Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.35 Published:18 March 2015

  Application of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Assessing Nutritional Value of Natural Grassland Pasture and Its Prospect Du Xueyan,Wang Xun,Chai Shatuo and Liu Shujie 2014, 30 (35):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0725 Abstract + ( 817 )   PDF ( 542KB )   ( 536 ) As a rapidly developed analysis technology in recent decades, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in forage nutritional assessment due to its accurate, high efficiency and lossless. Assessing nutritional status of natural pasture accurately and timely can offer basic data of pasture nutrient supply and livestock carrying capacity, and is very important for grassland livestock production. This paper illustrates the principle and characteristics of NIRS, describes the direct and indirect methods to assess nutritive of forage from four levels, including conventional nutrients, minerals, anti-nutrients and nutrient digestibility, and looks into the future of NIRS utilization, in order to set a data base of pasture's nutrition and promote the application of NIRS in natural pasture, and contribute to the scientific management and rational utilization of pasture.

  Application of Bayesian Decision to Risk Analysis for Scale Breeding Xu Xiaoxue,Zhang Qingguo,Xu Li and Ming Wei 2014, 30 (35):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2337 Abstract + ( 709 )   PDF ( 626KB )   ( 538 ) With the development of economy and the increase of consumer demand, the breeding from traditional farming mode gradually transition to the modern scale breeding. With the advances in breeding technology and the growing of breeding scale, investors are faced with aquaculture development opportunities. But risks are always along with opportunities. How to make the breeding enterprise risk minimum is one of the focuses of current research. At first, the article studied about the risk type and the reason of scale breeding. And then put forward the Bayesian decision model of scale cultivation, established this model and using process, made a use of Bayesian theory for the risks of scale cultivation of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and then used a case to illustrate the Bayesian decision model of the decision-making process. The results of case study showed that the Bayesian decision model was a good way to solve the problem of risk decision. The investors could make a clear judgment that whether they need to obtain complementary information. And solutions for predicting situation had made the risk calculation, which directly reflected the decision-making plan was in line with the principle of minimum risk and profit maximum. The case was a problem of scale aquaculture decision-making risk, a similar risk decision-making problem could be solved according to the decision model. Finally the article put forward policy recommendations of various risk problem to provide an effective way for the breeding of risk decision.

  International comparison of swine production cost 吴秀敏 2014, 30 (35):  13-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0873 Abstract + ( 948 )   PDF ( 755KB )   ( 755 ) Through swine production cost comparison among Denmark, Brazil, Canada and China, the authors try to indicate the differences on total cost volatility, composition of raising cost, in order to find the advantages and disadvantage of Chinese pig raising industry. The authors further analyze the differences of feed cost, labor cost and BFM (building finance miscellaneous), and conclude that the Chinese percentage of feed cost is the highest among the nations, and the poor quality of human resources as well as the lack of building and equipment investment are the problems that Chinese swine industry facing. Combining with international experience, the authors propose to develop professional labor force, enhance technology investment and promote scale production as well as integration.

  Research on Scale Economies of Pig Farming in Heilongjiang Province 2014, 30 (35):  19-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1206 Abstract + ( 621 )   PDF ( 491KB )   ( 630 ) Based on the status of pig farming in Heilongjiang Province, using Cobb- Douglas production function, input and output indicators of pig farming were selected, and scale economies models were built. Through empirical analysis, it could be concluded that the number of breeding pigs in Heilongjiang Province was an important factor affecting scale economies. When the scale of pig farming above 100 or more, increasing returns would be achieved. Suggestions were put up from rational planning, policy support, strengthening services in order to improve scale economies of pig farming in Heilongjiang Province.

  Effects of Ultra-Fine Powder of Senecio Scandens on Growth Performance and Partial Serum Biochemical Indices in Piglet 陆长青, 谢冬娜, 林红英, 徐晓彬, 陈进军, 王小宁 and 郑锦庆 2014, 30 (35):  25-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1300 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 559KB )   ( 438 ) To study the effects of ultra-fine powder of Senecio scandens on growth performance and some serum biochemical indices in piglets, 90 pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) were selected at an initial body weight about 10.0 kg, with randomized block design and male and female account for half respectively. The piglets were divided into 5 groups, each group contained 3 pens and each pen contained 6 piglets. The piglets in groupⅠwere fed with basic diet, 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline and 20 mg/kg colistin sulfate were added in basic diet for groupⅡ, and 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2% of ultra-fine powder of S. scandens were supplemented in basic diet for groupⅢ, groupⅣand groupⅤ, respectively. The piglets were raised for 30 days. The results showed that adding ultra-fine powder of S. scandens increased the average daily gain and the average daily feed intake and reduced the ratio of feed and meat, among which the addition of 0.8% of the ultra-fine powder significantly increased the average daily gain (P＜0.05) and reduced the ratio of feed and meat (P＞0.05), without difference between groupⅡand groupⅣ(P＞0.05). Adding ultra-fine powder of S. scandens improved serum GLU, TG, T3, T4, IGF-I levels and reduced the level of serum BUN, among which the addition of 0.8% of the ultra-fine powder significantly increased the levels of serum T3 and IGF-I (P＜0.05), and significantly reduced the concentration of serum BUN (P＜0.05). In conclusion, adding 0.8% of the ultra-fine powder of S. scandens markedly improved the growth performance of the piglet and significantly increased the average daily gain, the levels of serum T3 and IGF-I, but significantly reduced the ratio of feed and meat and the concentration of serum BUN.

  Comparison on the Production Performance of Different Hybridized Lambs in Alpine Pastoral Region Wang Qiaoling,Hua Limin and Yang Siwei 2014, 30 (35):  30-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1469 Abstract + ( 764 )   PDF ( 518KB )   ( 461 ) In order to improve the production performance of lamb in alpine pastoral region, the trail introduced Ola Tibetan sheep, Bond, Gansu Alpine Merino as sire to cross the local alpine merino and the local Tibetan sheep. The result showed that the birth weight of Ola (♂)×Tibetan sheep (♀) was 4.63 kg, which was significantly higher than other crossbreed lambs (P＜0.05); the body weight of Bond (♂) ×Tibetan sheep (♀)from 1 to 5 months were higher than others, and the daily body weight gain (0.19kg/d) was significantly higher than others (P＜0.05). There were no difference in the chest wide, chest girth, circumference of cannon bone, rump width and length among different hybridized lambs (P＞0.05). The dressing percentage of Ola (♂)×local alpine merino (♀) was 46.29%, the highest one in all crossbreeds. The loin eye area and GR value of Ola (♂)×local Tibetan sheep (♀) were higher than others, but did not reach significant difference (P＜0.05). The viscera weight of crossbreed Tibetan sheep was higher than Gansu alpine merino. The ratio of holding water, cooked meat percentage, tenderness of Ola (♂)×local Tibetan sheep (♀) were 38.70%, 64.40%, 71.18 N, respectively , which were higher than others. The pH of the purebred local Tibetan lamb was 7.1, which was the highest value in crossbreed lambs. The assessment of meat color, marbled meats, mutton odor was same among different hybridized lambs. Considering production in practice, the crossbreed of Bond (♂)×local Tibetan sheep (♀)has potential value for the lamb production because of quick growth and the highest birth body weight.

  The Expressional Differences of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 on sheep pre-antral follicles and their oocytes matured in vitro 倪和民, 马欣, 杨洪武, 刘云海, 郭勇 and 杨佐君 2014, 30 (35):  35-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0786 Abstract + ( 590 )   PDF ( 689KB )   ( 563 ) The study aimed to investigate the expressional changes of GDF9 and BMP15 on sheep follicle development and their in vitro matured oocytes. The micro-dissected technique was applied to isolate ovine pre-antral follicles. The expression of GDF9 and BMP15 on their pre-antral follicles and oocytes matured in vitro (0, 8, 16 and 24 h) were detected respectively by RT-PCR. The results showed that the cumulus cell expansion presented different alterations in morphology during vitro maturation of sheep COCs. GDF9 and BMP15 mRNA levels detected in pre-antral follicles were lower than those oocytes of different developmental stages as well as in vitro maturation. There were significantly transcriptional differences of GDF9 between preantral follicles and those different developing stages of oocytes, which suggested that GDF9 and BMP15 play an essential role during follicle development and in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes. All of these implied these two factors may independently or collectively affect the granulose cell proliferation and cumulus expansion.

  Effects of Wet Fermented Soybean Meal on Performance, Eggs Quality, Serum Antioxidant Function and Fecal Composition of Laying Hens 陈庆达, 柯芙容, 詹湉湉, 张少华, 许丽惠, 王全溪 and 王长康 2014, 30 (35):  42-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1708 Abstract + ( 633 )   PDF ( 599KB )   ( 524 ) This experiment is designed to explore the impact of wet fermented soybean meal on performance, eggs quality, serum antioxidant function, fecal composition of laying hens, which will provide scientific basis for the wet fermented soybean meal feed in laying hens. A total of 1152 375-day-old hens were randomly divided into 4 groups, each group was set up 6 replicates of 48 laying hens for a 90 days feeding trial. TreatmentⅠas control group was fed with the basal diet. TreatmentⅡ,Ⅲ,Ⅳwere fed with the basal diet in which part of soybean meal was replaced with 4.5%, 6.0% and 7.5% of the wet fermented soybean meal. The results showed as follows：the average egg weight of groupⅡand groupⅣsignificantly increased (P＜0.05). The broken eggs rate of groupⅢsignificantly decreased (P＜0.05). There was no difference among the average rate, feed- gain ratio and death and culling rate (P＞0.05). The eggshell thickness of groupⅣ, the yolk colorimetric values of groupⅢand groupⅣsignificantly increased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The shape index odds ratio of groupⅢsignificantly decreased (P＜0.05). The serum catalase (CAT) activity of groupⅡ significantly increased (P＜0.05) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum decreased (P＜0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of groupⅢsignificantly increased (P＜0.05). The amount of fecal crude ash of groupⅢsignificantly decreased (P＜0.01). The phosphorus content of groupⅣwas significantly lower (P＜0.05). It is concluded that using moderate wet fermentation soybean meal to replace ordinary meal in laying hens feed can improve the egg weight and egg quality, reduce emissions of fecal nitrogen and phosphorus. The suitable alternative amount is 6.0% to 7.5%.

  Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Different Vegetable Oil on Antioxidant Parameters of Young Breeder Roosters 封云, 于尚誉, 王晓霞, 郭勇, 张成, 滑静, 赵晓旭 and 齐晓龙 2014, 30 (35):  48-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1133 Abstract + ( 670 )   PDF ( 497KB )   ( 406 ) The experiment was conducted to learn the effect of different proportion of soybean oil (n-6 PUFAs) and linseed oil (n-3 PUFAs) on antioxidant capacity of young breeder rooster plasma, kidney and testis. 90 10-week-old breeder roosters were randomly divided into 5 groups, each group had 3 repeats, and 6 roosters in each repeat. Using corn- soybean as meal diets, the ratio of soybean oil and linseed oil were: 2% and 0 (Treatment 1, Control), 1.5% and 0.5% (Treatment 2), 1% and 1% (Treatment 3), 0.5% and 1.5% (Treatment 4) and 0 and 2% (Treatment 5). The results showed that: (1) with the increasing doses of LO, plasma T-SOD, CAT and T-AOC activity was increasing first, then decreasing; compared with the Control, plasma T-SOD, CAT and T-AOC activity of Treatment 3 increased 0.38% (P＞0.05), 12.31%(P＞0.05)and 28.24%（P＜0.05）at day 28; compared with the Control, plasma T-SOD, CAT and T-AOC activity of Treatment 3 increased 5.43% (P＞0.05), 10.63% (P＞0.05) and 13.76% (P＜0.05) at day 56; (2) compared with the Control, T-SOD, CAT and TAOC activity of kidney of Treatment 3 increased 9.26% (P＞0.05), 69.36% (P＜0.05) and 4.91% (P＞0.05); compared with the Control, T- SOD, CAT and T- AOC activity of testis of Treatment 3 increased 18.86% (P＞0.05), 103.95% (P＜0.05) and 20.40% (P＞0.05). Under the experiment condition, dietary supplementation with different vegetable oil influences the plasma and tissue antioxidant activity of young breeder rooster, and enhanced the body’s antioxidant capacity. The body’s antioxidant capacity was the best when the dose of soybean oil and linseed oil were 1% and 1%.

  Effect of Soybean Isoflavones on Reproductive Hormone Secretion of Young Breeder Roosters 于尚誉, 封云, 王晓霞, 郭勇, 张成, 滑静 and 赵晓旭 2014, 30 (35):  54-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1228 Abstract + ( 985 )   PDF ( 497KB )   ( 622 ) The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of soybean isoflavones (SI) on testis development, levels of plasma reproductive hormones, testosterone synthesis related enzyme and protein mRNA expression of young breeder rooster. One hundred and eight 10- week- old breeder roosters were randomly divided into 6 groups, each group had three repeats, and 6 roosters in each repeat. Corn-fishmeat diets was used as basal meal, and different doses of SI was added: 0 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, respectively. The experiment lasted for 9 weeks, including one week pre- trial feeding. Plasma hormone (GnRH, T, LH, and FSH) were detected by collecting plasma at the end of the experiment. The testis samples were collected and weighed, the expression level of mRNA of testosterone synthesis related to both enzyme (P450scc, 3β-HSD) and protein (StAR,) was investigated. The results showed that: (1) among the dose range of 5-15 mg/kg, SI promoted the testicular development of young breed roosters, especially with the additive amount of 5 mg/kg, the testis weight and testis index were significantly increased (P＜0.01); with the dose of 25 mg/kg, testis index was significantly decreased (P＜0.01); (2) when the additive amount of SI was 5 mg/kg, the effect of promoting reproductive hormone secretion was most obvious; when the additive amount of SI was 25 mg/kg, the level of reproductive hormone secretion was decreased; (3) among the additive range of 5- 15 mg/kg, the level of StAR mRNA was significantly increased (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference in the expression of P450scc and 3β-HSD (P＞0.05). In the present experiment, when the additive amount was 5 mg/kg, SI promoted the testicular development of young breed roosters and enhanced the expression amount of StAR mRNA and the level of reproductive hormone secretion. The safe additive range of SI was 5-20 mg/kg.

  Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Egg Production in Rugao Chicken with Different Models 2014, 30 (35):  59-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0316 Abstract + ( 910 )   PDF ( 504KB )   ( 628 ) The main aim of the present study was to assess whether the genetic parameters on the egg production in Rugao Yellow Chicken changed with different models. The production recorders on the Rugao Yellow Chicken were collected from 2009 to 2012. Animals included 8575 individual fowls from 242 sires and 1362 dams. The evaluated models were consisted of uni- and multiple-trait model. (Co) variance components were estimated with AIREML method using WOMBAT software. Results suggested: (1) the day at the 1st egg should be included in the fix effects because of its important role in early egg production; (2) since the direct genetic covariance was less than that of permanent environment, it seemed safe to conclude that the environment was the main phenotypic variations sources; (3) the heritability of egg numbers was high at the early laying period, low at the peak of the laying phase, and increased again at the late laying period; (4) for Rugao Yellow Chicken, the genetic correlations between the monthly egg production and EN40 ranged from 0.67 to 0.79, the correlations of neighbor months was high; (5) considering the correlation between early and terminal laying phase was low, it was necessary to increase statistical times during local fowl improvement.

  The Effects of the Expression Levels of H0-1 and BLVRA on the Color of Egg Shells 雷雪芹, 高灵照 and 肖赞奇 2014, 30 (35):  64-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1309 Abstract + ( 702 )   PDF ( 608KB )   ( 637 ) This study aims to detect the expression difference of HO-1 and BLVRA in, uterine part of Lushi chickens and Gushi chickens, thus discover the formation mechanism of green eggs. To conduct the experiment, Lushi chickens laying green eggs and Gushi chickens laying brown eggs, all of which were 24- week aged, were randomly selected and the uterus of each chicken was collected. Then the total RNA was extracted and later reversely transcribed into cDNA. The pigment-associated genes, HO-1 and BLVRA were chosen to be the target genes, and GAPDH the reference genes. Finally, the transcription levels of HO-1 and BLVRA in different breeds of chickens were analyzed using real- time fluorescent quantitation PCR. The results showed that the HO-1 mRNA expression level in the uterus of Lushi chickens was higher than that of Gushi chickens (P＜0.05), and that the BLVRA mRNA expression level in the uterus of Gushi chickens was significantly higher than that of Lushi chickens (P＜0.01).

  A399G Mutation Site Analysis of MC1R Gene in the Eight Duck Populations 2014, 30 (35):  69-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1183 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 604KB )   ( 509 ) In order to detect the polymorphism of MC1R gene and analyze the distribution of polymorphism in domestic duck, white Muscovy and mule duck, 769 individuals of 8 duck populations were studied for searching single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) by PCR direct sequencing. The results showed there had a synonymy mutation at A399G in MC1R gene, which could be restricted by Hin61 enzyme. Then, the polymorphism of the restriction enzyme site was detected by using PCR-RFLP. The results showed that two genotypes AG and GG were detected in individuals with white plumage, while only genotype AG was detected in those with black plumage in mule duck. Only GG genotype was found in the Putian black duck and the female parent of white feather mule duck. There was no significant association between the polymorphism of MC1R gene and the plumage color of duck was discovered. There was no polymorphism in domestic duck and white muscovy duck. Only AA genotype was found in white muscovy duck and GG genotype was found in domestic duck. The genotype AG was found in most individuals of mule duck and GG genotype in a few of individuals. The genotypes distribution at A399G mutation site were significantly different (P＜0.01) among the three duck breeds by chi- square Test. The research provides a new method for identification and distinguishing domestic duck, white muscovy duck, mule duck, and conservation of Muscovy duck.

  Study on Tetracyclines and Heavy Metals Residues in Pig Feces from Beijing Area 张丽丽, 直俊强, 张加勇, 陈龙, 张卓毅 and 吴迪梅 2014, 30 (35):  74-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1494 Abstract + ( 859 )   PDF ( 465KB )   ( 464 ) Sampling analysis of solid pig feces from 35 large-scale pig farms in Beijing Area was carried out for the purpose of investigating the tetracyclines and heavy metals residues. The results showed that the detection rates of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline in pig feces were 90.9% , 45.5% and 18.2%, respectively. The concentration range of 4 tetracyclines in pig feces was 0.48 to 29.2 mg/kg. 27% of the samples were estimated to be risky while being applied to the cropland as organic fertilizer. The average amount of total As, Cd, Cr and Pb in pig feces were 2.9, 0.3, 11.6 and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively, which complied with the national standard of organic fertilizer in China. But the high concentration of Cu or Zn and their possible environmental risks should not be neglected.

  Isolation and Identification of 6 Haemophilus Parasuis and Analysis of 16S rRNA Gene 陈如敬, 江斌, 王隆柏, 魏宏, 吴学敏, 庄向生 and 周伦江 2014, 30 (35):  79-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1082 Abstract + ( 604 )   PDF ( 531KB )   ( 513 ) The bacteria from the suspected haemophilus parasuis infection cases from some boar farms in Fujian Province were isolated and identified, and 16S rRNA of the strains was amplified and sequenced. These strains were identified based on bacterial morphology, PCR identification and sequence analysis. The results showed the sequences homology of the 6 isolations was up to 99%. However, the sequences homology of the isolates with reference strains was ranged from 84.5% to 99.2% . The phylogenetic tree revealed that the genetic relationship of the isolated strains was closer to serovar4 and serovar5, and farther to other serovars. The research developed a technology of isolating and culturing of haemophilus parasuis, and the isolated strains were identified by PCR method and 16S rRNA gene of the isolated strains were sequenced and analyzed. In a word, the research laid a foundation for diagnosis and prevention and cure of the haemophilus parasuis disease.

  The Epidemiological Investigation of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Fujian Province 2014, 30 (35):  83-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0850 Abstract + ( 665 )   PDF ( 730KB )   ( 474 ) To investigate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) epidemic situation from 2012 to 2013 in Fujian province, the authors tested 257 diarrhea samples from 125 farms by RT-PCR assay and analyzed PEDV infection in swine herd. The result showed that the positive rate of PEDV was 63.04% (162/257); swine of different ages were all susceptible to PEDV infection, especially piglets, which had 100% mortality rate. The result indicates that PEDV infection is still serious in Fujian province, prevention and control should be strengthened to reduce the economic lost.

  Detection ofβ-Lactamase and 16S rRNA Methylase Gene in Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Cattle and Sheep in Xinjiang 2014, 30 (35):  87-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0911 Abstract + ( 734 )   PDF ( 680KB )   ( 510 ) The research aims at the resistant Escherichia coli carryingβ- lactamases and or 16S rRNA methylase gene and its coexistence conditions in cattle and sheep farms in Xinjiang.β-lactamase and 16S rRNA methylase genes by PCR inβ-lactam-resitance Escherichia coli were isolated from sheep farm (168 isolates) and cattle farm (32 isolates). The products of PCR were analyzed by sequencing. The results showed that the blaTEM (42.26%, 71/168) and blaCTX-M (2.98%, 5/168) genes were mainlyβ-lactamase genes from sheep; blaTEM（15.63%，5/32）genes were mainlyβ-lactamase genes from cattle. blaCTX- M was not detected, and other resistance genotypes were not seized in the two farms. ArmA genes were not detected. The detected 16S rRNA methylase genes were rmtB gene from sheep and cattle isolates, its detection rate was 4.17% (7/168) and 50.00% (16/32). Coexistence gene: three (1.79%, 3/168) isolates from cattle were found to possess the blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes in the sheep farm. seven (4.17%, 7/168) isolates from sheep were found to possess the blaTEM and rmtB genes, and two (6.25%, 2/32) isolates were found to possess the blaTEM and rmtB genes in the cattle farm. The other detectedβ- lactamase and 16S rRNA methylase genes were not found in these farms. Escherichia coli isolates from cattle and sheep farms hadβ- lactamase and 16S rRNA methylase genes mediated bacterial resistance, and were dominated by blaTEM and rmtB genes in Xinjiang. In addition, different types of drug-resistant genes coexist in the same drug-resistance bacterial strain.

  Immunoregulatory Effects of YPF-P in Immunosuppressive Mice 杨鸿, 邓桦, 卢月媚, 蔡文亮, 麦绍良 and 蒲文珺 2014, 30 (35):  93-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0960 Abstract + ( 670 )   PDF ( 457KB )   ( 478 ) To investigate the immune regulative and protective effect of Yupingfeng polysaccharides (YPF-P) on immunosuppressive mice, the immunosuppressive mouse model was induced by cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg), and the changes of spleen index, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, serum hemolysin and serum IL-2 were observed in the study. The results showed that YPF- P could improve the spleen index of immunosuppressive mice, to promote the spleen lymphocyte proliferation. YPF- P can promote hemolysin antibody in the serum of normal mice, against serum hemolysin antibody reduction of mice caused by cyclophosphamide reduced, YPF-P could improve the normal mice and immunosuppressive mice serum levels of IL- 2, especially in middle and low dose group. Those results confirmed that YPF- P could resist the immunosuppression of mice induced by cyclophosphamide, and improve immune function and protect the function of spleen.

  Advances of Antibiotic Alternatives 郝海红, 谢书宇, 王旭 and 袁宗辉 2014, 30 (35):  97-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1628 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 640KB )   ( 1204 ) The persistence and spread of antibiotic resistance caused by the abuse of growth- promoting antibiotics, in conjunction with the bottleneck of development of new antibiotics, have created the dangerous prospect of ineffective therapies against bacterial diseases. In this situation, national strategies aimed at discovery and developments of effective antibiotic alternatives, especially for agricultural applications, had been encouraged. This article overviewed eight kinds of antibiotic alternatives, including antibacterial vaccines, immunomodulatory agents, bacteriophages and their lysins, antimicrobial peptides, pro-, pre- and synbiotics, plant extracts, inhibitors targeting pathogenicity and feed enzymes. The progress of research and development, problems and prospects of antibiotic alternatives were fully discussed. Because of their limitations, veterinary antibiotic alternatives so far can not substitute for antibiotics. Only to establish a scientific monitoring system and continue to develop improved antibiotic alternatives can we reduce the negative effects of antibiotic abuse, ensure the safety of animal- derived food, thus achieve the green and healthy development of animal husbandry.

  The Expression Analysis of IGF1 Gene During Different Developmental Stages in Nile Tilapia 祝璟琳, 李大宇, 肖炜, 韩珏, 乐贻荣, 王腾 and 杨弘 2014, 30 (35):  107-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0630 Abstract + ( 614 )   PDF ( 631KB )   ( 482 ) To study the expression mechanism of insulin- like growth factor 1(IGF1) gene and lay the theoretical basis for molecular selection of tilapia breeds，IGF1 gene mRNA level was analyzed during different developmental stages of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The expression level of IGF1 gene in liver and muscle were quantified by Real-time PCR on day 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 125, 145, 165, 185, 205. The results showed that development of body weight in tested fish were divided into different stages: rapid growth stage (RGS) and stationary growth stage (SGS). In RGS, the hepatic gene expression level of IGF1 was higher than that in SGS, sharing the same trend with the tendency of body weight development. In muscle, the IGF1 mRNA level was evidently lower than in liver. In conclusion, IGF1 mRNA level differed with temporal and tissuespecific characteristics. The developmental changes of hepatic IGF1 mRNA might be a key factor to different growth speed in development stages in Nile tilapia. Compared with hepatic pattern, muscular IGF1 gene expression was different, which implied a distinct functional pattern of IGF1 in muscle.

  Study on the Ammonia Excretion Rate of The Young Taimen with Different Meal Sizes 张永旺, 徐绍刚, 贺杰 and 王建 2014, 30 (35):  112-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0867 Abstract + ( 641 )   PDF ( 567KB )   ( 597 ) In order to understand the effects of feeding level on ammonia excretion rate of the young taimen (Hucho taimen, Pallas) and formulate more scientific feeding strategies, using the ecological method, the study measured the ammonia excretion rate at three meal sizes. The results showed that, the ammonia excretion rate of three meal sizes were all increased drastically to the maximum, and then decreased slowly to the initial state. DNR and TNR were both prolonged as meal sizes increased. The regression equation of average ammonia excretion rate on the meal size was NRave = 1.1917 + 0.1581m (R2 =0.9783, 2.15%＜m＜6.36% ). The regression equation of maximum ammonia excretion rate on meal size was NRmax = 1.2516 + 0.2595m (R2 = 0.9706, 2.15%＜m＜6.36%). The results suggested that it should be appropriate to increase the frequency and reduce feeding amount during the process of juvenile taimen. With the meal size increasing, the amino acids in the body of juvenile taimen increased, and so was the exogenous excretion.

  Screening of Inhibitory Medicines to Hyphae and Zoospore from Oncorhynchus masou masou saprolegniasis 2014, 30 (35):  116-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1665 Abstract + ( 638 )   PDF ( 650KB )   ( 529 ) The paper aims to study the effects of drugs that inhibit and kill pathogens, including Chinese Medicinal herbs that inhibit hyphae growth and anti- Saprolegnia agents that inhibit zoospore. The authors chose 6 commonly used anti- Saprolegnia agents (such as hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde et al. ) and 16 Chinese medicinal herbs (such as Fructus kochiae Scopariae, Cnidium monnieri et al.) and 2 compound prescriptions (T1 and T2), used the method of spore counted and agar plate to conduct the research. The results show that hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde inhibit spore better than malachite green, but the inhibitory effect of JiankeⅠ, sodium nitrite and peracetic acid are less than malachite green. The pomegranate rind and compound T1 can effectively inhibit the hypha growth; Fructus kochiae Scopariae, Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Citrus limon, Radix Sophorae flavescentis, Allium sativum, Polygonatum sibiricum, Foeniculum vulgare and Acorus calamus have almost no inhibitory effect on the strain; Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Reynoutria japonica Houtt, Lonicera japonica Thunb, Cortex meliae, compound T1, Cnidium monnieri, Pseudolarix kamepferi Gord and Rheum palmatum have better inhibitory effect. The experiment provides theoretical basis for screening the medicines which have the efficacious antibacterial activity on Saprolegnia in Oncorhynchus masou masou and developing scientific and effective utilization method of anti-Saprolegnia agents.

  Screening of Saprolegniasis Preventive Drugs for Golden Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fertilized Eggs During Hatching 2014, 30 (35):  121-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1069 Abstract + ( 564 )   PDF ( 586KB )   ( 395 ) In order to screen the effective preventive drugs for saprolegniasis occurred during hatching of the fertilized eggs of golden trout, effects of 2 kinds of self-made Chinese herbal compounds (A&B) and 2 kinds of chemical bactericides (peroxyacetic acid andhydrogen peroxide, C&D) with 3 disinfection concentrations were compared in this study. The fertilized eggs of golden trout were randomly divided into 13 groups, each group with 2 parallels of 1000 eggs. Drugs at high, medium and low concentration were respectively used to immerse the fertilized eggs 35 min for disinfection once a day. The numbers of live and dead eggs were recorded each day before disinfection and the numbers of survival eyed eggs were counted in each experimental group after finishing the whole test. The results indicated that all of 4 kinds of drugs used here had a certain effect on prevention and control of saprolegniasis during hatching of fertilized eggs of golden trout, and also showed a correlation between the concentrations and effects. After the selection of several drugs, we found that group Bmedium, C-medium and D-high exhibited the most remarkable effects on control of saprolegniasis. However, careful consideration should be given to chemical drugs residues and their potential hazard to the eyed eggs. Therefore, Chinese herbal compound B was suggested to be used for prevention and control of saprolegniasis to achieve the healthy aquaculture. And the concentration and operation time of Chinese herbal compound B should be strictly controlled when used in disinfection of fertilized eggs.

  Dmrt3 Methylation Differences of Sex Gland in Monopterus albusGene 宋颖, 邴旭文, 曹哲明 and 丁炜东 2014, 30 (35):  126-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0832 Abstract + ( 709 )   PDF ( 861KB )   ( 908 ) Monopterus albus is sex reversal, this study aims to find sequence sites directly related to sex regulation, and analyze sequence differences in male and female Monopterus albus. In this experiment, the Dmrt3 gene was taken as the research object, by comparing the gene methylation status in male and female gonads, specific sites of sex control were analyzed. Using methylation sensitive restriction enzyme Hpa II, the DNA of Monopterus albus’s gonad was cut and the enzyme digested products were amplified by each primer according to the known mRNA sequence. At the same time, the control group with no enzyme was compared with the test group, to analyze the different bands and to verify the results. The experimental results showed that Dmrt3-FR2 amplification sequences had no methylation sites in the testis, but had methylation sites in ovarian. Therefore, we speculate the site may be related to sex regulation. This experiment is a supplement to the study of sex control from the molecular angle in Monopterus albus, and proves the feasibility of using methylation to research sex control, it may provide a theoretical basis for the other researches.

  Evaluation of nutrient composition and comparison of growth performance of juveniles of parentage grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, fed with bio-floc and Pennisetum sinese 于凌云, 刘邦辉 and 王广军 2014, 30 (35):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1369 Abstract + ( 715 )   PDF ( 609KB )   ( 791 ) To evaluate the value of biofloc technology nutrition, the growth traits and nutritional composition of muscle of grass carp farmed about 60 days were analyzed in the model of biofloc technology (BFT) (as the experimental group) and Pennisetum sinese Roxb( as the control group). As analyzed, the ratio of weight gain of grass carp using BFT were 1.14 times than the control group, and body length, survival rate and condition factor of grass carp were more than the control group. Crude protein and carbohydrate of muscle between the BFT and grass group were significant difference(P＜0.05), however, crude fat and ash content of muscle of grass carp were basically identical. In addition, there are sixteen kinds of conventional amino acids and four kinds of delicious amino acids (Asp, Glu, Gly, Ala ); The total content of amino acid were（17.1±1.24）% and（16.803±1.030）% in two groups, respectively, but there were no significant difference between them（P＞0.05）. The total content of PUFA and HUFA were (32.20± 4.05) % and (34.61 ± 4.08) % in the experimental group, respectively; which was significantly higher than the control group（P＜0.01). In summary, the model of BFT was not only improve the growth performance of the juvenile grass carp, but also increase the nutritive value of muscle under no changing the amino acid composition and delicious amino acid. So, BFT may serve as a new type of high quality bait of grass carp’s juveniles.

  Analysis of the Piscatorial Science and Technology’s Productive Efficiency Based on DEA Model 杨卫 and 2014, 30 (35):  139-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1596 Abstract + ( 721 )   PDF ( 508KB )   ( 542 ) Innovation of piscatorial science and technology in China will become the main motivation of agricultural growth in the near future. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was utilized to carry out an empirical analysis of the piscatorial science and technology’s productive efficiency. The result proves that high cost investment in the process of technological innovation in China’s fishery is prominent, and the piscatorial science and technology in China generally has no scale efficiency. The pure technology efficiency of fisheries fluctuates a little greatly, and presents no obvious sustainable growth trend. Meanwhile, the situation of piscatorial scientific and technological innovation in China has been getting better from 2008. For example, the comprehensive efficiency rises steadily and input-output ratio of innovation tends to be more reasonable.

  Protection of the Fishery Cultural Heritage Under the Blending of Traditional Agriculture Culture and Modern Production Mode 刘红梅, 杨子江 and 刘龙腾 2014, 30 (35):  143-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2059 Abstract + ( 728 )   PDF ( 532KB )   ( 536 ) The fishery culture is the core of the Heche nationality traditional culture and with typical characteristics. By the filed research in Jiejinkou Tongjiang Village Heche, we found that the inheritance of fishery cultural heritage of the Heche nationality and its protection had a worrying situation. Fishing for a living and living on fish would be the fishery culture that completely preserved in the Heche nationality’s merging process into the surrounding environment. Therefore, we must take effective measures to explore, sort, rescue and protect the Heche fishery cultural heritage in order to let the national culture show a fresh vitality.

  A Study on the Gradient Law of Soil Quality of Cultivated Field in Nong’an County Supported by GIS 辛士颖, 李志洪, 于磊, 赵传拓, 矫丽娜, 殷程程, 朱喜君, 张大军, 游国祥 and 谷伟 2014, 30 (35):  149-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0749 Abstract + ( 554 )   PDF ( 742KB )   ( 465 ) Taking Nong’an County of Jilin Province as the study area, based on GIS, on the basis of the second survey data of land use status, we investigated the data of the production and input of arable land, renewed the attributes such as the barrier layer depth from the surface, profile shapes, surface soil texture, soil organic matter content, soil pH and degree of salinization, updated the farmland grade and production capacity of the year 2010—2012, researched the change of nature, utilization, economic and production capacity of the year 2010—2012, the correlation between each grade change and soil, analyzed the reason of each grade change of nearly three years, in order to supply scientific basis for reasonably improving land quality of Nong’an County. Results shown that, there was a little change in nature of the year 2010-2012, the most important reason was the impacting factor of natural quality changed a little; utilization reduced yearly and nature had a big change because changes of crop yields affected land use coefficient and economic coefficient, whereas production was mainly affected by natural disasters. Correlation analysis shown that, farmland grade had a positive relationship with organic matter and pH.

  Research on Water Environment Forewarning for Liaohe River Basin 2014, 30 (35):  154-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0891 Abstract + ( 569 )   PDF ( 550KB )   ( 512 ) The establishment of scientific forewarning system is an important means to solve the crisis of water environment in China. In order to make the correct, fast and intuitive forewarning, this paper introduced Weber-Fechner’s Law from the field of psychology, took water quality monitoring sections of Sanhetun and Ajipu as cases in Liaohe basin, and selected the important water environment quality evaluation indices for the study. On this Basis, the weights of various indicators were determined using entropy Law method, and the values of water environment warning of the two sections were calculated, and the warning models between water level and water environmental quality index were established, in order to quantify the quality of water environment. The results showed that: the level of Sanhetun section was overweight, Ajipu had on no warning status. Therefore, this model can be used for water warning and water quality evaluation in the Liaohe River Basin.

  Study on Ecological Footprint and Sustainable Development in Gulang 2014, 30 (35):  158-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1489 Abstract + ( 530 )   PDF ( 755KB )   ( 444 ) The paper aims to analyze the sustainable development of Gulang in recent years and the feasibility of the current development model and resolve some development problems in time. The ecological footprint (EF) and ecological capacity (EC) of Gulang from 2008 to 2012 were calculated, and the historical change pattern and causes of EF and EC during this period were analyzed based on the ecological footprint analysis, change rate analysis and scissors difference analysis. A forecast model for sustainable development trend of Gulang was developed. The average personal EF gradually increased from 0.837728 to 1.155636 hm2 from 2008 to 2012, whereas the average personal EC declined from 1.876579 to 1.606876 hm2, thus the EF and EC of Gulang developed in opposite directions, which suggested the change was not too obvious. Although there was not an ecological deficit in Gulang, the surplus decreased from 1.048851 to 0.451240 hm2 from 2008 to 2012, indicating that the use of resource was increasing rapidly. Over the same period, the EF per ten thousand yuan GDP decreased, while the ecological occupation rate increased, suggesting that the biologically productive area, the resource utilization rate and the ecological pressure were all increasing. This model forecasts that the average personal EF and EC would be 2.6289 and 0.2368 hm2 , respectively, and the average personal deficit would reach 2.3921 hm2 in 2022. The results further indicate that the ecological environment of Gulang is not safe and the present development model is not sustainable.

  Simulation of Land Use Spatial Pattern Change on County Scale of Yongchuan District in Chongqing 2014, 30 (35):  166-171.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1816 Abstract + ( 575 )   PDF ( 1783KB )   ( 439 ) This article chose Chongqing Yongchuan, which was located in the three gorges reservoir region, as the research area, to classify and analyze the spatial change patterns of land use in 2000, 2005 and 2010 by using GIS technology. The results indicated that Yongchuan district, under the drive of rapid urbanization, had a remarkable increase of urban area and slight increase of forest area. Accordingly, farmland area was reducing in the 10 years as a source of forest and urban land supply. In this paper, the spatial change patterns of land use in 2015 were simulated three times with the CLUE-S model by using the spatial data of land use in 2010 and the driving factors affected land use change. The simulated results show that the forest and urban land expansion will be at the consumption of farmland. Above all, the ecological protection model have a good control effect, thus the forest, grassland and water, which have the ecological service function, should be better protected and increased, and inhibit the rapid expansion of urban construction. The delimitation of ecological protection area is important to the protection of ecological environment.

  Numerical Simulation of the Transport of Soil Water and Solute Based on HYDRUS-1D 孟宪磊 2014, 30 (35):  172-177.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0657 Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 751KB )   ( 846 ) In order to study movement law of water and salt in soil, the author investigated the characteristics of the water flow and salt transport under different irrigation amount by the laboratory soil column experiments. In accordance with the saturated- unsaturated soil water movement and solute transportation theories, mathematical model was built and the transport of soil water and solute was simulated by HYDRUS- 1D to study the soil water and salt migration mechanism. The model was verified using the data of laboratory experiments. The results showed that with irrigation water of 1.4 L, 2.8 L and 4.2 L, salification zone depth were 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm, respectively, and the rate of accumulated salt was 49.2%, 57.6% and 100%, respectively. Desalinization ratio in the surface layer of soil was 87.2% , 93.7% and 96.8% , respectively. Salification zone depth was at above 5 cm the wetting front. The transport of soil water and solute could be better simulated by HYDRUS-1D.

  Effects of Dry-wet Alternation Treatment on Anti-scourability of Soil 2014, 30 (35):  178-184.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1582 Abstract + ( 711 )   PDF ( 952KB )   ( 446 ) In order to investigate the variation of anti-scourability of soil after dry-wet alternation processes in growing season, this study investigated the anti-scourability of four typical types of soil under different dry-wet alternation treatments using undisturbed soil scouring method. The results showed that the influence of drywet alternation on anti- scourability of soil was related with soil type. Loessial soils’anti- scourability was relatively lower and didn’t vary obviously after dry- wet alternation treatment. The coefficient of antiscourability of loessial soils practically remained below 2.5 L·min/g in all treatments. Black soil in northeast China and purple soil in central Sichuan presented had obvious variation of anti-scourability after dry-wet alternation treatment, and the coefficient of anti- scourability would increase above 12.0 L·min/g to 16.0 L·min/g. In the scouring process, the anti-scourability had an increasing trend which was related not only to the measuring device, but also to the nature of soil. For different soil types, the change of anti-scourability during growing season should be divided into influence from crop roots and soil itself, especially for soils that had high anti- scourability. For loessial soil or other soils with low anti- scourability, avoiding scouring of concentrated flow is the key for erosion control.

  The Effects of Irrigation Water Temperature on the Infiltration and Distribution of Soil Water 王久龙,王振华, and 2014, 30 (35):  185-189.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0947 Abstract + ( 509 )   PDF ( 509KB )   ( 505 ) To understand the effects of irrigation water temperature on the infiltration parameters of soil water, soil column experiment was carried out to investigate the infiltration characteristics of water of three temperatures (i.e., 5, 20, 40℃) in a saline alkaline sandy soil. The changes of soil water infiltration and wetting front were studied at different temperatures. The results showed that there was a linear relationship between the moving distance of the wetting front and the square root of time. The parameter α increased in the form of a power function with rising temperature,and the higher the temperature, the steeper the line. In the same time period, the higher the temperature, the longer the wetting front moved. The accumulative infiltration amount had a fairly good linear relationship with the square root of time, and the higher the temperature, the bigger the slope. In the same time period, a larger accumulative infiltration amount was recorded at a higher temperature. The effects of temperature on the moving rate of the wetting front and the infiltration rate of soil water in saline alkaline sandy soil changed with changing temperature, and the higher the temperature, the smaller the effects.

  Typical Vegetation Area EVI Characteristics and Responses to Meteorological Factors in Hainan Island 侯美亭 2014, 30 (35):  190-194.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0618 Abstract + ( 549 )   PDF ( 806KB )   ( 628 ) In this study, MODIS EVI time series image datasets of 2001- 2011were used to analyze EVI temporal and spatial variation characteristics of three kinds of typical vegetation zones, including tropical rainforest, rubber plantation and farmland, and explore the responses to meteorological factors. The results showed that: (1) from space point, the average EVI index of Hainan Island was 0.42, distributed as high in the middle while low in the surrounding, and high in the south while low in the north; (2) from time point, rainforest EVI changed less during the year, seasonal changes was not significant; in contrast, rubber plantation had obvious seasonal changes during the year, with the lowest EVI changes in late winter and rapid EVI growth during spring, then maintained at a high level; farmland had a moderate range of variation between the above two vegetations; annual EVI peak of the three typical vegetation areas was relatively stable, the least value varied greatly and the maximum annual EVI of rubber plantation presented a slightly increasing trend; (3) meteorological factors that limiting the three vegetation areas growth were different, the main limiting factor of farmland was winter sunshine, rubber plantation mostly was affected by whole year precipitation and winter temperatures, and rainforest was benefited by summer heat and influenced by dry winter.

  Analysis of Climate Warming and Frozen Soil Characteristics in Southeast Shanxi Province 2014, 30 (35):  195-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1678 Abstract + ( 575 )   PDF ( 914KB )   ( 502 ) In order to further study the climate warming, soil sealing of thawing, according to the data of temperature, average frozen depths, maximum frozen depths and shallow (5-20 cm) permafrost thaw of 11 meteorological stations in recent 40 years in southeastern Shanxi, the authors used the statistical comparison clustering method to analyze the characteristics of climate warming and climate change of frozen soil. The result showed: the climate warming was evident in southeast Shanxi Province, linear trend of annual increasing rate was 0.3 ℃/10 a, the maximum contribution of warming was winter. As winter climate warming, average frozen depth and maximum frozen depth tended to be decreased. Under the premise of climate warming in winter-spring and autumn-winter, the average freeze ending date and the beginning date of shallow soils were advanced and pushed back respectively, indicated that the shallow soil freezing period was shortening.

  The Variation Characteristic of Different Levels of Precipitation in Guangxi Province in Recent 51 Years 2014, 30 (35):  201-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1507 Abstract + ( 520 )   PDF ( 1753KB )   ( 438 ) Based on the 1961- 2011 precipitation data from 20 meteorological stations in the Guangxi Province, and used the methods of climatic linear regression, Morlet wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall rank analysis and R/S, the authors analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of different levels of precipitation and its change tends in Guangxi. The results indicated that: (1) the annual precipitation in Guangxi presented different tendencies, drizzle rain, light rain and moderate rain had a significant increasing tendency, large rain had an unobvious decreasing tendency and storm rain had an unobvious increasing tendency; (2) it was also found that abrupt changes of different levels of precipitation displayed difference at the 0.05 level, the change of light rain was especially remarkable; (3) the results indicated that the spatial distributions of precipitation of different grades changed from east to west and from south to north, drizzle rain, light rain, moderate rain and large rain had shown declining tendency, but storm rain has shown increasing tendency; at the same time, it was found that difference existed in all meteorological stations that were consistent with the tendency of annual variation; (4) dued to the effects of different factors, different periodical variation was also displayed very clearly at the different levels of Precipitation in Guangxi province; (5) R/S analysis showed that the future variation tendency of different levels of precipitation was consistent with the past.

  Shanxi Storm Weather and Climate Analysis 秦春英, 刘海文, 乔金海, 李延晖 and 梁凤娟 2014, 30 (35):  210-219.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1648 Abstract + ( 599 )   PDF ( 1305KB )   ( 528 ) From the perspective of rainstorm temporal and spatial distribution characteristics, the research used NCEP conventional meteorological data 1957- 2009, combined with weather dynamics and statistics methods, to analyze and study the weather and climate of rainstorm in Shanxi. The results showed that: (1) from climatology, the east of Zhongtiao Mountain was the extremum center of rainstorm in Shanxi, the strength of extreme precipitation center could reach 94 mm. The place of most frequent rainstorm occurrence was in the south of Taihang Mountain, extending to the southeastern Shanxi Area and southern Shanxi area at the east of Zhongtiao Mountain. Another rainstorm frequently occurred place was near the Mount Wutai in Shanxi, showing the enhanced effect of the special terrain of Shanxi on rainstorm. (2) For more than 50 years, rainstorm frequency in Shanxi had decadal variations, from 1957 to 1982, there was more frequency of rainstorms in Shanxi, while from 1983 to 2002, there were fewer rainstorms; after 2003, frequency of rainstorms in Shanxi had been in the increasing stage; (3) the warm air mass for formation of rainstorm in Shanxi was probably the extending of south Asian monsoon to northward, on rainstorm day and 320K isentropic surface, forming a high potential vorticity center in the vicinity of Shanxi, and interacting with the warm moist air from low latitude and resulting in rainstorm in Shanxi.

  The Dynamic Action of Upper-level and Lower-level Jet Stream in Liaoning Regional Rainstorm 于扬, 吴春英, 刘东明, 王阳, 沈斌, 蔡冰 and 刘多文 2014, 30 (35):  220-226.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1304 Abstract + ( 619 )   PDF ( 1457KB )   ( 562 ) Based on the data of conventional observation and the NCEP reanalysis, the author used weather dynamic diagnosis methods to analyze the dynamic processes of upper- level and lower- level jet stream for Liaoning regional rainstorm on 4th- 5th August 2010. The results showed that the heavy rain occurred in the large-scale circulation situation of“East West”，the heavy rainfall occurred between the line of 584 dagpm and 588 dagpm, and the main impact system were the upper trough, the subtropical high and low-level shear line. In heavy rainfall, the upper- level jet stream’s eastward movement played an important role in the development and strengthening of the low-level jet, and could be the important driving force that caused the formation of the LLJ in Liaoning Province. The heavy rainfall occurred at the right side of entrance region of the upper-level jet and the left side of entrance region of the lower-level jet. During heavy rainfall, the descending motions occurred in the north side of the upper-level jet stream, but the sink motion occurred in the southern of the entrance area. It was noteworthy that during rainstorm, there were two low-level jets at 850 hPa, while the ascending branch of the low-level jet provided favorable dynamic conditions. The southerly moving of the sinking branch of the lower-level jet stream provided a favorable moisture conditions. During the powerful jet stream, the secondary circulation which affected rainstorm area was anti-circulation loop that ascending in the Liaoning Province and sinking in the southern of Liaoning Province; in the late stage, along with the jet stream weakened rapidly, the ascending branch of the low-level jet was in the southern of Liaoning province and the sinking branch of the low-level jet in northern Liaoning Province, which formed a Positive circulation. In this process, the presence of two low-level jet streams, the low-level jet secondary circulation just embedded in the high-altitude jet secondary circulation and the conversion of the direction of the secondary circulation were all important features of the heavy rain.

  Temporal-Spatial Distribution Characteristics of the First Soaking Rain in Spring Soaking Season of Liaoning Province and its Synoptic Analysis 陆井龙, 田莉 and 林海峰 2014, 30 (35):  227-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2209 Abstract + ( 560 )   PDF ( 1140KB )   ( 457 ) Based on daily precipitation data of 49 meteorological stations in Liaoning Province from April to May during 1960-2014 and NCEP reanalysis data, the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics and its synoptic conditions of the first soaking rain were analyzed during spring soaking season in Liaoning Province. The results show that evident regional differences exist in the spatial distribution of average date of single station soaking rain，the number of no soaking rain and average soaking rainfall, such as average dates of single station soaking rain are gradually late from east to west. The average date of regional soaking rain is April 19 in recent 55 years, and there are periodic variations about 14，9，5 and 3 years. The most spatial distribution pattern of regional soaking rainfall is that the rainfall distribution decreases gradually from southeast to northwest under the background of the overall consensus, the spatial distribution which in middle and east region are contrary to which in the west is secondly, that is to say, there are soaking rain in middle and east, but not in west, and vice-versa. Upper air circulation of regional soaking rain can be divided into three kinds of synoptic models: deep trough pattern，east Asia invertedΩpattern and short wave trough pattern.

  Risk Assessment Methods Research of Drought Process in Tianshui Rrea 刘亮 and 郭旺文 2014, 30 (35):  234-241.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1483 Abstract + ( 565 )   PDF ( 605KB )   ( 391 ) In order to research the drought process variation of Tianshui Area and carry on quantitative assessment, this research is conducted based on the meteorological data of seven meteorological stations in Tianshui Area from 1965 to 2012. The authors adopted risk assessment, normal distribution and the relevanttheories, firstly determined drought process comprehensive evaluation index; then analyzed the drought process variation of Tianshui Area, and divided risk assessment levels according to the drought process comprehensive evaluation index sequence, and determined the evaluation index of drought return period; finally, evaluated drought process of Tianshui in 2013 by classification index and evaluation index of drought return period. The results showed that the research method could scientifically, timely and effectively do quantitative assessment of drought process of Tianshui. It has a certain reference value and significance to improve the effectiveness of disaster prevention and mitigation and the decision-making for meteorological services.

  Static Analysis of Truss Type Steel Structure for Three-span Sunlight Greenhouse Qie Lijuan,Zhao Xianhui,Xu Guangyi,Zhao Fujiang,Han Xiaoqian,Yin Qingzhen and Han Jianhui 2014, 30 (35):  242-247.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0903 Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 892KB )   ( 578 ) In order to study the rationality and safety of three-span greenhouse, three-dimensional model of a three-span arch truss greenhouse structure was built by the finite element software ANSYS, and the static analysis of the structure was done under a variety of load combinations, its calculation and optimized method were discussed. The results showed that the horizontal rods displacement was too large to meet the design requirements. Based on previous structure, an optimized structure was calculated and analyzed with vertical rods. And the results was closed to the theorical results, moreover, the design was safe and reasonable. The study provided a modeling reference for the new greenhouse and the optimized structure.

  Variation Characteristics of Temperature and Precipitation of Thick Wall Sunlight Greenhouse 2014, 30 (35):  248-254.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0977 Abstract + ( 667 )   PDF ( 872KB )   ( 493 ) In order to explore the microclimate characteristics and inside temperature prediction for sunlight greenhouse in Inner Mongolia, based on the temperature data inside and outside of sunlight greenhouse in Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, the change features of air temperature under the conditions of different seasons (spring, autumn and winter), different weather types (sunny and cloudy) and different periods (day and night), as well as the correlation between indoor temperature and outdoor temperature were analyzed. And on this basis, the prediction models of daily variation and daily minimum temperature of the greenhouse temperature were established, then the accuracy of the models were verified. The results showed that the models fitting accuracy was good and could provide technical support to meteorological service of thick wall sunlight greenhouse.

  Research on Shanghai Vegetable Yield Forecasting Based on Grey Mode GM(1,1) 2014, 30 (35):  255-260.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0811 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 616KB )   ( 664 ) With the change of the social economic development and residents living habits, the diverse demands of vegetable put forward the new requirement to the vegetable industry, but the security of the vegetable supply gradually become the important factor that affect food security and social economic development. The experience of Shanghai urban vegetable industry development is very enlightening in both social and economic area. Based on the data of vegetable yield from 2000 to 2012 in Shanghai, this paper use the GM (1, 1) model to forecast and analyze the Shanghai vegetable yield data between 2013 and 2017. The precision verification of the prediction model shows that the precision of predictive model is good. Model prediction shows that Shanghai vegetable production volume in 2013-2017 has a trend of declining. The relevant government departments should strengthen the corresponding policy support, lead vegetable industry to transform the mode of production development actively, try hard to build the upgrade of Shanghai vegetable industry and endeavor to ensure the security of vegetable supply in Shanghai, promote the healthy and sustainable development of Shanghai urban vegetable industry.

  Expert System for GAP Based on Ontology and Data Mining 2014, 30 (35):  261-268.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0849 Abstract + ( 557 )   PDF ( 673KB )   ( 483 ) In order to resolve the problem that GAP is so complex for farmers to use it accurately, this paper presented the combination of ontology and data mining that could be used to build expert system for GAP in farming products field. This expert system provided the function of GAP control point recommendation which could help farms better understand and use GAP. In the construction of the system, the researchers built the knowledge base of GAP standard with ontology and the preference rule base by analyzing the records of GAP control points from the“GAP production and certification services platform”with the improved association rule algorithm. To recommend the best control points for farms, the researchers designed a control point evaluation model which could allow people to take account of the experience of experts, as well as factors such as preference. The expert system was designed into three layers according to the MVC pattern. The application results showed that the implementation of the expert system could allow users to use GAP accurately and easily.

  Research of Coding Rule for the Elements of Right to Rural Land Contractual Management 易湘生, 李伟方, 裴志远, 胡华浪, 赵虎, 郭琳 and 孙冠楠 2014, 30 (35):  269-273.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1236 Abstract + ( 653 )   PDF ( 552KB )   ( 645 ) Building the coding rules for the elements of right to rural land contractual management is a basic work for the information management of rural land. From the right elements of rural land contractual management, party giving out the contract, contractor, plot of contracted land, contract, certificate of the right to rural land contractual management and register for the certificate of the right to rural land contractual management were chosen as the coding targets. Plot of contracted land and contractor were under the united coding of party giving out the contract on the basis of the relationships among the right elements. The codes of contract were the same as the certificate of the right to rural land contractual management and register for the certificate of the right to rural land contractual management, and were connected with contractor. Based on the code of administrative regionalization, the coding structure, coding method and coding rule of above coding targets were proposed in detail. This research had theoretical and practical significance for improving the efficiency of agriculture administrations and promoting the information construction of the right to rural land contractual management.

  Enhancing Scientific Literacy of Rural Women Based on Modernization and Informatization 张晔 2014, 30 (35):  274-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100132 Abstract + ( 526 )   PDF ( 472KB )   ( 535 ) The paper aims to study the importance, urgency and resource scarcity of enhancing scientific literacy of rural women and analyze the realistic contradiction of scientific popularization requirement and practices. The author, from a perspective of ideological concepts and system and mechanism, discusses the influencing and restraining factors of scientific popularization for rural women and the reasons undermining the effect of current scientific popularization practices. The author also points out that, based on the comprehensive consideration of development trend, target population, focuses, approaches, mechanism and team building, scientific popularization can act as the productive force, and effective ways of its modernization and informatization should be explored to upgrade the integral competence of scientific popularization for rural women.

  Study on the Performance of Cooperative Funds Based on the DEA Model 宋春辉 and 颜华 2014, 30 (35):  278-282.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0746 Abstract + ( 587 )   PDF ( 487KB )   ( 441 ) The authors used the CCR model and the super efficiency model of DEA to analyze the performance of three different mode fund cooperatives in Heilongjiang on the base of investigation. The result was that the performance of fund cooperatives building mainly on the government was good, the performance of fund cooperatives mainly on the special cooperatives was medium, and the performance of spontaneous fund cooperatives was not regular.

  Evaluation of Rural Residential Construction Suitability Based on Matter-element Model 2014, 30 (35):  283-289.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1401 Abstract + ( 665 )   PDF ( 778KB )   ( 432 ) Rural residential construction suitability evaluation was the base of efficient use of rural land resources. The purpose of this paper was to explore the application of the matter-element model in rural residential construction suitability evaluation. In accordance with the relevant standards of related projects, from natural conditions, living conditions and production conditions, we selected 10 indicators to constitute indicator system of rural residential construction suitability evaluation. On the basis of matter element analysis theory, we constructed rural suitability evaluation matter-element model, and used this model to evaluate the status quo residential construction of Ezhou Tingzu Town. The results showed that the matter-element model which could reveal different information of every individual indicator, would be suitable for rural residential construction suitability evaluation of Ezhou Tingzu Town. It was concluded that the use of matter-element model of rural residential construction suitability evaluations would help the intensive use of land conservation and efficient use of land resources integration.

  The Study on the Main Direction of the Government Agricultural Research Investment Based on the Path Analysis 2014, 30 (35):  290-296.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1486 Abstract + ( 536 )   PDF ( 587KB )   ( 433 ) The government provides most of the investment in fundamental, strategic, and non- profit agricultural science research in China, and agricultural research institutes, which take charge of completing numerous fundamental, cutting- edge, and non- profit research tasks, are the main beneficiaries. Such investment is mainly used to support special subject research, scientific research unit operation, basic scientific research for strengthening the development R&D talents, instrument and equipment purchase for improving the basic conditions for agricultural science research, and scientific research building construction and renovation. Over the short term, the government’s overall investment in agricultural science research is constantly increasing. However, the increment of investment in agricultural science development is restricted due to limited government financial resources. As a result, adjusting the investment direction based on the existing investment amount is one of the most important ways to improve the efficiency of fund utilization. Taking the agricultural research institutes as an example, this article uses quantitative and path analysis to determine the main investment direction and propose some related measures and suggestions.

  Fiscal Decentralization, Pro-poor Spending and Poverty Reduction 廖君芳, 崔海兴 and 霍鹏 2014, 30 (35):  297-303.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2159 Abstract + ( 565 )   PDF ( 552KB )   ( 409 ) Based on poverty research and analysis, the article suggests that there is a larger number of people whose income hovering at the poverty line, and these people lack effective means to get out of poverty. Among some Chinese regions, and between urban and rural areas, there are significant differences in temporarily poverty rates. Through some researches and analysis base on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data, we conduct researches to test that assumption. The results show that: (1) among the effective samples we get from CHNS, 25.87% of the households has been in temporarily poverty and the temporarily poverty rate is much larger than the samples of long-term poverty rates; (2) based on comparisons, temporarily poverty rate of economically backward areas and some rural areas is higher than that in developed regions and urban areas. Finally, the paper proposes some policies that based on the results of this study: (1) enhancing the efforts to eliminate capability poverty, particularly by providing free training of intermediate application technologies and skills; (2) continue to promote the integration of policies, which should focus on less developed areas and economic development in rural areas.

  Analysis of Impact Factors and Yield Growth Approach of Grain Production in Commodity Grain Production Base of Northeast China——A Case Study of Dehui City 2014, 30 (35):  304-309.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1321 Abstract + ( 575 )   PDF ( 608KB )   ( 671 ) Northeast China plays a strategic role in safeguarding national grain security, so it is necessary to research the impact factors and growth approach of the region’s grain production. Taking Dehui City as a case, the paper analyzed the change characteristics of the amount of grain planting area, labor of grain planting, amounts of chemical fertilizer application and the total power of agricultural machinery, and measured the relationship and the impact extent between the above four factors and the grain yield with C-D production function. The results showed that, the amounts of chemical fertilizer and total power of agricultural machinery were the two significant impact factors on the change of grain yield, and when the amount of the above two indicators rise 1%, the amount of grain yield raised 0.4944% and 0.3113%, respectively. Finally, the paper provided approaches and countermeasures on grain yield growth from four aspects, i.e. the application amount and methods of chemical fertilizers, total power of agricultural machinery, water-land conservation and grain policy.

  Hydrolysis Kinetics and Mechanism of Halosulfuron-methyl 2014, 30 (35):  310-313.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0415 Abstract + ( 882 )   PDF ( 524KB )   ( 682 ) To explicit the dynamics parameter of hydrolysis of halosulfuron- methyl and the influence of halosulfuron- methyl on environment, the dynamics of halosulfuron- methyl hydrolysis were studied in laboratory simulation experiments at different pH, different water by efficient HLPC-UV. The results showed that the hydrolysis of halosulfuron- methyl was faster in basic media than under acidic conditions, the corresponding half-lives were 0.7 d and 8.9 d. However, the hydrolysis was the slowest in neutral conditions and the half-lives was 14.6 d, indicating that halosulfuron-methyl was stable in neutral water. The hydrolysis rates in 4 different types of water were: lake water＞river water＞field water＞distilled water. The results could provide scientific basis to guide the reasonable use of halosulfuron-methyl and the future environmental risk assessments.

  A Review of Plant Root Exudates 2014, 30 (35):  314-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1453 Abstract + ( 631 )   PDF ( 603KB )   ( 1397 ) Root exudates acted as important medium between plant and the environment for transmissions of material, energy and information via root. The collection, identification and functional assessment of rood exudates consisted the core content of relative researches on plant nutrition, plant secondary metabolism and environmental remediation. This paper summarized the effects and influencing factors of root exudates, reviewed the recent progress in collection, isolation, purification and identification so as to provide useful reference to the study of root exudate.