  30-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0950 Abstract + ( 1080 )   PDF ( 631182KB )   ( 497 ) In order to understand growth dynamics and biomass accumulation of Flamingia macrophylla intercropped with rubber plantation of different ages, periodic observation of growth dynamics of Flamingia macrophylla was carried out in 4- year- old, 7- year- old and 16- year- old rubber- Flamingia macrophylla intercropped systems, Furthermore, by using the investigation data of 28 samples of Flamingia macrophylla with different basal diameter and height, the regression model of the biomass relating with BD2H was established and applied to estimate the biomass of Flamingia macrophylla intercropped with rubber plantation of three different ages. The results showed that mean basal diameter and mean height were 2.89 cm and 3.30 m after it was planted in 4-year-old rubber plantation for 2.5 years, which were 1.25 and 1.86 times, and 1.05 and 1.47 times as much as that of mean basal diameter and mean height in 7- year- old and 16- year- old rubber plantations, respectively. The biomass of Flamingia macrophylla was 28.356 t/hm2 after it was planted in 4-year-old rubber plantation for 2.5 years, which was 2.55 and 6.37 times as much as that in in 7-year-old and 16- year- old rubber plantations. Concerning organ allocation of biomass of Flamingia macrophylla, the biomass of stem occupied the greatest proportion (50%-60%) of the total biomass, root biomass was ranked the second (23%- 32% ), leaf biomass was accounted for 11%- 16% , but fruit contributed the smallest (1.79%- 12.38% ) of the total biomass. The results indicated that the growth of basal diameter and height as well as biomass accumulation declined sharply with the rubber plantation age.

  Analog Oxidation of Hunan Insect Wax on UV irradiation or Heating Conditions and Determination of Oxidation Products 2014, 30 (19):  36-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0196 Abstract + ( 683 )   PDF ( 708532KB )   ( 638 ) Hunan insect wax was an important part of Chinese white wax who called Sichuan insect wax. In order to promote development, utilization and scientific storage of Hunan insect wax, simulated oxidation and oxiditives on UV irradiation and heating condition were carried out to ascertain the properties, composition and oxidative characteristics of Hunan insect wax. 300nm UV irradiation and 50℃, 75℃ and 100℃ were selected for oxidation condition. Qualitative differences were reflected by detected to physicochemical index, TG and IR of oxidation products. Compositional analysis of fresh and oxidation Hunan insect wax was detected by GC-MS and varieties and components were ascertained. Oxidation degree and manner of UV-irradiation and heating to Hunan insect wax were explored by above-mentioned detection results. On this basis, comparison and analysis were made between fresh Hunan insect wax and oxidation insect wax. It showed that UV-irradiation and thermal oxidation both worked in the oxidized process of insect wax. During the oxidation of 45d, the oxidation effect was faintish under 300nm UV-irradiation and 50℃ thermal oxidation condition. Hunan insect wax was violently oxidized in the 100℃thermal effect. The acid value and saponification value was 69.38 mgKOH/g and 195.07 mg KOH/g, respectively. Hunan insect wax was oxidized and degraded in the oxidation process. Long carbon chain of Hunan insect wax was shortened and functional group was oxidized in the oxidation process.

  Comparative Analysis on the Reflection Effect of the Vegetation on the Earth's Surface by Different Vegetation Indices: A Case Study in Hexi Corridor 2014, 30 (19):  45-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0127 Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 957660KB )   ( 833 ) According to the different coverage of the surface vegetation, the study chose the reasonable vegetation index to reflect the effect of vegetation, and gave a certain technical support. Selected Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province as study area, the paper studied the correlation between different vegetation indices (PVI and RVI) and vegetation coverage, which was based on the NDVI value. The results showed the value of NDVI, the estimated vegetation coverage in the east, middle and west sections in the northern Hexi Corridor were 0.33, 0.31 and 0.42 respectively, the NDVI in the east, middle and west sections in the Qilian Mountains were 0.62, 0.62 and 0.37. The correlation between the PVI, RVI and different vegetation coverage indicated that the effect of RVI on reflecting the vegetation coverage in the high vegetation coverage area was significantly better than the effect of PVI. However, in the low vegetation coverage area, PVI was better than RVI because it can reflect the grain of sand nature of surface such as desert due to the little influence come from the soil background such as brightness and substance, and atmosphere.

  Research on the Spatial Density Distribution of the Shelter Belt of Paddy Field 2014, 30 (19):  51-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0447 Abstract + ( 887 )   PDF ( 1270225KB )   ( 683 ) Paddy field shelter belt is a green barrier to protect paddy field from wind, the distribution of paddy field shelter belt spatial density can be reflected in terms of regional distribution of paddy field, paddy field protection forest spatial density distribution of paddy field protection forest construction planning and paddy yield research is of great significance. The author made Qianguo irrigation area in Jilin Province as the research area, mainly focused on the spatial density distribution of shelter belt of paddy field in irrigation area, and extracted the shelter belt by supervised classification on the basis of remote sensing image data, validated the kappa coefficient was 0.87, according to the classification of the data extraction paddy field shelter belt area of 110.945 km2, total circumference of 4998.095 km. Grid method was used for irrigation area shelter belt data space density analysis, concluded that paddy field in the irrigation area of shelter belt spatial density distribution, according to the current density distribution were analyzed, concluded that in Qianguo irrigation paddy field, uneven distribution of shelter forest shelter forest southern key distribution in irrigation area, northern new area in shelter forest distribution, which constituted a adverse effect on irrigation rice yield.

  Research on Principle and Precision of Tree Height with Precision Measurement 2014, 30 (19):  55-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0063 Abstract + ( 797 )   PDF ( 623857KB )   ( 644 ) Tree height measurement precision operation and management for forest resources is a basic work, but also the important basis of evaluating the site quality and tree growth conditions. Altimetry device, compass, theodolite and total station and other equipment were measured 7 different species of tree height, which described its measurement principle and process, and constructed trees for high-precision measurement model. The 30 groups of three for different species according to tree height measurement data comparison and analysis, the tree height automatic precision measurement results: the highest precision total station, theodolite and compass followed, and finally the altimeter device. Using the same instruments to measure different species of tree height, its accuracy was also different. Trunk straight, simple tree canopy had a high accuracy; conifer species than the broadleaf species with high accuracy. The author built the tree height measurement model for the realization of the automation and precision forestry survey had provided a theoretical basis.

  Effect on Economic Characters of Oil-tea Camellia (Camellia oleifera) Fruit by Pruning 2014, 30 (19):  61-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0103 Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 519978KB )   ( 560 ) The research study on the effect of pruning on economic characters Oil-tea Camellia fruit with four breeds of Oil-tea Camellia which was seven years. The results showed that the fruit weight, fruit width, fruit seed number, seed size, seed-producing percentage and oil content were improved with pruning, and the improved effect of winter pruning was superior to spring pruning. The average fruit weight of winter pruning was 28.4g, which exceed 3.3g and 5.9g respectively than spring pruning and the control. The fresh fruit produced fresh seed percentage and fresh fruit produced dry seed percentage of spring pruning were 36.7% and 19.6% respectively, which exceed 28.3% and 41.0%, but which was not significant difference to winter pruning. Fresh fruit oil content of winter pruning and spring pruning were 6.0% and 5.0% respectively, exceed 62.2% and 35.1% respectively. Different breeds had different effect, which the economic index difference of different pruning period was biggish.

  Community Structure and Variation of Soil Fauna Among the Different Elevations in Evergreen Broad-leaf Forest 2014, 30 (19):  66-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0375 Abstract + ( 736 )   PDF ( 766455KB )   ( 461 ) In order to understand the influence on the distribution of soil fauna by elevation gradient and floor litter quality, in August of 2011 and June of 2012, the author studied the composition and distribution of soil fauna community among different elevation in evergreen broad-leaved forest of Ailaoshan by using field survey method. The results showed that Acarina and Collembola were the dominant groups, and Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Psocoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera were the common groups among the elevation gradient. The groups and individual density of soil fauna were significantly affected by elevation gradient. Soil fauna group decreased along the elevation increase and individual of soil fauna showed increase pattern after decline first. The lowest density was found at elevation of 2400 m. C concentration of floor litter reached the highest on elevation 2200 m, and N concentration of floor litter on elevation 2600 m was the highest among the surveyed elevation gradient. There was positive correlation between Collembola density and N concentration of floor litter in this forest type. The results suggest that litter quality and environmental factors such as temperature and moisture caused by elevation gradient change affect soil fauna community together.

  Research Progress of Photosynthetic Mechanism Regulated by Leaf End Products Accumulation in Fruit Trees After Sink-source Manipulation 2014, 30 (19):  75-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3183 Abstract + ( 681 )   PDF ( 501818KB )   ( 596 ) To understand the regulating mechanism of photosynthesis by leaf end-products accumulation in fruit trees after sink-source manipulation, this review summarized several hypotheses that likely involved in the regulating mechanism of photosynthesis regulated by leaf end-products accumulation after sink-source manipulation in fruit trees, and pointed out some shortages of the back forward inhibition hypothesis. Moreover, a new hypothesis that stomatal conductance was promoter and leaf temperature was actor was presented. Finally, the review proposed some research key points in order to understand this mechanism more comprehensively in the future.

  Review of Characteristics and Remediation Techniques of Rhizosphere Soil of Continuous Cropped Strawberry 2014, 30 (19):  81-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3215 Abstract + ( 743 )   PDF ( 551984KB )   ( 491 ) Replant disease is a serious problem for strawberry cultivation. This article reviewed the present study of strawberry replant disease. The change of microflora of rhizospheric soil, the decrease of beneficial microorganisms, the increase of pathogens and the accumulation of allelopathic autotoxicity chemicals were thought as the main causes of replant disease. Killing of soil pathogens, degradation of autotoxicity chemicals were effective ways to remedy“disease soil”and achieve strawberry continuous cropping. Deep research on the strawberry replant disease mechanisms and application research of soil remediation technology still has a great potential value in future.

  The Research on Regulation Mechanism of Exogenous Accumulation of Anthocyanins in Plants 2014, 30 (19):  86-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2971 Abstract + ( 874 )   PDF ( 605662KB )   ( 1405 ) Anthocyanin was the flavonoid in plants, there was a large class of secondary metabolites. Internal, external factors influence the anthocyanin content a lot. The main purpose of this paper was to further understanding and related factors of the anthocyanin content size, for example and analyzed the various factors affecting the content of. Anthocyanin was a kind of water soluble natural pigment in nature, in nowadays production and life, it was more and more widely used in the food, agricultural, medical and so on, and it was also closely related to people's life. Based on the effects of anthocyanin that were various important factors and exogenous the metabolism pathway, regulation on the content of the size and summarized, so as to made people had a better understanding of the anthocyanin exogenous regulation, and to provided a better foundation to enhance the accumulation of anthocyanin, made anthocyanin play a more effective role in human life and production.

  Genetic Diversity Analysis of Industry-cultivated Flammulina velutipes in China Using SSR and AFLP Markers 2014, 30 (19):  92-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3227 Abstract + ( 826 )   PDF ( 1219430KB )   ( 455 ) The SSR and AFLP markers were adopted for analyzing the genetic diversity of Flammulina velutipes strains and certifying strains. The main 20 industry-cultivated Flammulina velutipes were assessed for their genetic diversity analysis by using SSR and AFLP markers. 29 SSR primers and 60 AFLP primers combinations detected 37, 206 polymorphic loci. The genetic similarity coefficient was 0.56-1.00, 0.54-0.97, respectively. The result of strains polymorphism based on AFLP was higher than those based on SSR. Both results are revealed the industry-cultivated Flammulina velutipes have close genetic relationship and genetic diversity is relatively small.

  The Establishment of Optimizational Two-dimensional Electrophoresis System for Melon Fruit 2014, 30 (19):  98-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0694 Abstract + ( 622 )   PDF ( 3109245KB )   ( 436 ) To establish an appropriate two- dimensional electrophoresis system of melon fruit, the variety of Cucumis melo‘Jingmi 11’was used as material, parameters including protein sample preparation, isoelectric focusing condition and the pH gradient of IPG strip were optimized. The result showed that the optimized system included the following steps: extracting the total protein from melon fruit by phenol- methanol/ ammonium acetate, separating the proteins with 24 cm pH 4-7 IPG strips, loading protein samples of 800μg, 120000 Vhs isoelectric focusing and staining the gels by colloidal coomassie brilliant blue staining after SDSPAGE electrophoresis. Clear background, reproducible profiles with high resolution were obtained by this optimized 2-DE system of melon fruit.

  The Extraction and Optimization of Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis for Leaf Protein of Melon 2014, 30 (19):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3283 Abstract + ( 789 )   PDF ( 851823KB )   ( 545 ) To establish suitable two-dimensional electrophoresis proteome analysis system (2-D) of melon (Cucumis melo L) leaves,In this experiment,we used melon leaves as experimental material, comparing two different extraction methods leaf protein, and optimized two-dimensional electrophoresis of two important aspects of technology that is focused on the parameters and sample volume.The results showed that: compared with Tirs-phenol extraction, using an improved method Mg/NP-40/PEG3350/TCA acetone extracting leaves protein,and after SDS-PAGEF analyzed, The protein content is higher, Rubisco enzyme compared removed good, bands were clear. When using pH3 ~ 10,18 cm IPG strips of two-dimensional electrophoresis, increasing the low voltage focusing time, get a more clear 2-D map. The protein sample volume 800ug, the maximum number of points were obtained in protein, low protein kurtosis clearer. This experiment established suitable for the melon leaf protein analysis system of two-dimensional electrophoresis, got more than number of protein and high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis.For the next step in the protein group level analysis of melon disease resistance, yield, properties and related protein provides technical support.

  Temperature Variation Characteristic and Forecasting Equation in Apple Orchards in Arid Regions 2014, 30 (19):  111-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3291 Abstract + ( 728 )   PDF ( 827908KB )   ( 622 ) In order to predict the frost in orchard, improve the frost effect, predicting the lowest temperature and the time its occurrence in apple orchard is very critical. Based on the temperature observation data in Taolin Horticultural Field of Ningxia and meteorological data of Yinchuan meteorological stations, temperature variation characteristic was analyzed and the temperature relation model of Yinchuan meteorological stations and orchard was set. The results showed that: the daily minimum temperature in orchards of spring in the state of fluctuation, the minimum closed to -12℃, the maximum up to 12.4℃. The day in spring which minimum temperature reached 0℃ was totaled 29 days, the temperature below 0℃ would affect blossom, fruiting of fruit trees. In spring the daily minimum temperature mainly occurred at 5:00, 6:00 and 23:00 in the sunny, cloudy, rain (snow) days. The daily minimum temperature in orchards of autumn decreased increasingly, the minimum close to -13℃, the maximum up to 16℃, some time the temperature may have some effects on fruit quality. In autumn the daily minimum temperature mainly occurred at 7:00, 8:00 and 23:00 in the sunny, cloudy, rain (snow) days. The minimum temperature in orchard and Yinchuan meteorological stations minimum temperature was liner relationship, and forecasting equation of the daily minimum temperature in orchard was established. The results of history back substitution showed that two forecasting equations were good accuracy: most absolute errors were less than 2℃. The results could provide basis for fruit frost monitoring and defense. The results could provide of, and it would have important significance to draw on the advantages and avoid disadvantages.

  The Analysis of Little White Apricot Leaf Nutrition and Orchards Soil Fertility Condition in Southern Xinjiang 2014, 30 (19):  118-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3124 Abstract + ( 704 )   PDF ( 479429KB )   ( 425 ) Abstract: In order to study the difference of soil fertility and leaf nutrition elements distribution characteristic between different ‘little white’ apricot orchards with various soil texture. Take full fruit period orchards respectively with loam and sandy soil as research objects. Analyze for organic matters and nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, B, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) in 0-20 cm and 20-60 cm depths soil layer. The result showed that:(1) The leaf total nitrogen content is in moderate level, calcium/magnesium ratio is higher in both two kind soil texture orchards. The leaf nitrogen content in loam soil orchard is higher than sandy. Total nitrogen element content in september leaf is lower than in may, Variation law of phosphorus element content with time was opposite to nitrogen variation.(2) Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available Phosphorus, available potassium, manganese, iron and cuprum elements content have obvious regulation in both soil texture orchards, but the regulation are not same; other elements contents (Ca, B, Mg, Zn) have certain difference, but no obvious rules.(3) The result of correlation analysis between soil and leaf elements content are different in various soil texture, have less regularity.(4) The ‘little white’ apricot loam soil orchard fertilizer management should pay attention on increasing organic fertilizer application depth. The management of sand orchard should be according the apricot pattern of requirement of fertilizer to apply additional and supplementary fertilization.

  Study on the Spatial Distribution Characteristics of the NPK of Gobi Soil in Drip Irrigation Grapery in Dry Region 2014, 30 (19):  123-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0102 Abstract + ( 837 )   PDF ( 961917KB )   ( 448 ) In order to apply NPK fertilizer scientifically for grapes under the condition of water saving irrigation, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and protect the vineyard ecological environment at the same time, though the vineyard at different time in gobi drops of fat soil hydrolytic nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium migration distribution and soil NPK nutrients at different stages of time and space distribution were studied. The results showed that: the grape drops of nitrogen fertilizer gobi surface soil 0-20 cm after hydrolysis sex changed in small, effective phosphorus content change was bigger, rapidly-available potassium content change somewhere in between, 0-80 cm soil layer gobi desert soil hydrolytic nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium content in the surface of the distribution characteristics of vertical downward, respectively, N was 40-60 cm>20-40 cm>0-20 cm>60-80 cm; P was 0-20 cm>20-40 cm>40-60 cm>60-80 cm. K was 20-40 cm>40-60 cm>10-20 cm>60-80 cm. Gobi soil nutrient characteristics vary with growth period was hydrolyzed nitrogen from before flower to decrease after fruit harvest in a straight line. Effective phosphorus from before flower to increasing fruit after harvest in a straight line; Rapidly-available potassium from before flower to first drop later trend after the fruit harvest, the fruit enlargement period after a slow decline.

  Development and Application of Cultivars Bank for Anthurium andraeanum 2014, 30 (19):  129-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3182 Abstract + ( 629 )   PDF ( 656010KB )   ( 705 ) To investigate the status of Anthurium andraeanum cultivars in Chinese, A. andraeanum cultivars bank was established, and its application in plant new varieties DUS test was studied also. 39 characters of 87 A. andraeanum cultivars were analyzed. The diversity indexes, coefficient of variation of 39 DUS traits and correlation coefficient of quantitative characters were calculated. Two methods, direct selection and clustering analysis, were used to select similar cultivar from cultivars bank. The results showed that coefficient of variation (CV) values of the qualitative characters (pseudoqualitative characters) tested ranged from 14.00% to 89.29% with an average of 43.67%, the mean diversity indexes was 0.93. CV values of the quantitative characters tested ranged from 17.63% to 32.34% with an average of 26.59%, the mean diversity indexes was 1.02. The results showed the presence of a low level of genetic variability and a narrow genetic basis among A. andraeanum cultivars. Correlation analysis showed that, all quantitative traits were significantly positive correlation. Directly screening from the cultivars library or by clustering method can effectively filter or verify similar cultivar according to the traits listed in questionnaire. The low genetic diversity index of A. andraeanum was not conducive to the further improvement of varieties. It was feasible to select similar cultivar or judge whether similar cultivar was suitable based on the cultivars bank.

  Rhizome Proliferation of Cymbidium sinense in Air Lift Bioreactor and Shoot Differentiation 2014, 30 (19):  137-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3386 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 1350755KB )   ( 577 ) Rhizomes in vitro of Cymbidium. sinense were used as explants to investigate the effect of culture methods and light intensity on rhizomes of C. sinense in bioreactor, and effects of explant length and part on shoot differentiation. The results showed that immersion culture and light intensity of 1600 Lux of air-lift bioreactor was best for rhizome proliferation and growth. Shoot proliferation rate, shoot number and length were higher in the treatment of 1.0 cm length than others. Bottom part of rhizome explants was more favorable than other parts. The formation progress of green shoots was observed, shoot primordium formed on the surface of rhizome on the 10th, then the primordium never enlarged and development from the 20th.

  The Comparison of Physiological Characters of Different Depurative Wetland Plants in Two Nitrogen and Phosphorus Conditions 2014, 30 (19):  142-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3189 Abstract + ( 667 )   PDF ( 621632KB )   ( 482 ) To study the physiological influence on depurative plants in different pollution pressures and physiological differences between different plants, TN, TP, GSA and NRA of roots and stems of 4 kinds depurative wetland plants were compared in two kinds of nitrogen and phosphorus conditions - the WRSIS wetland and Etou Pool. The result showed that: (1) The TN, TP of wetland plants had no significant difference between the two conditions. For nitrogen and phosphorus absorption, stems were more effective than root. (2) Higher nitrogen and phosphorus condition could enhance GSA in plants and GSA was generally higher in stem than in root. The plant with better depurative efficiency had higher GSA. (3) There was no significant influence on NRS in higher ammonium condition. The difference of NRS in different parts of plants was insignificant. Therefore, pollution pressure had no significant influence on TN and TP of plants, and TN, GSA were positive correlated with depurative efficiency.

  The Catechins Constituent Content Analysis of Different Cultivars of Camellia sinensis var. assamica in Yunnan 2014, 30 (19):  146-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0262 Abstract + ( 722 )   PDF ( 550587KB )   ( 526 ) To further study the biochemical characteristics of different cultivar of Camellia sinensis var. assamica in Yunnan, we analyzed 5 cultivars which had large planting area in Menghai, Yunnan and the catechin constituent content among different cultivars through detecting the content of tea polyphenol(TP), total catechins and main catechins. The results showed that all the 5 cultivars (Camellia sinensis var. assamica in Menghai,‘Dark Green Tea’,‘Yunkang No.10’,‘Yunkang No.14’and‘Changye-baihao’) had TP content more than 30%, and were 35.4%, 31.2%, 34.8%, 37.6% and 31.7% respectively. The total catechins content more than 20%, and were 24.5%, 26.2%, 29.7%, 32.3% and 22.7% respectively. In main catechins, ECG, EGCG and EC contents were higher, and the proportion of ECG and EGCG was larger, the contents of C, EGC and GCG were lower, and did not reach 0.5%. The catechins content of the 5 cultivars, the proportion of ester catechins (EGCG, ECG and GCG) was larger, it was between 54.49%-72.18% in TP, and between 76.53%- 84.58% in total catechins. On the whole, in all the 5 materials, the contents of TP and total catechins were higher, ester catechins was main catechin. However, the contents of TP, total catechins and main catechins (except GCG) had significant differences among different cultivars.

  Preliminary Evaluation on Stress Resistance and Leaf Microstructure Characteristics of Fagopyrum dibotrys(D.Don) Hara mutant Strains 2014, 30 (19):  151-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0995 Abstract + ( 917 )   The aims were to investigate radiation effects of 60Co-γ ray on the leaf morphogenesis of mutant strains in Fagopyrum dibotrys, and evaluate the stress-resistance of the different strains. The author observed leaf structures of control and mutants under the optical microscope and the scanning electrical microscope, and preliminarily evaluated the stress- resistance by the principal component analysis and subordinate function. The red stem strains were significant different from the green ones in leaf structures. Compared with the green stem strains, the leaf thickness of red stem strains decreased by 18.63% , and the thickness of the upper epidermis tissue increased by 18.94%; the thickness of palisade tissue and sponge tissue decreased by 26.96% and 13.74%, respectively; the average length of stomata increased, and the density decreased. There were no significant differences in anatomical structures between the red-leaf and green-stem strains. Only the average length of stomata increased, and the density decreased. Five parameters including the sponge tissue thickness, the stomata density of the lower epidermis, the upper epidermis thickness, the sponge texture thickness and the tightness of leaf tissue structure were screened out by the principal component analysis to assess the stress resistance. A subordinate function was used to rank their stress resistance, and the order was: green stem＞red leaf＞red stem. 60Co-γ had an apparent radiation effect on leaf structure of Fagopyrum dibotrys, and the different mutant strains varied in stress resistance. This study provided the theoretical basis for plant breeding.

  Phenotype Plasticity and Regulations of Reproductive Modules on Polygala fallax Hemsl. Population in the Fujian Mountains Habitat 2014, 30 (19):  157-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3091 Abstract + ( 857 )   PDF ( 473081KB )   ( 476 ) The aim was to understand phenotype plasticity and regulations of reproductive modules on Polygala fallax Hemsl. population. By large sampling analysis, the phenotype plasticity of reproductive modules on Polygala fallax Hemsl. population was studied. The results showed that the biomass of each reproductive ramet of Polygala fallax Hemsl. population was (58.67±35.77) g; the biomass and number of pods were respectively (6.64±4.93) g and 35.6±30.50; the biomass and number of seeds were respectively (2.61±2.19) g and (61.97±54.15); reproductive allocationⅠ(RAⅠ) and reproductive allocationⅡ(RAⅡ) were respectively 10.55%±3.39% and 3.93%±1.62%; the maximum in the observed phenotype date of reproductive module were 4.23- 39.5 times more than the minimum. There were most significant positive correlations between the biomass and number of pods and seeds and the total biomass of ramets, respectively (P＜0.01), which could be described by linear equations. There were most significant negative correlations between the number of pods and seeds, RAⅠ, RAⅡ, and the allocations of component, respectively (P＜0.01), which could be described by power function. There were two different regulations of phenotype plasticity in productive plants of Polygala fallax Hemsl. population at the time, which were processes of increase/decrease for the isogeny and allometry.

  Durations of Disclosing Plastic Film on the Nutrient Absorbing, Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco Under High Fertility Field 2014, 30 (19):  161-166.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0027 Abstract + ( 690 )   PDF ( 545472KB )   ( 488 ) In order to confirm the durations of disclosing plastic film in the tobacco field with high soil fertility, the effects of duration of film-covering were studied on soil nutrient, tobacco biomass, and quality through the field experiment. The results showed that, tobacco grew well and gained better quality without additional nitrogenous fertilizer in the tobacco field with high soil fertility. Soil nutrient losing under film-covering was less than that without film-covering. Tabcco with film-covering treatment had higher biomass and weight per leaf than those without film-covering. Film removing in 63 days benefited plant growth, and had the highest biomass comparatively, while film-covering for whole growth period restrained the plant growth in late period.

  Effects of Potassium Application Rate on Yield, Quality and Potassium Efficiency of Winter Potato 2014, 30 (19):  167-171.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3368 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 521790KB )   ( 568 ) A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of potassium application rate (K2O 0, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450 kg/hm2) on growth, yield, potassium use efficiency and quality of winter potato in Pearl River Delta area. The results showed that chlorophyll content, leaf area, and stem diameter of potassium treatment were better than those of control, the yield and economic effectiveness of K2O 300 kg/hm2 treatment was the highest. The content of crude protein and soluble sugar of potato tuber enhanced with potassium fertilizer application rate increased and significantly enhanced above K2O 225 kg/hm2 compare to control, while the same effect was observed on starch content and significantly enhanced above K2O 300 kg/hm2. However, the content of vitamin C was decreased when potassium applied. Agronomic K2O use efficiency and physiological K2O use efficiency were decreased with potassium application rate increased. Apparent K2O recovery efficiency was improved then reduced with potassium application rate increased and peaked at K2O 225 kg/hm2. It is suggested that K2O 225-300 kg/hm2 application on winter potato in Pearl River Delta area was advisable.

  A Study on the Fertilization Formula of Standardization Produce of Garlic 2014, 30 (19):  172-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3244 Abstract + ( 901 )   PDF ( 454882KB )   ( 496 ) The effects of different fertilization formula on standardization produce of garlic’s yield, quality and benefit of increasing production were studied by field experiment. The results showed that the balanced fertilization, which centered with potassium application, could efficiently increase the content of vitamin C and allicin and soluble sugar and soluble protein in garlic bulb and improve the inner quality. After applying potassium fertilizer. The yields of garlic bulb and garlic bolts were respectively increased by 4.66%-29.18% and 2.57%- 33.07% and the economic income was increased by 2057.08- 8709.65 yuan/hm2 compared with CK. Comprehensive analysis of the present production level and economic income. The test obtained that the balanced fertilization program of Zhongmou was the treatment of N2K2: N 375 kg/hm2, P2O5 90 kg/hm2, K2O 150 kg/hm2。

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Under Greenhouse Introducing Pepper Varieties 2014, 30 (19):  176-179.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3174 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 492739KB )   ( 531 ) In order to solve the problems that the suitable pepper varieties were seldom in greenhouse in Qinghai. This experiment the introduction of 13 pepper varieties and local cultivar were compared, it comprehensively evaluated from growth period, the plant growth characteristics, fruit quality and yield. The results showed that ‘Minxinzaojiao’ could be used early maturing variety cultivation in greenhouse. ‘Guofu-308’, ‘Lishen’, ‘Jingjiao-2’, ‘Jingjiao-5’ and ‘Jingjiao-1’ were better than others. According to the different people like different fruit shape and pepper taste, we could choose different pepper varieties cultivation in greenhouse in Qinghai.

  Comparative Analysis of Fruit Quality of Branches of Radio-Inducing Mutation for Korla Fragrant Pear 2014, 30 (19):  180-184.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3166 Abstract + ( 927 )   PDF ( 559929KB )   ( 441 ) Abstract: Making a comprehensive comparison of Korla fragrant pear’s fruit quality after branches radiated. We were aimed at improvement the fruit quality for provide theoretical basis and practice guidance, and provide a new way for cultivate good varieties of fragrant pear. The Korla fragrant pear radiated mutation branches fruit as the experimental material, research the differences between the appearance and internal quality index of the pear fruit with different doses of radiation treated. The results show that when the dose was 20Gy,there were no significant differences among the dormant branches and bud branches in the stone cell content, soluble sugar, soluble solids. Sugar acid ratio indicate that the fruit of dormant branches were the most sweet. The fruit of dormant branches had the highest water content in 30Gy while had the highest stone cell content in bud branches. there were no significant differences in soluble sugar and soluble solids content among the fruit of dormant branches and bud branches. Germination was significantly higher than that of dormant Branches in fruits’ Vc and titratable acid content. The dose of 40Gy had the lowest stone cell content, higher content of soluble sugar and vitamin C. Its fruit was sweeter. It had a higher fruit quality. The fruit quality of radiation induced mutation branches had improved. Radiation treatment had the best effect was the dose of 40 Gy.

  Effect of Chitosan on Total Dry Weight and Contents of Important Materials in Papaya Fruit During Fruiting Period 2014, 30 (19):  185-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3179 Abstract + ( 664 )   In order to study the influence laws of chitosan on fruit growing in papaya, different concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.5 mg/mL were sprayed onto leaves during flowering period, based on variety of‘Sun-Rise mid-white skin’papaya, total dry weight and contents of important materials including soluble solid, soluble sugar, protein, organic acid and ratio of sugar and acid in papaya fruit during fruiting period were studied. The results indicated:①the dry weight of per fruit under chitosan treatment increased more quickly and longer than control group during fruiting period, so the dry weight at last was higher significantly, increasing by 20.44%.②During the whole fruiting period the contents of soluble solid, soluble sugar, protein and organic acid of papaya fruit under chitosan treatment were higher than control group except protein from 90th to 110th. Their speed during quick-growing was much higher than control.③The ratio of sugar and acid under chitosan treatment was lower during 10th to 50th but higher during 50th to 117th than control. In short, the chitosan treatment was helpful on increasing the dry weight and contents of important materials of papaya fruit, was helpful on improving the taste of papaya fruit, the optimal concentration was 0.5 mg/mL.

  The Effect of Biological Fertilizer with Anti-evaporation and Water-conservation Features to the Growing and Soil Moisture of Morus alba L 2014, 30 (19):  189-195.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0340 Abstract + ( 638 )   PDF ( 811912KB )   ( 470 ) Morus alba L has been planted through field experiment in Hongqi State-operated Tree Farm located in Ji County, Linfen City, Shanxi Province. Biological fertilizer with anti-evaporation and water-conservation features had been applied to Morus alba L to improve the soil fertility, increase and maintain the soil moisture content so that the production could be increased. The effect of the fertilizer application and dosage on soil moisture and growing state of Morus alba L had been studied through setting control group. The results indicated that the application of biological fertilizer with anti-evaporation and water-conservation features could increase moisture content significantly and the degree improved with the increasing of dosage. Proper dosage could notably promote the growing of the Morus alba L and 0.2 kg per plant could be the most proper dosage. And this experiment would provide a viable theoretical basic for this fertilizer and Morus alba L widespread planting in the experiment district.

  Study on Application of Novel Radiation (LED) Resource in Transplanted Spathiphyllum floribundum in Vitro 2014, 30 (19):  196-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3107 Abstract + ( 822 )   PDF ( 615130KB )   ( 426 ) In order to study on application of novel radiation (LED) resource in Spathiphyllum floribundum in vitro, the purpose of this experiment was to get high-quality in vitro and large-scale production, adopted the ultra bright red (R) & blue (B) LED as light emitting materials, to use bright leaves of Spathiphyllum floribundum the experiment plant material to explore the effectiveness of light-emitting diodes and the cold cathode fluorescent lamp in the production for transplanted Spathiphyllum floribundum jamesonii in vitro, to discuss the best light quality for transplanted Spathiphyllum floribundum in vitro large-scale production and to discuss the perspective of novel radiation resource LED in Spathiphyllum floribundum in vitro production. The results showed that：the stem length reaches the maximum in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 5:5. The leaf blade and blade width reaches the maximum in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 8:2, and there was significant difference between them and CK. The roots reached the maximum in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 8:2. The root length reached the maximum in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 5:5. The fresh weight and dry weight all reached the maximum in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 8:2. Only in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 5:5, the chlorophyll content was higher than CK. The dry matter rate reached the maximum in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 7:3. But the root vigor reached the maximum in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 8:2. To sum up, the transplanted Spathiphyllum floribundum in the LED of the red/blue ratio of 8:2 was under the best growth condition.

  Study on Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Weigela coraeensis 2014, 30 (19):  201-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1716 Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 970627KB )   ( 807 ) In order to study the best method for tissue culture and rapid propagation for Weigela coraeensis, this paper investigated the effects of different hormone combination on induction, reduplication and rooting of sterile shoots. The optimum culture media for rapid propagation of Weigela coraeensis was obtained and the results showed that the same media, that was MS+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA+5 g/L active carbon+ 30 g/L sucrose + 8 g/L agar, could be used for the induction, reduplication, differentiation and rooting of sterile shoots. It provided an efficient method of in vitro rapid propagation for Weigela coraeensis.

  Botanical Characters Observation and Main Biochemical Components Analysis of Four Varieties Introduced to Wuyishan Including ‘Qilan’ 2014, 30 (19):  205-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0020 Abstract + ( 624 )   PDF ( 498994KB )   ( 539 ) In order to take adjustment to the variety structure of Wuyi Rock Tea, we analyzed the changes of four varieties including‘Qilan’after introductions in Wuyishan, and the result showed: (1) after their introductions in Wuyishan, the botanical characters of four varieties including‘Qilan’have changed to some extent. The tree crown diameters, tree heights and leaf became smaller, but the tree shapes, the tree postures and the leaf margin remain almost the same. (2)①In the autumn, the content of water extracts, free amino acid, tea polyphenol and caffeine was different in different parts of the same variety. The content of water extracts and free amino acid of‘Qilan’was the highest in the immature stem, content of tea polyphenol was the highest in its first leaf, caffeine content was the highest in the bud. The content of water extracts and free amino acid of‘Aijiao Oolong’was the highest in the immature stem, content of tea polyphenol and caffeine was the highest in the bud.‘Gaojiao Oolong’was the same as‘Aijiao Oolong’. The content of water extracts and free amino acid of‘Ruanzhi Oolong’was the highest in the immature stem, content of tea polyphenol and caffeine was the highest in the bud.②In different seasons, among the four varieties, fourth leaf of‘Qilan’in summer was the highest in the content of water extracts, third leaf of‘Qilan’in autumn was the highest in the content of tea polyphenol, third leaf of‘Gaojiao Oolong’in summer was the highest in the content of caffeine, and fourth leaf of‘Gaojiao Oolong’in summer was the highest in the content of free amino acid.

  Study on the Growth Rule of Atractylodes japonica 2014, 30 (19):  210-214.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3293 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 547888KB )   ( 697 ) Abstract: Objective: To study the growth rule of the different growth years of Rhizoma Atractylodis. Methods: To determine the moisture and temperature what Atractylodes japonica needed in seed germination, and observed the growth and development of the leaves, stems, flowers, seeds in the field. Results and conclusion: Seed germination of Atractylodes must be 15 ℃ and enough moisture in the soil. A plant height growth small peak and leaf function period of biennial Atractylodes is 10 days in advance than that of triennial Atractylodes. Atractylodes japonica began to bud during late June to early July, flower 41.5-44.7d after bud. A simple inflorescence needed 4.2-6.5d to open. Day blossom peak time is in 6:00-8:00. The seeds of Atractylodes needed 61.8-62.8d to mature. The growth alternating time of aboveground and belowground of Atractylodes, which is the maximum period of the dry matter proportion of above / below ground, is between August 17th and September 7th.

  Effect of NaCl and Na2CO3 Stress on Biomass of Helianthus tuberosus L. 2014, 30 (19):  215-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3294 Abstract + ( 614 )   PDF ( 583141KB )   ( 523 ) In order to explore the salt tolerant characteristics of Helianthus tuberosus L., study on saline alkali tolerance of Helianthus tuberosus L. seedlings was carried out. Helianthus tuberosus L. was used as material on the study of different concentration of Helianthus tuberosus L. seedlings under NaCl and Na2CO3 stress, to measure the total fresh weight, root, stem, leaf fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content and biomass variation by soilless culture method. The results showed that: 25 mmol/L of low concentrations of NaCl promoted seedling growth, biomass content increased; 100- 200 mmol/L of NaCl inhibited the growth of seedlings, the biomass and the chlorophyll content decreased, with insignificant difference among treatments; when the concentration of NaCl＞200 mmol/L, the biomass surged. The conclusion drawn from the study indicated that low concentrations of Na2CO3 promoted the growth of the seedlings, the concentration of Na2CO3＞20 mmol/L inhibited the growth of seedlings, the biomass decreased with increasing concentration of Na2CO3, chlorophyll content decreased. Helianthus tuberosus L. seedlings were highly influenced under stress of alkaline than salt, therefore, Helianthus tuberosus L. seedlings was salt tolerance.

  Comparative Study on Drought Resistance of Six Grape Varieties(Lines) 2014, 30 (19):  219-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3342 Abstract + ( 624 )   PDF ( 494158KB )   ( 545 ) This study compared six common cultivars or crossbreeding varieties (lines) of resistance to drought, and the results identified could not only be utilized to provide a basis for selection and variety deployment, as parent materials in breeding for drought resistance. It studied the differences of the drought resistant ability by taking plant growth, drought, leaf water potential, electrical conductivity and the condition of root under water stress. The results suggested that‘Flame Seedless’and‘Centennial Seedless’had severely inhibited growth, the drought were serious, the conductivity were changed greatly, the root growth were bad, individual had been dried;‘Wen Suhong’,‘Xinyu’and‘Thompson Seedless’showed relatively ideal;‘SP522’low under severe water stress. Consequently,‘Wen Suhong’,‘Xinyu’and‘Thompson Seedless’were strong,‘SP522’ranked low, and‘Centennial Seedless’and‘Flame Seedless’ranked lower.

  Inter-annual Variance of Flue-cured Tobacco Quality and Analysis Factors of Sensory Quality in Chongqing Tobacco Districts 2014, 30 (19):  223-230.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3410 Abstract + ( 1208 )   PDF ( 779166KB )   ( 421 ) To study the inter- annual variance of tobacco quality and the correlativity between chemical components and sensory quality in Chongqing, 245 samples from twelve tobacco growing counties among five years in Chongqing were analyzed. The results indicated that the content of total sugar and reducing sugar in 2010 and 2011 years were at first level, while the content of total nitrogen and nicotine in 2010 and 2011 years were at lowest level. The content of K2O of middle and upper leaf reached the significant level in different years. The ratio of reducing sugar to nicotine was suitable for upper leaf, and the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine was suitable for lower leaf. However, the ratios of K2O to Cl- were higher than the fitting range in three stalk positions. The sensory qualities of three stalk positions have been basically improved year by year. Canonical correlation analysis showed that the irritation of lower leaf was significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen. However, the sweetness was significantly negatively correlated with total nitrogen. Aroma quantity was significantly negatively correlated with the ratio of reducing sugar to nicotine and the content of Cl-, but it was significantly positively correlated with the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine. In the terms of middle leaf, the irritation increased with the decrease of K2O, and increased with the increase of nicotine; Aroma quality was improved by the increasing of reducing and K2O, and fell with the total sugar. The softness was significantly negatively correlated with nicotine, and was significantly positively correlated with K2O, ratio of nitrogen to nicotine and difference of total sugar and reducing sugar. Offensive taste was significantly positively correlated with the ratio of reducing sugar to nicotine, significantly negatively correlated with the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine. The sweetness increased along with increasing of the ratio reducing sugar to nicotine. The irritation increased along with increasing of nicotine and the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine in upper leaf.

  The Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Fertility Status for Tobacco-growing Areas in Wuhu City, Anhui Province 2014, 30 (19):  231-236.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3186 Abstract + ( 912 )   PDF ( 705313KB )   ( 1001 ) The objective of this study was to explore the spatial variability of soil fertility quality, so the method of Fuzzy was used to analyze the contention of soil fertility in the tobacco base in Sanyuan Town of Wuhu City. Seven indicators were selected: pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, rapidly available phosphorus, rapidly available potassium, and available potassium. It can be concluded that the IFI of 56.4% soil samples reached the highest level, and the average value was 0.86. The percent of the higher and middle level of soil samples were both 12.7%. Correspond, the average value of IFI were 0.70 and 0.58. The both level can satisfied the fertility need of tobacco. 18.2% of soil samples were in the lowest level, and the average value was 0.52. The situation of fertility should be improved in order to increase the amount and quality of tobacco.

  Relationship Between Total Sugar Content and Physical Property in Full Flavor Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves Grown in Different Areas of Hunan Province 2014, 30 (19):  237-241.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0046 Abstract + ( 579 )   PDF ( 687570KB )   ( 440 ) To quantify the relationships between total sugar and physical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco, total sugar and physical characteristics of full flavor flue- cured samples grown in different area of Hunan Province were tested, regression analysis were used to analyze the correlation between total sugar and every physical property of flue-cured tobacco. The result showed that the variation of all parameters was in the order of leaf weight=weight per unit area＞thickness of leaf＞total sugar＞leaf width=open tablets degree＞stem ratio=equilibrium moisture content＞leaf length. Total sugar content had negative correlation with leaf length, leaf weight, thickness of leaf, weight per unit area, had positive correlation with stem ratio，equilibrium moisture content. The relationship could be described by quadratic equation y=-0.0254x2+1.4442x-1.6097 between total sugar content and leaf width, the relationship could be described by quadratic equation y=- 0.0347x2 + 2.1903x- 1.502 between total sugar content and open tablets degree, all above equation were significant at 5% level.

  Analysis on the Content of Sugar and Organic Acids in Middle Leaf of Flue-cured Tobacco at Different Areas in Hunan 2014, 30 (19):  242-245.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3282 Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 489962KB )   ( 506 ) In order to investigate the effects of differences which the content of sugar and organic acids in fluecured tobacco in different areas of Hunan on aromatic style, using gas chromatography, the difference and its pertinence analysis of the content of sugar and organic acids in middle leaf of flue-cured tobacco at the Hunan different areas were studied. The different areas included Fenghuang, Chenzhou, Cili and Shaoyang. Results indicated that: The content of soluble total sugar and the return to original state sugar in Fenghuang and Shaoyang were significantly richer than Cili and Chenzhou, but the non volatile acid was quite the opposite. In 4 flue-cured tobacco regions, the content of total non-volatile acid, volatile acid and organic acids in Cili were highest, followed by Chenzhou, Fenghuang was the lowest, but Fenghuang contained the highest total senior fatty acids, and with the other areas existed higher difference. The majority content of non-volatile acids exited remark difference except malonic acid. In 4 flue-cured tobacco regions, the content of isobutyric acid, valeric acid and 3- methyl pentanoic acid existed remark difference but butyric acid was not notable. The others existed difference but the difference of four productions existed no laws. The content of senior fatty acids in three tobacco production regions of Cili, Chenzhou and Fenghuang existed small difference, but with the Shaoyang existed higher difference except myristic acid.

  Phosphorus Leaching Critical Values of Soil from Different Parent Materials in South China 2014, 30 (19):  246-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2410 Abstract + ( 755 )   PDF ( 567947KB )   ( 475 ) The lost P from the soils would pose a risk to water quality. In this study, 101 soils were collected from the vegetable soils in the Guangdong. The contents of Olsen-P, Bray-P and CaCl2-P were respectively determined so that phosphorus leaching critical values was determined in different texture soils. The results showed that: there was a significant linear relationship between Olsen- P and CaCl2- P. CaCl2- P increased sharply with the increase of Olsen-P, which was called phosphorus leaching criterion. The criterion values of loamy clay was 79.74 mg/kg, the values of clay loam was 51.08 mg/kg，the values of sandy clay loam was 43.99 mg/kg, the values of sandy loam was 8.63 mg/kg. The order of criterion values was loamy clay＞clay loam＞sandy clay loam＞sandy loam, which was in agreement with the order of clay content. There was a significant linear relationship between Bray-P and CaCl2-P in the sandy clay loam soils while there was not in the rest three texture soils, but there was not change point in the sandy clay loam. The Olsen-P was as the criterion value of phosphorus leaching.

  Exploration of Landscape Environment Changes of Urban Residential——Taking Kunming City as A Case 2014, 30 (19):  251-256.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0179 Abstract + ( 715 )   PDF ( 712959KB )   ( 675 ) In order to explore the development of residential garden environment during the three decades of reform and opening up, the residential area landscape which had built in Kunming since reform and opening up was analyzed, combined with the current domestic and foreign residential landscape construction concept to analysis and study, make the recommendations to future residential landscape construction for Kunming. The result indicated that: (1) plant species used average in every decade in proper order 11 species, 41 species, 75 species and 97 species from 1980s to the 2010 years later. (2)Respiratory-care plants species used average in every decade followed as 4 species, 8 species, 14 species and 20 species. (3) Plants arrangement, activities space, and water landscape et al becoming diversification gradually in different decades in residential area. In recent 10 years, the requirement for residential environment continues to improve, and people began to focus on construction of health garden.

  Research in Plants Antagonistic Bacteria on the Soil-Borne Disease Control in the Forest 2014, 30 (19):  257-262.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2969 Abstract + ( 976 )   PDF ( 552245KB )   ( 1163 ) Forest soil-borne diseases is serious, prevention is difficult. Antagonistic bacteria through its own metabolic activity inhibit the growth of pathogenic and it can be planted in the rhizosphere of forest trees or in vivo. There is great potential in control of soil-borne diseases. The article studied from the antagonistic bacteria and their species. The antibacterial mechanism, the planting and the forest soil-borne diseases control and the existing problems were discussed.

  Study on Occurrence Regularity of Weeds in Cotton Fields in Heze, Shandong Province 2014, 30 (19):  263-267.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0182 Abstract + ( 560 )   PDF ( 545179KB )   ( 432 ) Weeds, which compete with cotton in the water, fertilizer, sunlight and even conducive to insects and diseases, have serious influences on the production and quality of cotton. To clarify the occurrence and damage of weeds in cotton fields of Heze, Shandong Province，we conducted a thorough investigation on the species of weeds, the pattern of emergence and the succession of the weed community in 2013. A total of 24 weed species, which belong to 14 families, existed in the cotton fields of Heze, Shandong Province. Of the 14 families, Poaceae and Compositae ranked the top two. Eleusine indica, Amaranthus and Retroflexus were the most common weeds, followed by Eleusine indica, Amaranthus, Retroflexus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Portulaca oleracea, Setaria viridis, Acalypha australis, Cyperus rotundus and Chenopodium album, which had a high frequency and density in the cotton fields. There were three peak periods for weeds’emergence, concentrated in late May, early July and middle August respectively, and most of the weeds emerged in the first period. The total amount of the weeds in the natural community reached the peak at the end of June and appeared unimodal change in the whole growing season of cotton.

  Population Dynamics of Leguminivora glycinivorella and Its Relationship with Meteorological Factors in Mudanjiang Hilly Midlevels 2014, 30 (19):  268-271.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0014 Abstract + ( 629 )   PDF ( 523324KB )   ( 373 ) In order to specify the population dynamics of Leguminivora glycinivorella in Mudanjiang and its relationship with meteorological factors, the test used sex attractant trapping method in field during 2010- 2012. The results showed that Leguminivora glycinivorella started in late July and reached the peak in early August to mid-August, ended at the end of August, lasting for 30 days. Population dynamics of Leguminivora glycinivorella was significantly positive related to the average temperature in years with less rainfall. Moderate rainfall could cause high air humidity, which led to increasing amount of moth, but heavy rainfall was unfavorable for Leguminivora glycinivorella pupation and adult unearthed. In Mudanjiang, daily average temperature at 21- 24℃was optimum for the occurrence of Leguminivora glycinivorella, and constant high temperature and drought weather was not conducive to adult occurrence. Therefore, temperature and precipitation were important factors affecting the occurrence of Leguminivora glycinivorella.

  Methods of Inoculation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Sunflower heads under Field Conditions for Resistance Evaluation 2014, 30 (19):  272-276.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3387 Abstract + ( 654 )   PDF ( 521710KB )   ( 532 ) The objective of the study was to establish a rapid and effective technique of inoculating sunflower heads with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in field condition for screening of resistant resources and breeding for disease resistance. In this experiment , the inoculation period, the best inoculum and its concentration use for inoculation of sunflower head rot in field condition were screened, and evaluate disease resistance in 18 cultivars in the same way. The results showed that three inocula can make the susceptible variety to generate typical heads rot symptom. When the concentration of mycelium content 30.0g/L in PDA (potato dextrose agar medium), or 0.4 g/plate in sorghum grain, It can distinguish resistant differences between sunflower varieties. The same to concentration of ascospore content 1×103 mL. The effect of inoculation (DSI and morbidity) in beginning flowering to half-bloom stage is better than it in inoculation in full-bloom stage. According to the Orthogonal experiment results show that, ascus spore suspension be inoculum, the concentration of 1×103 mL, inoculated time is R5.1, and moisturizing for 48 hours were the best conditions of plate rot in filed.At the same time, 4 sunflower varieties were resistant to S. Sclerotiorum be screened out by this technique. The method for evaluation of resistance to S. Sclerotiorum in the field condition can effectively identify the pathogenicity of S. Sclerotiorum and screen the resistance to S. Sclerotiorum for sunflower breeding.

  The Risking and Classification Analysis of Oil-Tea Pests in Hunan 2014, 30 (19):  277-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0291 Abstract + ( 1052 )   PDF ( 633937KB )   ( 741 ) In order to figure out main pests of Camellia oleifera in Hunan, the risk analysis of oil-tea pest was conducted by the methods including multi-criteria evaluation, risk assessment indices and experience formula. According to integrated information of 172 species, five fields with 16 risk factors, i.e., the distribution area of pest, harmful levels, biological characteristics, ecological characteristics and the difficulty of prevention control were considered in the risk analysis. The analysis results showed that oil-tea pests in Hunan Province were ranked four risking classifications. Curculio chinensis, Bacchisa atritarsis, Euproctis pseudoconspersa were included in the first classification, which were the frequent disaster pests. And Basilepta melanopus, Casmara patrona, Biston marginata, Caliron camellia, Conogethes punctiferalis, Sympiezomias citri, Linoclostis gonatias, Colaspoides opaca, Homona magnanima were ranked in the second classification, which were the incidental disaster pests. Other species were general pests or no damaged to Camellia oleifera. Meanwhile, control methods of pests belonging to different classifications were discussed.

  The Diagnosis and Fungicide Screening of Eggplant Fruit Rot in Xintian County of Hunan 2014, 30 (19):  284-288.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0383 Abstract + ( 969 )   PDF ( 1043775KB )   ( 877 ) Eggplant fruit rot disease in Xintian County vegetable base caused severe loss in August 2012. Fungus isolates from diseased eggplant proved to be Phomopsis vexans under microscopic examination. Analyses of rDNA-ITS sequences of the isolates support the result of microscopy. In vitro fungicide screening was carried out because chlorothalonil, carbendazim, mancozeb can’t control fruit rot in eggplant fields. Toxicities of 11 selected fungicides on P. vexans were evaluated using mycelium growth rate method. The toxicity of prochloraz was the strongest ,with the EC50 of 0.021mg / L; followed by thiophanate-methyl and difenoconazole, with the EC50 of 0.252mg / L and 0.434mg / L; The inhibitions of chlorothalonil and Kresoxim were lowest, with EC50 of 44.400mg / L and 54.470mg / L. The use of prochloraz was recommend to combat eggplant phomopsis rot.

  Occurrence Trends and Integrated Control of Tomato Main Local Infectious Disease in Late Autumn 2014, 30 (19):  289-292.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2804 Abstract + ( 673 )   PDF ( 496647KB )   ( 643 ) This paper systematically analyzes the researches in some relevant literatures about several local infectious diseases in tomato production. Based on this analysis, we systematically investigate several important diseases’ field occurrence trends in tomato production of sheltered ground in late autumn. The result shows that among this crop of tomatoes, Fulvia fulva is the most serious disease; Alternaria solani is relatively common; Botrytis cinerea spreads comparatively slow; Phytophthora infestans is the lightest disease. In view of this situation, we bring forward some comprehensive treatment tactics and control measures towards these main local infectious diseases happened in this crop of tomatoes.

  Effect of 1-DNJ from Mulberry Leaves on the Biological Activity of Plutella xylostella L. 2014, 30 (19):  293-297.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3370 Abstract + ( 860 )   PDF ( 571714KB )   ( 588 ) Bioassays in laboratory were employed to investigate anti-feeding, growth inhibitory functions of 1-DNJ extracted from mulberry leaves on the 3th Plutella xylostella. Results showed that the highest anti-feeding rates were 93.33 and 89.25% respectively at 24 and 48 h, and the AFC50 were 0.34 and 0.58 g?L-1, respectively. The developmental inhibition assay indicated that weight and pupatation rates decreased with the increasing 1-DNJ concentration. While, the pupal weight of P. xylostella was non-distinctive inhibited. However, the mortality rates of contact toxicity and stomach toxicity were less than anti-feeding and growth inhibitory effect. These results implied that mulberry was treasuries of bioactive substances useful as pesticides

  Expression Profiling and Preparation of Polyclonal Antibody of Chemosensory Protein BmCSP8 in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori 2014, 30 (19):  298-303.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3039 Abstract + ( 863 )   PDF ( 736897KB )   ( 382 ) In order to clarify the expression characteristics of chemosensory protein (CSP) gene in different tissue parts and developmental stages in insect. The spatio-temporal expression profile of BmCSP8 was investigated using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that: (1)BmCSP8 was expressed in larva and pupa stage, but not in egg stage. In larva stage, the expression was more in younger stages than that in older stages; (2) BmCSP8 was expressed in various adult tissues including antenna, head (without antenna), wing, leg, thorax and abdomen. But there were differences existing between female and male, and the expression level was low in antenna which was the primary sense organs of insect; (3) Rabbit polyclonal antibody was prepared successfully by recombinant BmCSP8 protein, Western-blot anlysis showed that antiserum could combined specifically with the antenna protein, it also provided a foundation for further research on the BmCSP8 physiological functions. These results suggested that BmCSP8 may has unknown non-olfactory functions, and most likely involved in the physiological process of foraging.

  Recovery Effect of Qishanbao on Wheat Harmed by Shima Herbicide 2014, 30 (19):  304-307.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3377 Abstract + ( 1219 )   PDF ( 486534KB )   ( 541 ) Herbicides, Shima especial, often cause phytotoxicity to wheat in the process of chemical weeds control in wheat field before winter; therefore it is extremely necessary to find ways to recover wheat harmed by herbicide. Recovery effect of Qishanbao, a biologic of marine oligosaccharide, on wheat harmed by Shima was studied through foliar spraying Qishanbao on Shima harmed wheat plants. The wheat harmed by Shima began to show difference from untreated control in many ways 7 days after treatment. The height, the number of green leaves and the secondary roots of treated wheat plants were significantly higher than that of untreated control wheat plants 25 days after treatment. The yield in treated wheat field increased by 549.30 kg/hm2 compared with untreated wheat field. Meanwhile, the grain quality of treated wheat was improved to a certain extent, stable time increased by 15.7% , water absorption decreased by 1.4% compared with untreated control. However, there was no obvious differences in hardness, sedimentation value, flour yield and extensograph parameter. Using Qishanbao on herbicide harmed wheat could extremely release the degree of harm and increase wheat yield. It could also improve grain quality to a certain extent.

  Meteorological Forecast Method for the Occurrence Degree of Rice Blast in Tonghua, Jilin 2014, 30 (19):  308-311.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0047 Abstract + ( 705 )   PDF ( 532969KB )   ( 724 ) In order to prevent the rice blast better, people need to have stronger forecast capability to the rice blast. Based on the meteorological data of Tonghua from 1995-2012, the author calculated the aggravating-disease bio-meteorological index of the rice blast, and conducted the correlation analysis of the occurrence degree of rice blast and it. The author divided the occurrence degree of rice blast into 3 grades, namely mild, moderate and severe occurrence. Finally the author created the meteorological forecast model for the occurrence degree of rice blast by using the statistical method. The results showed that: the accurate rate of the model testing was 76.4%, and the forecast testing was very well, too. The forecast model had a certain level of usability, and it could provide scientific evidence for the rice blast prevention and treatment work in Tonghua. Meanwhile, based on the features of the rice blast in Tonghua, the author created making and announcing schedules for the meteorological forecast of the rice blast occurrence degree, and put forward the best prevent time for the rice blast.

  The Best Medium was Choosed for Fast Cultivation of Verticillium dahliae Microsclerotia 2014, 30 (19):  312-316.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0100 Abstract + ( 624 )   PDF ( 546292KB )   ( 678 ) Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a widely distributed soilborne pathogen causing vascular wilt diseases on cotton. It is difficult to control for V. dahliae microsclerotia which is the main inoculum. In this study, the optimum medium of microsclerotium formation and germination were investigated by colony growth rate, microsclerotia quantity, microsclerotia diameter and microsclerotia germination rate. Six different V. dahliae strains collected from Xinjiang were detected. The main results shown that The optimum medium of microsclerotium formation was the oat medium modified, in which the quantity and diameter of microsclerotia was better than the others types mediums such as PDA, PDA modified, Czapek, M1, BM modified called BMM. The amount of microsclerotium in M1 and BMM was more than the others types mediums, however, the diameter of microsclerotium in them was less than that in semi-defined mediums such as PDA, PDA modified and oat medium modified. So, oat medium modified, M1 and BMM were the ideal culture mediums for rapid cultivation of Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia.

  Effect of Scopoletin on Growth, Development and Economic Characters of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 2014, 30 (19):  317-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0130 Abstract + ( 763 )   PDF ( 522927KB )   ( 663 ) In order to clarify the effects of botanical compound scopoletin on the growth and development and economic characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The different concentration of scopoletin were tested to silkworm by food intake method. The results showed that they displayed symptoms like vomitive, distorted against B. mori, by treated of 4000, 2000 and 1000 mg/L. The cumulative mortalities were ranged from 24% to 80%, with toxicity from 125 to 4000 mg/L treated silkworm to 5 instar, and the development of life stage were delayed. There were significant effect of scopoletin on the economic characters of silkworm, and the whole cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, pupation rate and pupal weight were significantly lower than the control treatment, but the cocoon layer was not significant influence. Therefore, there were cumulative toxicity of scopoletin on B. mori, if long-term high concentrations of feeding, otherwise it will cause a significant impact on the growth and economic traits.