Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.12 Published:25 May 2011

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  Recent Progress of the Blast Resistance Genes on Chromosome 11 in Rice 2011, 27 (12):  1-6.  Abstract + ( 1346 )   PDF ( 559042KB )   ( 1334 ) The distribution and structure characteristics of blast resistance (R) genes on the rice physical and genetic maps have been gradually elucidated, as many blast R genes have been identified and cloned in recent years. These R genes are distributed on all of the rice genome except on chromosome 3.Among them, at least 24 R genes are located on chromosome 11. In this paper, we review the recent research progress on mapping and cloning of blast resistance genes in rice. In particularly, we focus on the distribution and structure characteristics of blast R genes and resistance gene analogues located on chromosome 11. Exploitation and application of new R genes on rice blast resistance breeding by marker aided selection is also discussed.

  Research Progress of Water and Fertilizer Coupling of Cereal Crops 2011, 27 (12):  7-12.  Abstract + ( 981 )   PDF ( 544525KB )   ( 1127 ) This paper summarizes the main research progress in water and fertilizer coupling of cereal crops at home and abroad, the meaning of water and fertilizer coupling, its effects on plant growth, yield, water and fertilizer use efficiency, physiological characteristics, soil nutrient changes and cereal quality. The future research aspects are presented.

  Research Progress on Construction of the Molecular Genetic Linkage Maps of Cassava 2011, 27 (12):  13-18.  Abstract + ( 1059 )   PDF ( 581528KB )   ( 1119 ) This paper is intended to give an account of the basic concepts of the molecular genetic map, analyzes the selection of molecular makers and construction of mapping population in construction of the molecular genetic maps of cassava, summerizes internal and external research progress on construction of the molecular genetic maps of cassava, probe into application prospect of construction of the molecular genetic maps of cassava, and combine the construction of the molecular genetic maps of cassava to deeply investigate the problems in construction of the map.

  A Study on the Relationship between Leaf Temperature of Rice and Meteorological Factors 2011, 27 (12):  19-23.  Abstract + ( 1241 )   PDF ( 783600KB )   ( 1131 ) Temperature difference between leaf and air (TDBLA) is one of the most important elements in the process of eco-physiology. Using the data of rice leaf temperature and meteorological elements at the development of booting-heading in the paddy field, their relationships were constructed. Firstly, sunlit leaf surface temperature was always a little higher than the shaded of it synchronously, but sustainable change was existed as time goes by. Secondly, strong correlations were established between leaf temperature and air temperature, between TDBLA and air temperature, between TDBLA and air relative humidity, or between TDBLA and saturated vapour pressure deficit (VPD); in particular, the parabolic equation between TDBLA and VPD was the most notable. To sum up, TDBLA was aroused along with energy transmission during rice transpiration, which was highly effected by meteorological factors. Based on the result, leaf temperature was obtained indirectly, and then crop water stress index and high temperature damage could be evaluated.

  Analysis of Genetic Similarity Based on SSR Markers of the Rice Varieties from Different Geographic Regions 2011, 27 (12):  24-30.  Abstract + ( 1464 )   PDF ( 987266KB )   ( 1285 ) The study was conducted to evaluate the genetic similarity between the major commercial and the landraces rice varieties in Yunnan and the rice varieties from different geographic regions. The genetic similarity and cluster of 90 accessions of tested rice variety from 9 countries were analyzed using 48 SSR markers. The results showed that totally 269 numbers of allele (Na) were detected among these tested rice varieties with the average number of alleles per pair of primers was 5.604, with a range from 3 to 10. Totally 159.775 effective number of alleles (Ne) were detected with the average number of effects per pair of primers was 3.329, with a range from 1.578 to 6.090. The average value of locus polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.661, with a range from 0.366 to 0.836. The range of genetic similar index among tested rice varieties from different countries was from 0.021 to 0.875, with the average of 0.328. Cluster analysis results showed that 90 tested varieties could be distinguished as indica and japonica at the similarity coefficient level of 0.212. Cluster analysis could be classified better into groups according to geographical regions also. The genetic similarity of japonica was higher than that of indica among the subspecies. On the basis of the above data, the genetic diversity of the landraces was higher, but the genetic similarity was higher among the improved japonica rice varieties from Yunnan province. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to both conservation of rice landraces as well as to the study of differentiation between Oryza sativa indica and japonica subspecies in Yunnan province.

  Research on Soda Saline-Alkali Soil Rice Absorb Fertilizer Rule in Conditions of Different Aluminum Sulfate Apply 2011, 27 (12):  31-35.  Abstract + ( 1251 )   PDF ( 619559KB )   ( 977 ) The text of soda saline-alkali soil rice apply to the improvement of aluminum sulfate which the study, the effects of the different aluminum sulfate use level to rice absorb N, P and K nutritional and rice production. The experiment results showed that the soda saline-alkali in the rice fields which to apply for aluminum sulfate, rice absorbing capacity of the N, P and K fertilizer increased. The P increased the most obvious. The maximum value of rice absorbed N and P content in the mature period. There was no laws about the different to use level of aluminum sulfate to rice absorb nutrition. In the condition of aluminum sulfate used level for 300 kg/hm2, the rice production highest. The soda saline-alkali soil provided for fertilizer a low ability. In this fertilizer nitrogen the time was to improve the utilization rate apply to the important measures to increase the output was also an important guarantee. Aluminum sulfate application of increase apparent P recovery rates. In the rice grown in soda saline-alkali soil attention should be improved with aluminum sulfate reasonable application and strengthen the effectiveness of the study in the future.

  Study on Character Variation of ‘Lankaoaizao8’ Induced by Pingyangmycin and Assessment of Genetic Diversity of the Descendant Using SSR Markers 2011, 27 (12):  36-41.  Abstract + ( 1179 )   PDF ( 1343530KB )   ( 989 ) For invent the new germplasm line by mutator gene, we had been injected the aqua of pingyangmycin in each concentration between 0-50 μg/mL into the growing point in stem tip of the wheat ‘Lankaoaizao8’. There were many descendants had been mutated in plant height, waxiness, awn, ear type, chlorophylle, maturation. We had owned many unaltered germplasm line by subsequent continuous selection in the variational descendants. Detect the DNA of ‘Lankaoaizao8’、pyms-6、 pyms-2 using SSR markers. There were many differential fragments which had been found by the Prime xgwm148, xgwm645, xgwm6, xgwm107, xgwm213, xgwm219, xgwm260, xgwm400, xgwm295. In molecular level，It had been attested that Injected the aqua of pingyangmycin into the growing point in stem tip of the wheat at growth phase is a feasible program to Induced mutator gene of the wheat.

  Influence of Warm Winter and Cold Winter Year on Wintering Ability and Heading Stage in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) 2011, 27 (12):  42-47.  Abstract + ( 1274 )   PDF ( 623143KB )   ( 1125 ) For breading the new wheat varieties which have strong resistance to winter and mature normally in Cold Winter Year and solve the problems of freeze injury and late-maturing usually happened in wheat production, we study comparatively the death degree, buried depth of tillering node and heading stage of high hybrid winter wheat generation materials from Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology in 2008-2009 year (warm winter year) and 2009-2010 year (cold winter year). The results showed that the related coefficient between depth of tillering node and death rate in winter was -0.6185, and they were in extremely notable difference, the related coefficient between the death degree and death rate in winter was 0.1635, and they were not in notable difference, and selection method of buried depth of tillering node was superior to the method of death degree, especially in warm winter the death degree had bad reliability. Cold winter year could make heading stage of winter wheat lag behind in different degrees. We compared 2008-2009 year (warm winter year) with 2009-2010 year (cold winter year) and found that the heading stage of wheat in 2009-2010 year was postponed by 7-14 days and make notable differences compared with warm winter year. The bigger differences between them, the more sensitive the temperature and light reaction was, and the smaller and the more slowness. Our research put forward that it is practicable to select and breed new strong winter wheat varieties which is slowness in temperature and light reaction on the basic of using the index of deep buried of tillering node and the D-value of heading stage in cold winter year and warm winter year.

  Expression Analysis of Three Wheat Resistance-related Genes Induced by Blumeria Graminis 2011, 27 (12):  48-51.  Abstract + ( 1157 )   PDF ( 645806KB )   ( 1404 ) Wheat Powdery mildew is one important disease in wheat yield. It is an effective method for the control of the disease to study molecular mechanism of wheat resistance to powdery mildew and utilize resistance genes. Based on obtained resistance-related sequences from wheat landrace ‘Hongyoumai’ induced by Blumeria graminis, three pairs of primers were synthesized to analyze expression patterns of three genes chitinase, alternative oxidase and MAP kinase homolog in homogeneous resistant F3 progeny plants and susceptible F3 progeny plants derived from ‘Hongyoumai×Yumai13’, which respectively, represent different interaction patterns between plant and pathogen , results will help elucidate molecular mechanism of ‘Hongyoumai’ resistance to powdery mildew.

  Identification of Leaf Rust Resistance Gene in Wheat Line LB0288 2011, 27 (12):  52-55.  Abstract + ( 1497 )   PDF ( 705898KB )   ( 1015 ) The objective of this study was to identify leaf rust resistance gene and its closely linked molecular markers in LB0288. In order to make use of the leaf rust resistance gene in LB0288 effectively, F1 and F2 populations from the cross LB0288/Thatcher were tested with pathotype FHTT for following marker analysis. The results indicated that LB0288 carried a single dominant resistance gene Lr1, closely linked to the STS markers of Lr1 and SSR marker barc144, with genetic distances of 0 cM and 5.3 cM, respectively. Based on the chromosomal location and seedling reactions, it could be concluded that LB0288 carried resistance gene Lr1.

  Study on Water Use Efficiency of Dryland Wheat Varieties 2011, 27 (12):  56-59.  Abstract + ( 1462 )   PDF ( 546549KB )   ( 1462 ) There were twelve dryland wheat varieties that widely planted or new released in Shanxi Province, the difference of grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) and other traits of these different wheat varieties were studied under rainfed condition in the south of Shanxi Province. The results showed that there were distinct genetic difference in yield, WUE, rainfall productivity among these wheat varieties, according with their yield and WUE these varieties could be classed three kinds as follows, one type was high yield and high WUE type, its yield is above 2900 kg/hm2, WUE was 16.89 kg/(hm2?mm); the second type was middle yield and middle WUE, its yield was between 2700 and 2900 kg/hm2, WUE was 16.08 kg/(hm2?mm); the third type was low yield and low WUE, its yield was below 2700 kg/hm2, WUE was 15.62 kg/(hm2?mm). There was difference in water consumption coefficient and rainfall productivity among these wheat varieties. The range of water consumption coefficient amounts to 132.11. The range of rainfall productivity amounts to 2.81 kg/(hm2?mm). That meant the variety that with good drought resistance and high WUE and high yield traits could be breed by genes convergent cross, Meanwhile, high yield and high WUE varieties should be widely planted in dryland, middle yield and middle WUE should be plant as the collocation varieties in dryland.

  Study of Wheat Strip Rust Affects on the Seed Physiological Character 2011, 27 (12):  60-62.  Abstract + ( 1068 )   PDF ( 482989KB )   ( 1029 ) Wheat strip rust, caused by Puccinia striformis f.sp.tritici, is one of the most important diseases in China as well as in the world. It is becoming more and more severe, due to the overuse of water and fertilization as well as the change of agriculture cultivation system. Strip rust not only had the serious influence on wheat yield, but also seed biological character such as viability. In this study, susceptible cultivar ‘MY11’ was crossed with resistant wheat line ‘R212’ and ‘582-584’, respectively. Two F2:3 family lines, produced from above two cross combinations, which were used to investigate the biological character such as viability. The results indicated that the viability of seeds of susceptible plant was significant lower than that of resistant plants in the cross combination ‘MY11’/’R212’ while the difference was not obvious in ‘MY11’/‘582-584’. Comparing analysis suggested that wheat stripe rust would reduce the seed ability to grow and the degree of reduction would depend on the background of various genetic. This article affords primary evidences to further study of the degeneration of wheat resistance to stripe rust and wheat resistance breeding.

  Response of Post-anthesis Assimilates Remobilization and Yield to Nitrogen Management in Wheat Cultivar with Different Spike-types 2011, 27 (12):  63-67.  Abstract + ( 1208 )   PDF ( 532757KB )   ( 1174 ) Two wheat cultivars with different spike types, ‘Yannong19’ and ‘Lankaoaizao8’, used as materials, the effect of the different amount of nitrogen and nitrogen fertilizer proportion on the wheat vegetative organs pre-anthesis transport and partitioning of assimilates, post-anthesis accumulation and transfer of assimilates, and grain yield under condition of the field was conducted in this study. Results indicated that, when nitrogen levels was in the range of 225-300 kg/hm2, multi-spike types wheat ‘Yannong19’ and large spike-types wheat ‘Lankaoaizao8’ grain yield were mainly formed by photosynthetic assimilation of green organs after flowering, then followed by distribution of dry matter accumulation before flowering. But the grain yield of large spike-types cultivar ‘Lankaoaizao8’, which more depended on photosynthetic assimilation of green organs after flowering than multi-spike type cultivar ‘Yannong19’. Distribution of dry matter accumulation was only run about 15% of grain yield between them. Two spike types wheat under the storage of material before flowering, mobilized the contributions allocated to grain yield, which were decreased after the shift with the nitrogen. To integrate material operation and yield performance, the nitrogen amount of ‘Yannong 19’ was 300 kg/hm2, based recovery proportion 5:5 was more appropriate. The nitrogen amount 262.2 kg/hm2 for ‘Lankaoaizao8’, its based recovery was more appropriate when the proportion of 7:3.

  Influences of Water Stress on Growth and Development of Maize and Yield 2011, 27 (12):  68-72.  Abstract + ( 1183 )   PDF ( 611601KB )   ( 1286 ) The response of maize growth and yield formation to water stress were investigated by controlling water in rain-proof shelter. The results showed the degree of slow development of maize and yields decrease resulted from the degree level of water stress vary in different stages. Drought stress on plant height inhibitory effect shows：the jointing Booting stage >the tasselling silking stage> the seedling stage. Drought stress while the control during seedling. The treated plants were rewatered, which the plant height get compensation growth. Affected by water stress ear weight, grain weight and amount of grain were the reduced tendency, which Variation amplitude shows: kernel number > ear weight> grain weight, drought stress in different growth stages reduced production rate shows the tasseling silking stage > the jointing Booting stage > the seedling stage. Water stress in Seedling, jointing booting and tasseling silking stages resulted in degree level of maize yield decreasing to achieve the above 30%, 70% and 90%.

  QTL Mapping for Ear Height in Sweet Corn 2011, 27 (12):  73-76.  Abstract + ( 1387 )   PDF ( 2243728KB )   ( 1078 ) In this study, cross combination was designed by selecting two sweet corn inbred (T14 and T4) different significantly in ear height. Using 330 F2 individuals as genetic mapping population, we carried out QTL screening in whole corn genome with the methods of multiple interval mapping (CIM). The result indicated that 7 QTL in chromosome 3, 4, 8, 9, 10 were screened correlating with ear height trait in F2:3 families, accounting for 3.2%-13.3% of phenotypic variance. The QTL of ear height from this study may improve the procedure of high yield, density and lodging resistance breeding and molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS).

  Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate and Combined Application of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on Yield in Summer Maize and on Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency 2011, 27 (12):  77-81.  Abstract + ( 1281 )   PDF ( 532942KB )   ( 976 ) A field experiment was carried out to study the influence of combined application of organic and chemical fertilizer under different nitrogen levels on yield in Summer Maize and on nitrogen utilization efficiency. The results showed that: the impact of nitrogen application rate on the directions of nitrogen fertilizers was great. The more of nitrogen application rate, the number of the apparent residue rate, leaching loss and gaseous loss all were increaser. When nitrogen fertilizer rate under the level of 200 kg/hm2, the apparent utilization showed increase, while under the level of 200 kg/hm2, the apparent utilization shows decline. The ratio of organic fertilizer was greater. The rate of apparent utilization and rate of leaching loss was lower, but the apparent residual rate was higher; the rate of gaseous loss was lowest under the condition of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer. The main loss of nitrogen fertilizer was leaching loss. Taking a comprehensive consideration nitrogen among nitrogen application rate and the apparent residue rate and leaching loss, the best nitrogen level was 200 kg/hm2 provided by organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer with the proportion of 75% and 25% respectively.

  Regulation of Subsoiling on Premature Senescence of Corn 2011, 27 (12):  82-86.  Abstract + ( 1274 )   PDF ( 533108KB )   ( 1037 ) Premature senescence may induce reduction of the corn yield and severely degrade the corn quality. At present, solving premature senescence becomes a research emphasis for many agriculturists. Based on deep plow pan layers existed in agricultural production, This review summarizes advance in the regulatory effect of subsoiling in breaking plow pan layers on delaying premature senescence of corn. The overview concludes the relationship between root and aboveground part of corn, influences of subsoiling on soil water storage capacity, soil bulk density, soil enzymatic activity and rhizosphere microorganisms as well as root growth and development and so on. At the same time, a prospect for solving premature senescence of corn in terms of cultivation and farming is presented in this article, which may provide a help for solving this problem.

  Variation of Maize Inbred Lines SP3 by Space Flight 2011, 27 (12):  87-90.  Abstract + ( 1423 )   PDF ( 512175KB )   ( 1001 ) To provide the theoretical basis for the mutant lines’ application, the variation of the main characters of SP3 mutants of three wide-used maize inbred lines were compared with CK, and the mutagenic effects were analyzed. The variation range, coefficient of variation and average of characters in the SP3 mutants were compared with CK, meanwhile, t-test was taken for the average of traits. Many traits of the lines of mutation SP3 were produced significant variation. And it provided the basis for selecting different types of germplasm materials. In this study, the variance of plant characters tended to shorter plants and smaller leaf area for three maize inbred lines. It was good for selecting a dwarf and thin leaf mutations. There was little significance for selection because of small ear traits variation. However, the variances of growth period and tassel traits had different comparatively. Different materials and their different characters had different mutated effects treating by space flight, so it is important to select mutated materials in the breeding.

  Construction of Plant Expression Vector of Soybean GmMYB12B2 Gene and Transformation in Tobacco 2011, 27 (12):  91-95.  Abstract + ( 1412 )   PDF ( 801159KB )   ( 1451 ) In order to study the application of GmMYB12B2 gene in transgenic plants involving flavonoids metabolism, the plant expression vector PPZP-GmMYB12B2 was constructed, in which the GmMYB12B2gene was driven by the constitutive promoter CaMV35S. The constructed expression vector was transformed into EHA105 strain by freeze -thaw method. Leaf segments of tobacco were inoculated with EHA105 containing plasmid PPZP-GmMYB12B2. The transgenic lines were selected by PCR detection, in nine random transgenic tobaccos, six of them were positive plants. The result showed that GmMYB12B2 gene had been integrated into the genome of tobacco.

  Effect on Spring Sorghum Photosynthesis and Water Use of Alternate Furrow Irrigation 2011, 27 (12):  96-100.  Abstract + ( 1107 )   PDF ( 606151KB )   ( 965 ) In order to improve irrigation efficiency, and make use of water-saving irrigation techniques to sorghum, the tests were carried out. Use the method of randomized block experiment to study save-efficient of sorghum. It compared the alternate furrow irrigation at different amount to the traditional flood irrigation. The results showed that, using alternate furrow irrigation when the irrigation water reached 75 mm, the change of the photosynthetic parameters, such as the stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate and other ones was not significant compare with the irrigation amount was 135 mm, and the yield considerable. But alternate furrow irrigation can increase water use efficiency 11.94%, reduce evaporation 32.49%, and saving irrigation water 44.44%. Use of alternate furrow irrigation had significant water saving effect in condition of considerable yield.

  The Study on Polyamine Metabolism in Leaves during Flower Formation in the Early-maturing Mutant of Brassica Napus L. 2011, 27 (12):  101-105.  Abstract + ( 1060 )   PDF ( 674130KB )   ( 993 ) Dynamic changes of polyamine metabolism during flower formation in rape (Brassica Napus L.) were studied with three cultivars ‘Fuyou No.4’, RG-8 and its early-maturing mutant (RG-8M). The results showed that the lower levels of polyamines (mainly putrescine and spermidine) were benefit to induct floral bud differentiation of rape. The higher levels of polyamines were benefit for floral bud development. And what’s more, the earlier-maturing cultivar was earlier to reach the high level of polyamines. The PAO activity and the content of total polyamines in the leaves changed in parallel, and there was a significantly positive relationship between them. It showed that the higher PAO activity were also benefit for flowering.

  Change of Starch, Reducing Sugar and Amylase Activity of potato during Storage in the Caves Warehouse 2011, 27 (12):  106-111.  Abstract + ( 1114 )   PDF ( 631404KB )   ( 1266 ) In order to explore the caves warehouse storage effect of quality of potato in Minle county, Gansu province. We collected nine cultivars of potatoes from the Minle county, Gansu province to evaluate the starch, reducing sugar content and amylase activity which stored at different storage periods. The results indicate that with the storage period developed, the starch content of the most potatoes were showed increase-decrease-increase-decrease, reducing sugar contents were showed increase-decrease, and amylase activity were showed increase-decrease-increase-decrease. During January to February, the lowest temperature in a year, the starch content and amylase activity reached their minimum level (12.68%-22.47%) and （0.43-0.87 mg/(g?min), respectively, but the reducing sugar achieved their maximum level (0.43%-2.41%).The caves warehouse was of benefit to storage of potato. Pearson correlation matrix analysis showed that, reducing sugar content and amylase activity negatively correlated with starch, but amylase activity positively correlated with reducing sugar content. Between the reducing sugar and starch content had a dynamic balance. From the reducing sugar and starch to analyze these two indexes, ‘Qinshu 6’ and ‘Tongshu 23’ were suitable for cooking using, the three varieties of ‘Atlantic’, ‘Shepody’ and ‘LK-99’ were more suitable for production and processing, and processing has to complete before the February of the next year to assure quality

  Induction of the Microtuber of Dioscorea alata L. in Vitro 2011, 27 (12):  112-116.  Abstract + ( 1357 )   PDF ( 617268KB )   ( 1275 ) By studying the effect of IBA, BA, sucrose, short-illumination and difference temperature of day and night on the induction of microtuber of Dioscorea alata L., to determine the impact factors of the microtuber’s farmation and screening the best training schemes. With Dioscorea alata L. tissue culture in vitro shoot as materials, research the influence of plant hormones, sucrose concentration, the time of light and between day and night processing on Dioscorea alata L. microtuber’s formation. Add plant hormones can promote the Dioscorea alata microtubers formed early, IBA and BA play a role of synergy. It was proved that appropriate sucrose concentration had significant effect on the farmation of Dioscorea alata L. microtubers, no or low level of sucrose causes none forming microtubers and high levels of sucrose lead to inhibition on the growth of Dioscorea alata L.. The suitable concentration that induced more and bigger microtubers was IBA 2.0 mg/L + BA 0.5 mg/L + sucrose 60 g/L. Short light and day and night temperature could also improve the microtuber induction rate, numbers and sizes. Plant hormones, day and light temperature, sucrose concentration were important factors for microtubers formation. The interaction was existed between IBA and BA, and it was affected by sucrose concentration, illumination and temperature conditions. Sucrose existion decided microtubers formation directly.

  A Study of Visible Spectrum to Soil Nutrient Parameters 2011, 27 (12):  117-123.  Abstract + ( 1252 )   PDF ( 698908KB )   ( 1049 ) This study tried to characterize comprehensively on soil nutrient status by spectral reflectance, define its main parameters and technical points. We collected 63 soil samples from Loess Plateau, measured its 14 nutrient-related soil parameters and visual band spectral reflectance in laboratory. And then, choose five categories of nutrient parameters which have large correlation coefficient with spectral reflectivity to made predictive models. At last, fit the predicted value and measured value to test its predictive effect. Results indicated that: The correlation coefficient between the First Derivative of spectral reflectivity (R′ value) and soil nutrients parameters is much larger than spectral reflectivity (R value) and spectral reflectivity’s Logarithm of Reciprocal (A value). The correlation coefficients of the predictive models to SOC, CEC, TN, AN, AK are over 0.74. The prediction equation of SOC, CEC are y = -24.19x + 4.049, y = -126.3x + 20.54, respectively. Corresponding correlation coefficients (r) are 0.9282, 0.9273, and best predictive wavelengths are 560nm, 520nm; The r value in inversion test models are 0.7886, 0.5401, while standard deviation are 0.1443, 0.627. Soil visible spectrum maintains the potential of characterizing soil nutrient comprehensively, and multiple factors analysis make the information of soil nutrients reflected fully and accurately.

  Research on Soil Nutrient Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Rice Field-Upland Field Rotation of Anhui Province 2011, 27 (12):  124-129.  Abstract + ( 1170 )   PDF ( 662816KB )   ( 990 ) This paper chosen the main influence factors of soil nutrients including total nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and two kinds of trace elements zinc and boron these 6 indicators were selected to build model by fuzzy mathematical method to determine their membership function and process. The weight of each indicator was determined by the "Expert Grading System". And Integrated Soil Nutrient Status of each county (district) could be calculated by using the result of fuzzy evaluation. Results show that Integrated Soil Nutrient Status of Guichi and Lujiang County (District) belonged to second stage, being higher level; Feidong, Wuwei and Juchao County (District) belonged to third stage , being secondary level; Mingguang County (District) belong to forth stage , being lower level. In addition, comparing the results of fuzzy evaluation with exponential sum method was consistent. These two kinds of methods could be used for soil nutrient comprehensive evaluation.

  Contributions to Improving Saline-Alkali Soil by Planting Rice 2011, 27 (12):  130-133.  Abstract + ( 1126 )   PDF ( 576765KB )   ( 1038 ) In order to further study the positive effect of planting rice in different years to saline-alkali soil and the biochemical characteristic change of the improving soil. With the contradictions between population growth and declining availability of land, improving use of saline-alkali soil becomes a hot issue in the sustainable use of world resources. In this study, the author used unimproved and improved saline-alkali soil through different years with rice method as material, through analysis of pH value and total soluble salts and microorganisms of different profiles, defined the trends in soil quality through different years of improvement. The results showed that pH value and total soluble salts decreased gradually, but microorganisms were increasing with years. The soil quality improved significantly with rice method. After improved years, plant growth could benefit from soil properties, which is important for the use of sodic-soil and yield elevation.

  Factors Affecting the Dissolution and Availability of Phosphate Rock in Flooded Paddy Soils 2011, 27 (12):  134-139.  Abstract + ( 1174 )   PDF ( 479666KB )   ( 1041 ) Two P fertilizer of varying solubility, namely, Wucun phosphate rock (WPR), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), were incubated with twelve flooded paddy soils to quantify factors affecting the dissolution and availability of PR, the twelve paddy soils were sampled from Jinhua, Zhejiang province. Results showed the amounts of WPR dissolution (?NaOH-P) was negatively correlated with soil pH (P<0.01), exchangeable calcium and soil silt content (P<0.05), positively correlated with soil clay content (P<0.05). Stepwise multiple regression indicated that KCl extractable pH was the soil property that most affected PR dissolution, soil pH and adsorption parameter K together accounted for 78% of the variation in PR dissolution. The increase of soil available P (ΔResin-P) after WPR application was positively correlated with soil Olsen-P (P<0.01). Percentage of ΔResin-P by ΔNaOH-P after WPR application was positively correlated with soil Olsen-P (P<0.01), negatively correlated with soil clay content and Xm (P<0.01). Stepwise multiple regression indicated that soil Olsen-P and Xm were the soil properties that mainly affected percentage of ΔResin-P by ΔNaOH-P after WPR application.

  Preliminary Research on the Stability of Y12’s Fermentation Product from Tobaccos 2011, 27 (12):  140-143.  Abstract + ( 1118 )   PDF ( 640185KB )   ( 1122 ) The paper conducted a research on the stability of Y12’s Fermentation Product, with factors like heat, pH value, ultraviolet irradiation and time duration under normal temperature being considered. It is indicated in the experiments that Y12’s fermentation product maintains stable under various degrees of heat, ultraviolet irradiations and acid environments, with the activity ratio keeping at 88.3% after showered by the 90℃ water for 30 minutes and 90.8% after irradiated by the ultraviolet for 7 hours; however, when situated under the alkaline environments, its activity ratio will decrease evidently, with no activity when the pH value reaching 11. Besides, its stability will also decrease with time going on under normal temperature, with the activity ratio keeping at only 59.7% after 8 days.

  Effect of Paenibacillus polymyxa on Nitrate Content in Rape 2011, 27 (12):  144-148.  Abstract + ( 1103 )   PDF ( 671487KB )   ( 1486 ) Excessive nitrate content in vegetables is a threat to human health. How to decrease nitrate content in vegetables is a very important issue for human. The effect of Paenibacillus polymyxa on nitrate content in rape was researched in this study. The conclusion showed that P. polymyxa could obviously decrease nitrate content in rapes, when nitrate content was high after exerting urea in soil and the content was higher than the state standard (3000 mg/kg). The nitrate content was similar after exerting P. polymyxa fermentation liquor to the contrast with no exerting urea in soil. This effect was disappeared after the P. polymyxa fermentation liquor was heat-inactivated. Density of P. polymyxa fermentation liquor (3×105 CFU/mL to 3×107 CFU/mL) could obviously decrease nitrate content in rapes. When the concentration of P. polymyxa fermentation liquor was increased, the effect of decreasing nitrate content in rapes was more obvious.

  Study on Antibacterial Activity of Extract of Submerged Fermentation Products and Sclerotium of Phaeoporus obliquus 2011, 27 (12):  149-152.  Abstract + ( 1190 )   PDF ( 602580KB )   ( 975 ) The antibacterial activity of submerged fermentation products and sclerotium of Phaeoporus obliquus were investigated and compared. The effective components of submerged fermentation products and sclerotium of Phaeoporus obliquus was extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water as the solvents resp. Perforated method was adopted to detect the antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 extra fractions. The result showed that the extra of Phaeoporus obliquus had inhibition on aureus staphylococcus and bacillus subtilis and the ethyl acetate fractions fractions and butanol fractions showed evident antibacterial effect, but all of the water fractions had no antibacterial effect. The antibacterial activity of the extra of mycelium was similar to the extra of Sclerotium. The study provided theoretical foundation for developing submerged fermentation products of Phaeoporus obliquus.

  Studies on Low-affinity Na+ Absorption Rate of Suaeda maritime 2011, 27 (12):  153-158.  Abstract + ( 1259 )   PDF ( 539405KB )   ( 945 ) Seed of Suaeda maritima (L.) were collected from a salt marsh at East Sussex, United Kingdom, in 2003. Seeds were germinated on filter paper and kept in petri dishes and wetted sterile water at 23-28℃. After 7 days of germination, seedlings were carefully transplanted to solution culture with modified Hangland nutrient solution containing:6 mmol/L KNO3, 1 mmol/L NH4H2PO4, 0.5 mmol/L MgSO4, 0.5 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2, 92 μmol/L H3BO3, 0.6 μmol/L CuSO4, 0.7 μmol/L (NH4)6MO7O24, 18 μmol/L MnCl2, 1.6 μmol/L ZnSO4, 60 μmol Fe-citrate. After 21 days in solution culture, then plants were treated with 150 mmol/L NaCl for 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h. Fresh weight, Dry weight and Na+ content of root, stem and leaf were determined according to different treatment time. Na+ absorption rate of Suaeda maritime was analyzed. The results showed that Na+ absorption rate of Suaeda maritima had no significant differences under different time when plants were treated with 150 mmol/L NaCl. So the treatment time in connection with Na+ absorption pathway should be supposed to 48 h. It did not only save on manpower, material resources and financial resources but also get twofold results with half the effort.

  Effect of Granular Diameter and Coating Thickness on Fertilization Efficiency of CRFs 2011, 27 (12):  159-162.  Abstract + ( 1079 )   PDF ( 636953KB )   ( 1038 ) It’s to select a treatment of CRF which consumed less coating material but had better controlling effect to realize the purpose to reduce the cost of CRF. This paper studied the effects of granular diameter (D1=2.5-3 mm, D2=4-5 mm), the coating thickness (CTh1 = 50 g/m2, CTh2 = 70 g/m2) on biomass, nitrogen content, nitrogen use efficiency of maize, and fertilization efficiency of controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) by the pot experiment. The results showed that: granular diameter and coating thickness had significant influence on nitrogen content of maize in the first-crop and second-crop, and had little effect in the third-crop. Granular diameter and coating thickness had significant influence on nitrogen use efficiency of maize in single-crop and the cumulative three crops, but coating thickness treatment of nitrogen use efficiency was higher or significant higher than compound fertilizer treatment. Granular diameter had little effect on the biomass, big granular diameter can replace small granular. Coating thickness had significant influence on the biomass, compared with compound fertilizer treatment output was average increased 32.6%.

  Effects of Pendimethalin in Different Condition on the Biological Characteristics of Cotton Seedling 2011, 27 (12):  163-168.  Abstract + ( 1114 )   PDF ( 629724KB )   ( 937 ) In order to understand effects of pendimethalin application in different temperature and soil moisture content on cotton seedling’s biological characteristics in special climate conditions of Xinjiang, the ‘Xinluzao44’ was used as the planting materials, using pot experiment. The results showed that: in different temperature treatments, the application of pendimethalin had a significant inhibitory on cotton sprout, when the temperature below 15℃, and there were different influences on cotton seedling growth when the temperature above 20℃. In different treatments, the application of Pendimethalin could inhibit the lateral root increase no matter the soil moisture content was too high or too low, while root growth had the opposite trend with lateral root.

  Different varieties of Perennial Ryegrass hardiness Research 2011, 27 (12):  169-171.  Abstract + ( 1751 )   PDF ( 617795KB )   ( 953 ) Abstract: research of four of Perennial Ryegrass cultivars. To cryogenic stress, determine the cold hardiness of several physiological indexes, the results indicate that the cold hardiness: Plateau > Capri > Daytona > Esquire. The study of Perennial Ryegrass for popularizing and applying provides important theoretical basis.

  Response of Seed Germination to Water Content for Three Turfgrasses 2011, 27 (12):  172-176.  Abstract + ( 1204 )   PDF ( 729995KB )   ( 1204 ) Seeds can normal germinate when absorb a certain amount of water for some time. In this process, seeds will consume external water, and then the changes will affect the seeds on the rate of water absorption, which final leads to the difference of seed germination rate. Taking three turfgrass as the objects, this study simulated subsurface drip irrigation by limiting the irrigation quantity, which discussed the changes of seed imbibition and germination under 10 water gradients. Results showed that the processes of seed germination were rapid in the initial stage and slow in the later stage, then stable in the end. When irrigation quantity increased to a certain extent, the cumulative germination rate could achieve the maximum value, but when exceeded this boundary, it would inhibit the seed germination. Among the three turfgrasses, perennial ryegrass was most sensitive to water, so its cumulative seed germination rate firstly reaches steady state, while Kentucky bluegrass was the slowest. The result could describe the relationship between external water variation and germination rate in the process of germination and contributed to estimate the optimal water of seed germination and improved water use efficiency.

  Studies on Geographic Distribution of Peucedanum L. in Southwest of China 2011, 27 (12):  177-180.  Abstract + ( 1255 )   PDF ( 496439KB )   ( 1053 ) For discussing the origin and the evolution of Peucedanum L., an elementary analysis of the geographic distribution in Peucedanum L. was undertaked. There are 18 species 1 varietis of Peucedanum L. in southwest of china mainly distributing in the altiplano of West of Sichuan in 200-3800 m. The areal-type of Peucedanum L. is Old World Temperate. Besides Sino-Japan forest subkingdom, the most dominant floristic composition of Ligusticum L. is Sino-Himalaya forest subkingdom, especially Hengduan Mountains. Combined with the diversification in morphology, pollen characteristics, and the anatomical characteristics of petioles and so on, as well as abundance of Peucedanum L. in this region, Results of these analyses corroborate that the south west of China is the richness centers and diversity centers. And there are many substitute phenomenones in Peucedanum L. not only in horizon but also in vertical.

  Cloning and Expression Analysis of a MDR-type ABC Transporter Abundant in Rubber Tree Latex 2011, 27 (12):  181-186.  Abstract + ( 1300 )   PDF ( 1827055KB )   ( 1156 ) ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) transporters constitute the largest protein family with the most variety of functions. They are involved in the excretion, accumulation and the transmembrane transport of plant secondary metabolites. Through screening an ethylene-induced latex SSH cDNA library combined with RACE, one ABC transporter gene EST and its full-length cDNA were obtained, which was 3753 bp with an ORF that encoded a polypeptide of 1250 amino acids. The results showed that the ABC transporter gene had multiple copies in rubber tree genome and was primarily expressed in latex. Under ethylene or jasmonic acid induction, its expression was up-regulated. Base on above analysis, we speculate that the ABC transporter is closely correlated to the transport of rubber biosynthesis metabolites.

  The Influence of Washing Buffer on Isolation of Arabidopsis Thaliana Mesophyll Protoplasts 2011, 27 (12):  187-190.  Abstract + ( 1342 )   PDF ( 567373KB )   ( 1446 ) Washing buffer plays an important role in protoplasts purification and storing when protoplasts isolated. The study compared yiled and viability change of protoplasts in washing buffer of WI, W5 and MMg in 30 h, analyzed the influence of CaCl2 with different concentration on protoplasts in WI, W5 and MMg to get the suitable washing buffer for the highest viable protoplasts. The results indicated that WI was better at maintaining plasma membrane, while W5 was better on keeping viability, after 30 h W5 got the highest viable protoplasts population which had a good storing washing buffer for protoplasts in a short period; CaCl2 treatment showed little influence on protoplasts viability and its population improving effect depended on its concentration and the washing buffer type, there was a uptrend of viable protoplasts in MMg when treated with 0-50 mM CaCl2.

  The Empirical Analysis on the Influence Factors about Whether the Farmers Will Plant Hybrid Millet 2011, 27 (12):  191-195.  Abstract + ( 1021 )   PDF ( 622613KB )   ( 908 ) This paper based on the survey data of the farmers of plant hybrid millet, using logit model, the affecting factors for the willingness of farmers to adopt hybrid millet technology were analyzed. The results showed that degree of education, increasing yield of hybrid millet, output, the labor force inpopulation of family and employment significantly positively affect farmers’ willingness. However, age and the main earners had a significant negative effect on farmers’ willingness. Hybrid millet should be introduced to households with high degree of education, high proportion of crop to gross household income and high degree of education. Last, the paper proposed suggestion from production subsidy, strengthen scientific research and training to develop Hybrid millet.

  Effects of Different N, P and K Fertilizer Combinations on Yieldand Agronomic Characters of Maize Hybrid ‘Liandan 527’ 2011, 27 (12):  196-200.  Abstract + ( 1268 )   PDF ( 639645KB )   ( 995 ) In recent years, the yield of maize was increased by planting many high-yielding cultivars with more chemical fertilizers input. Do well in maize production and fertilizer application was related to key problem of developing high-efficiency agriculture. Effects of different N, P, K fertilizer combinations on yield and agronomic characters of ‘Liandan 527’ were studied. Results showed that the highest seed yield of ‘Liaodan 527’ was at N 135.0-180.0 kg/hm2, P2O5 75.0-120.0 kg/hm2, K2O 90.0-120.0 kg/hm2 fertilizer combination treatments. There were quite significant differences in seed yield and the length of barren tip of ‘Liandan 527’ among fertilizer treatments in different N, P, K fertilizer combination trials. Correlation analysis showed that the number of kernels per ear of ‘Liandan 527’ had a positive correlated with yield. The difference of 100-kernels weight between fertilizer treatments was significant at 0.05 or 0.01 in P and K fertilizer combination trials. The yield of ‘Liaodan 527’ was increased significantly by reasonable N, P and K fertilizer combinations applied, compared with other fertilizer combinations, N4P4K2 treatment had the highest yield.

  Study on Identifying the Authenticity of Maize Varieties by SSR Markers 2011, 27 (12):  201-204.  Abstract + ( 1126 )   PDF ( 1701572KB )   ( 1067 ) In this study, the core primers were selected from 20 pairs of SSR primers to identify the authenticity of maize varieties in Liaoning province. PCR amplified products of 10 maize hybrids were detected by 20 basic primer pairs averagely distributed on 10 chromosomes of maize by using SSR markers. 14 pairs of core primers were selected to identify the authenticity of maize varieties on electrophoresis maps and the stability,et al.Among all the core primer pairs, bnlg161k8 was the best on polymorphism and the authenticity of 10 maize varieties was identified only by 3 pairs of primers (bnlg161k8, bnlg2305k4, umc1705w1). 3 pairs of primers (bnlg161k8, bnlg2305k4, umc1705w1) could be the preferred primers by costing savings and improving efficiency.

  Effect of Salt Stress on Germination of Three Varieties of Zea mays L. Seeds 2011, 27 (12):  205-208.  Abstract + ( 1183 )   PDF ( 632202KB )   ( 986 ) The main purpose of the experiment in the paper is to study the change of three targets including germination percentage, vitality index and germination index of corn seed germination process and the growth process of corn seedling under the different salt stress treatment. The concentration of NaCl solution was 0, 30, 90, 150, 210, 270 mmol/L, which had been deployed separately, and the filter paper had been soaked to the saturated condition by the each concentration NaCl solution. The experiment that salt stress in corn seed germination process had been finished in culture dish and the seedling height and the root length of corn had both been measured. Germination percentage, vitality index and germination index of three corn seed germination process had all been restrained by NaCl solution in varying degrees. And the growth tends of the seedling height and the root length were restrained, too. Different salt stress treatment had such an obvious restraining function to three corn seed germination process. Among three experiment materials ‘Nongda3138’ do well in the seed germination speed and the seedling growth tends under salt stress experiment.

  Central Shanxi Cultivation of Maize Cropping after Wheat Preliminary Study Mode 2011, 27 (12):  209-214.  Abstract + ( 1083 )   PDF ( 564240KB )   ( 909 ) Research and development resowing maize production was to increase maize production and income effective way in Shanxi middle area. Less suitable varieties and the low cultivation yield were the main problems in the production. This research took the especially early variety ‘Bingdan4’, ‘Tezao 1’, ‘Jizaodan 2’ and the early variety ‘Zhengdan 958’ as supplied material. By multi-factors test and analysis of 4 densities and 3 planting periods. The results showed that: in the different material, the yield of ‘Bingdan 4’ was the highest, as being 6308 kg/hm2. The second yield was the especially ‘Tezao 1’, as being 6255 kg/hm2. Compared with ‘Jizaodan 2’, the both were highly significant increase. But ‘Zhengdan958’ did not mature normally. In the different densities it was the highest yield with 75000 plants/hm2, as bing 6231 kg/hm2, and with 67500 plants/hm2 its yield decreased significantly. As lower and lower density the yield was significantly decrease. Sowing in June 25th the yield was 6723 kg/hm2, but in June 30th and July 5th, as delayed sowing it was significantly decrease. So later sowing in the late growth of maize, under the low temperature and the early frost, resulting in bald increased grain number and grain weight decreased, the yield was to decrease. The interaction of three factors were: selected ‘Bingdan 4’ and ‘Tezao 1’, using 75000 plants/hm2 density, and planting on June 25th, the yield was the highest to 8003 kg/hm2 and 7770 kg/hm2.

  Effects of Controlled-release Fertilizer on Potato Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Economic Benefit 2011, 27 (12):  215-219.  Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 573441KB )   ( 943 ) Field experiment was conducted to study the effects of controlled-release fertilizer on potato yield, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit, in order to providing scientific evidence for the production and application of the special controlled-release fertilizer for potato. The results indicated that: compared with ordinary fertilizer, every index was significantly increased by the application of controlled-release fertilizer, which yield increased by an average of 8.35%, apparent recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen increased by an average of 26.75%, and the ratio of output to input increased by an average of 8.35%. Compared with convention treatment of the controlled-release fertilization, the nitrogen use efficiency and the ratio of output to input increased by the reduction treatment (80% of the convention treatment), which respectively increased by 22.43% and 13.71%. The added potassium treatment had the highest yield and the rate of increased income. Compared with other controlled-release fertilization treatment, the two indexes were significantly increased by the added potassium treatment, which respectively increased by 5.55% and 7.37%. So it was the optimal treatment based on this experiment.

  Effects of Different Sowing Periods on Growth and Quality of Starch Potato in Ningxia 2011, 27 (12):  220-226.  Abstract + ( 1019 )   PDF ( 674031KB )   ( 992 ) The potato with ‘Ningshu-4’ and ‘Longshu-3’ were taken as experimental material, and the field experiments of starch potato in Xiji, Ningxia Province, which were conducted to study the effects of different sowing periods on growth and quality of starch potato. The results showed that appropriate to defer the date of starch potatoes in favor shorter growth period, for the two varieties, growth period of ‘Longshu-3’ was shorter than ‘Ningshu-4’, ‘Longshu-3’ sowed on April 13th and April 20th and the flowering time ahead 32 days and 16 days than the same time to sow the ‘Ningshu-4’; Different sowing dates between LAI, plant (stem) leaf area and total leaf area had a close relationship; ‘Ningshu-4’ choose the date around the April 20th or May 25th and ‘Longshu-3’ choose the date around the April 20th to planting can get the better quality starch potatoes, the starch content and reducing sugar content of ‘Ningshu-4’ was 58.85%, 0.1% and 57.28%, 0.044%, the starch content and reducing sugar content of ‘Longshu-3’was 53.88%, 0.038%. Different sowing periods have different commodities, commodity rate of ‘Longshu-3’ slightly higher than ‘Ningshu-4’.

  Review of Potassium Effects on Growth, Physiological Characteristics, Yield and Quality in Cotton 2011, 27 (12):  227-231.  Abstract + ( 999 )   PDF ( 582386KB )   ( 996 ) Cotton is a crop which needs much potassium. Potassium is one of the major elements which are necessary for the growth of cotton, the influence of potassium on yield and quality is very important. A review about the effects of potassium on growth, physiological characteristics, yield and quality in cotton was made, and addressed the further research topics.

  Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on the Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Hhw 2011, 27 (12):  232-237.  Abstract + ( 1100 )   PDF ( 677643KB )   ( 1043 ) In order to find an advantage algae strain for biomass energy, Hhw, a preponderant microalgae, which isolated by the author was researched. The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the lipid and fatty acid composition of Hhw was analyzed. The results showed that Hhw had numerous advantages such as wide environmental adaptability, fast growth, high biomass production. Adding NO3- or carbon sources promoted the accumulation of lipids of Hhw. Total fat content of Hhw was up to 36.45% by dry weight. The fatty acid compositions of Hhw was relatively simple, contained mainly 9 types: palmitic acid, inolenic acid, EPA, and so on. The effect of different carbon and nitrogen source to fatty acid composition was not big, but to the content of composition was relatively strong. For example, the effect of EPA to the accumulation of amino nitrogen was stimulative in a certain extent. The analysis showed that Hhw was a superior microalgae for biomass energy.

  Effect of Comprehensive drought Cultivation techniques on flue-cured tobacco growth development Yield and quality 2011, 27 (12):  238-243.  Abstract + ( 1159 )   PDF ( 771386KB )   ( 975 ) To clarify the effect on maintenance of fertilizer, humidity and temperature of the different cultivation techniques, the effect of five treatments of film mulch, straw mulch, film and straw mulch, straw mulch after film and water retention agent were researched. The results showed that film and straw mulch, film mulch could improve tobacco growth environmental conditions, and there were significant effect of maintenance of fertilizer, humidity and temperature. These two treatments effectively reduced drought stress in the early growth stage of tobacco, and promoted tobacco rapid growth. The role on drought resistance of the treatment of straw mulch and application of water retention agent was weakening with the drought time extension.

  Study on the Effects of Eight Kinds of Crops Spontaneously Puncture of Plastic-film 2011, 27 (12):  244-248.  Abstract + ( 1191 )   PDF ( 659842KB )   ( 1528 ) By studying on the effect of spontaneously puncture of plastic-film mulching in the condition of the crops under the soil, defining different kinds of crops spontaneously puncture of plastic-film ability and its influencing factors. For the development of the farmland mulching plastic-film concise turn technology provides the basis. Filed experimental in combining with statistical analysis was adopted. Clear the eight kinds of crops spontaneously puncture of plastic-film ability, including wheat, corn spontaneously puncture of plastic-film ability was the best, the treatment of relative germination rate could reach more than 98%. Pumpkin spontaneously puncture of plastic-film ability was the weakest. The effect of spontaneously puncture of plastic-film mulching was susceptible to the cover material. The condition of black plastic-film mulching relative germination rate was significantly higher than the white plastic, using black mulch was more advantageous to crop spontaneously puncture of plastic-film. In the membrane of overlying soil could effectively enhance the mulch and the suppression of weeds effect, two films on weed inhibitory effect was similar. Crop spontaneously puncture of plastic-film could effectively reduce the plastic sheeting's man-caused and natural damage, improving the effect of plastic-film mulching, it was to explore the effective application of new direction plantation.

  Construction of Plant-type Phosphoenolpyruate Carboxylase (PEPC) Gene Artificial miRNA Expression Vector and Transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana 2011, 27 (12):  249-254.  Abstract + ( 1221 )   PDF ( 1105932KB )   ( 1455 ) To investigate the functions of PEPCase in lipid content, fatty acid composition and the response to environmental stress in C3 plants, Arabidopsis thaliana plant-type PEPCase genes (referred to as Atppc1, Atppc2 and Atppc3) were silence by the artificial miRNA (amiRNA) technique. We constructed the plant expression vector named pFGC-amiAtppc123 and transformed it into Arabidopsis thaliana via in floral dip method. Transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR. The amiRNA transcript levels were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that amiRNA expression was drastically increased in transgenic plant compared with non-transgenic plants.

  Overexpression of a Cotton GhACO2 Gene Enhance the Stress Tolerance of Ababidopsis Thaliana 2011, 27 (12):  255-260.  Abstract + ( 1161 )   PDF ( 2903019KB )   ( 1148 ) Ethylene signaling plays important roles in multiple processes of plant growth and development, ACO gene is the key factor regulating biosynthesis of ethylene, however, functions of ACO gene and ethylene in abiotic stress responses remain largely unknown. Here, we cloned a cotton GhACO2 gene from cotton fiber cDNA and constructed a plant overexpression vector p35S::GhACO2. Genetic transformation of Arabidopsis was performed by floral dip method, successive selection were completed with Kanamycin and further PCR and GUS histochemical detection of transgenic arabidopsis plants. The results of selection showed that GUS enzyme of transgenic arabidopsis plants was expressed greatly in leaf and little in stem and root, GhACO2 gene was integrated in the Arabidopsis genome and transgenic positive plants were obtained successfully. The T2 generation homozygous transgenic plants were obtained by selfing, and were used to undergo salt-stress and drought-stress treatment by NaCl and PEG6000. The results indicated that, with the comparison of Col wide type plants, stress tolerances of transgenic plants were enhanced significantly. All these results establish the basis of researching biological functions of GhACO2 further and transgenic breeding by Genetic engineering technology.

  Advance in Rice Kernel Smut 2011, 27 (12):  261-265.  Abstract + ( 1342 )   PDF ( 546044KB )   ( 1015 ) Rice kernel smut has become one of the major rice diseases. So far, there were not so many researches on this disease with several arguments. This paper reviews and presents the general research progress of this disease. The symptoms, the pathogen with its taxonomy, the biological characters, the disease cycle, the infection mechanisms, disease epidemics, disease index and integrated control of the this disease are described. And also, the arguments and the perspectives on rice kernel smut are discussed.

  Multi-drug Resistance Current Situation and Mechanisms of Shigella spp. 2011, 27 (12):  266-270.  Abstract + ( 1043 )   PDF ( 563238KB )   ( 1064 ) Shigella is the main pathogen of shigellosis. Since antimicrobial agents were generous employed to treat shigellosis in recent years,clinical multiple-antibiotic-resistance in Shigella spp. has been widely appeared,which have a quickly speed and a high antibiotic-resistance rate.So it induced shigellosis had a high incidence rate.In order to control shigellosis spread and prevail,It is imminent to study the multiple-antibiotic-resistant mechanisms in Shigella spp.In order to know the multiple-antibiotic-resistant mechanisms in clinical strains of Shigella spp.in full and quest for the track to solve problem,the purpose of this article is to summarize the mechanism of resistant of Shigella spp.

  The Research Advances on Control of Varroa destructor 2011, 27 (12):  271-276.  Abstract + ( 1423 )   PDF ( 582238KB )   ( 2065 ) The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor poses a major threat to the survival of western honey-bee (Apis mellifera) populations. Varroa destructor parasite in adult’s worker body and influent nurse or forage behavior, et al. Varroa destructor lay eggs in the bottom of nestroom, then affects the development of bee larvae. Apis is ‘sweet career’, but Varroa destructor harm Apis mellifera, sweet career become bitter. With varroa mite drug-resistant and bee products medicine residual problem, has caused the high attention in the world. There were new advances on researches of Varroa destructor in recently years. The essay summarized the progress, including physical method, chemical methods, natural material, and biology control.

  Research of Biological Control in Plant Diseases by Bacillus spp. 2011, 27 (12):  277-280.  Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 583679KB )   ( 1540 ) Bacillus spp. control plant diseases are very diverse. This paper main expounds the research of biological control in Plant Diseases by Bacillus spp. and the study of Bacillus spp.’s genetic improvement. Reviewed the biocontrol mechanism of using Bacillus spp. to control plant disease, including a primary function of the mechanism is resistance, the competition, inducing plants to produce Induced systemic resistance and promoting plants growth moreover, finally, explaining the problems and prospect about using Bacillus spp. to control plant disease.

  Study on Meteorological Conditions Grade Forecast for Two Migration of Rice Insects 2011, 27 (12):  281-285.  Abstract + ( 1110 )   PDF ( 604660KB )   ( 1017 ) Study on meteorological conditions grade forecast for two migration of rice insects, Provided reasons for insect prevention and disaster reduction in rice production. By comparative analysis on the date of meteorological conditions and occurrences of two migration of rice insect in Guilin region, thinking of meteorological condition and injurious number in earlier days, we used regression analysis method to forecast the grade of meteorological condition that affecting the two migration of rice insect. The system had contained long term and medium term forecast. Forecast factor and target had been divided as 5 grades in the work system. Using the mouth’s and season’s and week’s weather forecast conclusion that local observatory have published, synthesize analysis the early days weather and injurious numbers condition, we could forecast the weather condition grade that affecting the two migration of rice insect for next mouth, or next season or each day in future 1-7 days. This was a practical forecast work system, the forecast accuracy for each day was larger than 70%. Two migration of rice insects were seriously impacted by meteorological conditions. By study on the meteorological condition grades forecast, we could establish the meteorological condition grade forecast mode, and had positive function for manufacture practice.

  Efficacy of Two Flubendiamide Ready-Mixture Insecticides on Stenchaetothrips biformis and the Growth of Direct-Seeding Rice by Seed Dressing 2011, 27 (12):  286-290.  Abstract + ( 1549 )   PDF ( 605252KB )   ( 954 ) The efficacy of two flubendiamide ready-mixture insecticides on S. biformis by seed dressing were studied in the paddy field for screening insecticides on S. biformis in direct-seeding late rice, their influence on Chilo suppressalis and Cnappalocrocis medinalis occurrence and the growth of direct-seeding rice were examined. The results showed that the efficacy of protective rice seedling and killing larva of flubendiamide- thiacloprid 48% SC at 4-8 g/kg on S. biformis were 88.89%-95.03% and 85.63%-91.67% 14 days after seed dressing, 87.64%-94.49% and 78.86%-89.69% 21 days after seed dressing, respectively. The efficacy of flubendiamide-thiacloprid 48% SC at 2 g/kg was obviously decreased. Flubendiamide-thiacloprid 48% SC at 4-8 g/kg had better efficacy on C. suppressalis and lower efficacy on C. medinalis, stimulated the growth of rice seedling, increased ripening rate in later period of rice growth and rice yield. Flubendiamide- avermectins 10% SC at 1.5-3 g/kg by seed dressing had better efficacy on C. suppressalis and lower efficacy on S. biformis and C. medinalis. Flubendiamide-thiacloprid 48% SC at 4-8 g/kg by seed dressing on S. biformis and C. suppressalis in rice seedling period was recommended, whereas Flubendiamide-avermectins 10% SC by seed dressing on S. biformis could not be used.

  Influence of feeding Apple on development of experimental populations of Ostrinia furnacalis（Asian corn borer） 2011, 27 (12):  291-294.  Abstract + ( 962 )   PDF ( 522876KB )   ( 796 ) In this paper,the effects of feed apple to Asian corn borer(Ostrinia nubitatis)were study by build host experimental population life table under indoor raise. The results showed that compared with feeding Maize leaf and Artificial fodder, the population feeding apple not only the gowth was restrained but also the parameters was decreased included Net reproductive rate、Innate capacity of increase and Fecundity. The Average generation time was prolonging 19.6140d and 14.1420d than feeding Maize leaf （37.7170d）and Artificial fodder（43.5750d）; The Net reproductive rate（1.8933）,Innate capacity of increase（0.0111）andFiniterate of naturalincrease（1.0112）were decreased by 93.66%,93.26% and 14.23%,and decreased by 76.91%、80.11% and 4.37% than feeding Maize leaf.

  Environmental Toxicity of Several Different Pesticides Single or Mixed Micro-Emulsion 2011, 27 (12):  295-300.  Abstract + ( 1316 )   PDF ( 735911KB )   ( 1136 ) In order to study the safety of beta-cypermethrin, avermectin, emamectin benzoate, et al, 9 single or mixed micro-emulsion, the authors tested their environmental toxicity. Using semi-hydrostatic-type, oral exposure method, food intake method, contact exposure method to test the toxicity to fish, bird, honeybees, silkworm, respectivitly according to ‘The guidelines of chemical pesticides environmental safety evaluation’. On the toxicity to fish, 0.2% hypertonic emamectin benzoate, 3% acetamiprid and 20% avermectin. monosultap were evaluated as ‘low toxic class’ or ‘moderate toxic class’, others were ‘high toxic class’ or ‘hypertoxic class’; on the bird toxicity, 4.5% beta-cypermethrin was evaluated as ‘high toxic class’, others were ‘low toxic class’ or ‘moderate toxic class’; on the toxicity to honeybees, 0.2% hypertonic emamectin benzoate and 3% acetamiprid were evaluated as ‘low toxic class’ or ‘moderate toxic class’, others were ‘high toxic class’; on the toxicity to silkworm, all the pesticides were evaluated as ‘high toxic class’ or ‘hypertoxic class’. Shows that acetamiprid and low content emamectin benzoate behaved low toxicity to fish, bird, honeybees, silkworm, but pyrethroid insecticides, vavermectin and high content emamectin benzoate behaved high toxicity, so these insecticides should be far away from fish pond, bee yard and mulberry while applying.