Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.2 Published:19 March 2015

  The Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Microsatellite Loci in ‘Zaosheng Cattle’ Wang Xiaojin,Huo Shendong,Chen Shien,Long Ling,Gao Xudong,Ye Yongli and He Xinrui 2015, 31 (2):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3219 Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 812KB )   ( 517 ) To analyze the genetic diversity of ‘Zaosheng cattle’ in the molecular level, polymorphism distributions of microsatellite loci which including IDVGA46, ILSTS005, IDVGA27, TGLA44, IDVGA2, BM2113 and ETH10 were detected in ‘Zaosheng cattle’ by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. Number of alleles and effective alleles, expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content were calculated. The results showed that a total of 25 alleles were identified on the 7 microsatellite loci with polymorphism from 112 samples. The average number of alleles and effective alleles was 3.5714 and 3.0004, respectively. The average expected heterozygosity was 0.6996 and the average polymorphic information content was up to 0.6526. The results indicated that genetic heterozygosity of ‘Zaosheng cattle’ was relatively high, and the genetic diversity was rich. The selected microsatellite loci could be used to evaluate genetic diversity of ‘Zaosheng cattle’.

  Genetic Parameter Estimation of Xinjiang Brown Cattle’s Main Economic Characters Zhou Zhenyong,Li Hongbo,Yan Xiangmin,Zhang Jinshan,Du Wei and Zhang Yang 2015, 31 (2):  8-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1530 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 539KB )   ( 409 ) The study aims to determine the Xinjiang brown cattle’s genetic parameters of main growth and economic characters by using animal models and the derivation constraint maximum likelihood method (MTDFREML). Results show that: heritability of Xinjiang brown cattle’s growth characters, including birth weight, 6 months weight, one full year weight, 2 years old weight, which are 0.45, 0.37, 0.38 0.34, respectively, belong to medium level. The heritability of body measurements indexes of different age are different, indexes such as one full year weight, 2 years old weight, body slanting length and body height have comparatively strong phenotypic and genetic correlation. We suggest that the breeding work of Xinjiang brown cattle should focus on selecting major breeding objectives like body height and body slanting length.

  The Market Analysis and Outlook of Eggs and Its Related Industries in Beijing Huang Tiran,Wang Dashan,Xiao Jinke,Wang Xiaodong,Ge Xuesong and Zhao Anping 2015, 31 (2):  13-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2520 Abstract + ( 1952 )   PDF ( 850KB )   ( 584 ) In order to study the law of the egg price volatility and the influencing factors of egg price, the method of indicators analysis, coefficient of variation, seasonal adjustment model and the HP filter were used to analyze the price of eggs. And egg production, goods generation egg chicks, feed market and other related industries according to the market of eggs were analyzed too. The results showed that, the price of eggs increased from 2002 to 2012, and the amplitude was amplified. The egg price had gone through 3 complete fluctuation cycles, each fluctuation cycle of the egg price roughly experienced 37 months. In the year, the price of eggs was a ‘peak-valley’ type, and the egg price was high from July to December. The listed amount basically changed in reverse to the egg price. The increasing of feeding cost of chicken, such as the price of corn, layer mixed feed, goods generation egg chicks and so on, was one of the important reasons for the increasing egg price. Therefore, in order to stabilize the price of eggs and reduce the losses of production, the monitoring and early warning should be strengthened, egg price insurance system should be established and egg futures should be developed.

  Canonical Correlation Analysis among Some Traits of Suqin Green-eggshell Layer Ma Meng,Wang Kehua,Qu Liang,Guo Jun,Shen Manman and Dou Taocun 2015, 31 (2):  22-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1954 Abstract + ( 1124 )   PDF ( 479KB )   ( 395 ) In order to study the relationship between first laying traits, laying traits in the whole period of laying and body measurement traits of Suqin Green-eggshell layers, we selected 13 variables in 3 traits of 30 Suqin Green-eggshell layers which had the laying record in the whole period to conduct canonical correlation analysis. As the results showed that: the 1st and 2nd canonical correlation coefficients between first laying traits and the whole period laying traits of Suqin Green-eggshell layers were 0.849(P＜0.01) and 0.716(P＜0.01)，accounting for 70.5% and 28.6% of the total correlation, respectively. The 1st and 2nd canonical correlation coefficients of first laying traits and body measurement traits were 0.821(P＜0.01) and 0.749(P＜0.05), accounting for 59.3% and 36.6% of the total correlation, respectively. The 1st canonical correlation coefficient of the whole period laying traits and body measurement was 0.861(P＜0.05), accounting for 77.5% of the total correlation. The analysis indicated that main traits of the canonical correlation coefficients in 3 traits were the first egg age, body weight at first egg, body weight at period when the egg weight reached average egg weight, average egg weight, body slanting length and keel length, the whole period laying traits and first laying traits had the highest correlation in 3 traits.

  Survey of Resistance Escherichia coli Isolates to Antibiotics from Different Growth Stages Cattle in A Cattle Farm in Ili, Xinjiang Guo Qingyong,Nan Haichen,Xia Li’ning,Su Zhanqiang and Dai Xiaohua 2015, 31 (2):  27-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0810 Abstract + ( 874 )   PDF ( 556KB )   ( 355 ) The study aims to investigate resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from cow dung at different cattle growth stages to commonly used antibiotics in a cattle farm in Ili, Xinjiang. Fecal samples were taken from fattening cattle, breeding cattle, strengthen fattening cattle and non-breeding cattle. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of the Escherichia coli isolates were determined by the broth micro-dilution method. Results showed that isolation rate of Escherichia coli from fattening cattle, breeding cattle, strengthen fattening cattle and non-breeding cattle were all 100%; Escherichia coli of different cattle growth stages showed resistance to ampicillin, resistance rates were 4.0%, 8.6%, 6.7% and 20.0%, respectively, and were more sensitive to apramycin. Resistant of Escherichia coli isolates of non-breeding cattle was more serious than that of the others. Multi-drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from cattle at different growth stages was less serious, and most of the isolates were resistant to zero and one antibiotic. While the level of drug resistance is not very high, rational drug application should be observed in production.

  Serological Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in Large-scale Swine Farms in Hubei Province Yang Keli,Tian Yongxiang,Duan Zhengying,Zhou Danna,Guo Rui,Liu Zewen,Yuan Fangyan and Meng Li 2015, 31 (2):  31-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1748 Abstract + ( 971 )   PDF ( 460KB )   ( 363 ) 5160 porcine sera, which were collected from 50 farms in Hubei province, were detected antibody against PRRSV by ELISA. The results showed that the average PRRSV positive rate of non-immunized farms was 33.54% (21.10%-46.92%), the positive rate of farms was 100%, and the average PRRSV positive rate of immunized farms was 75.52% (68.46%-100%). The positive rate of boar, sow, fattening pigs, weanling pigs and suckling piglets was 0, 7.69%, 34.24%, 28.18%, and 38.53% in non-immunized farms; and 100%, 96.78%, 70.07%, 74.28% and 68.46% in immunized farms, respectively. The results indicated that subclinical infection was widespread and seriously harmful in Hubei province.

  The Cryoprotective Effects of Different Dioses Combination on Boar Spermatozoa Quality Pan Hongmei,Zhang Liang,Lan Jing,Zhang Lijuan,Tu Zhi,Wang Juan and Guo Zongyi 2015, 31 (2):  35-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2103 Abstract + ( 885 )   PDF ( 567KB )   ( 778 ) To evaluate the effects of different doses (lactose, sucrose and trehalose) and its combining supplementation on boar spermatozoa cryopreserved in an egg yolk based extender, seven different extenders were used to freezing semen samples. The first extender, lactose egg yolk extender (LEY), was from our previous study. Sucrose and trehalose were added into the LEY diluents， completely or partly instead of lactose，to create another six extenders. Sperm qualities were assessed by motility, acrosome integrity and hypoosmotic swelling test and sperm abnormality rate response upon immediately collection, after freezing and thawing. The results showed that, as the basis of dilution of cryopreservation, LEY showed the poorest motility among the seven extenders. When sucrose and trehalose were added to the LEY diluents instead of lactose completely or partly, the quality of frozen-thawed sperm were improved. The frozen-thawed sperm motility was significantly higher(37.0%±2.6%) than the other six extenders when 33.3% lactose and 66.7% sucrose combined group (F) (P＜0.05), the acrosome integrity and hypoosmotic swelling test were higher than LEY. In conclusion， when sucrose and trehalose were added to the LEY diluents instead of lactose completely or partly, a better boar cryopreservation semen quality appeared. And the volume fraction of 33.3% lactose and 66.7% sucrose group (F) was the best.

  Expression Vector Construction and Antibacterial Activity Characterization of Caprine β-defensin Kang Jianfeng,Liu Guiqiong,Liu Shengmin and Jiang Xunping 2015, 31 (2):  40-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0969 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 777KB )   ( 526 ) This study was to construct the vector, shift in the Pichia pasroris eith high expression, and identify antibacterial activity characterization of the product, the results could help further research on the antibacterial mechanism. According to the CDS sequences for caprine β-defensin in GenBank, the author designed a pair of specific primers with the restriction enzyme cutting site to get the sequence, cloned it to the expression vector pPICZαA, contained the recombinant plasmid pPICZαA/GBD-1, and transformed into pichia pasroris by electroporation to induction expression. Sequence analysis showed that the amplicon 114 bp encoding a polypeptide of 38 amina acids, the molecular mass about 4.3 KD was expressed by using the Tricine-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis analysis, the recombinant protein had antibacterial activity and killed E.coli and Sta.aureus. The caprine β-defensin was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris, which laid a foundation for further study of GBD-1 in the antibacterial mechanism and preparing the antibodies, and provide a theoretical basis for genetic engineering in the production of defensins.

  Effects of Three Microbial Agents on High Temperature Aerobic Composting of Sheep Manure Shi Xiaoke,Xie Jianming,Feng Zhi,Yu Jihua and Cai Gaohe 2015, 31 (2):  45-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1614 Abstract + ( 935 )   PDF ( 597KB )   ( 669 ) The author took sheep manure as raw material, added three different microbial agents and used high temperature aerobic composting to study temperature, moisture content, pH, germination seed index and other factors during the composting pile of sheep manure. The results showed that adding microbial agents into composting had better effect than the control (without adding any agents), the best microbial agent was provided by Gansu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology .The temperatures of composting rose fast, entering high-temperature phase after 1 d and the high temperature period lasted for 34 d. At the end of the composting, composting pH was 7.56, seed germination index was 94.32%, EC value was the minimum and nitrogen content increased largely, reached the safety standards of composting.

  Advances in the fsr Quorum Sensing System of Enterococcus Faecalis Zhao Binbin and Gao Yuan 2015, 31 (2):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2377 Abstract + ( 1046 )   PDF ( 797KB )   ( 547 ) Quorum sensing system is a mechanism for the exchange between microbes and adapt to the surrounding environment. Fsr quorum sensing system is closely related to the pathogenicity of Enterococcus faecalis. This paper gathered the progress of domestic and international, which including the composition of Enterococcus faecalis fsr quorum sensing system, the characteristics of each part, quorum sensing signal-regulated pathways, associated virulence genes, the inhibitors of quorum sensing system, and proposed new suggestions about the treatment of disease caused by Enterococcus faecalis.

  Protective Effects of β-Sitosterol on Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice Yao Feng,Zhou Qingyan,Xiong Ying and Guan Shuang 2015, 31 (2):  55-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1588 Abstract + ( 971 )   PDF ( 1061KB )   ( 449 ) The paper aims to investigate the mechanism and protective effects of β-sitosterol on mice with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). We evaluated the effect of β-sitosterol on LPS-induced production of TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in the culture supernatants of RAW 264.7 cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Model of ALI in BALB/c mice was built by LPS (0.5 mg/kg) intranasal instillation and the severity of pulmonary injury was evaluated 24 h after LPS challenge. The inflammatory cytokines were assayed with ELISA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); the ratio of lung wet weight to dry weight (W/D) and water content were also measured; lung tissues were stained with Hematoxylineosin to observe the pathological. In addition，the activity changes of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were detected by western blot. β-sitosterol could dose-dependently decrease the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with β-sitosterol was found to decrease the W/D ratio and water content of the lung tissue and suppress lung edema and pulmonary alveolar damage at the same time. In addition, β-sitosterol suppressed not only the phosphorylation of NF-κB but also the degradation of its inhibitor (IκBα). β-sitosterol had good protective effect against ALI induced by LPS, and its mechanism might be related with down-regulated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and NF-κB expressions.

  The Effects of the Extraction from Capparis Spinosa Lon Microcirculation of Auricle in Normal Mice Bao Xiaowei,Yan Xiaofei,Chang Yongzhi,Li Xia and Sun Zhengtao 2015, 31 (2):  62-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1712 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 520KB )   ( 549 ) To investigate the effects of CSE on Microcirculation of Auricle in Normal Mice, and to provide the experimental basis to improve Microcirculation disorders. NIH mice were divided into five groups at random(contrast, positive contrast of APC(250 mg/(kg·d)),CSE(80 mg/(kg·d)), 160 mg/(kg·d), 320 mg/(kg·d). All were given drug by continuous lavage 7 days. The capillary vessal number, the diameter of thin vein and artery, the fiow velocity of thin artery was monitored by WX-6 microcirculation microscope test machine before and 0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 h after administrating the drug. Compared with contrast group, the low, middle and high group can increase the diameter of auricle micro vein and auricle capillary open numbers(P<0.05，P<0.01),the test item was increased and time and dosage dose related, the high was more obvious. CSE can improve the Microcirculation of Auricle in Normal Mice.

  Preparation of Eupolyphaga Sinensis Walker Extracts and Their Antioxidant Activity in Vitro Gu Chonggao,Bai Ruoyu,Guan Jiayi,Tian Meijie,Liu Yang and Shen Hong 2015, 31 (2):  67-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1476 Abstract + ( 1291 )   PDF ( 994KB )   ( 427 ) This paper was to investigate the antioxidant activity of different kinds of extracts from Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker (ESW) in vitro. Polypeptides, polysaccharides and water extracts from ESW were prepared by protease hydrolysis and water extracting methods. The scavenging capacity of different kinds of ESW extracts on superoxide anion, hydroxyl and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) free radicals were detected by pyrogallol autoxidation, Fe2 -phenanthroline method and spectrophotometry methods, respectively. Spectrophotometry was used to assay absorbance values of the hemolysis of red blood cells and liver mitochondrial swelling in the mice. Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of different tissues from the mice were detected by Thiobarbituricacid (TBA). There was a significant decrease in the scavenging capacity of polypeptides, polysaccharides and water extracts from ESW on superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals compared with the positive control group, and an increase in the scavenging rate with the extract concentration increasing. As the concentrations of three kinds extracts from ESW were increasing, hemolysis absorption values of red blood cells in experimental groups were more markedly decreased than that in the hemolysis group, while there was a significantly lower hemolysis rate in water extract group compared with polypeptides and polysaccharides groups. MDA inhibition rate of the liver in the polypeptide group was the highest, and that of the kidney in polysaccharide group was higher than in polypeptide and water extract groups. There was an increase in MDA inhibition rate with the increasing of three kinds of ESW extracts. The absorbance value of the liver mitochondria in ESW extract groups was higher than that in the control group with prolong of reaction time. The results showed that polypeptides, polysaccharides and water extracts from ESW had an effective scavenging capacity on three kinds of radicals, an inhibition in hemolysis of red blood cells and hepatic mitochondrial swelling, and a protection of liver and kidney tissues from oxidant injury, which suggested ESW extracts had antioxidant activity in vitro to a certain degree.

  Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Danqiao Perfusate Wei Liqin,Wang Dongsheng,Miao Xiaolou,Zhang Shidong,Dong Shuwei,Kuang Xiaojiao,Yang Zhiqiang,Yu Sijiu and Yan Zuoting 2015, 31 (2):  75-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1879 Abstract + ( 810 )   PDF ( 549KB )   ( 703 ) To study the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Danqiao perfusate, xylene-induced ear swelling and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tissue formation tests in mice were conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity , acetic acid-induced writhing response, and formalin tests in mice were conducted to assess the analgesic activity. The results showed that Danqiao perfusate ( 40 g/kg、20 g/kg、10 g/kg) could inhibit xylene-induced ear swelling, suppress granulomatous tissue formation, decrease aceticacid-induced writhing numbers and formalin-induced licking foot times in mice. All of these results suggested that Danqiao perfusate has possess the significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.

  Use of GRA for Comprehensive Evaluation of Alfalfa Cultivars in the “Three Rivers” Region of Tibet Yang Xiao,Li Jinhua,Zhu Xinqiang and Yu Chengqun 2015, 31 (2):  80-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1545 Abstract + ( 745 )   PDF ( 530KB )   ( 412 ) In order to meet the planting requirements of leguminous forage in the “Three Rivers” region of Tibet，the grey relevancy analysis(GRA) method is used in systematic evaluation, in which the distribution of all variables is analyzed by calculating the grey relational degrees. In this study, the productivity performances of 20 alfalfa cultivars in the “Three Rivers” region of Tibet were evaluated, using indexes including plant total height, stem-leaf ratio, fresh-dry ratio, wintering rates and fresh yield, a comprehensive cultivar evaluation model was established. The results indicated that cultivars including ‘Resis’, ‘Alfaking’, ‘Zhonglan No.1’, ‘Derby’ and ‘Sitel’ have relatively good productive performance, while ‘Algonquin’, ‘Deputes’, ‘Alfalfaqueen’ and ‘Beaver’ have relatively low adaptability. The order of 5 indexes in the grey relevancy analysis for weight was: stem-leaf?ratio>plant total height>fresh-dry?ratio>wintering rates>fresh yield.

  Effects of Weaning Intensity on Weaning Effects and Growth of Juvenile Elopichthys bambusa Wang Kunpeng,,Fan Qixue,Zhao Zhongbo,Liu Rupeng,He Hui and Hu Peipei 2015, 31 (2):  85-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1690 Abstract + ( 758 )   PDF ( 587KB )   ( 575 ) The present study aimed to investigate the effect of weaning intensity on the weaning success rate (WSR, %), cannibalism rate (CR, %), mortality rate (MR, %), and growth of juvenile Elopichthys bambusa. Six triplicate groups were assigned in the net cages (1.0×1.0×1.0 m3) with different weaning intensity of 1.0 h（S1）、1.5 h(S2)、2.0 h(S3)、2.5 h(S4)、3.0 h(S5)and 4.0 h(S6) twice a day. The experiment was carried out for 28 days .The results showed that WSR increased remarkably and then decreased with the strengthening of weaning intensity(P<0.05), total CR decreased remarkably with the strengthening of weaning intensity(P<0.05). Total MR decreased initially and then increased slightly with the strengthening of weaning intensity. At the end of the experiment, specific growth rate of body weight (SGRBW, %), specific growth rate of total length (SGRTL, %) and condition factor (CF, %) increased remarkably with the strengthening of weaning intensity(P<0.05). The variation coefficient of body weight (CVBW, %) decreased remarkably with the strengthening of weaning intensit(P<0.05). In conclusion, under this experimental condition, the best weaning intensity for Elopichthys bambusa was weaning three hours each time.

  Effect of Immunostimulants on Intestinal Microorganisms of Sea Cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus 2015, 31 (2):  91-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1753 Abstract + ( 916 )   PDF ( 593KB )   ( 542 ) In order to study interaction and effect between intestinal microflora and immunostimulants, it was conducted to determine their character and metabolism on intestinal microorganisms of Apostichopus japonicus through Codonopsis. Bacterium was isolated from the intestinal of healthy A. japonicus fed with codonopsis, and identified by 16S DNA. Cross-streak method and paper disk method were used in the antagonism experiment against Vibrio splendidus, and biochemical characteristics were conducted. The results showed that 18 bacteria were from different genera, they were Pseudoalteromonas sp, Bacillus sp, Shewanella sp, Acinetobacter sp, Vibrio sp. The inhibitory test showed that the inhibitory mechanism of 4 superiority strains were competing for living space and producing antibacterial substance. They had different substrate specificity, their protease and amylase activities were high. The oxidase, sucrose and lysine tests showed different biochemical characters. Codonopsis can control and optimize the intestinal function of A. japonicus, improve metabolism and their immunity.

  Composition and Nutrient Analysis of Charybdis feriatus (Linnaeus) Muscle Amino Acid in Zhoushan 钟爱华 2015, 31 (2):  97-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1720 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 475KB )   ( 542 ) In order to ascertain the nutritive value in the muscle ofCharybdis feriatus (Linnaeus) , amino acids composition were detected using the automatic amino acid analyzer. Seventeen kind of amino acids were found in muscle ofCharybdis feriatus (Linnaeus) including 7 kinds of essential amino acids (EAA). In fresh muscle,the content of total amino acids (TAA) was 13.43%, the content of EAA was 5.33%, the percentage of EAA to TAA was 39.69%. Four kinds of delicious amino acids (DAA) accounted for 5.59%, the percentage of DAA to TAA was 41.62%. The value of EAA to NEAA was 0.66. It was clear that the content of the different amino acids was stable and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/ World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Standard. The amino acids score (AAS) of Lys was the highest and the value was 1.21, more than FAO/WHO Standard. The essential amino acids index (EAAI) ofCharybdis feriatus was 60.94%. The results indicated thatCharybdis feriatus was a nutritive and deli?cious food fish with health care value, and it could be a potential aquaculture species.

  Pharmacokinetics of Ivermectin in Oncorhynchus mykiss Following Two Ways of Administration 2015, 31 (2):  101-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1658 Abstract + ( 776 )   PDF ( 663KB )   ( 633 ) This experiment was conducted to study Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in Oncorhynchus mykiss following a single oral administration or intraperitoneal injection. Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in Oncorhynchus mykiss was studied following a single oral or intraperitoneal injection at dose of 0.3 mg/kg by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection(HPLC-UV). The results showed that: after oral administration, the concentrations versus time of ivermectin in plasma and muscle were well described by two-department open model with first-order absorption, while those in liver and kidney were well described by one-department open model with first-order absorption; after intraperitoneal injection , the concentrations versus time of ivermectin in plasma, muscle, liver and kidney were well described by one-department open model with first-order absorption. After oral administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma were as follows: AUC=123.709 mg/(L?h), Ka=3.749 h-1, t1?2ke=466.569 h, Tmax=0.454 h, Cmax=0.319 mg/L; After intraperitoneal injection, the pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma were as follows: AUC=52.560 mg/(L?h), Ka=5.033 h-1, t1?2ke=103.236 h, Tmax=1.317 h, Cmax=0.350 mg/L. It stated that pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in Oncorhynchus mykiss were differences between two different administration routes, and intraperitoneal injection led to more rapid absorption and elimination than oral administration.

  Trypsinase Digestion in Acquiring Free Sperms from Macrobrachium nipponensis 2015, 31 (2):  107-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1743 Abstract + ( 677 )   PDF ( 549KB )   ( 420 ) The purpose of this paper was to acquire free sperms with high quantity from spermatophores of Macrobrachium nipponensis by tryptic digestion. ?Viable sperms of spermatophore per gram were identified by normal morphology, intact structure and not being colored by trypan blue, the optimum enzyme processing conditions were determined according to the results of sperm morphology observing and trypan blue dyeing. The research was conducted under the condition of pH 7.4 and different reaction temperatures (30℃, 35℃, 40℃ and 45℃, respectively), trypsinase concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%, respectively) and reaction times (5min, 10 min, 15 min and 20 min, respectively). The best reaction condition of trypsinase digestion method was studied by orthogonal tests and the sperm amounts which got from each gram of spermatophores were used as a criterion. According to the results of orthogonal tests, we found that trypsinase concentration was the primary factor, followed by reaction temperature and enzymatic reaction time. The best effect of trypsinase digestion was at trypsinase concentration 0.8%, time 10 min and temperature 40℃. This method of acquiring free sperms is useful for further study on sperms of Macrobrachiu nipponensis.

  Comparison of Three Coelomic Fluid Enzymes Activities in Scallop Patinopecten yesoensis Li Zhuduan,Xian Yahuang,Wan Binhu,Min Boliu,Yao Yaozhan,Jun Ding,Zhen Linhao,Ya Qingchang,Yao Yu and Yue Ming 2015, 31 (2):  112-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1908 Abstract + ( 803 )   PDF ( 790KB )   ( 491 ) In order to find the relationship between immune-related enzyme activities and shell traits in scallop Patinopecten yessoensis, superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), Peroxidase(POD) activities of coelomic fluid were examined and compared. From our study, there is no significant difference in SOD, CAT and POD activities among different shell sizes. However, for P. yessoensis in different shell colors, the difference in SOD and CAT activities of coelomic fluid between brown and white is significant (P＜0.05), while there is no significant difference in POD activities. Our results suggested that shell color is to some degree correlated with SOD and CAT activities. This study has enriched our knowledge of scallop shell traits and can provide a new direction of scallop selective breeding.

  The Construction and Application of High Temperature Stress Index System for River Crab Breeding Zhang Xuhui,Shi Dongtou,Wang Xinxin,He Lang and Kong Weicai 2015, 31 (2):  118-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1994 Abstract + ( 705 )   PDF ( 1304KB )   ( 420 ) According to the main features of high temperature stress during the river crab breeding period, a high temperature stress model was constructed based on high temperature index and weight coefficient, and the model parameters were determined using Gucheng lake crab breeding observation data during 1961-2013. With the model, a day high temperature stress grading index system was set up in this paper and the occurrence?regularity?of high temperature stress and its climatic change trend were analyzed in Jiangsu Province. The result showed that the high temperature stress during river crab breeding period mainly occurred from Jun to August. The high temperature stress index curve presented to be a U-shape, the first peak period was in 1960s, the second peak was in recent 13 years. The occurrence frequency and extent of damage of the second peak were far higher than that of the first peak. The main susceptible area was southern Jiangsu, while the Lixiahe?region was less susceptible. In order to scientifically prevent the influence of high temperature stress, a breeding water environment monitoring system and high temperature damage warning system were built to monitor and publish early warning information and provide reference for prevention. By increasing water level and adapting bait volume and time to mitigate the influence of high temperature stress and improve the economic benefit of river crab breeding.

  Analysis of DO Balance in Aquaculture Water Experiment and Reanalysis of Suffocation Reason Liu Kequn,Tang Yang,Huang Yongping and Su Rongrui 2015, 31 (2):  131-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1834 Abstract + ( 911 )   PDF ( 894KB )   ( 663 ) Water environment with high density of fish feeding was simulated under Biotron Open Type and natural condition in Jingzhou of Jianghan Plain, and day-night aquaculture water observation of DO (dissolved oxygen) and water temperature variation were carried out by using water quality multi-parameter monitoring system in a totally open way. Dynamic balance formula was used to calculate water-atmosphere DO rate, oxygen production of photosynthesis, oxygen consuming rate of grass carp and water body; grass carp survival time under low oxygen condition was also observed. The result shows that, oxygen consuming rate of water body in pool is 1.22-1.83 mg/(L·h), while oxygen consuming rate of grass carp is 78.6-210.0 mg/(L·h) when water body DO is above 1.5 mg/L. The oxygen consuming rate of aquaculture ponds in high density fish feeding environment is more than 4 times of the oxygen consuming rate of fish. The oxygen dissolution rate of water-atmosphere interface is low. And oxygen production of photosynthesis is 3.47-4.33 mg/(L·h) in rainy or cloudy days, which is more than the total oxygen consuming rate of fish and aquaculture ponds, while oxygen production of photosynthesis in rainy days cannot maintain favorable environment in aquaculture ponds. The grass carp would gasping for air but still survive 5 more days in low DO environment as 0.1-0.4 mg/L. The result also indicates that lacking oxygen could cause the increase of H2S and CH4 in the bottom of aquaculture ponds; water convection in aquaculture ponds and increase of toxic substances caused by rain is the main reason of suffocation.

  Studies on Dynamics of Chl a and Water Environment of Intensive Fishponds in Pearl River Delta Liu Qianfu,Lai Zini,Wang Chao,Gao Yuan,Yang Wanling and Wang Guangjun 2015, 31 (2):  138-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1558 Abstract + ( 1076 )   PDF ( 1567KB )   ( 525 ) Investigation on dynamics of Chl a concentration and water environment of four intensive fishponds, which cultured Oxyeleotris marmoratus, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Micropterus salmoides and Channa argus, were carried out between May 2012 and December 2012 in Pearl River Delta. Variance analysis and Multiple Comparison (LSD) were used to study the difference of the water parameters of the fishponds, and stepwise multiple regression was used to analyze the relationships between Chl a and environmental factors in the investigating ponds, while the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) analysis was used to explore the water quality conditions. Results showed that TN, TP and Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODMn) of the ponds were varied from 1.52~22.76 mg/L, 0.20~4.82 mg/L and 3.71~50.76 mg/L, respectively, which indicated the water were overloaded by nutrients and organic contamination. There was significant difference on Chl a concentration (P<0.05) among the four kinds of fish ponds. Ctenopharyngodon idellus ponds had the highest Chl a concentration (mean value), followed by the Channa argus ponds and the Micropterus salmoides ponds, and the lowest was Oxyeleotris marmoratus ponds. Besides, the relationships between Chl a and environmental factors were different in each sampling ponds. Water environment parameters, such as salinity, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), CODMn, TN, TP, NO3--N, PO43--P in Channa argus ponds were obviously higher (P<0.05) than other kinds. Based on SOM analysis, five clustering groups on water quality of all sampled ponds were found according to spatio-temporal patterns, and the water environment quality changed worse from Oxyeleotris marmoratus, Micropterus salmoides, Ctenopharyngodon idellus to Channa argus ponds.

  Bioinformatics Analysis of DXS in Ten Medicinal Plants Cheng Bo,Yang Weijun,He Jiang and Liu Chong 2015, 31 (2):  146-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1653 Abstract + ( 1143 )   PDF ( 653KB )   ( 613 ) In order to study the properties and structure function of DXS enzyme of medicinal plants, the amino acid sequences of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) from Artemisia annua, Amomum villosum, Dendrobium officinale and so on, which were registered in GenBank, were analyzed and predicted by the tools of bioinformatics in the following aspects: physical and chemical characteristics of amino acid sequences, molecular phylogenetic evolution, hyophobicity or hydrophilicity, subcellular localization, phosphorylation site, signal peptide, secondary structure of protein, transmembrane topological structures, function domain, and so on. The results showed that DXS did not have signal peptide, transmembrane topological structures; the most abundant amino acids include Gly, Ala, Leu, Ser, Val. The dominant was the serine phosphorylation sites; mainly located in the chloroplast, the minor part located in mitochondria. The main was a hydrophilic protein, α-helix and random coil were the major motifs of predicted secondary structure of DXS; with three function domains for TPP_superfamily, Transket_pyr_ superfamily and Transketolase_C superfamily. The result provided theoretical reference for studies on both the enzymatic characteristics of DXS and the biosynthesis pathway of terpenoid.

  Screening of Preprocessing Methods of Biolog for Soil Microbial Community Functional Diversity Dang Wen,Gao Chunhua,Zhang Qiang,Li Jianhua,Lu Chaodong,Jin Dongsheng and Lu Jinjing 2015, 31 (2):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2191 Abstract + ( 1089 )   PDF ( 653KB )   ( 682 ) As one of the main methods of microbial community functional diversity measurement, biolog method is favored by many researchers for its simple operation, high sensitivity, strong resolution and rich data. But the preprocessing methods reported in the literature are not the same. In order to screen the best preprocessing methods, this paper took three typical treatments to explore the effect of different preprocessing methods on soil microbial community functional diversity. The results showed that, method B’s overall trend of AWCD values was better than A and C’s. Method B’s microbial utilization of six carbon sources was higher, and the result was relatively stable. The Simpson index, Shannon richness index and Carbon source utilization richness index of the two treatments were B > C > A, while the McIntosh index, Shannon evenness was not very stable, but the difference of variance analysis was not significant, and the method B was always with a smallest variance. Method B’s principal component analysis was better than the A and C. In a word, the method using 250 r/min shaking for 30 minutes and cultivating at 28℃ was the best one, because it was simple, convenient, and with good repeatability.

  Research Progress on Plant Endogenous Hormones Duan Na,,Jia Yukui,Xu Jun,Chen Hailing and Sun Peng 2015, 31 (2):  159-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2335 Abstract + ( 1235 )   PDF ( 543KB )   ( 569 ) The role of plant endogenous hormones lies in regulating plant growth and development and improving crop yield and quality, and its accurate determination has important implications for the regulation of plant growth and development, the genetics and breeding of crop, the promotion of cultivation technology and the identification of hormone residues. This article will summarize three aspects of plant hormones: the physiological action, the molecular mechanisms, the regulation of production and quality and the determination method, in order to provide reference index for the study of plant hormones.

  Food Selection of Termites Ding Fang,Ji Baozhong,Liu ShuWen,Cao Dandan,Yang Jinjin,Zhang Xinwei,Ji Shilin,Liu Jiajia,Ehsan SOLEYMANINEJADIAN and Wang Hongjiang 2015, 31 (2):  166-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1149 Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 557KB )   ( 705 ) The poison bait technology is the most common method used in termite control. Knowledge on the food selection of termite is the basis for developing new baiting technology. In this paper, recent advances in the studies of feeding materials preferred by termites, such as fungus-infected materials, plant materials and feeding promoting materials (some sugars and amino acids etc. ) are reviewed, and the reason why termites prefer for these materials is analyzed in digestive physiology. Finally, some suggestions on the studies of termite food selection are also given in this paper.

  Effects of Atrazine Residues on the Diversity of AM Fungi in Black Soil Farmland Wang Chen,Song Fuqiang,Kong Xiangshi and Li Jize 2015, 31 (2):  174-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2357 Abstract + ( 968 )   PDF ( 675KB )   ( 414 ) In order to reveal the effects of atrazine residues on the diversity of AM fungi in black soil farmland, wet-sieving and decanting-sucrose centrifugation method was employed to isolate AM spores from black soil farmland of Harbin, Qiqihar and Heihe where atrazine was applied continuously for many years, and then the isolated spores were identified. Totally we isolated 47 AM fungal species belonging to 4 genera, including 16 species that belonged to Acaulospora, 27 to Glomus, 3 to Scutellospora, and 1 to Gigaspora. Besides, we found that low concentration of atrazine residues showed no significant effects on AM fungi spore densities and species richness, while when the concentration of atrazine residues was higher than 0.28 mg/kg, AM spore density and species richness of AM fungi significantly and negatively correlated with the residues level of atrazine. In addition, Acaulospora and Glomus were found to be the dominant genus of the three regions.

  Climate Resource Variation and Featured Agriculture in the Crop Growing Season of Zhangjiakou Region Sun Yuefei,Wu Weiguang,Gu Runxiang,Liu Xingyan,Wang Xinning,Duan Wenyu and Sun Xiaoxia 2015, 31 (2):  181-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1566 Abstract + ( 906 )   PDF ( 748KB )   ( 538 ) In order to discover the distribution and change characteristics of climate resources in the crop growing season in Zhangjiakou Region, and to provide a theoretical basis for the correct use of climate resources in agricultural production, the variation of climate resources in the crop growing season (from May to September) of Zhangjiakou Region was analyzed by using the statistical methods, such as unary linear regression equation based on the daily meteorological data of 13 counties in Zhangjiakou Region from 1962 to 2013. The spatial distribution pattern of climate resources was also analyzed on the basis of the above data in combination with the topography of this area. The results showed that, the average temperature in the crop growing season of Zhangjiakou Region was increasing with the decrease of altitude, showing a gradual increasing trend in the past 52 years. The accumulative temperature above 10℃ was increasing with the decrease of altitude, showing a gradual increasing trend in the past 52 years. Precipitation was greatly influenced by topography, showing a declining trend in the past 52 years. Sunshine duration was the shortest in the transitional area between the Bashang and the Baxia Area, showing a declining trend in the past 52 years and was also greatly influenced by topography. According to the spatial distribution and variation of climate resources during 52 years, we could draw a conclusion that it was suitable to grow green off-season vegetable in Bashang Area. It was suitable to grow grapes in basins and valleys of Baxia area. Half-hilly areas of the Baxia were the ideal original places of almonds.

  Trend and Abrupt Change of Temperature and Precipitation in Xinjiang over Three Decades Li Runxiang,Huang Chunlin,Du Ziqiang,程文仕 and Liu Yongfeng 2015, 31 (2):  187-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2282 Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 816KB )   ( 512 ) Using the methods of linear tendency estimation and Mann-Kendall test, we analyzed change trend and abrupt change information of temperature and precipitation in Xinjiang over the past 30a with climatic observations from meteorological stations. The results were as follows: (1) the average annual temperature in Xinjiang over the past 30a presented an obviously upward trend, and the average annual precipitation showed the wave-growth trend; therefore, the overall climate became warmer and wetter, an evident abrupt change of the average annual temperature occurred in the mid-1990s at 0.01 confidence level, while the average annual precipitation did not show an obvious abrupt change at the same confidence level in the same period; (2) the average temperature in spring, summer and autumn increased significantly, but did not show an obvious trend in winter; abrupt change toward warming trend occurred in the autumn of 1994, abrupt change of the average temperature occurred in the summer of 1998, and abrupt change of the spring temperature occurred in the end of the last century or at the beginning of this century at 0.01 confidence level, while these characteristics did not show in winter; (3) the precipitation in spring, summer and autumn showed a decreasing trend, but the humidifier- tendency was significant in winter. There was no obvious abrupt change of precipitation in seasonal scale. These results could enrich basic materials of climate-change research in western arid region and provide a scientific basis for decision-making of the impact of climate change on the socio-economy in Xinjiang.

  Diurnal Characteristics of Soil Temperature and Its Response to Air Temperature inside Plastic Greenhouse in Spring in Fuzhou Lin Ruikun,Yang Kaijia,Chen Yan and Ni Zhiqing 2015, 31 (2):  193-196.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2136 Abstract + ( 630 )   PDF ( 665KB )   ( 461 ) Based on the soil temperature data during the spring of 2014, the diurnal characteristics of soil temperature in spring and its response to air temperature were analyzed in this paper．The results showed that the diurnal variation of air and soil temperature was a sine curve in sunny days. 10cm soil temperature had the greatest amplitude; the deeper soil layers were, the smaller amplitudes and the more hysteretic phases would be. The diurnal variation of air temperature and the 10cm soil temperature were single peak curves in rainy days. The diurnal variation of soil temperature of each layer was mild except the 10cm soil temperature in rainy days. Whether sunny or rainy, the air temperature diurnal variation was more than that of the soil temperature of each layer. The diurnal variation of air temperature and the soil temperature of each layer in sunny days were more than that in rainy days.

  An Investigation of the Situation of Sewage Irrigation and Local Farmers Concern the Relationship between Sewage Irrigation and Human Health along the Fu River Sun Hongxin,Yang Yang,Wang Qianqian,Guan Peibin,Xue Peiying and Liu Wenju 2015, 31 (2):  197-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2294 Abstract + ( 985 )   PDF ( 468KB )   ( 474 ) To clear the conditions for sewage irrigation and Farmer’s awareness of relationship between sewage irrigation and human health along the Fu River and to provide the supporting information for remediation of soil with heavy metals contamination. Sewage irrigation has been existed for more than 60 years in the area along the Fu River in Baoding. The nine villages along Fu River were investigated by the questionnaires. Local farmers irrigate the farmlands with groundwater, mixture of groundwater and sewage , and sewage, accounting for 66.7%, 8.33% and 25.0% respectively. About 22.2% of local farmers has been irrigating the lands only using sewage. Most of the farmers is not clear effects of sewage irrigation on soil environmental quality, crop production and human health, accounting for 72.2%, 83.3% and 79.2%; About 16.7%, 11.1% and 10.7% of farmers could recognize the impact of sewage irrigation on soil environmental quality, crop production and human health; About 5.56% of farmers only knew the adverse influence of sewage irrigation on soil environmental quality and crop production. Only 10.1% of farmers can realize the sewage irrigation will have an harmful impact on on human health. In addition, there are 5.54% of farmers surveyed did not realize the impact of sewage irrigation on soil pollution.Local farmers should pay more attention to the consequences of sewage irrigation, and the relationship between sewage irrigation and soil contamination and human health.

  Exploring the Path of Building Ecological Society——the Perspective of Investment in Education Yan Shuqian,Liu Yubao and Song Weiwei 2015, 31 (2):  201-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2234 Abstract + ( 786 )   PDF ( 666KB )   ( 358 ) The face of such a severe shortage of resources and environmental crises, both foreign scholars and domestic scholars are active to study and elucidate the basic idea of the ecological socialism to promote eco-cultural and ecological civilization. Full understanding of the state of the ecological environment and learning the basic theory of the predecessors, for the concept of eco-socialist to really implement, this article boldly propose the idea to build the ecological society. Outlining the basic blueprint for the ecological community, this article explores and researches the path to build the ecological society. At the same time, this article puts forward investment in education as the trigger point of building the ecological community.

  Hyperspectral Characteristic and Estimation Modeling of Fluvo-aquic Soil Alkali Hydrolysable Nitrogen Content Based on Genetic Algorithm in Combination with Partial Least Squares Chen Hongyan,Zhao Gengxing,Zhang Xiaohui,Chen Jingchun and Zhou Congliang 2015, 31 (2):  209-214.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0934 Abstract + ( 1409 )   PDF ( 542KB )   ( 463 ) Extracting the characteristic spectra is the key of estimating soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen content based on hyperspectra. This article was carried out to detect and transform the hyperspectra reflectance of the soil samples collected from the fluvo-aquic soil areas in Shandong Province. The characteristic wave bands of fluvo-aquic soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen were filtered using genetic algorithms and partial least squares method. Then, the partial least squares regression estimation models of fluvo-aquic soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen content were constructed. The best model was selected and compared with the models based on correlation analysis, stepwise linear and partial least squares regression directly. The results showed that the characteristic wave bands of fluvo-aquic soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen were 449-469 nm, 988-1001 nm, 1065-1078 nm,1716-1736 nm, 1912-1925 nm, 2213-2233 nm and 2262-2275 nm, the modeling coefficient of determination(R2) based on characteristic wave bands of different input spectra was generally high, the model based on the characteristic wave bands of the first derivative of reflectance had the highest precise, with the 147 data points as 7.17% of the original spectrum, the model building R2 to 0.97, RMSE as 4.78 mg/kg, the validated R2 to 0.95, RMSE as 5.49 mg/kg, the model had good prediction accuracy of fluvo-aquic soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen content. The comparison of methods showed that the genetic algorithms combined with partial least squares regression could not only obtain higher prediction accuracy, but also simplify models. Therefore, the genetic algorithms combined with partial least squares regression method may effectively select the characteristic wave bands of soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, reduce the model variables and improve the estimation accuracy.

  Study on the Purple Soil Water Properties in Nanxiong City Jiang Junhong,Wang Jun and Wei Xinna 2015, 31 (2):  215-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2118 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 477KB )   ( 516 ) The soil water characteristics are the basis for developing crop irrigation system. In order to formulate reasonable tobacco irrigation system and reduce the seasonal drought impact, this thesis studies the typical physical properties of purple soil and soil water characteristics in Nanxiong City. Through field and laboratory tests, the authors analyzed the soil moisture characteristics under different rotation type and different depth of purple soil. The results showed that the saturated water content of the purple soil of Nanxiong dry sloping field was 30.7%, the field capacity was 25.5%, wilting co-efficient was 10.0%; the soil’s water retention was poor and effective moisture percentage was low, because 30% of the soil water would loss by the effect of gravity and more than 50% of the soil water could not be used by crops. The results showed that different crop rotation’s effect on moisture characteristic curve was slight, but the influence of soil depth was larger. It was advised that the local departments should pay attention to frequent scarification or add rice straw to increase water retention of the soil in production.

  Analysis on the Precipitation Characteristics in Multiple Scales and Prediction of Future Trend in flood season in Xi’an Shen Jiaojiao,Kou Xiaolan,Ju Xiaoxuan and Ma Lei 2015, 31 (2):  219-224.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2116 Abstract + ( 671 )   PDF ( 838KB )   ( 470 ) Based on the data of precipitation and the days of precipitation in flood season in Xi’an from 1951 to 2013, the precipitation characteristics in Xi’an in recent 63 years was analyzed with linear regression, Mann- Kendall detection, wavelet analysis and R/S analysis method. The conclusions are as follows: (1) total precipitation, days of total precipitation, light rain, days of light rain all showed a decreasing trend, with a decreasing rate of -1.9 mm/10 a, -0.3 d /10 a, -2.9 mm/10 a and -0.4 d /10 a respectively, and reduced suddenly in the 1960s, and increased suddenly in the 2010s; moderate rain, days of moderate rain, heavy rain and the above, days of heavy rain and the above increased slightly; (2) for the same grade, precipitation and the days of precipitation showed consistent periodic oscillation; as for light rain, heavy rain and the above, and the total rain, precipitation and the days of precipitation all showed 20-25 year decadal periodic oscillation, while moderate rain with 3-4 year inter- annual periodic oscillation; we predict that, precipitation and the days of precipitation of light rain, moderate rain and the total rain will continue decreasing, heavy rain and the above will increase slightly, and begin to decrease after 2015; (3) future trend of precipitation characteristics will be diagnosed and predicted comprehensively with wavelet analysis and Hurst index experiment.

  The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Pan Evaporation Characteristics in Shaanxi Gao Bei,Fan Jianzhong,,Wei Haiyan and Dong Jinfang 2015, 31 (2):  225-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1848 Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 2403KB )   ( 426 ) In order to study the prospect of the status quo and utilization of water resources in Shaanxi Province, to provide important reference value for the sustainable development of ecological environment in Shaanxi Province. Based on the observational data of 95 meteorological stations in Shaanxi from 1961 to 2012, climate tendency rate, accumulated of climatic anomaly, Mann-Kendall trend test and the spatial and temporal distributions, annual, seasonal and monthly changes of pan evaporation in Shaanxi Province were analyzed to conduct studies. The results indicated that: the monthly change of pan evaporation analysis showed that the increase of pan evaporation occurred mainly in March to July, the decrease of pan evaporation occurred mainly in January to February, August and October to December, and unchanged of pan evaporation in Septemper. The annual and seasonal pan evaporation mainly decreased, the point mutation of annual pan evaporation was in 1994, the point mutation of pan evaporation in spring and winter was in 1999, the point mutation of pan evaporation in summer was in 1985 and 2010, the point mutation of pan evaporation in autumn was in 2001. January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November and December had 1 brupt point. September had 2 brupt points. February and October had 3 brupt points. In spatial distribution showed that the average of annual pan evaporation was reduced trend from northeast to southwest. Evaporation pan evaporation in climate tendency rate showed a trend of increase from the northeast to the southwest in annual, increasing trend from north to south in spring, a trend of increased from east to west in summer and autumn, a trend of increased from north and south in winter.

  Modeling the Influence of Topography of Taihang Mountains on Two Occluded Frontal Snowstorms in Shanxi Province Zhao Guixiang,Qiu Guiqiang and Wang Xiaoli 2015, 31 (2):  234-242.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2052 Abstract + ( 703 )   PDF ( 2220KB )   ( 488 ) The study aims to deeply understand the influence of topography of Taihang Mountains on heavy snow, provide better forecast and service for agriculture production, therefore to adapt to the adjustment of new agricultural planting structure and reduce the influence of snow on agriculture production. The authors used NCEP global reanalysis data and observations, conducted numerical experiments of two occluded frontal snowstorms occurring over Shanxi on November 10 of 2009 and March 14 of 2010 with WRF model, and investigated the impact of topography change of Taihang Mountains on magnitude, intensity, scope and spatial structural characteristics of snowstorm. The results showed that: (1) the simulation with moderate altitude was closer to observations for the snowstorm resulting from southerly influence systems, while the impact of the simulation with increased altitude was more obvious for the snowstorm due to northerly influence systems; (2) during different stages of occluded frontal snowstorm, there was a large discrepancy in the impact of topography change on the transport of low-level moisture; (3) the simulation with suitably reduced altitude made vertical structure of high-level divergence and low-level convergence more obvious and central intensity stronger, which was beneficial for the occurrence of snowstorm; (4) regarding the snowstorm owing to southerly influence systems, the simulation with reduced altitude strengthened high-level dry intrusion and consequently led to the enhanced triggering effect.

  Application of Wind Profiler Radar Data in a Hail Process in Shen Yang 2015, 31 (2):  243-248.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2113 Abstract + ( 1191 )   PDF ( 1760KB )   ( 576 ) A hail process in Shenyang is analyzed using wind profiler radar data, Micaps data and automatic meteorological observing data. The results indicate that under the background of the cold vortex, upper transverse groove and inversion layer are advantageous to unstable energy accumulation and trigger, which leads to the occurrence of hail. Upper air wind form the northwest to the west indicates that transverse trough is coming. The arrival of the cold air for this hail process is forecasted earlier with wind profiler radar data than with conventional observation data. The change of horizontal wind below 1000 m has good corresponding with time and strength of this hail. Upper level winds speed is ≥12 peaks one hour ago before hail. Upper stream occurs jet momentum transmission 20-25 minutes before hail happens; it provides the dynamic condition for the generation of hail. Hail phase detection height increases significantly, which mainly due to moisture in the air and large amounts of ice particles. In the hail process, ice particles mainly exist below 1900 m. Vertical wind shear strengthens 25 minutes before hail happens, reaches extreme 20 minutes before the hail, and the change of the vertical wind shear is consistent with the change of the jet. The time which the extremum of vertical speed appears corresponds not to the start time of hail. SNR ＞60 dB in lower corresponds to the starting of the hail. The sensitive degree of hail of SNR is higher than that of vertical speed. Vertical speed which is ＞4 m/s and the time of precipitation have a good corresponding relation.

  Effect and Improvement Measures of ORP in Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration System Ma Jifu,Li Haibo,Wang Xin,Wang Hong,Lv Xuedong and Wang Shiman 2015, 31 (2):  249-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2152 Abstract + ( 925 )   PDF ( 475KB )   ( 436 ) Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) is one of the main factors that influence the operation of subsurface wastewater infiltration system (SWIS). It also has a crucially effect on treatment efficiency and the environment of microbial. This paper briefly describes the effects of ORP on organics removal, nitrogen and phosphorus removal and the microbial activity in the SWIS. Measures which are commonly used to improve ORP, such as flooding and drying alternate, constituting matrix, diffluent ratio, oxygen recovery by inflow pipes, roots of plants, soil animal activity and ventilation pipes, are analyzed. The analysis shows that all measures have the engineering applicability. With further research, a series of improvement measures will be applied in combination. The development of new matrix materials will enrich connotation of SWIS theory and broaden the application of engineering practice. Process operation will be more flexible.

  Influence of Decreasing Range of Freezing Air Temperature on Phreatic Water Inflow Chen Junfeng,Yang Junyao,Zheng Xiuqing,Qin Zuodong and Liu Huatao 2015, 31 (2):  254-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2171 Abstract + ( 685 )   PDF ( 655KB )   ( 516 ) In order to reveal the influence of decreasing range of freezing air temperature (DRFT) on phreatic water flow, we set the depth of groundwater level of 87.5 cm through the freezing test device with two kinds of soil texture that are sandy loam and silty clay loam, three freezing schemes which are less DRFT, medium DRFT and larger DRFT were conducted and the phreatic water inflow was monitored. The results show that the phreatic inflow rate is larger if the soil freezing by larger DRFT and it is higher than that freezing by less DRFT about 51.8 mm and 50.7 mm for sandy loam and silty clay loam respectively on the 41th day. The larger of DRFT is, the more influence of soil texture on phreatic water inflow are, and the phreatic water inflow of sandy loam is higher than that of silty clay loam about 8.6 mm, 11.5 mm and 14.2 mm on the 41th day respectively for less DRFT, medium DRFT and larger DRFT. The smaller soil particles diameter is, the earlier of the phreatic water inflow respond to DRFT. The research results are significant for the scientific assessment of groundwater resources quantity and prevention of soil salinization at shallow groundwater areas.

  Research on the Competitiveness of Gansu Province Wine Industry Based on Diamond Model Li Junge,Xue Li,Dou Xuecheng and Chen Qiang qiang 2015, 31 (2):  259-264.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1377 Abstract + ( 724 )   PDF ( 605KB )   ( 415 ) In order to research the status quo of wine industry competitiveness in GanSu Province and its influencing factor, we carry out research on several potential wine enterprises in the HeXi corridor area of GanSu Province, and conduct analysis of the collected data. The wine industry competitiveness of GanSu Province are introduced through the ‘diamond model’, After using the principal component analysis to analyze the influence factors of its competitiveness, the study shows that the wine industry of GanSu Province has been taken shape, but lack market competitiveness, less professional talents, in short of standardized management grape of planting and brewing technology, and industrial facilities are not complete. In conclusion, technology, policy and brand are the main factors affecting its competitiveness.

  Effects of Fermentation Time and Moisture on Fermented Quality of Soybean Meal Ke Furong,Zhan Tiantian,Chen Qingda,Zhang Shaohua,Xu Lihui,Wang Quanxi and Wang Changkang 2015, 31 (2):  265-268.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1740 Abstract + ( 700 )   PDF ( 520KB )   ( 1344 ) In this experiment, soybean meal was fermented by the combination of Lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Yeast. The test consisted of two parts, both under anaerobic fermentation temperature: (1) optimization of the fermentation time: in per 100 kg basic formula, add 55 kg of water, the fermentation time was set at 48h and 72h two levels, and each level had three replicates; (2) optimization of fermentation water: in per 100 kg basic formula, the added amount of water was set at three levels: 40kg, 55kg and 70kg, each level has three replicates, fermentation time was set at 72h. Test result showed that: (1) compared with the 48h group, the 72h group’s free amino acids Glycopeptides and (free amino acids oligopeptide)/crude protein were significantly improved (P<0.01) by 14.29% and 12.92%; pH was significantly (P<0.01) decreased by 7.26%; (2) the free amino acid protein and (free amino acids peptides)/protein of the 70kg group were significantly higher than that of the 40kg and 55kg group, the pH of the 70kg group was significantly lower than that of the 40kg and 55kg group (P<0.01), the viable probiotics counts of the 70kg group were significantly higher than that of the 40kg group (P<0.05), the peptide / protein of the 70kg group was significantly higher than that of the 40 kg group (P<0.01). Fermentation time of 72 h and add water 70 kg may be the appropriate condition for utilizing the combination of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Yeast to ferment soybean meal.

  Basic Farmland Crops Vegetation Coverage Research Based on Landsat-8 Remote Sensing Data——A Case Study of Wensu Wang Huan,Zhang Yongfu and An Fangzhou 2015, 31 (2):  269-275.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1963 Abstract + ( 1300 )   PDF ( 785KB )   ( 1522 ) In order to improve the efficiency of basic farmland delineation and monitoring and reduce the cost of manpower and resources, the author used Landsat-8 remote sensing data by pixel dichotomy to estimate crops vegetation coverage, and compared the results with Basic Farmland Agricultural Land Classification through quantitative analysis. The results showed that, vegetation coverage in the study area mainly belonged to medium level, and in most regions the vegetation coverage was from 30% to 50%, which was in consistent with the outside investigation in the same period. For the study area, vegetation coverage under medium level had reached its peak, the proportion of medium coverage also grew with the advance of agricultural land level. As for the less distributed high-coverage and low coverage areas, there was a trend of improving along with basic farmland level increasing and decreasing. This showed that remote sensing data could be used to estimate the growth of vegetation coverage for determination of the status of the plant and remote sensing technology was feasible to be applied to basic farmland planning and monitoring.

  Urban Land Use Efficiency Evaluation of Henan Province Li Yingchao and Liu Hongjuan 2015, 31 (2):  276-282.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2311 Abstract + ( 1017 )   PDF ( 555KB )   ( 525 ) Using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, this paper roundly evaluated urban land use efficiency of Henan province from 2003 to 2012. The results showed urban land use efficiency of Henan province is low in general. and the efficiency of central region is relative higher, while the efficiency of east and southwest is the lowest. The main factors influencing the efficiency of urban land use include: redundant workers in the second industry and tertiary industry, and insufficient per capita disposable income for urban residents. To Improve the efficiency of urban land utilization we should mainly consider the following several aspects: to adjust the labor resource allocation reasonably, to strengthen the adjustment of industrial structure upgrade, to develop the county economy, and to improve the people’s income.

  Evaluation of Development Level of the Public Culture Service System Based on Comprehensive Index Method Taking ShanDong Province as an Example Zheng Mansheng,Wang Hui and Zang Yunping 2015, 31 (2):  283-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0655 Abstract + ( 711 )   PDF ( 792KB )   ( 391 ) In order to study the construction of evaluation index system of regional public cultural service and the development status of the basically public cultural service of 17 cities in Shandong Province, the authors used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to construct the evaluation index system and took the comprehensive index assessment method to study the construction level of public cultural services of 17 cities in Shandong Province. Six modules, including the public library, performing arts groups, art museum and cultural center, township, mass media and the financial investment of public culture, were used as the primary index, and several secondary indicators in each module were selected, a total of 27 secondary index evaluation index system were constructed for studying the development status of public culture by points module evaluation comparison and overall evaluation comparison of 17 cities in Shandong Province. The study finds that the overall development of public cultural services of 17 cities in Shandong Province is good, but there is significant unbalance among different regions when comparing points module; in the comprehensive evaluation, the differences decrease obviously in the levels of development among regions, indicating different emphasis on public cultural service construction.