Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.12 Published:06 May 2015

  Comparative Analysis of Anti Oxidative Physiological Indices on Winter Wheat in Frigid Region Sun Rui,Lin Qi,Wang Xiaonan,Fu Lianshuang,Sun Yinglu and Li Zhuofu 2015, 31 (12):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100028 Abstract + ( 1388 )   PDF ( 1304KB )   ( 490 ) Two varieties (DNDM 1 and JM22) with different cold resistance were used for experiment and sampled at cold-acclimation period and frozen period. In order to understand the antioxidant enzymes or active oxygen scavengers in low temperature, the contents of antioxidants (GSH, ASA) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD) were examined, viewed to providing a theoretical basis for the identification of cold resistance on winter wheat cultivars in low temperatures. The results showed that, the relative conductivity of cold hardy variety was less than cold sensitive variety after frozen period. The content of MDA of cold resistance variety was significantly lower than that of cold sensitive variety only at depth frozen period (on January 14th). The SOD activity of cold sensitive variety decreased after freezing period for 15 days. The content of ASA of cold resistance variety was higher than that of cold sensitive variety significantly after freezing period for 30 days, the SOD activity and the ASA could be indicators to evaluate the cold hardiness of winter wheat varieties.

  Effect of Drought Stress on Physiological Characteristics in Different Winter Wheat Seedlings Song Xinying,Zhang Yumei,Zhang Hongsheng,Mu Ping and Lin Qi 2015, 31 (12):  6-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100045 Abstract + ( 1175 )   PDF ( 1347KB )   ( 409 ) The characteristics of drought resistance of wheat seedling period of physiological indexes, provide the basis for future theoretical basis for cultivating new varieties of drought resistance of wheat. Five different fertilizer and water types of wheat were studied under the water stress of 20% PEG-6000, and the drought resistance was identified under the condition of trough cultivation with rain-proof shelter. The results showed that five varieties of wheat soluble sugar and proline contents went up and the diversifications were consistent with the drought resistance. SOD and POD activity of protective enzyme system were reduced, the POD activity showed a trend of lower after the first rise. Membrane lipid per oxidation products MDA content increased. Compared with irrigated field cultivars, the soluble sugar and proline content of dry land cultivars ‘Qingmai7’ and ‘Lumai21’ were higher and its growth range was larger along with the stress time, the speed of accumulation of MDA content and SOD, POD activity, the reduce speed was relatively slow. The soluble sugar content, proline content and SOD activity and POD activity extremely significant correlation with drought resistance appraisal index and drought index, could be used as a preliminary identification of the early indicators of wheat drought resistance.

  Influence of Soil Moisture on Main Morphological Characteristics of Winter Wheat Li De,Ma Xiaoqun,Sun Yi and Sun Youfeng 2015, 31 (12):  12-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2273 Abstract + ( 1161 )   PDF ( 1634KB )   ( 529 ) Determining the influence of soil moisture on the main morphological parameters like plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter weight of seedling of winter wheat is an important basis of variety breeding, improvement of water saving cultivation measures and establishment of relevant crop monitoring and evaluation model. To discuss the influence of soil moisture on the main morphological characteristics of winter wheat, the field moisture control experiment was developed in 3 years based on the wheat varieties ‘Wanmai 52’. The green stage, jointing stage and heading stage were studied and canopy was used to control the field water in the experiment. The correlation analysis, regression statistics and so on were used to discuss the influence of soil moisture change on plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter weight of seedling of winter wheat in different growth period. Results showed that: soil moisture change in the green stage, jointing stage and heading stage would all cause the change of plant height, LAI and dry matter weight of seedling. Especially, the soil moisture in jointing stage had the most significant influence on the plant height in heading stage; soil moisture from jointing stage to heading stage had a most significant dry matter weight of seedling. The influence of soil moisture on the main morphological parameters could be expressed with linear regression equation with one unknown or quadratic regression equation in one unknown. The appropriate relative soil moisture index at which the main morphological parameters could reach their appropriate value or optimal value was around 70%. Drought in different growth period would all cause the reduction of plant height, LAI and dry matter weight of seedling to some extent. The reduction would persist, what’s more, the earlier the drought occurred, the longer the reduction persisted. The results achieved in the research could provide reference for variety breeding and improvement of water saving cultivation measures. The equation established in the research could be used to monitor and evaluate the quantitative influence of soil moisture change on plant height, LAI and dry matter weight of seedling.

  A Comparative Study on Several Characteristic Differences of Two Spike-type Cultivars of Wheat Liu Zhaoye,Sun Nina,Xin Qingguo,Sun Xiaohui,Li Linzhi and Yu Jingchuan 2015, 31 (12):  25-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100044 Abstract + ( 1049 )   PDF ( 1275KB )   ( 531 ) In order to ascertain the suitable wheat cultivars and the breeding direction in eastern Shandong, several characteristic differences of two spike-type cultivars of wheat were studied by t-test using 11 wheat genotypes. The results showed that grass weight per stem, weight length per stem, grains per spike, thousand grain weight, spike weight per stem of large-spike cultivar were 0.958 g, 0.011 g/cm, 5.354 grain, 5.460 g, 0.504 g higher than that of multi-spike cultivar, which all reached extremely significant level, spikes per hectare, harvest index and population yield of multi-spike cultivar were 2.898 million/hm2, 0.027, 859 kg/hm2 higher than that of large-spike cultivar, which all reached extremely significant level. Thus under the ecological conditions in eastern Shandong, the main direction of breeding should focus on multi-spike cultivars with midium tillering ability, thick stem, high spike rate, and coordinated yield components.

  Studies on Breeding of Yunhan Strong Gluten Wheat Varieties for Drought Resistance and High-yielding Li Xiurong,Chai Yongfeng,Zhao Zhiyong,Sun Laihu,Yao Jingzhen,Bi Hongyuan and Xi Jilong 2015, 31 (12):  29-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100097 Abstract + ( 941 )   PDF ( 1374KB )   ( 464 ) In order to breeding the high-quality, high-yield, strong gluten and drought-resistant wheat varieties which are suitable for Huanghuai dry land of our country, the research focused on the high yield and high quality breeding goal of strong gluten and high quality foreign germplasm usage. The author used strategies and methods like rational parent combination, adjusting the flowering for inter-breed, assistant selections with high molecular weight glutenin subunit protein molecular marker detections and measuring the quantity and quality of gluten, ecological-adaptation-oriented feature selection identification and ecological selection in multi-points for year. Alternative identification and selections in rain fed and irrigated land, strengthened systematic observation and comprehensive evaluation for better lines, and selections from better lines were conducted. The application of the systematic methods had solved the technical problems of bad adaptability to drought, heat, frost resistance, and maturity of foreign germplasms and hybrids with spring and winter varieties. The research bred a series of strong gluten wheat varieties which were represented by ‘Yunhan20410’, ‘Yunhan 618’, achieved the innovation improvement which changed the strong gluten to the strong and stable gluten. They raised 2-10% production than ‘Jinmai 47’ and had more drought-resistance and more heat-tolerance. We obtained the combination of high yield and drought resistance with the strong gluten traits.

  Effects of Different Cuts and Defoliation Timing on the Yield and Quality of Barley Forage Chen Xiaodong,Zhao Bin,Wang Rui and Ji Changhao 2015, 31 (12):  36-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2371 Abstract + ( 710 )   PDF ( 1422KB )   ( 409 ) Barley (Hordeum valgue L.) is a feed crop with high quality and energy, and defoliation is a regular method for the management of pasture. To study the influence of defoliation on barley green forage usage, four representative barley varieties (lines) from diverse ecological regions were used in this study to analyze the effects of different cuts and defoliation timing on the yield and quality of barley forage. The results indicate both forage yield and quality in all varieties are higher in the first cut than in the second. Repeated defoliation results in forage yield loss in all varieties among which cultivar ‘Yanfeng 1’ presents tolerant with the smallest decline percentage of 13%. Repeated defoliation leads to the increase in the ratio of dry weight to fresh weight and crude ash content, and decrease in the content of crude protein and crude fat in all varieties. The content of crude fiber, Ca and P varied in different varieties following repeated defoliation. Barley grass removed in tillering stage has higher nutrition contents than in filling stage, and is palatable to be directly eaten by animals, and the defoliation timing is good for the regrowth. Thus, repeated defoliation can be initiated in the tillering stage and varieties with good tolerance should be selected. Barley plants can be removed as fresh green forage in tillering stage and silage in filling stage, respectively.

  Effects of silicon fertilizer treatment on buckwheat seedling drought resistance 2015, 31 (12):  40-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100067 Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 1328KB )   ( 430 ) Study on the effects of different concentrations of silicon fertilizer on physiological indices of drought resistance in Buckwheat Seedlings, drought resistant characteristics difference comparison of the comprehensive index of each group, screened the suitable concentration of silicon, and provide scientific basis for the reasonable application of silicon fertilizer to improve buckwheat yield in arid regions. the No. 3 seed of buckwheat for the material was potted after germination. before planting, respectively 0.05mol / L, 0.10mol / L, 0.15mol / L, 0.2 mol / L potassium silicate (K2SiO3) solution was applied to a one-time mild (60% of field capacity), moderate (40% of field capacity) and severe drought stress (20% field capacity) soil, distilled water as a control. When seedlings grow to two leaves stage, its SOD, POD activity and soluble sugar content was measured. The results show that increasing drought stress, the activity of SOD and POD of buckwheat seedling were declined and soluble sugar content was improved and each treatment group with the same degree of stress compared to the control group, SOD, POD activity and soluble sugar content have risen after pulsing silicon and treatment of Silicon 0.05mol / L of various biochemical parameters were significantly higher ground, which indicating the drought damage of buckwheat seedlings intensified after irrigation reduced and the appropriate silicon fertilizer helps mitigation of drought damage buckwheat seedlings, improve its drought resistance.

  Effects of Planting Density on Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Dry-land Soybean Wang Liming,Yang Ruping,Chen Guangrong and Zhang Guohong 2015, 31 (12):  45-49.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2478 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 1259KB )   ( 538 ) In order to improve planting benefit of the dry-land soybean, and make full use of local rainfall resources, this experiment was conducted to find out the effects of planting density on grain yield and water use efficiency of dry-land soybean in dry-land of the eastern of Gansu. The results indicated that, as the planting density increased, the main economic characters that were the number of pods, seeds number per plant, number of seeds per pod and seeds weight per plant of every experimental variety decreased. There was no significant difference in field water consumption of the different types of varieties across the different planting densities. In the range of 90-270 thousand plants per hm2 of planting density, suitable planting density of late-maturity variety, such as ‘Fendou 78’ and ‘Jindou 23’ were 180 thousand plants per hm2 , suitable planting density of mid- maturity variety such as ‘Zhonghuang 30’ and ‘Jindou 19’ were 225 thousand plants per hm2. This means that suitable planting density could improve seeds yield and water use efficiency (WUE) significantly.

  Effect of Different Quantities of Drip Irrigation on NPK Accumulation Distribution and Yield of Mid-mature Soybean for Super-high-yielding Production Wang Cong and Zhang Jianxin 2015, 31 (12):  50-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100104 Abstract + ( 822 )   PDF ( 1386KB )   ( 402 ) The paper aims to reveal the rule of N, P2O5, K2O accumulation and distribution of the super-high-yielding production of soybeans. 4 different dripping amount treatments of 975 m3/hm2 (W1), 1575 m3/hm2 (W2), 2175 m3/hm2 (W3), 2775 m3/hm2 (W4) were conducted in the field to study their effects on N, P2O5, K2O absorption by ‘Xindadou 27’. The results showed that increasing the amount of dripping water during flower period could significantly increase the percentage content and accumulation of N, P2O5, K2O in the leaves and stems during flower period, and increase grain yield substantially, the harvest index of N, P2O5, K2O significantly, and the required amount of N, P2O5, K2O and the proportion of K2O of every per 100 kg grain production. N 6.4-6.6 kg, P2O5 1.4 kg, K2O 4.6-5.2 kg was required to accumulate to produce every per 100 kg grain under the grain yield of 6082.6-6404.7 kg/hm2. The suitable amount of dripping water in the flower period can substantially increase the accumulation rate of N, P2O5, K2O and the ratio of K2O, that is a crucial reason for the increase in production.

  Effects of Absorbent Polymer on Yield and Growth of Autumn Planting Soybean Lv Meiqin 2015, 31 (12):  57-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100026 Abstract + ( 743 )   PDF ( 1329KB )   ( 471 ) In order to study the effect of absorbent polymer on the growth and yield of autumn planting soybean in the hilly dry land in Minnan, under the condition of field experiment, taking treatment without absorbent polymer as control, the author studied the effect of different content absorbent polymer on the growth and production under furrow application. The results showed that the growing periods were prolonged by 2-7 d, the yield per unit, the effective pod rate, seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight were increased compared with the control. The effect was more significant with increasing application of absorbent amount. The absorbent application at a rate of 60 kg/hm2 was recommended for the ploughed furrow, the increase on the net income was 1503.00 yuan/hm2 with a cost/return ratio at 1:2.67. The application rate was suitable for autumn planting soybean on dry land soil in southern Fujian and other regions.

  Effect of Dry Matter Accumulation and Kernel Development of Six Maize Varieties Under Different Nitrogen Application Li Ting,Shen Lixia and Huang Yankai 2015, 31 (12):  62-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100102 Abstract + ( 859 )   PDF ( 1270KB )   ( 441 ) In order to reveal the differences of kernel development and dry matter accumulation of six maize varieties under different nitrogen application, field experiment was conducted to investigate dry matter accumulation and yields under three N levels (N0, N1 and N2) in six maize varieties. The results indicated that these six maize varieties could be divided into three types according to nitrogen use efficiency: high-nitrogen-efficiency type (‘Tunyu99’ and ‘Bingdan390’), double-effective type (‘Jindan 65’ and ‘Xianyu335’), low-nitrogen-efficiency type (‘Luyu19’ and ‘Zhengdan 958’). The dry matter accumulation and grain production were significantly increased under N1 treatment. As the amount of nitrogen increases, high-nitrogen-efficiency and double-effective varieties increased in photosynthetic carbon-efficient varieties, provided grain with plenty of carbon source; high-nitrogen-efficiency varieties’ dry matter accumulation of vegetative increase was greater than the accumulation of grain dry matter increase, and the grain dry matter accumulation of double-effective varieties increased rapidly. At the same time, nitrogen could also facilitate the two types of maize kernel development at the top, to increase production. Under the effect of nitrogen, the low-nitrogen- efficiency varieties’ vegetative biomass had increased markedly, with no apparent change in grain; nitrogen would promote the transfer of vegetative biomass, while too high (N2) or too low (N0) nitrogen degrees would cause imperfect grain development in the top of the maize, affecting production.

  Study on Dry Matter Production and Population Photosynthetic Characteristics of High-yield Spring Maize Under Different Modes Liang Zhiying,Yang Zhiping,Wang Yongliang,Guo Junling,Guo Caixia and Wang Qi 2015, 31 (12):  67-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100032 Abstract + ( 782 )   PDF ( 1421KB )   ( 491 ) To construct better population structure of the high-yield spring maize, optimize population physiological function and give full play to the potential yield of maize varieties, we studied dry matter production and population photosynthetic characteristics of spring maize under different modes (traditional model, optimal model, higher yield model) from the aspects of the corn varieties, density and fertilizer management. The results showed that maize yield increased 10.79% of optimal model and higher yield model increased 27.62% in comparison with farmers practice. Further, these two models both remarkably reduced the length of maize bald tip. The leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), dry matter accumulation (DMA) and crop growth rate (CGR) were the important indicators of population photosynthetic characteristics. Statistic analysis showed these indictors of three models appeared in a same ascending order as higher yield model > optimal model > traditional model. We concluded that optimize variety, increase density reasonably and strengthen fertilizer management were the key measures to keep higher yield of spring maize.

  Study on Growth and Yield of Maize with Charcoal Based Slow-release Fertilizer Du Yanhong,Jiang Enchen,Wang Mingfeng,Xu Xiwei,张世军,Guo Xinhui,Shi Dongdong and Li Shibo 2015, 31 (12):  72-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2393 Abstract + ( 1447 )   PDF ( 1408KB )   ( 445 ) Charcoal based fertilizer was the long- term fertilizer mixing the biochar and conventional fertilizers, which had the characters of high efficiency, no pollution, improving soil physical and chemical properties, and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. To select the suitable charcoal base fertilizer with better sustained release effect for maize production, the effects of four charcoal base fertilizers mixing carbon powder and nitrogen nutrient with different proportion on the yield of maize ‘Huayu8’ were studied with the same fertilizer rate compared with conventional fertilizer. The results indicated that, the experimental treatment of adding self-made carbon based SRFS and rice hull char respectively could improve the agronomic traits of maize effectively, increasing plant height, stem diameter and root number. The yield of maize of adding self-made carbon based SRFS was 7.64% higher than OF and had significant difference between them. Compared to OF, C-SRF2, C-SRF3, C-SRF4 did not make the corn yield increase apparently.

  Comparative Analysis of Photosynthetic Characteristics of Single Leaf from Different Rice Varieties Wang Shangming,Zhang Chonghua,Zeng Kai,Hu Fengxi and Zhang Qingxia 2015, 31 (12):  77-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2365 Abstract + ( 568 )   PDF ( 1392KB )   ( 402 ) Photosynthetic characteristics from different rice varieties such as ‘Jinyou458’, ‘Jinyou463’, ‘Liangyou287’, ‘Zhuliangyou211’, ‘Hesheng10’ and ‘Ganxin688’, ‘Yueyou712’, ‘Liangyoupeijiu’, ‘Xinrongyou254’, ‘Ganwanxian37’ were measured. The results indicated that the light compensation point was 25.7-35.7 μmol/(m2·s) of early rice, 29.5-35.3 μmol/(m2·s) of late rice; the apparent quantum yield was 0.0401-0.0481 of early rice, 0.0387-0.0503 of late rice; the dark respiration was 1.0879-1.7975 μmol/(m2·s) of early rice, 1.2778-1.6051 μmol/(m2·s) of late rice; the CO2 compensation point was 66.6-75.4 μmol/(m2·s) of early rice, 75.6-87.6 μmol/(m2·s) of late rice; the carboxylation efficiency was 0.0594-0.1089 of early rice, 0.0547-0.0764 of late rice; dark respiration, light compensation point, apparent quantum yield, CO2 compensation point and carboxylation efficiency of single leaf from different rice varieties had no significant difference.

  Effects of Water and Nitrogenous Fertilizer Coupling Modes on Double Season Rice Growth and Yield Fu Zhiqiang,Liu Yiyi,Xie Tianyang and Zhong Juan 2015, 31 (12):  84-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2073 Abstract + ( 756 )   PDF ( 1502KB )   ( 409 ) To provide the optimal water and fertilizer coupling model for the double-season rice cultivation, the experiment was designed as waterlogged and intermittent irrigation with 4 fertilization levels, and rice growth and yield under different water and fertilizer coupling models were researched. The results showed that, the amount of rice dry matter of intermittent irrigation was higher than that of waterlogged irrigation by the same fertilization level. The rice dry matter in different plant organs were ranked from high to low as grain, stem, level and root. The level area index (LAI) of intermittent irrigation and medium nitrogenous fertilizer was the highest at rice late stages and the stem bleeding rate of medium nitrogenous fertilizer was the highest, and with the same fertilization level, intermittent irrigation was higher than that of waterlogged irrigation. Photosynthesis difference among treatments of early rice was not significant, and at the same fertilization level, intermittent irrigation was slightly higher than that of waterlogged irrigation, and the differences of water use efficiency (WUE) among treatments was significant, intermittent irrigation and medium nitrogenous fertilizer was high. For the late rice, the differences of WUE and photosynthesis among treatments were significant. At the same fertilization level, intermittent irrigation was slightly higher than waterlogged irrigation, and intermittent irrigation and medium nitrogenous fertilizer was the highest. The early rice yield differences among treatments were not significant and the yield of waterlogged irrigation with high nitrogenous fertilizer was 46.0% higher than that of intermittent irrigation with no nitrogen, and 0.3%-7.1% higher than other treatments. The late rice yield differences among treatments were significant and the yield of intermittent irrigation with medium nitrogenous fertilizer was 49.3% higher than that of intermittent irrigation with no nitrogen, and 1.7%-8.6% higher than other treatments. Therefore, waterlogged irrigation with high nitrogenous fertilizer could gain the high yield of early rice under the condition of abundant rainfall, and for the late rice, intermittent irrigation with medium nitrogenous fertilizer was the optimal model.

  Study on the Effects of Calcium on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Its Subcellular Distribution of Rice 2015, 31 (12):  92-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2602 Abstract + ( 666 )   PDF ( 1469KB )   ( 466 ) To study the effects of calcium on photosynthetic characteristics and the subcellular distribution of rice, the high-calcium in brown rice cultivars and low-calcium in brown rice cultivars were used for test. Rice plants were grown in hydroponics system to study the effects of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/L Ca2 on photosynthetic characteristics and its subcellular distribution in two different types cultivars. The results showed that the photosynthesis of high-calcium in brown rice cultivars was higher than that of low-calcium in brown rice cultivars. The calcium concentrations in leaves were higher than that in roots system. Ca2 was distributed as follows cell wall > ribosome and the fractions of soluble component > plastid (or chloroplast in leaf) > the fractions of nucleolus > mitochondrion. Ca2 was mostly distributed in cell wall and less distributed nucleolus and mitochondrion. Ca2 concentrations were increased with increasing of Ca2 treatment contents, especially more significantly in high-calcium in grain cultivars. Because the Ca2 increase with the increase of Ca2 treatment contents in the important organelles in high-calcium in grain cultivars was much higher, the ability to absorb Ca2 may be stronger than low-calcium in grain cultivars.

  Effects of Compound Fertilizer and Liquid Humic Acid Fertilizer on Content of Protein and Mineral of Rice Shi He,Xie Wenjuan and Chen Lei 2015, 31 (12):  99-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120100 Abstract + ( 789 )   PDF ( 1367KB )   ( 429 ) In order to improve rice quality, the author investigated the effects of compound fertilizer and humic acid liquid fertilizer on the contents of protein and mineral of rice. The author used ‘Jinnongsimiao’ as experimental variety and set up 5 treatments (A: water; B: 36 g/m2 compound fertilizer as base fertilizer; C, D, E: 9, 18, 36 g/m2 humic acid liquid fertilizer No. 1 as basic fertilizer). Soil and rice were collected and measured during the 98 d field experiment. The results showed that, compared to the indexes of the first day and the end of this experiment, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, silicon contents of B were significantly different, soil nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium contents of C, D, E, silicon content of D were significantly different. Calcium, silicon, iron, copper and protein contents among different fertilization treatments were significantly different. Protein, copper, iron contents of rice under compound fertilizer treatment were higher than that under water treatment. Calcium, iron, copper, protein contents of rice under humic acid liquid fertilizer treatment were significantly higher than that under water treatment and compound fertilizer treatment, and calcium, iron, copper, protein contents under E treatment were the highest. The results indicated that compound fertilizer and humic acid liquid fertilizer could change the contents of soil mineral, compound fertilizer could increase copper and protein contents of rice, humic acid liquid fertilizer could increase calcium, iron, copper, silicon and protein contents of rice, and humic acid liquid fertilizer was better than compound fertilizer in the increasing of copper and protein, the optimum fertilizing amount of humic acid liquid fertilizer was 36 g/m2. Humic acid liquid fertilizer could improve rice quality and increase protein and mineral contents of rice.

  Effect of A Biological Complex Seed-coating Agent on Rice Seedling Growth Chen Lihua,Gao Qiuyu,Zhang Jiaheng,,Wu Yixin and He Yueqiu 2015, 31 (12):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2614 Abstract + ( 901 )   PDF ( 1309KB )   ( 454 ) To improve the germination rate and growth of rice, home-made 2% tebuconazole biological complex seed-coating agent (BCSA) was used with different doses for coating rice seeds, 4 seed-coating agents, 39% matalaxyl-M azoxystrobin, 600 g/L imidacloprid, 10.6% tebuconazole thiram and 35% thiamethoxam were used with the ratios of the agent to seed weight, 1:250, 1:250, 1:60 and 1:500, respectively, as chemical controls. The results showed that the optimal doses for BCSA were related to germination temperature, namely the higher temperature was, the lower BCSA dose and vice versa between 20-30℃. At 20℃, the germination rate of rice seeds coated with BCSA and the 4 agents were 5.77%, 0.38%, 1.53%, -0.39% and 3.84% higher than that of the naked seed control (NSC). The root of seedlings from BSCA-coated seeds were 91.85%, 154.37%, 186.85%, 118.09% and 67.19% longer, the sprout of those were 52.43%, 93.81%, 103.50%, 50.74% and 38.44% longer than those of the four chemicals and NSC, respectively. The best ratio of BCSA to seeds was 1:50 when rice was seeded in mud. The emergency rate, fresh weights of aerial and underground parts of the seedlings were 7.58%, 18.96% and 15.07% higher than those of NSC at 35 day after seeding.

  Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Rates on Physiology Characteristics of Super Hybrid Rice ‘Guiliangyou 2’ Jiao Lingling,Gao Xiao,,Nghiem Tien Chung,,Huang Min and Jiang Ligeng 2015, 31 (12):  111-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100058 Abstract + ( 687 )   PDF ( 1467KB )   ( 400 ) The paper aims to study the influence of nitrogen and potassium rates on physiology characteristics of super rice ‘Guiliangyou 2’, in order to provide theory basis for super rice nitrogen and potassium comprehensive management. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen and potassium rates on chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, soluble protein content, glutamine synthetase activity and yield of super hybrid rice. Super hybrid rice cultivar ‘Guiliangyou 2’ was grown under three nitrogen rates (172.5, 207, 241.5 kg/hm2) and three potassium rates (216, 288, 360 kg/hm2). A treatment without nitrogen and potassium application (N0K0) was taken as a check. The results showed that, the experimental foundation soil yield was high, yield of N0K0 treatment was 10.01 t/hm2. The results showed that applying nitrogen and potassium fertilizer increased chlorophyll content (6.44%-37.27%), nitrate reductase activity (19.33%-107.19%), soluble protein content (10.90%-36.43%), glutamine synthetase activity (14.25%-76.99%) and yield (9.39-10.63 t/hm2) of ‘Guiliangyou 2’ leaves significantly at different growth stages. However, no significant differences were found among the three nitrogen rates and among the three potassium rates. With high foundation soil yield like in the experiment, the sensitive degree of super rice physiology characteristics in applying nitrogen and potassium content is low. When nitrogen and potassium rates exceed 172.5 kg/hm2 and 216 kg/hm2, increasing nitrogen and potassium rates can not significantly improve physiological characteristics of super hybrid rice.

  Dynamic Research Between Agronomic Traits and Endogenous Hormone of Roots in Sweetpotato Seedling Wang Baoqing,Yuan Zhen,Jiang Yao,Xie Beitao,Dong Shunxu,Zhang Haiyan,Wang Qingmei and Zhang Liming 2015, 31 (12):  117-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100021 Abstract + ( 1368 )   PDF ( 1291KB )   ( 415 ) In order to find the relationship between growth and development of sweetpotato root and endogenous hormone, the experiment analyzed dynamic changes for root agricultural traits and endogenous hormone by hydroponics used 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution. The results showed that root length of ‘Yanshu25’ was always higher, and root fresh weight of Aya and ‘Jihei1’ was the highest, but its average root dry weight per plant was the lowest during 25 days after transplanting (DAT). The storage root of sweetpotato (‘Xushu18’, ‘Jixu23’) mainly used to process starch had differentiated in 10 DAT and began to accumulate dry matter. The procedure of differentiation of ‘Xushu18’ and ‘Jixu23’ was earlier than fresh sweetpotato (‘Jishu22’, ‘Yanshu25’) and purple-fleshed sweetpotato (Aya, ‘Jihei1’). It was found that endogenous hormone content of root was diversity in different cultivars at different developmental stages and different nodes. The content of growth promoting hormones such as IAA, ZR and GAs reached peak in 15 DAT, but the content of ABA was nearly the lowest in 15 DAT. After correlation between agronomic traits and endogenous hormone was analyzed, root volume of bottom node mainly related to the balance of growth promoting hormones, and grew slowly from 5 DAT to 25 DAT. The root of penultimate node antepenult node grew rapidly in 20 DAT, and dry matter accumulated speedily. The time of root differentiation form bottom node to antepenult node was respectively in 20 DAT, 15 DAT and 10 DAT. The tendency of differentiated for each node up from basic part of sweepotato seedling was gradually ahead of time. In conclusion, spatial and temporal disparities were found between root growth, differentiation and regulation of endogenous homone in different node of sweetpotato seedling root.

  Effects of Planting Density on Dry Matter Production of Purple Sweetpotato Under Intercropping Pattern of Maize and Sweetpotato Qu Huijuan,Shen Xueshan,Huang Gang,Li Ming,Zhang Cong and Yan Wenzhao 2015, 31 (12):  127-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120115 Abstract + ( 954 )   PDF ( 1381KB )   ( 562 ) In order to study the effects of planting density on dry matter production of purple sweetpotato under intercropping pattern of maize and sweetpotato in hilly area of Sichuan province, purple sweet potato variety ‘Nanzishu 008’ was used as test material, five transplanting densities were set to examine the leaf area index, crop growth rate, leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation, yield, yield composition and other index of purple sweet potato. The results showed that: under the condition of intercropping pattern of maize and sweetpotato, in the range of 30000-50000 plant/hm2, the leaf area index increase with the increase of transplanting density while the population growth rate, population photosynthesis potential, commodity rate, dry matter ratio, fresh root yield, root starch yield of purple sweet potato all increased firstly, then decreased. Meanwhile, with the increase of transplanting density, the root number per plant, root fresh weight per plant of purple sweet potato decreased. The accumulation of population dry matter and T/R were different among transplanting densities. When the planting density was from 3.5×104 plant/hm2 to 4.0×104 plant/hm2, the dry matter accumulation, fresh root yield, starch yield and commodity rate were higher. The highest fresh root yield was 11816.9 kg/hm2, which was 42.6%-53.1% of the fresh root yield under the condition of sole cropping. Therefore, under the condition of intercropping pattern of maize and sweetpotato, the suitable transplanting density of purple sweet potato variety ‘Nanzishu 008’ was from 3.5×104 plant/hm2 to 4.0×104 plant/hm2 in hilly area of central Sichuan Basin.

  Study on High Yield Cultivation Techniques of Virus Free Potato in Alpine Region Zhang Yanli,Zha Xipuchi,Yang Xi Zhen and Da Wapuchi 2015, 31 (12):  133-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110046 Abstract + ( 740 )   PDF ( 1250KB )   ( 371 ) The study aims to change the traditional fertilization methods and cultivation mode of potato cultivation in Tibet, give play to the good habits and characteristics of virus free potato, improve potato yield and quality, and lay a foundation for the promotion of virus-free potato and development of potato industry. Using the orthogonal test method, under drought natural semiarid climatic of alpine region and poor soil conditions, the author studied high fertilization techniques of virus free potato and reasonable planting density. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer could greatly promote the growth of potato plants and was one of the basic fertilizer to obtain high yield. Plenty of potassium fertilizer could be beneficial to the potato plant vegetative growth, yield and quality. When density was 90000 plants per hundred-square-meter, nitrogen fertilizer was 360 kg/hm2, phosphate fertilizer was 180 kg/hm2, potassium fertilizer was 300 kg/hm2, the maximum yield of 35808 kg/hm2 was achieved. The planting density increase could reduce the production of commodity potato, when sowing density was 75000 plants per hundred-square-meter, both the output and the increase production of commodity potato could be guaranteed. The study showed that in the alpine region within a certain range, the more the sowing density the higher the yield of the virus-free potato, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer belonged to the second influencing factor and phosphate fertilizer had no significant effect on yield.

  Correlation and Cluster Analysis for Main Agronomic Characters of Upland Cotton Dai Maohua,Liu Liying,Zheng Shuhong,Wang Ruiqing and Wu Zhenliang 2015, 31 (12):  139-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120107 Abstract + ( 835 )   PDF ( 1261KB )   ( 412 ) 30 materials were selected from cotton varieties authorized by Hebei Province or the Yellow River Valley during 2005-2012. We designed a contrast experiment to analyze variation, correlation and cluster of 12 main characters in mid-south region of Hebei in 2012 and 2013. The purpose of this study was to provide theoretical basis for variety selection and developing new breeding goals. The results were as follows: the coefficients of variation of boll number per plant and elongation rate were larger in 12 main characters, 7.94% and 8.80%, respectively. The correlation analysis, path analysis and cluster analysis demonstrated that the main factors affecting lint yield were boll number per plant and lint percentage in mid-south region of Hebei Province. Varieties with larger boll number per plant and higher lint percentage were the best choice for cotton production, such as ‘Jifeng 106’, GK99-1, ‘Nongdamian 9’, ‘Kuaiyu 66’, ‘Han 102’, and so on. Lint yield exhibited positive correlation with 50% staple length, uniformity, strength and elongation rate and reached extremely significant level with elongation rate. The negative chain between lint yield and fiber quality gradually weakened. Synchronous improvement of yield and quality got some achievements.

  Regulation of Nitrogen Fertilizer Management of Cotton Yield and Nutrient Uptake Under the Machine Pick Cotton Pattern 2015, 31 (12):  145-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110176 Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 1387KB )   ( 429 ) To study nitrogen management technology under machine pick cotton planting mode, through field experiment with different nitrogen levels, the author collected representative samples of plants with different levels of cotton production in the growth period fixed points on a regular basis under the machine pick pattern, analyzed the content of N, P, K in the dry matter, studied the absorption of the N, P, K proportion and quantity and its difference in different growth periods, in order to explore soil - cotton system nutrient uptake characteristic, and its matching relation with output changes. The results showed that as basal application of nitrogen fertilizer ratio from 0% to 40%, machine pick cotton mode could achieve super high yield of 7667.15 kg/hm2, high yield of 7376.12 kg/hm2, and general yield of 7212.33 kg/hm2. Nitrogen absorption was a major nutrient at seedling stage and bud stage under the machine pick pattern, accounted for 34.57%-48.52% of the total absorption in this growth period of the cotton. The greatest demand for nutrients was the bud stage to the flowering and boll-setting period, the absorption of N accounted for 66.14%-83.22% of all cotton yield, the absorption P2O5 accounted for 52.39%-73.07% in all of the absorption P2O5, the absorption K2O accounted for 75.57%-79.08% in all of the absorption K2O. Under machine pick cotton planting mode, the demand for N was earlier and higher, the demand for P2O5 was later and the longest. The time and strength demand for K were between the N and P2O5. Conclusion: machine pick cotton planting modes, through the management of base and topdressing proportion of nitrogen fertilizer, could control the cotton production at different levels. In super high yield cotton field, the absorption of N, P2O5 and K2O were higher than that in medium high yield and the general yield field, and its yield per unit area and the absorption of K2O was the largest. Cotton under different production levels had generally similar nutrient uptake ratio of N, P2O5, K2O ratio, but there were differences among the nutrient uptake ratios in each growth period.

  Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis of Main Agronomic Traits of Oil-sunflower Varieties Zhu Dongxu,Guan Zhongbo,Xu Guizhen,Xu Jing and Guo Yuanzhang 2015, 31 (12):  152-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100089 Abstract + ( 998 )   PDF ( 1211KB )   ( 476 ) The main goal of oil-sunflower breeding is high yield. In order to investigate the relationship between agronomic traits and yield，variance analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were conducted on 9 agronomic traits of 11 domestic and foreign oil-sunflower varieties. Variance analysis results indicated that the variation coefficient of 11 varieties was between 2.9%-29.1%. The variation coefficient of plot yield, grain mass per sunflower plate and blades were higher than other agronomic traits, which were 29.1%, 16.5% and 13.9%, respectively. The variation coefficient of growth period was lowest with 2.9%. Correlation analysis results indicated that, plant height and disc diameter were significantly positively correlated with plot yield. Principal component analysis results indicated that the cumulative contribution of the first three principal factors was 86.9825%. The results of cluster analysis showed that, 11 varieties were divided into three groups. Group Ⅰ was high-yielding group, group Ⅱ was middle-yielding group and group Ⅲ was low-yielding group. There was significant difference of yield in three groups, so a comprehensive consideration should be taken according to the breeding objective.

  Research Progress on Endophytes in Rice Li Gongcheng,Zhang Shiying,Xiao Wei,Long Zhiyong and Zhang Naiming 2015, 31 (12):  157-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2591 Abstract + ( 2594 )   PDF ( 1189KB )   ( 517 ) In order to provide reference to the research of rice and endophyte, this paper expounds the kinds of rice endophytic bacteria, summarizes the interaction including azotification and growth-promoting, disease-resistant, and functional mechanism between rice and endophyte, and discusses the migration of endophyte in the rice. The author points out that the rice endophyte research are focusing on the selection and application of functional strains at present, without systematic summary of theory, interaction mechanism of rice and endophytes is still unclear, pure culture should be combined with free training method, dynamic tracking of the changing rule of the rice endophytic bacteria should be carried out, and the future research trends are prospected.

  Spatial Distribution of Protein Content in Rice Grain Li Yanda,Zeng Shuisheng,Shu Shifu,Chen Licai,Ye Chun,Li Xing,Yao Lintao and Chen Dun 2015, 31 (12):  163-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2374 Abstract + ( 695 )   PDF ( 1347KB )   ( 422 ) Protein content (PC) of the grain is one of the most important quality indexes of rice. Grain development on rice panicle is asynchronous. However, little is known what difference in the PC characters among the grains at different position within a rice panicle. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the spatial distribution of protein content in rice grain with erect panicle and curved panicle. This study investigated the distribution of the percentages of PC for different grains on a panicle. The experiment with two cultivars and two nitrogen rates was conducted in Nanjing. All primary branches on a panicle were evenly divided into three parts of the upper, middle and basal. The grains were numbered as 1 to 6 on a primary branch and 1 to 3 on a secondary branch from the top to base. Results indicated that frequency of grains at different PC range in a panicle was normal distribution. The grains PC on a primary branch were greater than those on a secondary branch at the same part of a panicle; on a primary branch, the grain 2 had the least PC, and the grain 1 had the greatest; on a secondary branch, the grain 1 had the greatest PC. The distribution of PC at different parts within a rice panicle or on a primary branch or on a secondary branch varied with the cultivar and the amount of nitrogen applied. Application of nitrogen fertilizer could decrease the difference of grains PC in different position within rice panicle when the amount of nitrogen was between 110 kg/hm2 and 220 kg/hm2.

  Construction of Fingerprinting and Analysis of Genetic Diversity for 32 Beet Varieties Wu Zedong,Wang Maoqian,Wu Yumei,Wang Huazhong and Ma Longbiao 2015, 31 (12):  169-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100098 Abstract + ( 784 )   PDF ( 1397KB )   ( 434 ) In order to identify introduced beet varieties and analyze the genetic relationship between different beet varieties, fingerprinting and genetic relationship analysis of 32 introduced beet varieties were made by SSR primers. 21 pairs of primers with distinct band and easy to identify were screened out of 101 pairs of SSR primers. From the 21 pairs of primers, a total of 127 allelic sites were detected, of which polymorphic site came to 107, with the polymorphism rate reaching 83.6%. The allelic site amplified from each pair of SSR primer amounted to 2-11. On average, each pair of primer amplified 6.1 genotypes, and the amplified stripe size ranged from 90 to 500 bp. The fingerprinting of 32 varieties was constructed by 3 pairs of primers of SB04, S6 and S7. UPGMA cluster analysis of genetic distance showed that all of the varieties were divided into three classes at the genetic distance of 0.17. It indicated that the genetic basis of introduced varieties was narrow. The cluster analysis result well accorded with the origin of the beet variety, which showed that the beet varieties which gathered together basically came from the same company or country.

  Effects of Exogenous Ca2 on Protective Enzyme Activities in Leaves of Hemarthria compressa under Low-temperature Stress 2015, 31 (12):  175-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2368 Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 1366KB )   ( 471 ) To improve the over-winter ratio of Hemarthia compressa in high altitude areas of Chongqing, cuttings of Hemarthia compressa were irrigated by different concentrations of CaCl2 solution before cold stress. The changes of activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT) of leaves at 4 ℃ were determined. Evidences showed that changes of SOD activities increased first and then decreased, then increased again. But treatment of 1-4 SOD activity is always decreased, treatment of 2-2 and 2-4 is first increased and then decreased, 2-3 is first decreased and then increased. POD activity was first increased, then decreased, and then increased. After 72h under cold stress, POD activities of treatment 1-3 and 2-3 were the highest in two materials, respectively 652.65 U/g, 708.10U/g. The change of CAT activities was decreased dramatically, after 72h under low temperature stress, treatment of 1-3 and 2-2 CAT activities in leaves is highest, respectively 21.68U/g, 17.28U/g.Ca2 at 10 mmol/L could significantly increase SOD, POD and CAT activities in the later stages. Ca2 has a protective effect to membrane structure under cold stress, could improve the cold resistance.

  Advances for Starch Biosynthesis and Waxy Gene in Cereal Crop Li Xiangdong,Shi Ming and Wei Xinyuan 2015, 31 (12):  181-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2622 Abstract + ( 916 )   PDF ( 1348KB )   ( 556 ) The form and structure of starch and its biosythesis pathway involving the key enzymes and the method of metabolism regulation were summarized in this paper, the relationship between Waxy property of endosperm and starch biosythesis was stated as well. The structure and mutants of Waxy gene along with mechanisms of Waxy trait emerging in several crops (wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, maize, common millet, Job’s tears, ect.) were summed up in a brief way. An outlook of Waxy application in agricultural production and breeding were also discussed.

  CRISPR/Cas Gene Editing System and Its Progress in Plants Zhao Xin and Hu Jun 2015, 31 (12):  187-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120051 Abstract + ( 4033 )   PDF ( 1194KB )   ( 1049 ) Targeted gene editing system is a kind of tool to study the functions of plant genes. In this system, the cloning strategy of CRISPR/Cas gene editing system is relatively simple and the cost is low, thus it has drawn widespread attention in biology. In order to study the system in plant better, the author introduced the basic structure and the mechanism of the system, summarized research reports on the system in plants like Arabidopsis, tobacco, rice and so on, analyzed problems of the system that needs to be improved, such as off-target effects, and discussed several solutions, including optimizing sgRNA sequence length, using double Cas9 nickases, synthesizing fCas9 complex and applying RFNs dimers, to reduce off-target effects.

  Analysis of Cassava Endogenous Reference Genes by using Qualitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 2015, 31 (12):  193-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2472 Abstract + ( 966 )   PDF ( 1951KB )   ( 571 ) Endogenous Reference Gene is a determining factor in detection the transgenic plants and products by using Qualitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Real-Time Quantitative methods. The system research in cassava endogenous reference genes could lay a foundation for detection of genetically modified cassavas and derived products. Several possible endogenous reference genes of cassava including cyclophilin type 2 (DB934316), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase B subunit (GAPDH, TC445), Actin (the edited sequences of TC2158 and TC3381), Alpha-tubulin (TC8072), Polyubiquitin (TC9946), linamarase (TC1540) were selected from DFCI (http://compbio.dfci.harvard.edu/tgi/plant.html) of cassava ESTS, and seven pairs primers (CP2, Actin, GAPDH, PUBQ2, Tublinα1, Tublinα2 and LAM1) were designed, then their internal consistency were assayed in 22 different cassava varieties and their species specific was also detected in other twelve non-cassava euphorbiaceae species and twenty non-euphorbiaceae species. For GAPDH the identical amplification products were obtained with the DNA samples from 22 different cassava varieties, no amplification products were observed in other twelve non-cassava euphorbiaceae species and twenty non- euphorbiaceae species. As for another six pairs primers (CP2, Actin, PUBQ2, Tublinα1, Tublinα2 and LAM1), the non-specificity amplification products were observed in the non-cassava euphorbiaceae species or non- euphorbiaceae species. These results indicated the GAPDH PCR amplification system was species specific and internal consistency and could be used as the endogenous reference genes for the detection of genetically modified cassavas and derived products.

  Effects of Different Dosages of Neutron Radiation on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Needle Leaf Pea Xu Dapeng,Yao Ze’en,Feng Huyuan and Yin Yongzhi 2015, 31 (12):  200-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100118 Abstract + ( 956 )   PDF ( 1758KB )   ( 513 ) The aims were to study biological effect of the different neutron absorbed dosages on M1 generation of pea, and provide important cues for radiation biology and neutron mutation breeding. The dry seeds of Pisum sativum L. var MZ-1 were irradiated by 252Cf fission neutrons, and then biological effects of morphologic and physiologic of M1 generation were studied during the growth of pea. The result showed that, the neutron radiation (0.24-4.33 Gy) had promoting effect on germination and radicle growth of M1 generation of peas, low absorbed dose neutron irradiation (0.38 Gy) could promote the germination and radicle growth significantly. The higher neutron absorbed dose (1.66, 4.33 Gy) had inhibition on the plant height of M1 generation of peas. However, the plant height of M1 generation of peas was promoted by radiation of lower neutron absorbed dose (0.24, 0.38, 0.84 Gy). In addition, the morphologic variation on the M1 generation of pea was not shown by Micro dose of Neutron radiation, 0.84-4.33 Gy neutron absorbed dose could cause mutations in the branching of M1 generation of pea. These results indicated that biological effects of radiation were found on M1 generation of peas after low absorbed dose of 0.24-4.33 Gy irradiated dry seeds of pea, and had obvious rules, could be used in radiation breeding.

  Optimization of SSR-PCR Reaction System and Primer Screening in Oil Sunflower Fang Dongmei,Lv Pin and Hou Jianhua 2015, 31 (12):  205-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2456 Abstract + ( 757 )   PDF ( 1496KB )   ( 447 ) In order to obtain the SSR-PCR reaction system for oil sunflower, the method of control variable had been used to optimize the main factors influencing the SSR reaction system, which include the concentration of Mg2 , dNTPs, Taq enzyme, primer, and annealing temperature. Results showed that the optimized SSR reaction system was Mg2 2.5 mmol/L, dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L, Taq polymerase 0.5 U, primer 0.4 μmol/L and the annealing temperature 53.9℃. Through the testing system after optimization, 19 pairs of polymorphic good primer could be used for the next research from 50 pairs of primers screening.

  Screening and Identification of Herbicidal Fungi from Paddy Soil Zhang Qi,Liang Youyi,Hu Wenwen,Li Jiayu,Yang Te,Lin Xiaodan and He Haibin 2015, 31 (12):  210-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100069 Abstract + ( 636 )   PDF ( 1393KB )   ( 470 ) Using paddy soil as test material, the author screened and separated herbicidal fungi with the method of plate dilution combined with bioassay of target plants. The results showed that 11 out of 32 strains had higher inhibitory rates (>50%) on the root length and plant height of lettuce. 5 out of the 11 strains had higher inhibitory rates (>40%) on the plant height of barnyard grass, however, 3 strains had inhibition and 2 strains had no inhibition on rice growth by bioassay. The strain No.8, which had higher inhibition on growth of barnyard grass but was harmless on rice, was selected for study of the growth curve. The strain No.8 was identified as fungus Aspergillus by form and molecular biological identification. The optimization of cultivation conditions for the strain No.8 were using sucrose as carbon source, yeast extract or peptone as protein source and at 30℃, pH 6. The ferments of strain No.8 contained 5.14 mg/L proteins, 5.59 mg/L phenolic compounds, 448.12 mg/L soluble sugar and 2.39 mg/L flavonoids. The results demonstrated that the strain No.8 could be used in paddy field weeding.

  Research Progress of Physiological Changes and Regulation of Exogenous Substance of Chilling Injury on Plant Zhao Liming,Li Ming,Zheng Dianfeng,Wang Shiqiang,Gu Chunmei,Na Yongguang and Xie Baosheng 2015, 31 (12):  217-223.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2411 Abstract + ( 962 )   PDF ( 1294KB )   ( 540 ) Chilling temperatures lead to disturbances in plant physiological processes, such as water metabolism, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis, respiration and metabolism. The review analyzed the research development home and abroad about the nature of chilling damage on plants and direction of modern research. On the one hand, the author comprehensively described the process of physiological changes in plants after chilling injury, introduced the change mechanism of plant membrane system and photosynthesis of chilling injury, analyzed enzyme activity of endogenous hormones, active oxygen and change of osmotic regulation substances and related physiological mechanism of the chilling injury in plants; on the other hand, from the perspective of chilling injury control, the author summarized recent research progress on the plant growth regulator and mineral nutrition’s role in regulating plant chilling injury, put forward future development directions and new trend in the research field of plant chilling injury, and provided a theoretical basis for the future research of plant chilling injury.

  Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Induction of Adventitious Bud of Hevea brasiliensis Mull.Arg Gui Mingchun,Li Ling,Guan Yan,Tian Hai,Wang Ya and Liang Guoping 2015, 31 (12):  224-229.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2547 Abstract + ( 673 )   PDF ( 1551KB )   ( 423 ) The paper aims to study the effects of plant growth regulators on induction of adventitious buds of Hevea brasiliensis Mull.Arg. Apical buds and stems of Hevea brasiliensis clone Yunyan73-477 were used as explants, the effects of 6-BA, NAA, KT and GA3 on induction of adventitious bud were studied by orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the effect of each factor on the coefficient of breeding of apical buds was NAA＞6-BA＞KT＞GA3, and 1.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.2 mg/L NAA 0.2 mg/L KT 0.4 mg/L GA3 was the optimal combination; the effects of four factors except KT were significantly different at 0.05 level on the coefficient of breeding of stem. The effect of NAA and GA3 were significantly different at 0.01 level on the dead rate of stem, but 6-BA and KT were not. 1.5 mg/L 6-BA 0.1 mg/L NAA 0.2 mg/L KT 0.2 mg/L GA3 was the optimal combination on induction of adventitious bud of stems. Key works: Hevea brasiliensis; plant growth regulators; adventitious bud; inductive rate

  Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Runoff-losses in Bean-planted Region Along the Huaihe River of Anhui Province Lu Qing,Ma Youhua,Hu Shanbao,Zhang Weiwei,Wu Liang,Fu Biyu and Si Qiandong 2015, 31 (12):  230-235.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2132 Abstract + ( 864 )   PDF ( 1301KB )   ( 413 ) In order to make clear about the Nitrogen and Phosphorus runoff-losses in bean-planted that bean is planted by the normal farmers and used the normal fertilizer, a field trail was carried out to investigate characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff-losses in bean-planted region along the Huaihe River of Anhui Province during the bean growing season using surface runoff ponds from 2008 to 2012. The results of five years experiments showed: the season of bean growing was in an abundant rainfall period of every year, about 45.4%-73.27% of volume rainfall of whole year. The results of the volume of surface runoff showed CK > CF during the bean growing season, the volume and rate of rainfall of CK were 173.293-34.639 mm and 8.27%-33.68%, the statistics of CF were 175.366-30.347 mm and 5.72%-34.08%. The concentration of total nitrogen and TN runoff rate of N-fertilizer of CF during the bean growing were 1.58-14.93 kg/hm2 and 0.44%-5.66%, NO3-/TN of surface runoff was 40.63%-64.59%, NH4 /TN of surface runoff was 3.66%-18.16%. The concentration of total phosphorus and TP runoff rate of P-fertilizer of CF during the bean growing were 0.033-0.56 kg/hm2 and 0.17%-0.27%, DTP/TP of surface runoff was 31.08%-53.31%.

  Distribution and Transportation of Cd, Cr, Pb in Rice with Contamination in Soil Chen Huiru,Dong Yaling,Wang Qi,Liu Binmei,Wu Yuejin and Wang Yu 2015, 31 (12):  236-241.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100001 Abstract + ( 2632 )   PDF ( 1314KB )   ( 639 ) In order to ascertain the heavy metal content of organs of rice plants, distribution and accumulation of Cd, Cr, Pb in rice were studied after exogenous soluble heavy metals put in the paddy soil in 2013. The results showed that with the increase of heavy metal, heavy metal enrichment of rice plants rose, but at high concentrations of heavy metal pollution, enrichment factor decreased in rice plants. And there was no significant difference between the height of rice plant and dry matter. It was demonstrated that the migration capacity of heavy metals in rice plant in the order was: Cd>Cr>Pb, heavy metals in different organs of rice plant showed enrichment capability root>stem>leaf>grain. And the content of heavy metals of aleurone layer in rice grain was significantly greater than that in endosperm. After processing into milled rice, Cd content of brown rice can be reduced by 19%, Cr content can be reduced by 56.8%, Pb content can be reduced by 29.8%. Therefore, processing can reduce the risk of heavy metal pollution of rice and avoid certain eating risk.

  Study on Nutritive Salt Export Characteristics From Polder Areas Around Chao Lake During Rice Season Zhang Xiaoyu,Chu Yin,Ma Youhua,Wu Liang,Fu Biyu and Zhang Weiwei 2015, 31 (12):  242-246.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110173 Abstract + ( 731 )   PDF ( 1305KB )   ( 531 ) There are many polder areas located around Chao Lake and agricultural activities are conducted in these areas. Nutritive salt exportation from polder areas is an important factor of non-point source pollution in Chao Lake. In order to understand nutritive salt export characteristics in this area, a typical polder area located on the coast of the lake was chosen for the study, systematic field survey observation, sampling and indoor water quality analysis were conducted in rice growing period in 2014, and the change of concentration and export characteristic of nutritive salt in polder areas under natural rainfall-runoff condition were discussed. There were 9 rainfall-runoff events in rice season in 2014 and the total amount was 73.09 mm, runoff coefficient was 0.37. The mean concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 3.42 and 0.22 mg/L in the 9 rainfall-runoff events, which reached the eutrophication levels. The amount of drainage played an important role in the variation of nutritive salt concentration, the export amount of TN and TP in rice growing period were 0.28 and 0.017 kg/hm2, which accounted for 1.7% and 0.16% of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization input. Volume of runoff was also an important factor of nutritive salt export, meanwhile, fertilizing amount and the interval between fertilization and rainfall-runoff events could affect nutritive salt exportation.

  Review on Effects of Reclaimed Water Irrigation on Crop Growth and Soil Nutrient Zhou Yuan,Qi Xuebin,Li Ping and Hu Chao 2015, 31 (12):  247-251.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2584 Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 1251KB )   ( 464 ) Water shortage is a major challenge to the agricultural irrigation. However, reclaimed water will effectively ease the current situation. Because nutrient concentration and organic matter content are higher in reclaimed water, its improper use will bring adverse effect on crop growth and soil environment, may lead to agricultural non-point source pollution. Research status and existing problems in reclaimed water irrigation at home and abroad are summarized according to the effects of reclaimed water on crop growth, soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities in this paper. The following aspects should be researched deeply in the future: the effect of characteristics of soil nitrogen supply in crucial crops growth periods, response characteristics of soil enzyme activities on long-term reclaimed water irrigation, soil nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and threshold value range with reclaimed water irrigation, the effect of reclaimed water irrigation on fruit ultrastructure.

  Research on Soil Nutrient Distribution in Guangyuan Tobacco-growing Area Yu Yaoying,Wang Mingfu,Gu Huizhan,Guo Yingju,Yu Xiao and Yang Xue 2015, 31 (12):  252-256.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110077 Abstract + ( 615 )   PDF ( 1301KB )   ( 419 ) The research aims to make clear the characteristics of spatial distribution of tobacco soil pH value and soil nutrient in Guangyuan, the correlation between soil nutrients and pH value, thus to provide scientific basis for reasonable fertilization in tobacco planting of Guangyuan. The content of 846 soil samples in Guangyuan tobacco area were collected, detected and analyzed from 2013 to 2014. The results showed that an average of soil pH was 7.68±0.7 in Guangyuan tobacco area, the variation coefficient was 9.06%, samples with pH between 7.5 and 8.5 accounted for 69.53% of the total. The coefficient variation of available P, Fe, Zn, B and exchangeable calcium were 50%-100%, close to strong variability; the coefficient variation of available Cu and S were greater than 100%, and the coefficient variation of available S was the maximum, its value was 107.12%; the coefficient variation of available Mn was the minimum, its value was 22.51%. The soil pH and available S, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium were positively correlated, the correlation coefficient was 0.31*, 0.51* and 0.14*, respectively. Therefore, the Guangyuan tobacco soil nutrient content was unbalanced, the soil pH was overall alkali, soil organic matter and available B were lack, alkali hydrolyzable N and available K content were low, available P and Zn were moderate; Mn, Fe, Cu, S and exchangeable magnesium ion were abundant, exchangeable calcium ion were overall very rich.

  Analysis of the Climate Characteristics of Hoarfrost and Frost in Houma City Nearly 30 years 2015, 31 (12):  257-261.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1352 Abstract + ( 642 )   PDF ( 1364KB )   ( 520 ) In order to avoid or to provide the scientific basis for reducing frost effects on fruit tree or loss, climate characteristics and frost tin- depth understanding of Houma city from 1983 to 2012, the Houma Meteorological Bureau ground meteorological observation of hoarfrost, ground temperature, air temperature data, by means of mathematical statistics, climate tendency rate method, linear fitting method, to Houma City hoarfrost and frost climate characteristics of statistical analysis. The results show that, Houma city average annual frost was 94 days; the frost appeared on most of the year in 1995 (115 days), the least year in 1983 (63 days); Houma City, the average first frost date is October 23rd, the average last frost date was April 4th; first frost date showing a slightly later trend, climate tendency rate is 0.22 d/10 a, the last frost date also showed the later trend, climate tendency rate 2.34 d/10 a. The last frost date at the end of 4 early or mid April, fruit trees have different degrees of frostbite, if south the cold air temperature pelter, most fruit is likely to crops. So does the last frost forecast, timely take defensive measures, frostbite can avoid or reduce the fruit, so as to minimize the loss of fruit.

  Ripening Effect of Pyraflufen on Cotton Ma Chong,Zhang Tiantian,Wu Cuixia,Song Min and Lu Xingtao 2015, 31 (12):  262-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120164 Abstract + ( 769 )   PDF ( 1305KB )   ( 494 ) In order to clarify ripening effect of Pyraflufen on cotton, and further define the influence of the ripening effect on yield and quality, we analyzed the leaf shedding speed, boll opening rate, yield, etc of cotton using the field experiment and laboratory efficacy test. Results showed that 2% pyraflufen ME could promote defoliation and boll opening obviously, which was similar to thidiazuron. The yield of seed cotton was 10.75% to 21.60% higher than that of water control area after treated 30 days. The amount of blossom before frost significantly increased, meanwhile weight of single boll decreased and stiff boll increased. The pesticide had no obvious effect on lint, fiber length and other qualities. Pyraflufen should be applied as a new type of defoliant and ripening agent with many advantages, such as good security, rapid defoliation, boll early-opening and high proportion of pre-frost blossom.

  Simultaneous Determination for Residues of Seven Pesticide Residues in Vegetables by HPLC with Electron Capture Detector Wang Jielian and Dong Yanfei 2015, 31 (12):  267-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2573 Abstract + ( 1225 )   PDF ( 1385KB )   ( 547 ) An analytical method for simultaneous determination of carbendazol, imidacloprid and five other pesticide residues in leek and shallot using liquid chromatography with electron capture detector was developed. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, further cleaned-up on NH2-SPE, and detected by UV-detector. It showed that good linearity was obtained from range 0.03 to 4.0 mg/L with correlation coefficients of seven pesticides all above 0.99. The limits of detection were 0.006-0.05 mg/kg and the limits of quantification were 0.02-0.10 mg/kg. Fortified recoveries at 0.050, 0.10 and 1.0 mg/kg were from range 79% to 103% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) from range 0.70% to 6.12%, respectively. The results showed that the method was suitable for the determination of carbendazol, imidacloprid and five other pesticide residues in leek and shallot.

  GGE biplot used in the cotton variety regional trail of Hunan Province 何叔军,王宇清 and 陈浩东 2015, 31 (12):  273-278.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100119 Abstract + ( 885 )   PDF ( 1707KB )   ( 443 ) The yield and stability of cotton cultivars, the pilot representative and discriminability, the ideal screening pilot and ideal cultivars, cultivars suitable for cultivation of a regional division were comprehensive evaluated by GGE biplot in Hunan Cotton Cultivar Regional Trail group B in 2013, in order to study the interaction relations of testing cultivars and the environment, scientifically evaluate testing varieties and testing sites, and provide the basis theory for cultivars assessment, cultivars application and suitable planting area selection. The results showed that: genotype, environment, genotype and environment interaction effect of lint yield reached a significant level, in which the main environmental effect, the main effect of genotype and genotype environment interaction effects accounted for 57.99% 13.54% and 28.48% of the sum of squares of variation respectively. We concluded that B3 was the most ideal variety for its high yielding, B5 was the best cultivar for its stable yielding, and Da Tonghu, Junshan and Hunan Cotton Science Institute were the most ideal test sites.

  The Land Use Change and Prediction Based on CA-Markov Model:A Case of Luzhuang Town, Gongyi City 张轶莹 and 陈伟强 2015, 31 (12):  279-284.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2450 Abstract + ( 1126 )   PDF ( 1422KB )   ( 575 ) The simulation of land use change is the frontier and hot issue in the study of land use change nowadays, and reasonable prediction is a key means of planning decisions. The author made an interpretation and explanation about the three satellite images of Luzhuang Town in the year of 1987, 2000 and 2013, based on which the spatial and temporal features of land use change were analyzed by means of the transfer matrix of land use, dynamic degree and annual change rate. The CA-Markov model was used to simulate the land use pattern in 2013. The average error of area in the simulation result was 15.3%, and the overall spatial accuracy reached 81.1%, so it could be seen that the confidence was high. The land use pattern of Luzhuang Town in 2026 was also simulated by the same model. It was found that the change of land use types were obvious, and both the cultivated land and unutilized land continued to decline, with a slow reducing speed though; rural residential areas continued to grow slowly, and forest land also increased slightly; the increase of construction land was mainly achieved by occupying cultivated land. Therefore, guided by the general land use planning, the government should strengthen the protection of cultivated land, restrict the blind and unlimited occupation of the cultivated land for construction, and reinforce the ecological conservation of forest land, so as to promote a harmonious development of society, economy and ecology.

  Study on Construction of Three-Dimensional Orchard Based on L-System Model Chen Hong,Lian Sisi,Weng Qiyong,Qiu Rongzhou,Chi Meixiang and Zhao Jian 2015, 31 (12):  285-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2392 Abstract + ( 907 )   PDF ( 2055KB )   ( 505 ) The development of network technology and virtual reality technology provides a variety of approaches for demonstration of crop habitats. Based on the L-System plant model, the author proposed a new method to build a simple and fast web three-dimensional orchard model: to construct a three-dimensional model of fruit tree by Xfrog software and apply Unity3D engine to designing three-dimensional orchard and achieving scene interaction. As an application example with wax, the author built web three-dimensional model of wax plantation, which was highly characterized with reality, rich interactive functions and easy operation. And therefore, it was greatly bestowed with the capacity to provide the three-dimensional visualization for some agriculture applications, such as the growth of fruit tree research, agricultural landscape and rural tourism promotion.