Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.13 Published:05 June 2011

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  Physiological Effect of DMF, TOL Used in Synthetic Leather Industry on Schima superba 2011, 27 (13):  1-7.  Abstract + ( 1044 )   PDF ( 940740KB )   ( 993 ) The changes of physiological effect of Schima superba treated with different series of concentration of dimethylformamide (DMF), toluene (TOL) by pot experiment were studied in this paper. The results showed that:(1) Different concentrations of DMF, TOL and combined treatment affected the physiological effect of Schima superba, showed different physical symptoms, TOL affected anti-oxidant system and nutriments synthesization probably by firstly reacting on membrane, DMF damaged chloroplast probably by affecting synthetase system of Pro, GSH, SOD; (2)High concentration of DMF, DMF combined with TOL treatment could cause plant death, combined treatment was cooperative on the growth of Schima superba; (3)Schima superba can be a instruction plant as soil contaminated by DMF and TOL.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Drought Resistance of Different Macadimia Varieties 2011, 27 (13):  8-13.  Abstract + ( 1274 )   PDF ( 641955KB )   ( 1170 ) Nine physiological indicators of thirty-six macadamia varieties were determined under the prolonged drought stress, and the comprehensive analysis on drought resistance was conducted by using the subordination function method. It was showed that ‘YunMac 7’, ‘YunMac 24’, ‘YunMac 36’, ‘YunMac 32’ and ‘YunMac 17’ were the most drought-resistant varieties; ‘YunMac 29’, ‘YunMac 2’ and ‘YunMac 19’ the least drought-resistant varieties, and the other twenty-eight varieties were of the moderate drought resistance. In addition, correlations between the drought resistance and the nine physiological indicators were analyzed by using the gray connection analysis and the principal components analytic method. The result indicated that the leaf blade relative water content, the soluble sugar content, the soluble protein content, the superoxide dismutase and the free proline content could be treated as the important indicators of drought-resistant evaluation for the these macadamia varieties.

  Population Dynamics of Cypress Borer Attractant to Trap Main Insects 2011, 27 (13):  14-19.  Abstract + ( 1173 )   PDF ( 766011KB )   ( 1102 ) Attractant was used to trap stem borers in temple of heaven, Beijing to testify the effect of borer attractant on stem borers of Platycladus orientalis (Linn.) Franco during its active stage from 2009 to 2010. And an experiment was conducted to study the effects of temperature on trap efficiency. Results showed that the stem borer attractant had good effect which could attract 3 species of stem insects, including Semanotus bifasciatus Motschuisky, Phloeosinus perlatus Chapius and Bostrychidac sp.. The long horned beetles adults was the earliest active, secondly Bostrychidac sp. and Phloeosinus perlatus Chapius. The 3 insects number of trap were obviously effected by the daily maximum temperature. Accordingly, the population dynamic of Semanotus bifasciatus Motschuisky, Phloeosinus perlatus Chapius and Bostrychidac sp., and the relation of daily maximum temperature. It will play an important role in monitoring and controlling the population density of Semanotus bifasciatus.

  Effect of Calcium on Chlorophyll Content and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Chinese Fir Leaves under Low Phosphorus Stress 2011, 27 (13):  20-24.  Abstract + ( 1064 )   PDF ( 870958KB )   ( 1134 ) To explore the effect of calcium on increasing the productivity of Chinese fir plantations in the Southern forest region with low phosphorus, the hydroponic cultures with seven different Ca levels treatments were designed. A study was carried out on the different law of chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics among different treatments during low phosphorus stress. The differences in chlorophyll contents of Chinese fir among different Ca levels treatments became significant gradually, with the prolonging of stress time. Compared with the phosphorus sufficiency group (CK), Ca had remarkable effects on delaying the degradation of chlorophyll and maintaining relatively high level of photosynthesis efficiency, especially Ca levels in treatment Ⅳ (2.0 mmol/L) and Ⅴ (1.0 mmol/L). Growing in treatment Ⅵ with no Ca and no P, PSⅡ reaction center of Chinese fir leaves were damaged most seriously. A certain concentration of Ca could effectively relieve the inhibitory effects of low phosphorus stress on Fm.

  VA Mycorrhizal Influence on the Phellodendron amurense Seedling Resistance of Physiological Indexes 2011, 27 (13):  25-30.  Abstract + ( 1074 )   PDF ( 783451KB )   ( 1175 ) According to the potted inoculation experiment, we studied on VA mycorrhizalhad influenced on Phellodendron amurense resistance physiological indexes of annual seedlings. The results showed that VA mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased the resistance physiological index of Phellodendron amurense seedlings, the content of soluble sugar increased by the enlarged infection rates; meanwhile promoted the soluble sugar in the leaves of Phellodendron amurense transferring to the roots, gradually decreased the content of Fpro and MDA and increased activities of respiratory enzyme and protective enzymes. After inoculated Glomus diaphanum, the seedling showed that soluble sugar, Fpro, the activity of CAT and POD had the most obviously changes. The content of soluble sugar of the leaf was 0.5736%, the content of leaf’s Fpro was 16.27μg/g, the activity of leaf CAT was 0.3186 mg/(g?min)，the activity of leaf‘s POD was 258.32 u/(g?min). It had the greatest infect on the MDA content, the activity respiratory enzyme and SOD after inoculated G. mosseae for Phellodendron amurense seedlings. The content of MDA of the leaf was 0.0119 μmol/g, the activity leaf ascorbic acid oxidase was 0.2714 mg/(g?min), the activity of leaf’s polyphenol oxidase was 0.3487 mg/(g?min), the activity of leaf SOD was 274.18 u/(g?FW).

  Seasonal Change of Leaf Trait of Three Broadleaf Seedlings 2011, 27 (13):  31-36.  Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 782705KB )   ( 998 ) The methods of determining leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and leaf dry weight were used in seedlings of Castanopsis fissa, Michelia macclurei and Liquidambar formosana in order to understand change of their leaf shape and supply a theory basis for these seedlings culture, the correlations between leaf length and leaf width as well as between leaf area and leaf dry weight, and seasonal change of specific leaf weight (SLW) were studied in the three seedlings. The very significant correlation existed between leaf length and leaf width of the three seedlings. The month change of correlative coefficients of C. fissa and L. formosana seedlings was intimate with seasonal change, whereas that of M. macclurei seedlings was not regular. There were significant positive correlations between leaf area of young leaves and their leaf dry weight as well as between leaf area of old leaves and their leaf dry weight. The correlation between leaf dry weight and leaf area was correlative. The SLW change was great in the first half year and small in the second half year for young leaves. The SLW of young leaves was generally smaller than old leaves in the first half year, whereas it was close to that of old leaves in the second half year. Generally, the SLW of young leaf reached low values from February to April. The leaf similarity and SLW of the three seedlings varied with season change, dry matter accumulation of the leaves of seedlings increased with expansion of leaf area, and correlation between leaf dry weight and leaf area was relative with tree species and leaf age.

  Comparison of Photosynthetic Capacity in Ilex cornuta and Ilex Corunta Var. fortunei under the Different Light Intensity 2011, 27 (13):  37-41.  Abstract + ( 1176 )   PDF ( 829715KB )   ( 992 ) To investigate the adaptive capacity to light irradiance, the author explored light-dependent the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence properties in lex cornuta and Ilex Corunta Var. fortunei. The results showed that with increasing of light intensity under 28℃, there was a faster increase in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in Ilex Corunta Var. fortunei, while a slower increase in lex cornuta, which indicated that the photosynthetic capacity in Ilex Corunta Var. fortunei was stronger in this region. However, the stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were higher, which indicated that the lower photosynthetic rate in Ilex Corunta was not resulted from the decrease of stomatal conductance. Further evidence by chlorophyll fluorescence showed that the efficiency of energy conversion of open PSⅡ (Fv'/Fm') and its electron transport rate (ETR) was higher, while non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was lower in Ilex Corunta, as compared to that in Ilex Corunta Var. fortunei. And there were no significance difference in photochemical quenching (qP) in two groups. The results suggested that the higher assimilation rate in Ilex Corunta Var. fortunei was probably associated with carbon assimilation.

  Study on the Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics of Salvia paohsingensis 2011, 27 (13):  42-48.  Abstract + ( 1108 )   PDF ( 884729KB )   ( 1188 ) In order to provide basic data for wild plant resources protection and cultivation of Salvia paohsingensis, the photosynthetic characteristics were studied with the Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system in this paper. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was measured under different light intensities condition, and then drawing the curve of Pn respond to light intensities according to the results. The diurnal variation of Pn was measured at sunny day from 8:30a.m.-17:30p.m. The results showed that the Pnmax, Rd, LCP, LSP and AQY of S. paohsingensis were 27.30μmol?m-2?s-1, -2.24μmol?m-2?s-1, 40.09μmol?m-2?s-1, 1600μmol?m-2?s-1 and 0.0512 respectively. S. paohsingensis had the strong utilization efficiency on weak light．Diurnal course curves of S. paohsingensis net photosynthetic rate had two peaks. The “midday depression” of S. paohsingensis was belonged to stomatal limitation. Among the ecological factors and the physiological factors, RH and Ci were the key ones that influenced the Pn of S. paohsingensis. To ease “midday depression” and increase production of S. paohsingensis, some tall crops should be intercropped.

  Effects of Elevated CO2 Concentration and N Deposition on Plant Biomass Accumulation and Allocation in the Communities of Deyeuxia angustifolia in Sanjiang Plain 2011, 27 (13):  49-54.  Abstract + ( 1014 )   PDF ( 639416KB )   ( 985 ) The CO2 concentration (370, 550 and 700 μmol/mol) was controlled with open-top chambers, and different contents of NH4NO3 were supplied to control nitrogen levels [0、4、8 g/(m2?a)]. This paper studied the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen deposition on biomass accumulation and allocation in Deyeuxia angustifolia communities in Sanjiang Plain. The results showed that the aboveground biomass of Deyeuxia angustifolia communities decreased with atmospheric CO2 concentration increasing, under different nitrogen supply levels. While belowground increased began and decreased afterwards. The total biomass of Deyeuxia angustifolia communities decreased with atmospheric CO2 concentration increasing, under different nitrogen supply levels. The changed trends of the biomass in roots, stems and leaves of Deyeuxia angustifolia communities in varied treatments were different. The elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen deposition could affect the roots biomass significantly, but could not affect biomass allocation of Deyeuxia angustifolia communities significantly.

  Research on Soil Organic Carbon Distribution in Mazongling Nature Reserve 2011, 27 (13):  55-58.  Abstract + ( 1179 )   PDF ( 663063KB )   ( 918 ) 56 sample points were selected in Jinzhai Mazongling nature reserve of Anhui province in order to analyze forestry soil organic carbon content and the distribution of space and time. The results showed that the distribution of soil organic carbon content in this research area varied with soil depth, altitude and different seasons. The average soil organic carbon content was 3.07% in 0-20 cm soil layers, ranged from 0.94% to 15.67%; the average soil organic carbon content was 1.98% in 30-40 cm soil layers, ranged from 0.17% to 8.54%; the average soil organic carbon content was 1.68% in 50-60 cm soil layers, ranged from 0.46% to 7.81%. Organic carbon content increased with altitude. The impact of the seasons on the organic carbon contents in the top soil is greater than that in the deep soil. The seasonal variation was obviously. Soil organic carbon content in autumn was higher than it in spring. The impact of the seasons on the organic carbon contents in the topsoil was greater than that in the deep soil. In this area, the soil layer of 0-20 cm fixed carbon was from 8.28×105 t to 8.31×105 t. The soil layer of 30-40 cm fixed carbon was from 5.46×105 t to 5.73×105 t. The soil layer of 50-60 cm fixed carbon dioxide was from 4.68×105 t to 5.33×105 t.

  Realization of Information Management of Forest Fire Prevention Based on Google Earth 2011, 27 (13):  59-62.  Abstract + ( 1410 )   PDF ( 703962KB )   ( 1210 ) In order to improve use efficiency of spatial data in information management of forest fire prevention, in view of shared remote sensing data of Google Earth, a method was proposed that applied forest fire prevention information management based on Google Earth re-development. The forest fire prevention information system was developed and realized by using Google Earth class library. Thought the coordinate information was read in Access database, the system automatically generated and loaded various placemark files, which realized functions of fire prevention thematic information position, GPS monitor, occurred forest fire position. It can provide scientific basis for forest fire prevention managers.

  Practical application of subsurface drip irrigation on the turf 2011, 27 (13):  63-66.  Abstract + ( 1416 )   PDF ( 694411KB )   ( 1160 )

  Analysis of Species Diversity Characteristics about Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata in the Xiaolong Mountain 2011, 27 (13):  67-73.  Abstract + ( 1131 )   PDF ( 804234KB )   ( 1089 ) In order to research the dynamic stability of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata community in Xiaolong national nature reserve, as well as the different natural conditions and the relationship between communities, based on the implementation of ‘Tianbao project’, the author investigated the species diversity and stability of the quercus aliena var. acuteserrata community. The conclusions were as followed: (1) Patrick abundance index R was 10.6, Shannon-Wiener index H′ was 1.4222, Pielou index Jsw was 0.5450, Simpson index C was 0.413; (2) Through the comparison between herbs layer, shrub layer and the tree layer: for the diversity index, the shrub layer was greater than the herb layer, while was larger than the tree layer; for the uniformity index, the herbs layer was larger than the shrub layer, while was larger than the tree layer; (3) Within the region, the diversity index was decreasing with the increasing elevation, but the abundance index changes; (4) The Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata community, which was built with Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata species, which belonged to be stable. Compared with the earlier studies, the results proved that the implementation of ‘Tianbao project’ was scientific and effective. The survey provided the basic data for the delimitation in the Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata areas of Xiaolong mountain and regional environmental management.

  Research Advances on pathogenic mechanism of Fusarium oxysporum 2011, 27 (13):  74-78.  Abstract + ( 1029 )   PDF ( 561709KB )   ( 1772 ) Banana (plantain) is the world's major fruit and food crops but production is threatened by increasing virulent forms of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. So far, there was not effective method to control it. And the pathogenic mechanism still understood little. This paper reviewed the interaction process between host plant and Fusarium oxysporum, which included the influence of Fusarium oxysporum growth by the host of secretions in the invading prophase, and infection process. Besides, it also showed the pathotoxin of Fusarium, include the main toxin composition of Fusarium oxysporum, and the mechanism research of Fusarium oxysporum toxin, as well as pathogenic genes of Fusarium oxysporum. The article attempted to make a systematical view on pathogenesis of fusarium wilt of banana, which would helpful for the set of new prevention method．

  Climate Ecological Applicability Regionalization for Tea Plant Based on GIS in Southern Shaanxi Province 2011, 27 (13):  79-85.  Abstract + ( 1216 )   PDF ( 1055821KB )   ( 1306 ) The aim was to make use of the local agroclimatic resource, optimize the industrial structure and promote the ability of disaster prevention and mitigation. Based on the 30-year climate data of this area, firstly, annual mean temperature, annually extremely lowest temperature, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature and annual precipitation were selected to be the climatic regionalization indices. Secondly, the spatiality of each regionalization index was built by using the spatial analyst and mapping tools in GIS. Furthermore, the climate applicability regionalization for tea plant in South Shaanxi was provided by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results indicated that the suitable regions for tea plant were those shallow mountain and hilly areas below 950 m along Hanjiang River and its tributaries. The sub-suitable regions were the surrounding hilly areas below 1200 m. Through the analysis of the climatic conditions for tea plant growth, this paper provided relevant and constructive suggestions to the production.

  Identification and Evaluations of Cold Tolerance and Resistance to Pest of Tea Germplasm Resources from Yunnan Province 2011, 27 (13):  86-91.  Abstract + ( 1110 )   PDF ( 528650KB )   ( 1089 ) In order to effectively make use of tea germplasm resources and screen tea parent materials for high resistance breeding. The cold tolerance and resistance to pest of 105 accessions of tea germplasms collected from Yunnan province were investigated and evaluated by field testing, leaf low temperature treatment experiment during 2006-2008. As a result, 11 well-performed tea germplasm materials were screened out, among which ‘86-8-1’, ‘86-9-12’, ‘86-12-7’, ‘86-6-9’, ‘Hetoubaijiancha’ and ‘Longdaoyecha’ with strong cold tolerance germplasms, ‘Maanshandayecha’, ‘Changxuan 2’ and ‘Zhongye 2’ with high resistant to tea leafhopper, ‘84-1-1’ and ‘Manpenlongdayecha’ with high resistant to root knot nematode, and ‘Jinuodayecha’ and ‘Yakouxiaocha’ with high resistant to tea red spider mite were selected. The authors believed that all of those out-screened resources can be utilized not only for generalization but also for further individual selection scheme, cross breeding materials and mutation induction materials. This would provide a good material and technical basis for promoting the selection for new tea improved cultivars.

  Analysis of Soil Fertility and Tea Tree Nutrition in Yiling Distriction 2011, 27 (13):  92-95.  Abstract + ( 1101 )   PDF ( 519787KB )   ( 1181 ) In order to improve yield of tea garden, insure quality safe of tea and improve tea garden development well, the most important task is making soil fertility and tea nutrients clear. Though sampling investigation and analyzing evaluation on soil, leaf and branch of tea garden in Yiling district. The result showed the soil fertility was serious in tea garden. The proportion of tea garden those soil pH in optimum level was less than half. The content of alkali-soluble organic matter was low, and deficiency proportion was 65%. The content of soil was more than middle, the percent of tea garden those available nitrogen in middle and high level was 90%. Soil able phosphorus and potassium were deficient seriously; deficient rate was 63% and 81.5% respectively. Leaf and branch of tea had no nutrient deficiency symptom. The correlation was poor between soil, leaf and branch, the order of correlation was branch leaf >leaf and soil >branch and soil. The order of correlation between N, P and K was N>P>K. The nutrition content of leaf was stable, and was not influenced by fertility of soil in tea garden.

  The study on Curing technique at Upper Leaves of Flue-cured Tobacco Variety ‘K326’ in Yongzhou 2011, 27 (13):  96-101.  Abstract + ( 1092 )   PDF ( 676808KB )   ( 969 ) In order to improve the species ‘K326’ the value of the upper leaves of cured tobacco and the coordination of the internal chemical composition, adjustment link in the tobacco harvest maturity, in the baking, a constant color temperature of the low-speed, high humidity curing process color set. This research showed that: when the upper leaves of fully mature leaves turned yellow, the main vein white, leaf angle of 90°, in the given color with low speed and high humidity of the baking process, the baking time extended by 10 hours, a slight increase in the cost of curing, cured tobacco leaf was better coordination within the chemical composition, starch content decreased, reaching the expected target; when parietal overripe, color yellow white, sharp focus dry side to reach the degree of color in the set of low speed and high humidity curing process used, the higher the average price of cured tobacco leaves, reducing sugar content was moderate, the starch content 5%, total nitrogen content was moderate, potassium chloride than the optimum, and good coordination of the internal chemical composition.

  Study on Effects of in vitro Dormant Branches of Trees Garden Material of Osmotic in Artificial Lasting Low Temperature 2011, 27 (13):  102-106.  Abstract + ( 1089 )   PDF ( 560331KB )   ( 963 ) To study the changes of substance of the branches of trees within the garden in vitro permeability under the stress of continues low temperature -10℃,the essay was to provide a theoretical basis for the deep sleep physiological changes in vitro the branches. Experiment uses Prunus×Cistena pissardii, Cotinus coggygria ‘Atropurpureus’, Acer palmatum, Acer truncatum in the deep dormancy for the tested material. Branches in water in vitro conditions, experience -10℃ low-temperature stress provided by refrigerator, which repeat 3 times. The results showed that: Prunus×Cistena pissardii branches of soluble proteins showed decreased changes, Cotinus coggygria ‘Atropurpureus’ first increased then decreased, and Acer palmatum and Acer truncatum showing the change has been rising; after 3-12 days, Cotinus coggygria ‘Atropurpureus’ proline content decreased gradually, gradual increased in the other 3 trees; after 12-15 days, Prunus×Cistena pissardii and Acer palmatum declined slightly, the other two trees showed up changes; 4 garden trees soluble sugar content showed rising change in vitro shoots, the 15th to the highest value. Comprehensive analysis believed that when branches of the trees were in deep dormancy, osmotica changes under low temperature stress appear certain physiological activity, and when they were under -10℃ low temperature stress in the range of 3-9 days, permeability changes in the material seemed no significant difference in levels.

  Studies on Blade Microstructure of Prunus×Cistena in Phosphorus and Potassium Elements of Foliar Application 2011, 27 (13):  107-111.  Abstract + ( 1118 )   PDF ( 2281161KB )   ( 1046 ) The way to provide for the Prunus×Cistena phosphorus and potassium nutrition of the foliage top dressing,For study the way of Blade microstructure of Prunus×Cistena in Different concentrations of P and K;Test conditions in the field,3 year old Prunus×Cistena as materials, P set 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% 3 concentration, K set 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2% 3 concentration,Water as control,Repeat 3 times.The results showed that:After Foliar P and K, Leaf of Prunus×Cistena blade performance is the most intuitive smaller cell gap,Cell color deepened, Cells were arranged more neatly;With the increase of the concentration phosphate fertilizer spraying,Palisade tissue thickness decreased，P3 treatment lower than the control 8.8μm,After spraying fertilizer showed the opposite results,K3 processing than the control 12.0μm,That the impact of K on the palisade tissue than P;The thickness of spongy tissue and leaves showed decreased gradually with the concentration changes.Analysis that, exogenous P and K with Prunus×Cistena leaf on the microstructure has a significant impact.

  Effect of Different Hormone Combinations on Callus Induction of Camellia phellocapsa 2011, 27 (13):  112-115.  Abstract + ( 1702 )   PDF ( 1116397KB )   ( 1241 ) To establish the most optimal callus induction system of Camellia phellocapsa， its tender leaves and stems were taken as explants material，the effect of different hormone combinations of 6-BA and NAA on callus induction of Camellia phellocapsa were studied. The results showed that the callus induction rates were higher when the positive of leaves were placed upward than when the positive of leaves were placed downward, and browning rates were lower; The effects of 6-BA concentration on callus induction rate of leaves were quite significant, the most suitable hormone ratio was when 6-BA was taken as 0.2 mg/L and NAA was 2.0 mg/L, the induction rate was as higher as 97.5%; inducted callus of stems appear browning with different degree, callus induction rate was extremely low.

  Study on germination characteristics of Flemingia macrophylla seeds 2011, 27 (13):  116-120.  Abstract + ( 1120 )   PDF ( 668152KB )   ( 1068 ) To discuss the optimal condition for the seed germination and seed longevity of Flemingia macrophylla, and provide scientific evidences for cultivation and production of F. macrophylla. The rate of water absorption of the seed was determined. Methods of frazzling seed coat, soaking in warm water, immersing seed in H2SO4 were used to treat hard seed. And the germination energy, germination rate and germination index of F. macrophylla was determined under different temperature and light, different germination bed and different storage time in the experiment. The rate of water absorption of F. macrophylla seed was 31.26%. The poor water permeability of seed coat was a crucial factor which affects the germination of seeds. 25-30℃ was the suitable temperature range of F. macrophylla germination. The germination rate could rise to 66.67% when the seed was cracked by sad and soaked 4 h in 80℃ warm water. The effect of the light and germination bed was insignificant. The germination rate of seeds stored for three years was 61% under 4℃ lower temperature condition, but it reduced to 32% stored for four years. F. macrophylla seeds were hard seeds and needed pretreatment before experiment. The seeds belonged to the high-temperature-germinating and non-photoblastic type. Seed longevity was longer and can store four years.

  Study on Change Cell Morphology and Mitochondria from Different Callus Licorice in Different Culture Stage 2011, 27 (13):  121-125.  Abstract + ( 950 )   PDF ( 604521KB )   ( 993 ) The experiment provided the method basis for the Glycyrrhiza uralensis callus’ subculture and further studies. Taking callus from different sources of Glycyrrhiza uralensis as trial material, the cell size of callus in different culture stages were observed with paraffin section, and the changes of mitochondria shape and the size from Glycyrrhiza uralensis callus in the different culture stages, was observed with pendent drop. The results showed that the length of cell from callus had a significant effect on source of explant (P<0.5), the length of cell from leaf callus (average 29.41 μm) was greater than from rhizome’s (average 25.67 μm), but was smaller than from bud’s (average 31.40 μm). The length of cell from callus had a very significant effect on their development stages(P<0.01), the largest cell (average 37.45 μm) appeared after 30 days’ culture, and then reduce ,when cultured 40 days, the average length was reduced to 29.55μm.The number of dumbbelllike mitochondria in the cell from bud and leaf callus was more than rhizome’s. It had a notable interaction in size of mitochondria, the source of explant and the period of culture (P<0.05). The length of mitochondria from rhizome callus was 2.60 μm (maximum) after 30 days’ culturing, while bud’ 2.07 μm and leaf’ 2.01 μm after 40 days’ culturing. The culture stage had a very significant effect on the size of mitochondria (P<0.01), when 30 days’ cultivation, the average length of cell can reach to 2.06 μm (maximum). This finding laid the foundation for Glycyrrhiza uralensis callus successive subculture, simultaneously to provide the cytology aspect basis for differentiation and the redifferentiation for the Glycyrrhiza uralensis.

  An Efficient Method for Total RNA Extraction and LD_PCR Detection 2011, 27 (13):  126-129.  Abstract + ( 1294 )   PDF ( 729024KB )   ( 1231 ) The aim was to extract RNA from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and lay a foundation for studying the formation mechanism of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. By modifying the method recommended by SDS/phenol for extracting total RNA from plant tissue rich in polysaccharidic and protein compounds, a simple and convenient method for extraction of total RNA from the embryo of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis containing abundant polysaccharides and protein was established. In RNA extraction buffer added to the steps of SDS was adjusted, combined with isopropanhol and sodium acetate at room temperature for more effective removal of precipitated polysaccharide, high concentrated SDS integrated with acid phenol/chloroform extraction were used to eliminate proteins; acetic acid-sodium acetate extraction buffer system to maintain a lower pH, inhibit the activity of RNA enzyme. The A260/A230 value of RNA extracted with imp roved method was all over 2.0 and the values of A260/A280 were between 1.8 and 2.0. The electrophoresis bands were cleared on agarosegel and integrity of RNA was good. The results showed that RNA obtained from the embryo of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis with this method had high purity and quality and could be used in molecular biological research, as LD-PCR and cDNA-library construction.

  Investigation and Analysis of Soil Nutrients in the Main Growing Area of Alpinia oxyphylla in Hainan 2011, 27 (13):  130-134.  Abstract + ( 988 )   PDF ( 627923KB )   ( 938 ) The objective of the research was to analyze the soil nutrient in wile and cultivated Alpinia oxyphylla areas, by determining the soil nutrient. The results showed that soil nutrient content of Alpinia oxyphylla in artificial cultivated area was higher than that of wile area in a small number of areas, however, as was on the contrary in most of the major producing areas of Alpinia oxyphylla. The levels of total nitrogen and potassium were in most areas of growing Alpinia oxyphylla in Hainan, China, but total phosphorus was at or below Ⅲgrade. Available phosphorus and nitrogen content is very low, and available K was in the rich. Available nitrogen mainly was in the ammonium.

  Extraction of Aloe Anthraquinones and Analysis of Its Antibacterial Effect 2011, 27 (13):  135-138.  Abstract + ( 1116 )   PDF ( 674503KB )   ( 1357 ) In this study, the Aloe vera L. anthraquinones has been extracted by ultrasonic extraction and its content has been determined. The antibacterial effect of the Aloe anthraquinones on the Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus has been investigated. The filter paper method, solid dilution method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method have been used to determine the antibacterial effect of the Aloe anthraquinones, and the efeects of this three methods have been compared. The solid dilution method showed that the high concentration of Aloe anthraquinone extract had the significant antibacterial effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 90% for E. coli and S. aureus, and 80% for B. subtilis. The MIC of the Aloe anthraquinones showed a higher values, that meant antibacterial activity of Aloe anthraquinones was limited, only the Aloe anthraquinones with higher concentrations can inhibit the bacteria growth.

  The Effect of Organic Compounds on the Propagation of Phalaenosis PLB and Anatomical Observation 2011, 27 (13):  139-143.  Abstract + ( 1375 )   PDF ( 1900093KB )   ( 1335 ) The Phalaenopsis is a kind of expensive flower and its needt is large in the marke, the tissue culture of the Phalaenopsis can meet its great need of the market. The Phalaenopsis PLB as explants were inoculated on the improved VW + 3.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.2 mg/L NAA + 20 g/L surose + 16 g/L agar medium + 1 g/L active carbon adding five different organic compounds (coconut milk, coconut juice, banana mud, potato, casein hydrollysate) with different concentrations (10%,15%,20%). The results showed that five organic compounds which had effect on PLB propagation from high to low were coconut milk, coconut juice, potato, banana mud and casein hydrollysate, respectively. The best concentration of coconut milk for propagation was 15%, coconut juice was 20%, potato juice was 10%, banana mud was 15%, but 10%, 15%, 20% were so high to casein hydrolyzed, so restrained the propagation of Phalaenosis PLB. Primary protocorm-like body (PLB), secondary PLB and leaf bud induced by PLB of Phalaenopsis were observed by free-hand section method, and their connection and differentiation were analyzed. The results showed that the inner cells in primary PLB were big and irregular and the cells in secondary PLB were compacted and homogeneous. Secondary PLB were formed from the hyposphere of primary PLB, and leaf bud was formed from the episphere of primary PLB. Semi-moon-shaped stoma and “multi-rod structure” were found in primary PLB, and “multi-rod structure” function was unknown.

  In vitro Leaves Culture and Regenerate Adventitious Shoot on Gerbera jamesonii 2011, 27 (13):  144-148.  Abstract + ( 1096 )   PDF ( 859213KB )   ( 1018 ) In order to explore In vitro gerbera leaves culture about adventitious shoot regeneration, improve adventitious shoot regeneration system of gerbera leaves in vitro. Adventitious shoot regeneration from detached leaves: the effects of factors on adventitious shoot formation on leaf explants of gerbera were examined, including the detaching pattern of leaf explants, basal medium and plant growth regulation. The results indicated that adventitious shoot formation occurred at the base of leaf petioles (detached and cut off from stock plant), leaves with petioles shortened to one-half in length did not form adventitious shoots, only form callus. Detached leaves which grown on half-strength MS containing 5.0 mg/L KT and 0.1 mg/L NAA medium formed adventitious shoot as follows: organ type regeneration rate was up to 60%~70%, organ type regeneration ratio was 1-2, organ occurring regeneration rate was 20%-30%, organ occurring regeneration ratio was 1-2. Organ type adventitious shoot formation from detached leaves mainly occurred during 4~12 days after inoculation of leaves detached from stock plant, and adventitious organ occurring adventitious shoot formation from detached leaves mainly occurred during 12-24 days after inoculation of leaves detached from stock plant. The culture medium supplemented with BA was more effective than KT. If the different concentrations for BA and KT, organ type regeneration rate were up to 60%-70%, organ type regeneration ratio was 4-5, organ occurring regeneration rate was 50%-60%, organ occurring regeneration ratio was 2-3.

  Optimization of Identification Standards and Artificial Inoculation Methods in vitro on Resistance to Chrysanthemum White Rust 2011, 27 (13):  149-152.  Abstract + ( 1130 )   PDF ( 1215275KB )   ( 951 ) In order to identify resistance to chrysanthemum white rust (CWR), a pathogen of quarantine status in the whole world caused by Puccinia horiana Henn., visualization and microscopic examination were used to define six classes identification standards, and the methods of inoculation in vitro were optimized. The results indicated that two methods of inoculation in vitro were both as efficient as that in vivo. Bottled cuttings in vitro were better than petri dished leaves and a best inoculation method in vitro in our study. The optimized method described here is a safe and simple inoculation system to evaluate the susceptibility of chrysanthemums to CWR.

  Effects of Exogenous Hormone on Culture and Flowering of Celosia Cristat in Vitro 2011, 27 (13):  153-156.  Abstract + ( 1223 )   PDF ( 833262KB )   ( 1143 ) With the shoots culture in vitro as explants, the effects of 5 exogenous Hormone on growth and flowering of Celosia Cristat in vitro were studied. The results showed that IAA and NAA could promote the rooting and flowering in vitro, the flowering rate after 30 d of culture was 100% in medium of MS+IAA 0.5 mg/L or NAA 0.1 mg/L. KT 0.5~1.5 mg/L promoted differentiation and blooming, but 6-BA had inhibition for flower bud of plantlet. GA3 profited for root inducing and flower formation, all the plantlets flowered in MS medium added GA3. Rooting and flowering of Celosia Cristat in vitro had correlation characteristic, rooting rate was positively correlated with flowering rate (R=0.902, P<0.01) and flowering number (R=0.729, P<0.01).

  Staining and Slide-preparing Technique of Chromosome and Karyotype Analysis of Iris tigridia 2011, 27 (13):  157-160.  Abstract + ( 1553 )   PDF ( 656561KB )   ( 1090 ) The root tips of Iris tigridia were used to study the effects of sampling time, pre-treating solution and dissociation time on slide-preparing for chromosome and karyotype analysis. The aim was to provide the references for its cytology research and crossbreeding. The results showed that the optimal sampling time of root tips was 8:00-11:00 am in the field. The best process of staining and slide-preparing technique was that the root tips were pretreated 2.5 h with 2 mmol/L 8-hydroxy quinoline solution, and then it was fixed with Carnoy solution for 2 h, associated with 5 mol/L HCl for 10 min at room temperature and stained with Carbol fuchsin solution. The chromosome number of Iris tigridia was 2n=18. Karyotype formula was 2n=2x=18=2M+10m+6sm. The karyotype classification belonged to 2A type.

  Effects of Fruit Shrink Disease on the Metabolism of Active Oxygen in Ziziphus jujuba ‘Pozao’ 2011, 27 (13):  161-164.  Abstract + ( 1052 )   PDF ( 712332KB )   ( 1138 ) To reveal the biochemical mechanism of fruit shrink disease in Chinese jujube and provide instructions for the effective control of the disease, the dynamic changes of defensive enzymes activity, O2?-and phenolic content in ‘Pozao’ fruits were studied during the process of jujube fruit shrink disease. On early infective stage O2?- produce rate increased rapidly. Meanwhile, the activity of three protective enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and the content of polyphenol increased significantly. There were statistically significant differences between diseased and healthy fruits. The result indicated that O2?- plays an important role in symptomatic and development of jujube fruit shrink disease. The three protective enzymes and polyphenol might take part in the stress response and defense mechanism. But they were not enough to inhibit a large increase of O2?- caused by jujube fruit shrink disease.

  Difference of Soil Organic Matter and Soil Enzyme Activity and Fruit Quality in Crop-animal Mixed Pear Orchard 2011, 27 (13):  165-168.  Abstract + ( 1485 )   PDF ( 729650KB )   ( 1083 ) Fruits of Hosui were used as materials for studying the difference of soil organic matter, soil dehydrogenase activity, soil urease activity, soil sucrase activity, soil catalase activity and fruit quality compared with the soil clean orchard in the ‘weeds-goose-fruit’ Crop-animal mixed orchard. Results show that the fruit output and the content of the soil organic matter increased in the type of Crop-animal Mixed orchard, the activity of the soil dehydrogenase, soil urease, soil sucrase and soil catalasel were altered, and the enzyme activity varying different in each period. The Single fruit weight of the Crop-animal mixed orchard increased by 9.8% than the soil clean management orchard. The total soluble solid and the Sugar content increased by 4.1% and 15.9% respectively, the soluble acids and the firmness should be declined by 7.1% and 3.7% singly.

  Studies on Genetic Tendency of Main Characters of Hybrid Seedlings of ‘Pingguoli’ Pear 2011, 27 (13):  169-172.  Abstract + ( 1504 )   PDF ( 529823KB )   ( 1635 ) In order to improve the value of ‘Pingguoli’ fruits, overcome the drawbacks and promote the breeding work of pear, the variant traits of hybrid seedlings from seven crosses taken ‘Pingguoli’ pear as one paternal material were determined and genetic tendencies of major fruit traits were analyzed. The results showed that the heritability of soluble solid content in hybrid seedlings was 100.3% near to mid-parent value. The flavors of hybrid progenies appeared high proportion of sour-sweet, sweet-sour and sweet types. No soft-flesh progenies were found from crosses between ‘Pingguoli’ pear and crisp pears and the majority of progenies crossed between ‘Pingguoli’ pear and soft-flesh types bore crisp fruits. Compared to paternal parents, the progenies showed a decreasing tendency in the juice content. Thus, ‘Pingguoli’ pear showed high genetic tendency in the economic fruit traits and has a wide range of application in breeding of pear in northern China.

  Polyphenol Quantitative Analysis and Quality Evaluated in Fruit of Sweet Cherry Cultivars 2011, 27 (13):  173-176.  Abstract + ( 1658 )   PDF ( 618959KB )   ( 1273 ) In order to establish the quality evaluation indexes of sweet cherry, including plant polyphenol, and to provide the theoretical basis for variety breeding and for making and improving of cultivation techniques of cherry trees, total polyphenol, proanthocyanins, chlorogenic acid, and total sugars, titratable acids were quantified and which effect in fruit flavor and quality were evaluated for fruit of 8 sweet cherry cultivars which were planted shanxi province, including ‘Napoleon Bigarreau’, ‘Hongdeng’, ‘Sato Nishiki’, ‘Black Tartarian’, ‘Longguan’, ‘Hongmanao’, ‘8-2’, ‘6-19’, and fruit weight, index of fruit shape were menstruated. The results indicated that total polyphenol and phenolics compounds should be important flavor index and was determinative function in fruit flavor and quality, and it was suggested that flavor grade index of sweet cherry fruit with correlativity and clustering computed on the quantified data.

  Culture in vitro of Unfertilized Ovary in Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) 2011, 27 (13):  177-182.  Abstract + ( 1240 )   PDF ( 608363KB )   ( 1219 ) Anther culture and culture in vitro of unfertilized ovary or ovule are two methods to artificially induce haploid plantlets strawberry are with complicated ploidy. For the purpose of creating novel breeding materials, we employed strawberry as experimental materials, analyzed effects of six key factors, including genotype, extrinsic hormone, sucrose concentration, cold pretreatment, growth environment and development status, and illumination condition on induction of gynogenesis in vitro of unfertilized ovary. Results showed that the primary bud of land plants with appropriate gene type, 2,4-D as extrinsic hormone, the concentration of sucrose at six percentage and cold pretreatment for 48 hours, were the optimum conditions for haploid plants by embryo sac induction of unfertilized ovary in strawberry. The research aimed at providing reference for ploidy breeding in strawberry.

  Isolation and Cloning of cDNA Induced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides via Suppression Subtractive Hybridization in Strawberry 2011, 27 (13):  183-187.  Abstract + ( 1204 )   PDF ( 876844KB )   ( 1519 ) To uncover the mechanism of strawberry inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and compare gene express difference of the treated and untreated leaves by using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) so as to find the differential express related genes. The total RNA samples of strawberry leaves were prepared and mRNA samples were isolated. cDNA were synthesized and digested with Rsa I. One differential expressing cDNA library was constructed with the restriction enzymes cDNA of inoculated leaves as driver and the restriction enzymes cDNA of untreated as tester. PCR results suggested that the insertion segments were between 100 to 1000 bp and the library was suitable for the following work for isolation the full length of genes. 1500 clones were selected and sequenced, and 1377 unique ESTs were obtained. The ESTs were annotated by similarity to orthologs and paralogs detected with Blast in NCBI database. Some of the ESTs might be related closely with stress response, signal transduction, protein synthesis, protein-protein interaction, metabolism, transmembrane, transcription factor, metal transporter or unknown. This study lays a foundation for the further study on isolation related genes in strawberry.

  Antagonistic Ability against Lichi Colletrichum gloeosporiodes Penz of Crude Extract of Bacillus subtilis ON-6 2011, 27 (13):  188-193.  Abstract + ( 1325 )   PDF ( 2233721KB )   ( 1209 ) Bacillus subtilis is a kind of beneficial microbes in biological control and fruit preservation currently. In order to explore the biocontrol effect and mechanism of Bacillus subtilis to litchi postharvest pathogenic fungi in Guangxi, experiments had been carried out to study the method of antifungal substances extraction from fermentation liquid, the partial physical and chemical properties of antifungal substances in Bacillus subtilis strain based on collection, separation, screening and identification. Antifungal substances of strain ON-6 with hydrochloric acid and ammonium sulfate both had inhibitant activity, showed that strain ON-6 were able to produce the proteins and lipopeptide antibiotics simultaneously. The inhibitant activity of crude antifungal protein produced by strain ON-6 was also stable when it was treated with 30~60℃ for 30 minutes, but was depressed less than 40% of the original with 121℃ for 20 minutes. Antifungal substances were partially sensitive to trypsin, and insensitive to proteinase K, pepsin and UV. The inhibitant activity pH rang of antifungal substances was from 5.0 to 8.0.

  Soil Pb and Cd Accumulation Characteristics of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) and Their Environmental Critical Values in Pakchoi Production Area for Food Security 2011, 27 (13):  194-198.  Abstract + ( 1247 )   PDF ( 643221KB )   ( 1155 ) The experiment was conducted to study the dose-response relationship of soil lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentration with their uptakes by Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), as well as their environmental critical values in Pakchoi production area for food security. The results showed that: (1) generally, the contents of Pb and Cd in the edible parts of Pakchoi increased along with the concentrations of soil Pb and Cd in two soil types (Alluvial soil and Paddy soil). Compared with the control, the highest contents of Pb in the edible parts of Pakchoi increased by 18.31 and 9.49 times, and the highest contents of Cd increased by 15.4 and 10.04 times in the two types of soil, respectively; (2) Pb and Cd in the Paddy soil were easily enriched by the crop than in the Alluvial soil. Pb and Cd concentrations in the edible parts of Pakchoi in the Paddy soil were 2.54 and 1.92 times higher than those in the Alluvial soil, respectively, under the same treatment level; (3) based on the National standards for maximum levels of heavy metal contaminants in foods (GB-2762-2005), the environmental critical values of soil Pb and Cd in the Paddy field were calculated as 36.54 mg?kg-1 and 0.3 mg?kg-1, respectively, which were equal or lower than those in National standards of soil security (HJ332-2006). The environmental critical values of soil Pb and Cd in the Alluvial field were calculated as 110.21 mg?kg-1 and 1.09 mg?kg-1, respectively, which were higher than those in National standards of soil security (HJ332-2006).

  Anatomical Observation of leaf of Dwarf Bean 2011, 27 (13):  199-203.  Abstract + ( 1042 )   PDF ( 4724971KB )   ( 785 ) In this experiment, we used paraffin sections technology and safranine-fast green dyeing to study leaf anatomical structure of dwarf and vine bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and it can provide theoretical basis for selecting and cultivating superordinary dwarf bean species .The results showed that the number of spiracles in leaf lower epidermis of dwarf bean were more than that of vine bean, and the disparity was very significant. The leaf blade thickness, spongy tissue thickness and the rarefaction extent of leaf blade organizational structure of dwarf bean were fewer than that of vine bean; But the tightness of leaf blade organizational structure and palisade tissue thickness/spongy tissue thickness of dwarf bean were more than of that of vine bean. The number of catheters in main vein bundle, the area of water delivery and the section area of phloem in the main nerve of leaf of dwarf bean were fewer than that of vine bean. Therefore, palisade tissue thickness/spongy tissue thickness could be used as the morphology screening indicator of dwarf bean.

  The Optimization of RAPD Reaction System in Celery 2011, 27 (13):  204-207.  Abstract + ( 1046 )   PDF ( 969884KB )   ( 845 ) In the present study, we set up separately five different concentration gradient to five main influence factors (dNTPs, Taq DNA polymerase, Mg2+，random primer and DNA template). Then based on the common RAPD reaction system, using the method of single factor progressive screening, we conducted the RAPD-PCR amplification of celery. Finally, we got the optimization of RAPD reaction system in celery. Conclusion of the optimized contents of 25 μL RAPD reaction system was as follows : Taq DNA polymerase 1.0 U, Mg2+ 3.0 mM, dNTPs 0.2 mM，primer 28 ng，DNA templet 70 ng，10×reaction Buffer 2.5 μL. The optimized PCR cycle program was as follows: 94℃ for 5 min, 94℃ for 1 min, 36℃ for 1 min, 72℃ for 1 min, 42 cycles and at final 72℃ for 10 min.

  Karyotype Analysis of Allium fistulosum L. Using CPD Staining and 45S rDNA Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization 2011, 27 (13):  208-211.  Abstract + ( 1120 )   PDF ( 1202164KB )   ( 808 ) To provide new marker for the identification of the chromosome of the Allium fistulosum L. and establish of molecular cytogenetic karyotype of the A. fistulosum L., this study prepared good dispersed metaphase chromosomes of A. fistulosum L.by removing the walls and flame drying, and carried out CPD (PI and DAPI combination) staining and 45S rDNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Then karyotype analysis of A. fistulosum L. was finished according to chromosome morphology of A. fistulosum L., combined with the results of CPD staining and FISH. The result of CPD staining indicates that all ends of the chromosome hands of the A. fistulosum L. were CPD bands. The result of FISH shows that there was a pair of situs of 45S rDNA (on the 5th pair of chromosome), and the formula of A. fistulosum L. was 2n=2x=16=2sm+12m+2st (SAT)), the karyotype types was 2A. The results show that the use of CPD staining and 45S rDNA FISH not only provides new marker for the identification of chromosomes, but also contributes to understanding of the distribution of chromosomal GC rich region, providing molecular evidence for the research on the identification, classification and evolution of Allium species.

  Research on the Technique of Chromosome Doubling of Haploids of Asparagus officinalis L. 2011, 27 (13):  212-215.  Abstract + ( 1014 )   PDF ( 1399116KB )   ( 959 ) The technique of chromosome doubling of haploids of Asparagus officinalis L. have been studied in this paper. In vitro chromosome doubling of haploids was studied by soaking shoot tips in colchicine solution and adding colchicine in the culture medium. The results indicated that adding colchicine in the culture medium increased the efficiency of chromosome doubling than that by soaking method. The induction rate and the survival rate of treating A. officinalis with 0.3% colchicine for 7 days by adding colchicine in the culture medium reached 82.50% and 80%. Compared with the haploid, the diploid stems showed thinker with larger guard cell and stoma and more chloroplasts.

  Primary Study on the major changes in carbohydrate during the developmentofSagittaria Trifolia Linn. var. Sinensis 2011, 27 (13):  216-218.  Abstract + ( 1071 )   PDF ( 617815KB )   ( 748 ) Based on the Arrowhead bulbs in the process of enlargement of the main changes in carbohydrate content of a preliminary study, the results indicate that climatic conditions in Wuhan, scraping the old varieties of Ukraine in early September bulbs from the start swelling. In the enlargement process, the sugar content went up, about 90 days in the content of bulb enlargement up to 28.05mg / g. Fructose follow the "up - down - up" variation; glucose increased first and then decreased. Total starch, amylose and amylopectin content increased for changes of amylopectin / amylose ratio is always less than 1.

  Genetic Study on the Vineless Characters of Cucurbita moschata among Species 2011, 27 (13):  219-222.  Abstract + ( 1082 )   PDF ( 926023KB )   ( 869 ) In order to inquire the meaning and feasibling on transfer the vineless character from C. moschata into C. maxima and C. pepo, the interspecific crossing between C. moschata materials with vineless character and C. maxima materials or C. pepo materials was conducted, we studied the interspecific genetic development on vineless character by the RAPD molecular marker and field investigation. Genetic performance of the vineless character of Cucurbita moschata in three mainly cultivated species in Cucurbita was studied in this paper. The results showed that the segregation ratios of the vineless character in F1 group, F2 group and BC1F1 group of the interspecific hybrids fit the Mendelian law. It was different from intraspecific hybridization that the first filial generation between vineless C. moschata and the other vine pumpkin species showed that the internode elongated and the inheritance belonged to incomplete dominant inheritance. The unique vineless character of C. moschata was transferred to C. pepo and C. maxima by the means of interspecific hybridization and the brand-new germplasm resources were created.

  Research on the Techniques for Branches Treatment of Mango Orchards 2011, 27 (13):  223-226.  Abstract + ( 1150 )   PDF ( 551023KB )   ( 751 ) In the North of Nigeria, the major question about mango fruit is to set up suitable techniques served to natural climate and production conditions in local, because the mango tree’s body grows in rain season and the fruit grows in dry season. In order to solve the problem some experiment had been done. The results showed that, those are for mango tree’s framework and outline should be chose the more main branches open center and less main branches open center; the tree’s annual branches be remained quantity about 280/plant was better; fertilizing, trimming and pruning all ought to be twice. Rely on the above three aspect to formed the technical route, we formed a series techniques for local mango production.

  Study on Creation and Application of the Pruning Theory of Increasing Resistance and Decreasing Current of Apple Tree 2011, 27 (13):  227-231.  Abstract + ( 1153 )   PDF ( 1744366KB )   ( 895 ) To provide a new theoretical support for the pruning technique on apple for early bearing, high and stable yields, the author proposed innovatively and proved qualitatively a deeper pruning theory based on the circuit principle in physics with the apple tree structure diagram as material. The theory included three points: (1) The pruning method of increasing resistance and decreasing current of apple tree could obtain early bearing, high and stable yields; (2) Thinning any branch above rhizome would increase the resistance of tree, on the contrary, short cutting would decrease it; (3) Thinning a large branch with low resistance would have a larger increase amplitude of tree resistance than a small branch with high resistance whose basal part was in the same shoot with the former. Furthermore, the author explained the theory specifically and conducted an application test about it during 2004-2010. The results showed that: In young apple orchard applied the theory ,the flowering plant ratio of 4 cultivars reached to 75% and that of the other 9 was 50% among 13 cultivars, whose initial fruit-bearing stage was 1-2 years earlier than under the condition of conventional management; In full fruit-bearing ‘Fuji’ apple orchard applied the theory, the average yield of 6 years was 49203 kg/hm2 which increased 54.4% than the control, and this orchard could be appraised as high, stable yielding also for its biennial bearing index of 6.1%~18.6% , while the control orchard was appraised as very unstable yielding for that of 121.8%~428.8%, moreover, its per unit area yield of 2008 and 2009 trended towards decrease. It was clear from the foregoing that the pruning theory created by the author was very effective in obtaining early bearing, high and stable yields.

  Influence of Fruit Bagging and DHEA on Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase and Anthocyanin of Peach Fruit 2011, 27 (13):  232-237.  Abstract + ( 1193 )   PDF ( 1342280KB )   ( 845 ) This experiment was carried out to study the relationships among glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and the concentrations of anthocyanin, by using fruit with bagging and DHEA treatment. Fruits from nine-year-older peach trees (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv ‘zaoyu’) were used as materials in this study. Fruits were bagged at the pit-hardening stage (with removed and without), non-bagged were used as control. And the concentration of anthocyanin, the activities of PAL and G6PDH, subcellular localization of G6PDH were observed. Also, with DHEA treatment, the color of fruit, the activities of G6PDH and anthocyanins were checked. The changes of anthocyanins and the activities of PAL and G6PDH in non-bagged fruit presented similar patterns. The activity and amount of G6PDH in bagged fruits reached a peak under sunlight irradiation, and at the same time the anthocyanin accumulation increased rapidly, but the G6PDH remained active and constant in fruits with bags all through, whereas no anthocyanin produced. By EM immunogold localization, G6PDH resided in cytoplasm and plastids (named chloroplast at an early stage of fruit growth when fruits were green and named chromoplast at the beginning of coloring), the chloroplasts were gracile and procreated by cleavage in bagged fruits. The amount of immunogold particles was coincident with the changes of G6PDH activities. DHEA could inhibit the activity of G6PDH in peach fruit, and which caused a decrease in anthocyanin production. The G6PDH was one of key enzymes controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis.

  Comparison of Fruit Quality in Different Ploidy Melon 2011, 27 (13):  238-241.  Abstract + ( 1248 )   PDF ( 573236KB )   ( 935 ) To explore the difference of fruit quality in different ploidy melon, 2 melon cultivars including their different ploidy (diploid, triploid crossed with 4X×2X and autotetraploid induced by colchicine)were selected for text their soluble sugar, central soluble solids，soluble protein and Vc contents. The results showed that the soluble sugar, central soluble solids, soluble protein and Vc content were divergent in different ploidy melon as follows: soluble sugar, central soluble solids and soluble protein contents made the same trend, 3x>4x>2x; Vc contents,4x>3x>2x.

  Research on the Microclimate Characteristics and inside Temperature Prediction Model for Strawberry Plastic Greenhouse 2011, 27 (13):  242-248.  Abstract + ( 1287 )   PDF ( 932827KB )   ( 1056 ) This study aimed to reveal the seasonal and daily variation rule of meteorological elements inside plastic greenhouse and to establish a microclimate forecast model. The meteorological data inside and outside the strawberry plastic greenhouse was collected in Cixi, Zhejiang province, from 2007 to 2008, to study the seasonal and diurnal variation of air temperature and relative humidity in the greenhouse. The relationship between outside and inside daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature were analyzed systematically. The results showed that both the daily maximum temperature and the daily minimum temperature in the greenhouse were higher than that out of the greenhouse, with differences of 5~10℃ and 3~6℃, respectively, for maximum temperature and minimum temperature. The air temperature inside the greenhouse was found to negatively correlate to the relative humidity. Based on these analyses, a temperature prediction model for strawberry plastic greenhouse was developed using stepwise regression method. The verification results from independent experimental data indicated that the R2 between the predicted and observed hourly temperature was 0.912 and 0.887, respectively, for winter and spring. The corresponding RMSE was 2.3℃ and 2.7℃, respectively, for winter and spring. The results of this study can be used to supply support for microclimate forecast and control in plastic greenhouse.

  Selection of Complex Biological Control Agents to Prevent Replant Diseases on Strawberry 2011, 27 (13):  249-252.  Abstract + ( 1154 )   PDF ( 627181KB )   ( 890 ) In order to solve the problem of using phenol solution bacteria or medicinal to control strawberry plant, proposed to effectively combine the two into complex biological control agents to Qudu inhibitory effect. This study used phenolic acid degradation fungi B3512 and six kinds of medicinal plant material (turmeric, peel, kaempferol, citrus aurantium, Z1, Z2) which had inhibited to strawberry wilt strongly as test materials, through measured the growth rate of B3512 in six different medicinal plants and with antimicrobial test. Finally we identified that B3512 had the fastest growth rate and the highest inhibition rate of strawberry wilt pathogen when turmeric was considered as substrate, corn straw flour and wheat bran as carbon and nitrogen source. At the same time we selected the solid fermentation medium and conditions which benefited strain B3512 colonization and proliferation. The last formula was wheat bran: corn straw powder: turmeric at the ratio of 20:10:6. And when the inoculum size of phenolic acid degradation fungi B3512 was 20%, optimum temperature was 32℃, initial moisture content was 50%, initial pH was 7.0, B3512 had the highest reproductive capacity and the highest number of viable cells.

  Effects of Low Temperature Stress on Production Traits and Physiological Characters of Capsicum annuum L. in Flower Bud Differentiation Stage 2011, 27 (13):  253-259.  Abstract + ( 1016 )   PDF ( 856939KB )   ( 835 ) It was studied that the effects of low temperature stress on production traits and associated physiological characters of three cultivars of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). The aims were to reveal the relationship between flower bud differentiation and cold tolerance of three cultivars. The experiment was conducted in three production variety of Capsicum in Guangzhou, under low temperature treatment by gradient cooling in the stage of flower bud differentiation stage. The results showed that low temperature stress could cause the first flowering node downward, the duration of flower narrowed, and the number of fruit setting of plant and the single fruit weight and single plant yield decreased. Decreasing the number of fruit setting of plant was a key factor that induced the decrease of single plant yield. The physiological index such as Chlorophyll relative content as well as the activities of SOD and POD decreased, however the relative conductivity, the Pro, the contents of MDA and soluble sugar concentration increased. The growth and development with associated physiological characters of pepper were affected seriously with low temperature treatments during flower and fruit stage. The lower temperature treated, the more serious stress showed on pepper yield during flower and fruit stage, however, different varieties of pepper responded differently to low temperature. ‘Zhongjiaosihao’ (sweet pepper) showed the most tolerant ability. Hence, ‘Honglong’ revealed most sensitive to low temperature among 3 tested varieties. Pepper didn’t stop growing even under 13℃/3℃ during flower and fruit stage, this result was different with reported references, and more detailed researches should be conducted to discover the lowest temperature pepper could tolerance in the future.

  Comparison experiments of colored sweet pepper varieties 2011, 27 (13):  260-263.  Abstract + ( 1165 )   PDF ( 491470KB )   ( 1117 ) In order to select suitable colored pepper varieties which were suitable to cultivate in Guangdong greenhouse, randomized block design method was used to make comparison experiments of five colored pepper varieties introduced from Heilongjiang. The results showed that the growth tendencies among different varieties had obvious differences; ‘Jinzi’ and ‘Jinhong’ had the highest yield on plant and plot， but the fruit quality of ‘Jinzi’ was the worst. ‘Jinhong’ and ‘Jinhuang’ showed the highest Vc content and sugar content， and had the best fruit marketability， which could extend in production as the main cultivating varieties in Guangdong.

  Effects of Nano-preparation on Growth and Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency of Cabbage 2011, 27 (13):  264-267.  Abstract + ( 1151 )   PDF ( 496704KB )   ( 897 ) In order to improve the fertilizer use efficiency, research and develop environment-friendly fertilizers, which can control the agricultural nonpoint source pollution from the source, a soil pot experiment was taken to study the effects of nano-preparation on the production, nutrient absorption, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, leaf chlorophyll content and some quality indexes of cabbage. The results showed that, the production, leaf chlorophyll content, the amount of nutrients (N, P, K) absorption and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of cabbage were increased by adding nano-hydroquinone and nano-tea-polyphenols in nitrogen fertilizer, and the higher adding amount of nano-preparation had a more obvious effect. The best effective treatment among the four nano-preparation treatments was the one with 4% tea-polyphenols. The production and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of cabbage were increased by 44.5% and 134.1%, respectively. However, the effect of adding nano-preparation on the quality of cabbage was different, the changes of soluble sugar content were little, the nitrate content was increased and the Vc content had a increasing trend. The content of Vc had no change in the treatment 4% tea-polyphenols while its dry weight increment was the highest. In short, nano-preparation could increase crop yields and improve the fertilizer efficiency.

  Effect of different morphology manganese on yield and quality of Tomato 2011, 27 (13):  268-271.  Abstract + ( 1050 )   PDF ( 572101KB )   ( 814 ) Tomato was used to study the effects of adding the manganese sulfate (MnSO4), amino-acid chelated manganese (Mn-AA) or Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid disodium manganese (Mn-EDTA) into compound fertilizer on yield and quality. The results showed that adding the three kinds morphology manganese to fertilizer all could increase the yield and quality of tomato and the addition of Mn-AA was the best to improve tomato quality, with increasing Vitamin C, soluble solids, soluble protein, and free amino acids, decreasing the contents of titratable acid and increasing the sugar acid ratio.

  Preliminary Study of Whangkeumbae Leaf Nutrients Status Diagnosis by Using Digital Image Processing Technique 2011, 27 (13):  272-276.  Abstract + ( 1197 )   PDF ( 664073KB )   ( 899 ) The most widely used methods to assess Whangkeumbae leaf nutrients status diagnosis and fertilization recommendation needs a lot of the laboratory for analysis. Due to their labor requirements or high costs these methods can hardly be applied. This study examined an alternative method to research the possibility of measuring leaf nutrients status diagnosis by using a digital camera to record the visible light reflected from Whangkeumbae. The results showed that greenness intensity had positive correlation with the total N concentration; the correlation coefficient values were from -0.703 to 0.923 for K; redness intensity, greenness intensity and blueness intensity had significant or very significant negative relationships with magnesium contents. Redness intensity and greenness intensity had a significant positive correlation with SPAD reading. Normalized redness intensity showed prominently and very prominently inverse relationships with K and Zn; normalized greenness intensity did prominently positive mutuality; the correlation coefficient were 0.819**and -0.753* between normalized blueness intensity and K and Fe, respectively. The new method will have bright future in the sustainable development of pome industry.

  Identification of Pathogen and Disease Analysis on Anthracnose of Holboellio latifolia wall 2011, 27 (13):  277-280.  Abstract + ( 1172 )   PDF ( 1449187KB )   ( 1020 ) This paper is about the preliminary research on anthracnose of Holboellio latifolia wall in kaili college botanical gardens, and briefly puts forward its prevention about this disease. The pathogen can be gained by tissue isolation, and identified by separation, spores size determination and cultivation in this experiment. The microscopic examination method showed that the disease was caused by Colletotrichum sp., and the spores were 12.5-20 μm×3.75-7.5 μm through size determination. Based on host and pathogenic feature, the disease of Holboellio latifolia wall is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in kaili college botanical gardens, we can reduce the disease through agricultural measures and chemical control.

  Study on the Color Heredity of Hot Pepper Cotyledon 2011, 27 (13):  281-283.  Abstract + ( 1001 )   PDF ( 510715KB )   ( 884 ) he purpose of this paper is to try to understand purple cotyledon hot pepper as a genetic marker character behavior and possible application in breeding. The purpose of this paper is to try to understand purple cotyledon hot pepper as a genetic marker character behavior and possible application in breeding. The six populations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of the cross between purple (P1) and green (P2) cotyledon hot pepper inbred lines were sowed in nutritive cups to study the color heredity of cotyledon. The result showed that the cotyledon color was controlled by two pairs of nuclear genes which showed complementary effects, and green was dominant to purple. The purple cotyledon hot pepper was a good material to research on the heredity and variation of traits in hot pepper. And the purple cotyledon hot pepper was also a useful marker to identify purity of F1 hybrids.

  Advances in adaptability of Salt endurance on Herbaceous plant 2011, 27 (13):  284-289.  Abstract + ( 1316 )   PDF ( 548793KB )   ( 1473 )

  Analysis on Plant Landscape of Haiqu Park in Rizhao City 2011, 27 (13):  290-295.  Abstract + ( 979 )   PDF ( 2427459KB )   ( 885 ) As plant landscape is an important part of urban landscape, plants landscape design must be rational configuration of plant. The study of plant landscape is significant for the development of urban garden. The plant landscape of Haiqu park in Rizhao has been researched. The research in this paper focused on the investigation and research of plant landscape resource, and introduced the characteristics of plant landscaping. At the same time, we proposed the solutions and suggestions to improve the plant landscape.

  Study on the Application and Appreciation of Species Resource of Wild Flower Border Plant in Zhejiang 2011, 27 (13):  296-300.  Abstract + ( 966 )   PDF ( 618055KB )   ( 935 ) In order to enrich the species of flower border plant and enhance stability of flower border, according to the selection criteria of flower border plant, 33 wild plants which have higher ornamental characters were selected as the flower border plant based on the survey of the wild flower border plant resource in Zhejiang. Its habit, habitat characteristics and main ornamental characters were analyzed，and suggestions on exploitation and application of were presented.