Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.3 Published:25 January 2014

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  The Advance of Physiological Mechanism of Nitrogen Assimilation-Transport and Utilization, and Genetic Basis of Low Nitrogen Tolerance in Rice 2014, 30 (3):  1-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0799 Abstract + ( 1058 )   PDF ( 589798KB )   ( 1465 ) Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients that are vital to rice growth and development. Also, it is one of the most in-demand mineral nutrient elements. In the process of rice growth, the applied amount of nitrogen per unit area and a low utilization rate has become the two biggest problems constraining its development. The aim was to provide a reference for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of low nitrogen tolerance. This paper summarized the physiological mechanism of uptake, transport and utilization of nitrogen in rice and the characteristics of morphological and physiological in nitrogen efficiency rice, analyzed the recent progress of the genetic basis of low nitrogen tolerance, including QTL mapping and gene cloning of low nitrogen, transcriptome and proteome. The research about molecular mechanism response to nitrogen in rice was few. The relevant mechanism of uptake, transport and use of nitrogen was still a mystery. Based on this, research on genes/QTLs related to assimilation, transport and utilization of nitrogen and the genetic basis of low nitrogen tolerance was an effective way to develop low nitrogen tolerance varieties.

  Advances on Potato Mop-top Virus 2014, 30 (3):  10-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0881 Abstract + ( 1706 )   PDF ( 472368KB )   ( 820 ) The progresses of research on potato mop top virus (PMTV) were reviewed in this paper. The distribution and transmission, molecular characteristic, symptoms, pathogenic mechanism of PMTV and its detection methods were briefly introduced. The virus occurred in potatoes grown in high-latitude or high-altitude regions with cooler climates and was transmitted by seeds and Spongospora subterranea, the causal agent of potato powdery scab disease .and could cause potato spraing, a serious tuber disease whose symptoms include necrotic arcs and lines in infected tubers. The particularity of PMTV and the difficulty to prevention of this virus were analyzed. The further researches should be focus on the interaction of powdery scab fungus, potato plants and PMTV, and on mining the resistance genes and carrying out potato breeding for the resistance to PMTV, and on the establishment of a rapid and accurate PMTV detection method, and on strategy for control and management of both powdery scab and PMTV.

  Research Progress on Foliar Fertilizer of Cotton 2014, 30 (3):  15-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0809 Abstract + ( 1023 )   PDF ( 522000KB )   ( 620 ) Compared with soil application, foliar fertilization had a huge advance. And it was a significant method of supplying nutrition and improving variety quality. Foliar fertilization of cotton could solve the problem of insufficient nutrient absorption caused by root activity decreased later. It could also increase production to improve cotton quality. This paper analyzed the problem that could be solved in cotton production by foliar fertilizer. On the basis of previous studies and combination foliar trends in china, this overview summarized the types of cotton foliar fertilizer and foliar fertilization technology in system. In addition, the research prospects on the foliar fertilizers of cotton were put forward.

  Research Progress of Seed Aging and Vigor Repair 2014, 30 (3):  20-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1065 Abstract + ( 853 )   PDF ( 541648KB )   ( 659 ) As a kind of important production material, seeds played an irreplaceable role on the development of agriculture-stock production and the preservation of germplasm resources. There was active meaning for the researches on seed aging and measures of keeping or improving seed vigor in the seeding and storing. This paper mainly summarized the seed aging phenomenon, elaborated the physiological and biochemical changes during seeds aging process from the seed germination and seedling growth, enzyme activity, respiration and energy systems, storage substances, nucleic acid and protein, cell structure and the membrane permeability, accumulation of toxic and harmful substances, analyzed and compared the measures to repair and improve seed vigor including priming technology, dry-wet processing, nutrients treatment and plant growth regulator treatment. At last, the research direction and development trend of seed vigor and mechanism of physiological aging was discussed.

  The Research Progress of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes About Drought Tolerance in Crop 2014, 30 (3):  27-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0586 Abstract + ( 948 )   PDF ( 457404KB )   ( 629 ) The study of crop drought tolerance is of great significance for agricultural production. This paper summarized the advances of physiologic and biochemical indexes, which included the photosynthesis, the respiration, the osmotic regulation, the plant endogenous hormones and antioxidant and defense system, in the research of drought tolerance in crop. Furthermore, it clarified the relationship between the variation of physiological and biochemical indicators and the strength of crop drought tolerance, and provided a theoretical basis for future deeper study of crop drought tolerance.

  Advance in Gene Mapping of Self-incompatibility in Poaceae Plants 2014, 30 (3):  32-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0520 Abstract + ( 849 )   PDF ( 516926KB )   ( 557 ) Self-incompatibility (SI) was widespread in plants. And it was one of the most important mechanisms which developed through long-term evolution of plants to prevent plants from selfing and maintain genetic diversity. The various mechanisms of plant self-incompatibility were controlled by different amounts of genes. Up to now, many experiments attested self-incompatibility in Poaceae which was controlled by two unlinked loci (S and Z) which both had series of alleles. This paper described the origin of S -Z self-incompatibility system in Poaceae, and summarized the progress of self-incompatibility genes about Secale cereale, Phalaris coerulescens, Hordeum bulbosum, Lolium perenne and so on. In addition, it also questioned this system. At last, drawing a high-resolution mapping of S and Z locus by conquering the self-incompatibility of O. longistaminata to construct segregating population was proposed.

  Research Progress on Hydrodynamic Parameters and Its Affecting Factors 2014, 30 (3):  38-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0996 Abstract + ( 891 )   PDF ( 563615KB )   ( 1010 ) As the direct water supply for the growth of plants, soil water is the necessary condition for agricultural production. Researching soil water’s hydrodynamic parameter and its affecting factors has instructive meaning for farmland soil water’s regulation and high-efficient utilization, as same as water and soil conservation and so on. Based on current research achievements on soil water home and abroad, the author especially discussed recently researching progress of some main hydrodynamic parameters, such as soil water constant, characteristic curve, soil moisture and so on. The author clarified the porosity, quality, instructor and levels of organic material in the soil are key elements of soil water’s hydrodynamic parameter. In this article, the author also showed opinion on what direction soil water’s research would incline to in the future.

  Comparative Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of four Rice Varieties (Combinations) 2014, 30 (3):  44-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0416 Abstract + ( 847 )   PDF ( 705431KB )   ( 602 ) The change of photosynthetic physiology index at different growth period in different rice cultivars were investigated for providing a reference for breeding and cultivating rice cultivars. The photosynthetic physiology parameters of 4 rice cultivars (Combinations) of Mianyang were measured by a portable gas exchange fluorescence system. The results showed that chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intracellular concentration of CO2 (Ci) in leaves of 4 cultivars were different and had obvious differences. The change of Chl.a/b and Pn at different growth period in 4 rice cultivars showed single peak curves.‘Chengnuo88’,‘B6You4761’and‘233A/Mianhui768’had high Tr at heading day, while‘Gangyou725’had low Tr.‘Gangyou725’had high Pn during grain filling. All those indicated that‘Gangyou725’had lower demand of water supply at heading day and higher potential productivity during grain filling than the other three cultivars.

  The Effect of Silicon Fertilizer on Flexural Strength of Rice Culm 2014, 30 (3):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0503 Abstract + ( 899 )   PDF ( 685855KB )   ( 507 ) The research about how the different amount of silicon fertilizer affects flexural strength of culm provides important cues for the rational application of fertilizer and improving lodging resistance during the growth stage of rice. In this study, three indica varieties (combinations) with different lodging resistance abilities were used as materials for conducting research on the effect of flexural strength of three basal internode and anti-thrust of whole plant under three levels of silicon fertilizer during grain-filling stage. After appling silicon fertilizer, flexural strength of internode was improved greatly compared with normal control (without silicon fertilizer). A wider range of increased flexural strength can be observed under D2 treatment. The increased flexural strength of three varieties was also varied. Of which,‘Lvyou1’and‘Shanyou63’performed best flexural strength under the treatment of 60 kg/hm2 silicon fertilizer, while‘Zhongyou838’had the best flexural strength under the treatment of 30 kg/hm2 silicon fertilizer. However, to some extent, the performance of anti-thrust of whole plant and the flexural strength is different. The results suggested that the anti-thrust of whole plant performed best under the treatment of 30 kg/hm2 silicon fertilizer, and the anti-thrust of single culm also showed high value. Moreover, three varieties displayed consistently. In general, medium-planting indica rice varieties may be appropriate to the application of the silicon fertilizer to improve lodging resistance during the rice production. Generally, 30 kg/hm2 pure silicon was applied, and the amount should not be applied too large, appropriate amount could be adjusted according to different varieties.

  Effects of Slowed Release Compound Fertilizer on Rice Yield 2014, 30 (3):  56-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0921 Abstract + ( 696 )   PDF ( 544044KB )   ( 374 ) The slowed release fertilizer (SRF) test on rice was carried for screening the SRF formula of advisable local circumstances, reducing fertilizer amount and increasing economic benefit. The SRF (N:P2O5: K2O=24:8:10) was mixed with coated urea, phosphate and potassium fertilizer in according to the principle of balance fertilization. The effects of different amount of SRF on rice till dynamic development yield and N-absorption were studied. Results showed that the SRF possessed balancing and slow releasing nutrients, the number of productive tillers, grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight improved a lot, and the grain setting rate rose markedly. Comparing with the normal fertilization, T1 (the same amount of nitrogen treatment) rice yield increased 7.06%, T2 (the same input cost of fertilizer treatment) rice yield increased 0.66%. The SRF reduced nitrogen application rates by 20% under the same input cost of fertilizer treatment. The nitrogen use percent of SRF increased by 8.16% compared to the normal fertilization, the environmental profit was remarkable.

  Screening and Silicon Uptake Characteristic of Silicon High-efficiency Rice in Hainan 2014, 30 (3):  61-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1015 Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 497219KB )   ( 418 ) To explore comprehensively rice silicon nutrition mechanism, screening silicon high efficiency rice varieties by comparison yield of 25 main rice varieties in Hainan between low and deficiency silicon condition with pot and field experiment, and investigated the effect of silicon on rice yield factors and silicon uptake characteristic. The results indicated that, there were 10 silicon high efficiency variety, including 4 enduring and 6 no enduring silicon deficiency variety through diversification of yield or straw; the effect of supplying silicon was not identical for number of spike/plant, grain/spike and mass/1000 grain; was not distinct for plant height among majority variety but enhance 3 varieties; and increased for silicon concentration in straw and chaff, although silicon concentration in straw had no distinct among all rice variety at silicon deficiency condition, and that in former was inconsistency to silicon concentration in chaff; supplying silicon more prominently increased silicon concentration in grain of high efficiency rice than that of no sensitivity variety, specially for enduring rice variety. In sum, silicon concentration in shoot organell of silicon high-efficiency rice were more sensitive response to silicon supplying level than that of no sensitivity variety, but there were not identical change to yield factors at the same condition.

  A Comparative Study on Relationship Between New Characteristic Parameters of Spectral Curve and Chlorophyll Content for Spring Wheat at Different Area 2014, 30 (3):  66-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0896 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 1681783KB )   ( 641 ) New characteristic parameters of spectral curve was used to estimating chlorophyll content for spring wheat at irrigated and dry land, determination of canopy spectral, chlorophyll content, leaf width and seedling height of spring wheat at different area, using the differences of spectral curve peak-valley of spring wheat at different area. Through analyzing the relationship between characteristic parameters of spectral curve reflectance and chlorophyll content, the chlorophyll content monitor models of different area are established respectively and test its precision. The results showed that, correlation had a significantly difference among irrigated land, shady land, sunny and double-sided land at 723 nm, 730 nm and 736 nm pre and post. Before 723 nm, 730 nm and 736 nm, correlation coefficient was negatively related, after 723 nm, 730 nm and 736 nm, correlation coefficient was positively related. Characteristic parameters from green peak, yellow peak region of spectral curve and anles formed of green peak display better correlation with wheat chlorophyll content, irrigated land, shady land, sunny and double-sided land have significant correlation with Kpv, Kb and GPA1 respectively. Correlation coefficients were higher than 0.80. Parabola and linear model was the best model of estimating spring wheat chlorophyll content at different area, model R2 were more than 0.89, and predictive are higher than 92%. The results would provide new ideas and methods to using hyper spectral information for monitoring wheat growth and yield.

  The Grain Filling Characteristics of High Yield Wheat Cultivars‘Nongda211’ 2014, 30 (3):  72-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0587 Abstract + ( 929 )   PDF ( 590806KB )   ( 532 ) In order to explore the relationship between grain-filling characteristics and high-yield, achieve high yield by cultivation and offer the reference for selecting new cultivars, the grain-filling processes of grain volume, wet-weight and dry-weight, as well as difference of grain-filling parameters, of‘Nongda211’and other 4 cultivars/lines with different kernel weight planted in Beijing area were studied. The results showed that grain volumes and wet-weights of these 5 cultivars appeared to be parabola curve at whole period, meanwhile the maxim and final volumes of‘Nongda211’were near to that of‘Nongda3334’, and higher significantly than that of‘Zhongyou9507’,‘Jing411’and‘Nongda3747’, and the volume of‘Nongda211’increased linearly during 3 days postfloral (DPF) and 24 DPF, then caught up to‘Jing411’,‘Nongda3747’and‘Zhongyou 9507’, and finally were close to‘Nongda3334’. The dry-weight of‘Nongda211’showed“S”curve, and the dry-weights of‘Nongda334’at 21 DPF,‘Nongda211’at 24 DPF, and‘Zhongyou9507’at 27 DPF were higher significantly than those of‘Jing411’and‘Nongda3747’at corresponding DPF. The maxim filling rate (Rmax), average filling rate (R) and time to the maxim filling rate (d) of‘Nongda211’were higher than those of‘Zhongyou9507’,‘Nongda3747’and‘Jing411’, but lower than those of‘Nongda3334’; the filling rates at gradual increasing stage (R1), at rapid increasing stage (R2) and slowly increasing stage (R3) of‘Nongda211’were similar to those of‘Nongda3334’and‘Zhongyou9507’, but more fast than those of‘Nongda3747’and‘Jing411’. In conclusion, the grain-filling processes and of grain volume, wet-weight and dry-weight, and grain-filling parameters of‘Nongda211’approached to‘Nongda3334’, and‘Nongda211’had more spikes/ hm2 and grains/spike, so‘Nongda211’had higher yield than‘Nongda3334’.

  Application of Organic Composite Growing Substrate on Wheat 2014, 30 (3):  78-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0523 Abstract + ( 789 )   PDF ( 524214KB )   ( 490 ) In order to improve the utilization rate of agricultural and forestry waste, reduce dependence on fertilizer to crop cultivation, forestry waste composting fermentation substrate for cultivating the matrix, by the method of field experiment, the growth of winter wheat was effect contrast tests showed that: compared with common wheat fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, organic composite cultivation medium enhanced the growth of wheat, organic composite growing substrate promoted significantly on wheat spike length, spike number, output growth compared with common wheat fertilizer and fertilizer. Among them, the average wheat spike length than no fertilizer increased by 8.90% , growth of 5.85% than the chemical fertilizer, compared with the single application of ordinary fertilizer for wheat growth of 5.49%; the average wheat spike number than no fertilizer increased by 40.79%, growth of 17.11% than the chemical fertilizer, compared with the single application of ordinary fertilizer for wheat growth of 2.63%; the average yield of wheat growth of 34.78% than no fertilizer, growth of 7.89% than the chemical fertilizer, compared with the single application of ordinary fertilizer for wheat growth of 2.01%. The research can provide a reference for the agricultural and forestry waste utilization in crop cultivation area.

  Monitoring Leaf Nitrogen Accumulation in Summer Maize with Canopy Reflectance Spectra 2014, 30 (3):  85-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0800 Abstract + ( 1213 )   PDF ( 618599KB )   ( 652 ) To realize non-destructive and quick assessment of leaf nitrogen status in summer maize, two field experiments were conducted with different maize cultivars and nitrogen levels across two growing season, and time-course measurements were taken on canopy spectral reflectance and leaf nitrogen accumulation during the period of experiment. Base on the canopy reflectance and derived vegetation index, we analyzed the quantitative relationships between leaf nitrogen accumulation and canopy reflectance in different maize cultivars under varied nitrogen rates, and put forward the sensitive parameters and monitoring equation for leaf nitrogen accumulation. The results showed that, leaf canopy nitrogen accumulation in maize increased with increasing nitrogen rates. Wavelengths at 460-670 nm and 780-1100 nm were sensitive to leaf nitrogen accumulation for nitrogen diagnosis. Leaf nitrogen accumulation was highly correlated with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified simple ratio (MSR), optimal soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), respectively. Comparing the R2 and standard error of regression model, the spectral index of OSAVI was the test parameter for predicting leaf nitrogen accumulation. The monitoring models were tested with an independent dataset, and the predictive precision (r) was 0.6745, and RMSE was 1.2368. It was concluded that leaf nitrogen accumulation in summer maize could be monitored by key vegetation indices, with more reliable estimation from OSAVI.

  Effects of Mixed Compound of DCPTA and CCC on Lodging Resistance Characteristics and Photosynthesis of Spring Maize in Cold Area 2014, 30 (3):  91-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1068 Abstract + ( 985 )   PDF ( 744363KB )   ( 481 ) In order to study the effects of the new plant grow mixed compound on lodging properties and photosynthesis of spring maize in cold area. In the experiment, three kinds of the chemical control agent were selected, two chemical control agents had been used in field production, the name were Yuhuangjing and Duntianbao. The third mixtures was laboratory configuration which the main ingredient was DCPTA and CCC. The results showed that, after FPJ and YHJ agent handling, reduced plant height and ear height, reduced the length of basal internodes and increased basal diameter of maize. The treatment of DTB could increase plant height and ear height and internode length. For example, after 10 days of tasseling, compared with the control the section length of 1, 3, 5 of the treatment of mixtures reduced by 12.62%, 9.49%, 6.51% and internode diameter increased by 13.70%, 12.37%, 12.69%. Compared mixtures, the length and diameter of internode were little difference with Yuhuangjing and Duntianbao. The mixtures processing could increase dry matter accumulation of the stems of maize, part of the difference was significant. Compared with the control, the leaf area index of the treatment of the mixtures was difference, which was not significant. After treating of the mixtures, the values of chlorophyll fluorescence of Fo and qN declined, the values of Fv/Fm and qP increased in the leaf of in maize, this result showed that mixtures spraying processing not only had a role to reduce plant height, increase lodging resistance traits also promoted photosynthesis of maize, eventually lay the foundation for high yield of maize.

  The Corn roots Image Stitching, Extraction and Analysis System Based on Matlab Software 2014, 30 (3):  98-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1575 Abstract + ( 1153 )   PDF ( 1193029KB )   ( 593 ) In order to observe, assay and sample accurately for corn root system growth, our study adopted the maize root pictures obtained from the root monitoring system (SYIAE-01) developed by Institute of Atmospheric Environment, CMA, Shenyang, studied the root digital image based on the digital image recognition technology (IBR), used the method of SIFI and OTSU to compile the root image software, consisted three parts of the image geometric distortion correction, image stitching, image extraction and root area calculation, researched and analyzed the digital image of root obtained by the software. The results showed that: the root image mosaicing, extraction and analysis system based on the Matlab preliminary realized in situ identification of corn root system characteristics, the system could improve the working efficiency of sorting corn root system image, and helpful to calculate the root area.

  Effect of Different Stage of Root Cutting on Growing Dynamic of Peanut 2014, 30 (3):  103-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1120 Abstract + ( 771 )   PDF ( 587052KB )   ( 419 ) In order to study on effect of different stages of root cutting on growing dynamic of peanut, provide theoretical basis for the reasonable stage of root cutting. A field experiment under mulching was conducted to study the effect of different stages of root cutting on growing dynamic of peanut. The results showed that, root cutting could reduce the plant height, number of leaves and branches, number of flowering and needles per plant of peanut, the earlier cutting the root, the more obvious effect was. The reasonable stage of treatments was helpful to delay leaf senescence in peanut, maintain the suitable leaf area index for a long time, increased the effective number of branches needles and less useless dry matter accumulation, reduced the excessive growth redundancy, in favor of pod formation; Later treatments caused minor damage to roots of peanut; there was little effect on redundancy reducing and compensation effect. In this experiment, the fifteenth day to the twentieth day after flowering of root cutting could obtain the best effect on plant growth.

  The Study of Growth Enhancement of Peanut by Trichoderma aureoviride 1010 in the Salt-alkaline Soil of the Yellow River Delta 2014, 30 (3):  107-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1036 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 570718KB )   ( 384 ) In this study, Trichoderma aureoviride 1010 (T1010) was applied in salt-alkaline soil of the Yellow River Delta. Peanut growth was observed. This result gave us information for the application of T1010 to regulate the salt-alkaline soil and enhance peanut growth. The T1010 preparation could boost peanut seedling emergence rate. The plant became higher than CK. These were more effective stalk number. It enhanced the content of chlorophyll a of leaf, so were chlorophyll b and carotenoid. It could impel the content of primary metabolites, glucose, starch, amine acid, and protein and so on. The 100-pod weight was increased than the control, so was the 100-grain weight. The number of double pod was increased than the control. The yield of peanut was more than CK. Trichoderma 1010 was used as soil amendment for peanut in the salt-alkaline soil and peanut seedling grew luxuriantly. The more chlorophyll developed photosynthesis and photosynthetic products were effective accumulated. T1010 was considered to be adjust soil agent for amend salt-alkaline soil of the Yellow River Delta and to assess crop structure.

  Study on Potassium Accumulation Dynamics in Different Dry Soil Types of Peanut 2014, 30 (3):  112-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0960 Abstract + ( 795 )   PDF ( 617916KB )   ( 450 ) In order to provide scientific fertilization for dry soil of peanuts, under the condition of field cultivation, with lime concretion black soil and brunisolic soil for object, plant K fertility characteristics in peanut growing season were studied. The results showed that roots, stems and leaves K accumulation in the two kind soil had a low level in seedling stage, and the difference was not much. From 50th day after emergence to maturity, K accumulation of root in lime concretion black was significant higher than that in brunisolic soil. But K accumulation of stem and leaf was significant lower than that in brunisolic soil after 60th day of emergence. K accumulation in peanut fruit kernel of lime concretion black soil was 60 percent higher than that of brunisolic soil. Peanut whole plant K accumulation in two kind soil types accorded with Logistic equation, and whole plant K accumulation in lime concretion black soil was 10 percent higher than that in brunisolic soil in mature stage. Absolute magnitude in the stem and leaf K transferred to the pod of brunisolic soil peanuts were less than that of lime concretion black soil, but the total ratio of the stem and leaf K accumulation transferred to pod of brunisolic soil was higher than lime concretion black soil. Improving for K conversion rate of peanut is an effective way for using efficiency of K in lime concretion black soil.

  Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Main Agronomic Traits in 126 Peanut Varieties 2014, 30 (3):  117-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0889 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 557010KB )   ( 381 ) Germplasm resource is an important gene source of peanut genetic improvement. To know genetic diversity in cultivated peanut resources, 126 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties from 5 countries were selected in the study to analyze genetic parameters of 22 classification traits and 17 agronomic traits. The results showed: the mean value of index of genetic diversity (H') in 22 classification traits and 17 agronomic traits were 0.813 and 1.947, respectively. The mean value of coefficient of variance (CV) in 17 agronomic traits were 22.17%. And that, CV was over 20% of 11 agronomic traits, these values reached a higher level. The value of broad sense heritability (hB2%) was larger than 75% in 8 traits like plant height, and so on. Yet hB2% was smaller than 50% in 4 traits, such as No. of pod branches, etc. Further analysis found that the relative genetic advance (?G) were 1010.15 and 475.26 in pods per kilogram and shelling percentage, and its genetic gain (G) were 101.74 and 722.88, respectively. Overall, genetic diversity was abundant in 126 varieties. And this group had great potential for further genetic improvement in agronomic traits.

  Researching the Physiological indicators of Different Maturity Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) Functional leaf at Each Growth Stages 2014, 30 (3):  124-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0474 Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 640246KB )   ( 394 ) In order to explore the activities of several enzymes and lipid peroxidation level of various growth stages of the functional leaves，and provide a reference for breeding of the early maturing potato varieties. In this paper, the early-maturing variety‘Dongnong 303’and late-maturing variety‘yanshu4th’as the test material, the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were tested in the potato functional leaves. The results indicated that the SOD of potato function leaves activity rising in the whole growth period; at the seedling stage MDA contents is highest and then a sharp decline in the tuber formation period the content increases slightly; at the seedling stage CAT activity is highest and then began to decrease, flowering and tuber formation change weakly .the POD activity is highest in the bud stage, after then decline tuber formation period of minimum activity. The results also show that‘Dongning 303’higher than the yanshu4 in the SOD, CAT and POD during the whole growth period, Although the growth period of the early-maturity variety is shorter，the physiological-chemical activities of its functional leaves are still rather high. This study has a certain significance of early maturing potato breeding.

  The Researches of Different Potato Cultivation Methods in Winter Fallow Rice Field 2014, 30 (3):  129-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0913 Abstract + ( 728 )   PDF ( 627021KB )   ( 609 ) In order to explore the potato simplified cultivation techniques with high yield and efficiency in winter fallow fields and provide a reference for the development of the winter potato, the effects of different cultivation methods on growth, yields and benefit of potato grown in the winter fallow fields were studied. Five cultivation methods including portable cultivationⅠ, portable cultivationⅡ, mulching film cultivation, straw mulching cultivation and non-mulching cultivation were conducted in winter fallow rice field. There were differences in soil temperature resulting in the different seedling time among the different cultivation methods. The average soil temperature of portable cultivationⅡwas 0.82℃, 1.35℃, 1.72℃, 2.16℃higher than mulching film cultivation, portable cultivationⅠ, straw mulching cultivation and cultivated with non-mulching respectively. The seedling time of portable cultivationⅡwas 2 days, 4 days, 15 days, 20 days earlier than mulching film cultivation, portable cultivationⅠ, straw mulching cultivation and non-mulching cultivation respectively. The commercial potato yields of mulching film cultivation, portable cultivationⅡ, straw mulching cultivation, portable cultivationⅠand non-mulching cultivation were 21743.7, 21345.6, 15613.5, 14783.9, 12378.7 kg/hm2 respectively. The economic efficiency of portable cultivationⅡ, mulching film cultivation, straw mulching cultivation, portable cultivation and non-mulching cultivation were 11133.0, 6609.9, 5584.2, 2571.6, minus 3424.1 yuan/hm2 respectively.

  Oats Growth under Microbial Fertilizer Seed Dressing and Reducing the Amount of Chemical Fertilizer 2014, 30 (3):  135-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0877 Abstract + ( 992 )   PDF ( 527309KB )   ( 527 ) Oat emergence, plant height, dry matter content each growth period and yield under different treatment, using microbial fertilizer seed dressing and reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer, were studied to provide the basis for the promotion and application on oats. Yield under different treatment were significantly different, with the highest yield 4189.5 kg/hm2 under treatment C (microbial fertilizer seed dressing and 75% chemical fertilizer). Yield of treatment A (100% chemical fertilizer) and B (microbial fertilizer seed dressing and 50% chemical fertilizer) were in the middle which were 3546 kg/hm2 and 3468 kg/hm2. The lowest yield was 3064.5 kg/hm2 under the treatment D (CK). Therefore, using microbial fertilizer on oat seed dressing not only can improve oat yield, but also can reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer and alleviate the degree of soil compaction.

  Effects of Different Potassium Concentration on Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Sugar Beet Seedlings 2014, 30 (3):  139-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1070 Abstract + ( 892 )   PDF ( 651428KB )   ( 441 ) The effects of different potassium (K+ ) concentration on seedling growth, physiological and biochemical indexes of sugar beet were studied using half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution. The results showed that the dry weight of leaves, petioles, roots and of the whole plant of sugar beet seedlings increased with the increase of K+ concentration, and arrived the highest when K+ concentration was 3.00 mmol/L. Besides, K+ level in roots, petioles and leaves, accumulation amounts of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in seedlings, petioles and leaves water content, relative water level in leaves and leaf area increased gradually with increase in K+ concentration, however, these indexes showed no obvious difference between treatments of 3.00 and 6.00 mmol/L K+ . Nevertheless, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a+b, activities of SOD and GPX, and N level in roots, petioles and leaves decreased gradually with the increase in K+ concentration, while no notable difference was observed when treated with 3.00 and 6.00 mmol/L K+. On the other hand, CAT activity, P content in roots, petioles, and leaves showed no significant change or changed with no rule. Under this experimental condition, we concluded that 3.00 mmol/L K+ was the optimum K+concentration for sugar beet seedling growing.

  The Diurnal Variation of the Emission of N2O and CO2, and the Best Observation Time in Paddy Field 2014, 30 (3):  146-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0437 Abstract + ( 936 )   PDF ( 625002KB )   ( 548 ) In order to study the diurnal variation of N2O and CO2 from paddy field, and determine the best time for observation, a field experiment was conducted with static-chamber and gas chromatograph. The results showed that, nitrogen fertilizer had a significant role in promoting the emissions of N2O and CO2. The diurnal variation of the emission of N2O had obvious difference in each treatment, but the flux of CO2 had little difference in each treatment. During the whole observation period (120 h), the emission of N2O from the check treatment, not only changes little, but also very lower. The emission of N2O changes little before and after fertilization in 24 h, but increase significantly in 48-96 h, and decreased in 96-120 h. The diurnal variation of the emission of CO2 in paddy soil were similar in each treatments, there weren’t significant difference in the paddy soil before fertilization. The emission of CO2 of different observation period of 24-48 h, 48-72 h and 72-96 h had a trends of decreased first and then decreased in each treatment, and the flux of CO2 of nitrogen treatment were significantly higher than that in check treatment. Based on the correct analysis, the average flux of CO2 and N2O were more close to the emission of observation of 9:00-11:00, and could represent the emission of the day and finally determine the gas samples collection time was 9:00-11:00.

  Profile Distribution of Soil Fertility Factors in Different Types of Paddy Soils in Hunan Province 2014, 30 (3):  151-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0557 Abstract + ( 1991 )   PDF ( 994099KB )   ( 1327 ) The soil organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), as soil primary fertility factors, always are effective indicator of soil fertility quality. In the present study, five subtropical paddy soils developed from different parent materials were selected, and take profiles samples with soil formation, analyzed the profile distribution of OM and NPK. The results showed that, the contents of OM differ significantly from various soil layers, as well as different parent materials. And they mainly concentrated on the plough horizon and precogenic horizon, with the lowest value in the waterloggogenic horizon. The contents of NPK decreased markedly with increasing soil depth. The capability of soil nutrient-supply varied with paddy soils developed from different parent materials, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen between 5.55 with 7.26, available phosphorus was 1.04 to 6.31, and available potassium was 0.45 to 2.41. The capability of soil nutrient-supply also varied with every layer. The capability of soil nitrogen-supply of sub-waterloggogenic horizon and parent material layer was higher to other layers in granite sandy soil and yellow clayey soilⅡ, reddish yellow clayey soil. In alluvial sandy soil and yellow clayey soilⅠ, it was decreased with the increasing soil depth. It was similar of the capability of soil P and K-supply in profile with the different paddy soil. The rule was the surface higher, and the waterloggogenic horizon lower. There were significant correlation between accumulation coefficient and soil OM and the capability of soil N, P-supply. It was implied that accumulation coefficient also was one of soil fertility factors, like as soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and so on. The contents of soil fertility factors decreased with increasing soil depth in different types of subtropical paddy soils, soil fertility of yellow clayey soilⅡwas higher, then was reddish yellow clayey soil and yellow clayey soilⅠ, the lowest was granite sandy soil and alluvial sandy soil.

  The Effects of Soil Layer Replacement on Soil Enzyme and Soil Nutrient Content 2014, 30 (3):  157-161.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0820 Abstract + ( 819 )   PDF ( 1701205KB )   ( 1311 ) The objective of current study was to investigate the effects of soil layer replacement on soil enzyme and soil nutrient content of different layer. The catalase, urease and invertase of soil at seeding stage, flowering stage and mature stage of soybean were determined by conventional method, and the soil nutrient content was determined at mature stage of soybean by conventional method. The results showed that soil layer replacement changed the structure of soil, and had effect on the soil enzyme. The soil enzyme activity had significant differences between the different soil layer of soil layer replacement area and the control area. The soil nutrient content at soil layer replacement area showed that different change trend with the depth of soil increased, and there were significant differences compared with the control area. The soil layer replacement make against the soil nutrient content uniform distribution in different soil layers. The available phosphorus and available potassium of the control area soil showed that downward trend with the depth of soil increased. The soybean yield of soil layer replacement was 2245.5 kg/hm2, it was higher 20.1% than contrast. The soil layer replacement could overall activate soil nutrient and increased soil enzyme activity and increased soil active layer, improved the soil water supply capacity. The soil layer replacement has main effect to enhanced soil resilience and increased the yield of corp.

  Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Available Microelements Contents in Irrigation-silted Soil in Yaodu District 2014, 30 (3):  162-167.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1051 Abstract + ( 665 )   PDF ( 750567KB )   ( 421 ) In order to achieve the new demand of ‘precision agriculture’ development in Yaodu District, and provide the scientific basis for local soil tillage and crop-growing, geostatistics combined with GIS was applied to study the spatial variability and level status of available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in irrigation-silted soil in Yaodu District, Shanxi Province. The results showed that: (1) 88.8% of the samples was short of available Fe, 19.2% of the available Mn samples and 0.8% of the available Zn samples were less than the critical value. The Cvs from mathematical statistics were between 41.5% (available Zn) and 55.5% (available Mn), all available microelement contents belonged to moderate variability. (2) The better theoretical semivariogram models of available microelements were spherical model for Fe, exponential model for Mn, Cu and Zn. The nuggets, ranges and the ratios of C0 and C0+C of the contents of available Zn was 83.97%, the spatial correlation degree was weaker. Available concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Cu had moderate spatial correlation. Four microelements in study area expressed anisotropy. Available concentrations of Mn showed the strongest variability along the direction of 90°. (3) The maps of the soil trace elements with Kriging showed that the contents of available Fe and Cu had a clearly striped distribution trends in the Fenhe River Basin, and a declining trend in river east bank to the west bank. The content of available Fe was very poor, while the content of available Cu was higher, the content of available Mn was higher in the south-east and north-west, the decreasing trend of the content of available Zn was found from southwest to northeast.

  Studies in Effects of Kaolinite and Acidic-kaolinite on Cr, NH3-N and F Adsorption 2014, 30 (3):  168-172.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0093 Abstract + ( 746 )   PDF ( 507319KB )   ( 422 ) To understand deeply the nonmetal ion adsorption ability of kaolinite and acidic-kaolinite, this paper studied the effects of kaolinite and acidic-kaolinite on disposing water holding Cr, NH3-N and F, and built the adsorption model by using laboratory analysis. The results showed that, with the contents of Cr, NH3-N and F increased, the adsorb capacity of kaolinite and acidic-kaolinite increased, but different adsorb material had different effects on different ions, kaolinite had better effect on removing Cr and NH3-N than acidic-kaolinite, and kaolinite could remove more Cr than NH3-N, acidic-kaolinite had better effect on F adsorption. The adsorption of Cr, NH3-N and F by using kaolinite and acidic-kaolinite fitted Freundlich equation, Langmuir equation and Tekmin equation, and Freundlich equation was the best to state these adsorptions.

  Measurement Technique of Oil Content in Cottonseed by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy 2014, 30 (3):  173-177.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0505 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 541131KB )   ( 530 ) The near-infrared spectroscopy analysis model of cottonseed oil content has been set up, which is non-destructive, fast and efficient, to assay the oil content of cottonseed in large quantities faster and to improve the standard and efficiency of this analysis. A better regression equation was established by using different spectral mathematical pretreatment and spectral reflectance mode, with 218 upland cottonseeds as test sample which is naked cotton, a better regression equation for oil content by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was established through the methods of spectra mathematic pretreatment and different spectra reflection treatment. The results showed the best regression equation was obtained by the mathematics pretreatment“2, 4, 4, 1”for spectroscopic data, and transformation of Standard Normal Variant (SNV). It had the highest regression squared of the calibration (RSQ=0.9773) and verification squared of the calibration (1-VR=0.9646), and the same time, it had the least regression standard error of the calibration (SEC=0.6977), and the least cross-validation standard error of the calibration (SECV=0.8714). There was a correlation coefficient 0.9882 between the data of oil content obtained by the chemical and NIRS method by 30 verified samples, only with a deviation of 0.65%. The regression equation by NIRS could measure the oil content of cottonseed accurately; it could be applied in practice. The average cottonseed oil content of hybrid varieties from the Yangtze River Basin was 28.05%, ranging from 26.50% to 30.05% in majority, it had a large potential for improvement of the cotton varieties.

  Effect of Nutrition Ecological Fertilizer on Rice Yield, Agronomic Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Economic Benefit 2014, 30 (3):  178-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0470 Abstract + ( 928 )   PDF ( 524865KB )   ( 389 ) Field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nutrition ecological fertilizer on rice yield, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit, in order to providing scientific evidence for the application of ecological fertilizer in rice production in southern Anhui. The results indicated that: the ecological fertilizer Ⅱ treatment (combination of ecological fertilizer as basal manure and urea as topdressing) could significantly increased grains per panicle, seed setting rate and rice yield. Compared with the other two treatments, the rice yield of the ecological fertilizer Ⅱ was increased by 3.9% and 3.1%, respectively. However, the partial factor productivity (PFPN) of applied N and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AEN) of the ecological fertilizer Ⅰ treatment (ecological fertilizer as basal manure and without topdressing) were significantly increased by 63.8%-91.8% and 67.7%-77.1% then the other two treatments respectively. Compared with compound fertilizer and ecological fertilizer Ⅱ, the net income and output-input ratio of ecological fertilizer Ⅰ were increased by 1.2%-4% and 25.7%-46.5%, respectively. It showed that single basal application of ecological fertilizer Ⅰ could achieve the goal of high yield and efficiency.

  Effects of Different Distance to Drip Tape on Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Translocation in Winter Wheat 2014, 30 (3):  182-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1049 Abstract + ( 1508 )   PDF ( 694671KB )   ( 420 ) To investigate the effects of drip irrigation lateral placements on dry matter accumulation, distribution and translocation of winter wheat, a field experiment were conducted using qingmai 7 hao cultivar with four drip irrigation treatments (1 lateral 3 rows (T3), 1 lateral 4 rows (T4), 1 lateral 5 rows (T5) and 1 lateral 6 rows, using no irrigation as control CK) under the same irrigation quota (1800 m3/hm2) at experimental station of Qingdao University in the year of 2011-2012. The results showed that, compared with CK, the grain dry weight in the harvest and filling rate in the late filling of winter wheat were significantly increased. The distribution rate in grain of dry matter in the mature period and the contribution to grains of dry matter accumulation after anthesis were increased significantly. There were different effect among the four drip irrigation treatments on grain filling, dry matter accumulation and translocation. The filling rate and grain dry weight in the late filling of T5 were higher than other drip irrigation treatments. Dynamic change of the total dry matter accumulation of winter wheat showed a “S” curve. The distribution rate in grain of dry matter in the mature period was T4 > T5 > T6 > T3 > CK, and there were significantly difference. The contribution rate of dry matter after anthesis to grains was T5 > T4 > T6 > T3 > CK, T5 reached 58.86% significantly higher than others. Therefore, “1 lateral 5 rows” pattern was most conductive to grain filling and significantly improved accumulation of photosynthetic organs assimilates after anthesis, got higher grain yield.

  Effects of Air CO2 Enrichment on Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield of Spring Wheat 2014, 30 (3):  189-195.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0932 Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 920821KB )   ( 543 ) In order to provide a theoretical basis for spring wheat high-yield cultivation under enriched CO2 condition, a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment with spring wheat variety Dingxi 24 was carried out in 2010 in Dingxi of Gansu province, and then grain filling characteristics and yield formation of spring wheat under different CO2concentration were analyzed. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation and 1000-grain weight increased significantly，the dates corresponding to maximal dry matter accumulation rate and grain filling rate were delayed，maximal dry matter accumulation rate and grain filling rate increased with the increase of CO2 concentration. Under different CO2 concentrations, the correlation coefficient between grain weight and grain filling rate was significant at 0.01 levels, but the correlation coefficient between grain weight and grain filling duration was not significant，which mean that improving grain filling rate was more effective than extension of grain filling duration time to increase grain weight. For the three stage of grain filling, duration and filing rate of slow-increase period had more positive impact on the 1000-grain weight. The grain yield of spring wheat were increased by 15.62%, 29.42% and 36.98% than CK (370μmol/mol) in three high CO2 levels (470, 570 and 670μmol/mol), and grain yield of spring wheat were significantly correlated with CO2 concentrations (P<0.01). In this trial, the increase of grain yield mainly due to obvious increase of the grain number per ear.

  Effect of Humic Acid Water-soluble Fertilizer on Wheat Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield Under Water Stress 2014, 30 (3):  196-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0789 Abstract + ( 749 )   PDF ( 607051KB )   ( 437 ) In order to study the effect of Humic acid water-soluble fertilizer on wheat photosynthetic characteristics and yield under water stress. Pot experiment were carried out to study the effect of Humic acid water-soluble fertilizer on wheat (‘Yongliang4’) chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance，transpiration rate，yield under water stress after jointing stage. The results indicated that, photosynthetic characteristics on wheat were improved by plant growth regulator under different water stress, compared with control, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate increased by 5.62%-84.32% and 0.87%-75.38%, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decreased by 7.96%-53.25% and 15.96%-58.32%. Net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content were decreased after water stress. The function of spraying plant growth regulator could increase chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate, and decrease transpiration rate under water stress. As a result, wheat could enhance water use efficiency. The yield was improved by 4.48%-7.75%, and the yield increased order was normal water supply > moderate water stress > mild water control. The analytic results showed that plant growth regulator could improve photosynthetic characteristics and increase yield on wheat.

  Effect of Different Density on the Yield and Quality of Early Maturing Maize ‘Jindan No. 84’ 2014, 30 (3):  201-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0775 Abstract + ( 928 )   PDF ( 544273KB )   ( 516 ) In order to study the impact of different planting densities of early maturing maize‘Jindan No. 84’growth traits and quality, we take new varieties of early maturing maize‘Jindan No. 84’as experimental material, the effect of different planting density on yield, agronomic traits and quality were studied under the five different planting density conditions. Planting density respectively were 45000 plants/hm2, 52500 plants/ hm2, 60000 plants/hm2, 67500 plants/hm2. The results showed that, the yield of‘Jindan No. 84’first increased and then decreased with the increasing of planting density, when the density of 67500 plants/hm2 achieved the highest yield of 12825.8 kg/hm2. With the increasing of planting density, the protein and crude fat contents in‘Jindan No. 84’decreased and the highest starch content of 73.4% at 67500 plants/hm2. This experimental in order to determine the optimum density of‘Jindan No. 84’in central Shanxi Province, and provide a scientific basis for high-yield cultivation.

  Effect of Corn and Semicultivated Soybean Proportions on Yield and Yield Components 2014, 30 (3):  205-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0853 Abstract + ( 936 )   PDF ( 479527KB )   ( 374 ) Researched the mixed sowing populations' yield and yield components in order to improve maize yield and land use capability through the corn 'Zhengdan 958' and semicultivated soybean mixed sowing by 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 mixture ratios, and let the maize monoculture as control. The results showed that, corn production accounts for more than 90% of the population yield; corn production declined slightly, the stem and leaf yield decreased obviously, and semicultivated soybean yield increased with proportions increasing. Groups of mixed biomass yield on the ground and economic yield increased with proportions increasing, and all the mixed sowing treatments were significantly higher than that of maize monoculture, where mixed biomass yield on the ground of 1:3 (A1B3) and 1:2 (A1B2) increased 15.5%, 16.4%than monoculture maize yield.

  Effect of Chemical Control Agent-ethephon on Main Characters and Yield of Maize 2014, 30 (3):  209-213.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1067 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 495944KB )   ( 674 ) In order to prevent lodging, to achieve high and stable maize was treated by chemical control agent-ethephon to study its effect on main traits. The results showed that, characters of length of three ear-leaves, basal internode length, plant height, ear position, ear length and individual plant yield of maize treated was lower than that of the control, which inhibitory effect of length of three ear-leaves , internode length followed the turns: earlier stage >mid stage >late stage. At the same time, with the dose increasing length of three ear-leaves, plant height, ear position, ear length and individual plant yield decreased gradually and internode length showed no significant difference. With the time delaying, height of ear position showed the tendency of high - low - high; plant height gradually decreased; ear length didn’t change significantly; Except for yield decreasing reduction of ‘Jinfeng 50’ by ethephon showing the following tendency of low - high - low, yield decreasing reduction of ‘Jinfeng 50’ and AH2067 by “XISHIMEI”, or AH2067 by ethephon showing the tendency of high-low-high. Effect of chemical control agent on the ear rows and bald length was not significantly affected.

  Grey Relation Grade Analysis for Fresh Ear Yield of Waxy Corn and Agronomic Characters 2014, 30 (3):  214-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0801 Abstract + ( 775 )   PDF ( 482245KB )   ( 438 ) In order to research relation of fresh ear yield and main agronomic characters, we provide a theoretical basis to the waxy corn breeding. 10 agronomic characters and fresh ear yield of 14 combinations in fresh-eat waxy corn in Southwest corn regional trial in 2012 were analyzed with grey relation grade analysis. The results showed: relational degree order of agronomic characters and fresh corn yield were as follows: row per ear > ear diameter > ear length > kernel per row > sprouting-harvest > plant height > bald tip length > kernel rate > 100-kernel weight > ear height. Row per ear was the main factor affecting fresh yield of waxy corn, and the second was ear diameter and ear length, but the ear height had less effect on yield.

  Study on the Transferability and Application of ACGM Molecular Makers from Rice in Foxtail Millet 2014, 30 (3):  219-225.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0765 Abstract + ( 654 )   PDF ( 1342596KB )   ( 484 ) The purpose of the present research was to study the transferability and the polymorphism of rice (Oryza sativa) genome data in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). 38 ACGM markers exploited from rice were investigated in 59 foxtail millet accession using PCR methods. The transferability and the polymorphism of rice (Oryza sativa) genome data in foxtail millet were analyzed and the polymorphism data of these markers among the accession were used for clustering through biostatistics DARwin 5.0.156. The results showed that a total of 33 pairs of primers behaved specific PCR products in at least five accessions, about occupying 87% of total primers. Among those, 7 pairs of primers occupying 18.4% of the total markers were of polymorphism among the accessions. The molecular clustering results of the tested materials showed that it was not fully consistent with that depending on the phenotypic or ecological data and the reason need further study. The results showed that the makers from rice had a high transferability in foxtail millet and the polymorphism of these markers was lower in foxtail millet compared with other crops.

  Research Photosynthetic Characteristic of Adzuki Bean and Production Efficiency Under Intercropping Patterns 2014, 30 (3):  226-231.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0498 Abstract + ( 744 )   PDF ( 688740KB )   ( 510 ) Photosynthesis is the basis of plant growth and development, but also the determinants of the level of plant productivity. Under six adzuki bean-corn intercropping mode, an single factor test was adopt to study photosynthetic characteristic parameters in flower pod stage of adzuki bean and composite economic results in harvest. The results indicated that, the Pn and Tr value of control were the highest, under intercropping mode, (5-2) Pn and Tr value were the highest than others, Cs was opposite. The control was in no shade condition. Correlation analysis showed that, when the intensity of photosynthetic active radiation increases, leading the increasing of net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomata conductance and the decreasing of intercellular CO2 concentration, the composite economic benefits results showed that the intercropping mode 5-3 was the highest. It reached 31378 yuan/hm2. The final results showed that, it was adaptive for cultivation in midland region in Shanxi Province.

  Advances in the Studies on the Application of Marine Microorganism in Biological Pesticides 2014, 30 (3):  232-236.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0510 Abstract + ( 743 )   PDF ( 463254KB )   ( 576 ) Plant diseases and insect pests was the enemy of agricultural production, and the main method of the agricultural plant diseases and insect pests’ prevention and control was using chemical pesticide, but due to the dangers of chemical pesticides on the environment and human, the research of biological pesticide had great significance. Because of the scarcity of land resources, people moved eyes to marine resources. This article summarized the marine microorganisms used in the latest research progress of biological pesticide, and briefly introduced the secondary metabolites of marine microorganisms and the biological pesticide, and focused on four aspects from insecticide, bactericide, degradation of organic-phosphorous pesticides and herbicide. The prospect of marine microorganisms used into biological pesticide was proposed.

  Isolation, Identification and Immobilized of Efficient PVA-degrading Bacteria 2014, 30 (3):  237-243.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0603 Abstract + ( 722 )   PDF ( 870056KB )   ( 516 ) In order to get a strain of degrading PVA bacillus, and immobilization of the strain resources. Using PVA iodine-boric acid plate method for screening, measures degradation for rescreening, and explored the immobilization process by orthogonal experiment. Eight bacterial strains showed degrade activity to polyvinyl alcohol, and 3-9 was obtained during the rescreening. After 48 hours, PVA degradation rate up to 86.56%. This strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp.. The optimum immobilization conditions for this strain are as follows: sodium alginate of 4%, CaC12 of 3%, cells of 0.1 g and calcification time was 4 hours. The results showed that degradation rate increased by 14.02% after immobilized.This research was supported by an efficient degradation of polyvinyl alcohol Bacillus subtilis subsp., and determined the optimal immobilization conditions，provided resources and theoretical basis for PVA wastewater treatment.

  The Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil in Pelargonium graveolens Polyloid Seedlings 2014, 30 (3):  244-249.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0606 Abstract + ( 1021 )   PDF ( 785333KB )   ( 456 ) In order to determine the aroma characteristics of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens L'He'rit. chromosome doubling seedlings, and to provide theoretical direction for developing new variety of Pelargonium graveolens. The chemical constituents of the Geranium oil from cutting, tissue cultured, polyploidy seedlings were analysed by GC-9A, and compared to the major components of Pelargonium rosum oil and Bour Geranium oil. There was the same kind of chemical constituents, but their content varied among all the tested oils. The content of geraniol, geranyl formate and linalool was significantly higher, but there were fewer citronellol, citronellyl formate and rose oxide in oils of tissue cultured and polyploidy seedling. The content of citronellol was 26.1% , and geraniol was 14.81% , andβ-gurjunene was 4.77% in the oil of polyploidy seedlings. Chromosome doubling of Pelargonium graveolens plants is a good way to improve its essential oil quality, and the content of citronellol and geraniol is similar to Bour Geranium oil.

  Research Status of the Effect of Water Quality on the Green Tea Beverage 2014, 30 (3):  250-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0418 Abstract + ( 1083 )   PDF ( 451162KB )   ( 1089 ) In order to solve the problems in production, processing and storage process of tea beverage, domestic and foreign scholars carried out research in water quality. This paper described the effect of water quality of the tea infusion and tea drinks on the sensory quality, storage characteristics, and physical and chemical components of tea, discussed the effect of water pH, ions in water on sensory flavor, liquor color quality of tea and tea beverage stability, and then summarized the basic requirements of the tea beverage extracting water: the content of metal ions must be strictly controlled, and the water must maintain a lower pH value. Finally, the paper summarized the problem in the research and production of tea drinks in order to provide new channels for the theoretical study of tea beverage water and achieve the goal of providing a theoretical basis for the selection of tea beverage production water.

  Study on Standardization of Salted Egg Yolk Quality Quantitative Analysis 2014, 30 (3):  254-259.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0684 Abstract + ( 847 )   PDF ( 572437KB )   ( 560 ) Salty yolk was a new egg product that appeared on the market, and it had no quantitative quality evaluation method. Through the oily quality, the sanding quality, chromatic aberration and the content of the moisture, a standardization measurement method was made. The results showed that: Using Shuangquan medium-speed qualitative filter paper to measure the oily quality of salty yolk, the variation coefficient was less than 5% ; using petroleum ether as solvent, stirring, filtration, weight method was used to measure the sanding quality of salty yolk, the credibility was 98% . Using sensory evaluation and chromatic aberration analysis, the evaluation standard of salty yolk color was given. The method for measure the quality of salty yolk in this paper was simple, practical and had high credibility; it can be used for quantitative determination of the quality of salty yolk standardization method.

  Effects of Bamboo Vinegar on the Quality of Red Sweet Pepper Fruits During Storage 2014, 30 (3):  260-264.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0981 Abstract + ( 623 )   PDF ( 710749KB )   ( 425 ) To study the preservation effect of bamboo vinegar on red sweet pepper fruits during storage.“HongSushan”red sweet pepper fruits were experiment material. The distilled water diluted the bamboo vinegar into 500, 1000 and 1500 dilution times. The handle of sweet pepper fruits was soaked for 3 min. CK was soaked with distilled water. Packed with PE plastic bags, and stored up in 20℃. The results showed that treating with bamboo vinegar could keep the sense quality of sweet pepper better, declined the rotting index. The sense quality score enhanced 1-2.75 multiple. The rotting index reduced 0.21-0.47, which retarded the rate of increase of total soluble solid and postpone its summit for 3-6 days, and increased the content of total soluble solid during medium-term and later period of storage. The change range of titratable acidity content decreased by 12.1%-15.5% , and increased the content of titratable acidity during medium-term and later period of storage. It promoted the content of soluble protein, carotenoid, and Vc during medium-term and later period of storage. But it had no evident influences on weight-loss rate. It followed that treated with a certain consistence ranges of bamboo vinegar could slow down the loss of nutrient substance, and maintain the wares quality of red sweet pepper fruits during storage. The preservation effect of treating with bamboo vinegar of 500 dilution times was more evident.

  Optimization of Superfine Grinding Technological Parameters for Cell Wall Disruption of Momordica charantia L. Wu Chuanwan 2014, 30 (3):  265-270.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0531 Abstract + ( 751 )   PDF ( 704468KB )   ( 463 ) In order to get the cell wall disruption superfine powder of Momordica charantia L., release fully the active ingredients stored in cell and provide raw materials for tea bag and tablet processing, in the process of Momordica charantia L., a variable parameter ball mill was used for the superfine grinding of Momordica charantia L.. An orthogonal experimental design with four factors at two levels was adopted. A mathematical model describing effects of selected parameters on experiment criterion of the cell wall disruption efficiency was developed. By optimal calculation a set of optimum parameters for the best superfine grinding of Momordica charantia L. was achieved with grinding drum rotation speed 423-436 r/min, grinding time1.9-2.1 h, ratio of ball to Momordica charantia L. 6.7-7.2, and moisture content of Momordica charantia L. 5.6%-6.7% . The optimized superfine grinding gave cell wall disruption efficiency as high as 95% . Result showed that the cell wall disruption superfine grinding could greatly improve the dissolution rate and quantity of the total saponins in Momordica charantia L.. This research result laid a basic foundation for the efficient utilization of Momordica charantia L. in food and cosmetic industries.

  Studies on Microwave Extraction and Quality of Pectin in Pyracantha Fortuneanas Fruit 2014, 30 (3):  271-275.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0696 Abstract + ( 834 )   PDF ( 633611KB )   ( 577 ) Studies on microwave extraction of pectin in Pyracantha fortuneana residue which red and yellow pigments had been extracted completely were made with hydrochloric acid, and the qualities of extracted pectin were tested. The single factor test included the pH of extraction solvent, solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, microwave watt, extraction time and extraction times. The optimal conditions of extraction technology were discovered by orthogonal test L9(34). Results showed that the optimal conditions of microwave extraction were as follows: the pH of extraction solvent was 2, the solid-liquid ratio 1:9, the microwave watt 300 W, extraction time 2.5 min, and extraction 2 times. The extraction ratio was 86.7% , and the yield was 7.55%. Compared with the conventional acid hydrolysis method, this microwave method had advantages of less extraction times and higher extraction ratio. The microwave method was better than the conventional acid hydrolysis method. The qualities of extracted pectin accorded with Chinese standard QB 2484—2000, and its nutritious elements were abundant.

  Analysis on Nutrient Constituents and Fatty Acids of Different Perilla Varieties 2014, 30 (3):  276-280.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0776 Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 486734KB )   ( 739 ) In this study, seed characters, nutrients and fatty acids composition of seed oil from ten perilla varieties were determined, and the correlation relationships among them were analyzed, which would provide a basis theory for germplasm resources modification. The results showed that there were significant difference in seed characters and nutrients among 10 varieties, grain diameter in the range of 1.58-2.15 mm, grain weight 2.36-5.12 g, fat coentent 34.0%-45.2% , protein 18.5%-21.8% and fibre 19.0%-25.1% , respectively. The seed oils contained palmitie acid (3.16%-4.77%), stearic acid (0.56%-1.86%), oleie acid (11.42%-23.06%), linoleic acid (8.53%-13.02%) and linolenic acid (58.48%-70.90%), the unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 93.26%-95.00% in total fatty acids. ZY-3, ZY-1, ZB-1, BZ-2 and BS-1 were screened as high-quality breeding materials of higher oil andα-linolenic acid content. The results also showed that there were significant positive correlation between fat, linolenic acid content and grain diameter, grain weight, respectively, but a significant negative correlation between oleic acid and these two seed characters, and the extremely significant negative correlation between oleic acid and linolenic acid. Therefore, it was necessary to properly control oleic acid content to improve linolenic acid content in perilla seed.

  Analysis of Amino Acid Composition and Evaluation of Nutritional Quality in Cordyceps Sinensis from Different Regions of Tibet 2014, 30 (3):  281-284.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0580 Abstract + ( 973 )   PDF ( 448079KB )   ( 697 ) This study was performed to determine the content and constituents of amino acids in Cordyceps Sinensis from different regions of Tibet and evaluate the nutrition, so as to provide the scientific basis for utilization of those materials and further research. The samples were hydrolyzed by HCl and analyzed by automatic amino acid analyzer; the nutritional value was evaluated using amino ratio coefficient. All samples included 17 amino acids, 7 essential amino acids, 4 umami tasty amino acids, 9 medicinal amino acids. The total amino acids in Cordyceps Sinensis from different regions of Tibet ranged from 23.4% to 24.52% , the essential amino acids took up 26.47%-27.52% of the total amino acids, the umami tasty amino acids took up 35.12%-37.44% of the total amino acids, and the medicinal amino acids took up 55.03%-57.54% of the total amino acids. With amino ratio coefficient, the first limiting amino acids were Met+Cys. SCR ranged from 66.0 to 69.7. The content and constituents of amino acids in Cordyceps Sinensis from different regions of Tibet had no significant difference, the essential amino acids was relatively balanced and reasonable. Compared with Cordyceps Sinensis from different regions of Tibet, the Cordyceps Sinensis from Qamdo had higher trophic value than the others.

  The Influence of Warming Wet-dry Room to Quality of Burley Tobacco 2014, 30 (3):  285-288.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0574 Abstract + ( 686 )   PDF ( 464348KB )   ( 421 ) To solve problems of tobacco leaf's mildew or poor quality which are caused by adverse natural conditions during the process of air-curing, for two consecutive years in 2011-2012, some experiences about how to control temperature and humidity have been taken in burley tobacco district in Wanzhou, in order to influence burley tobacco's air-curing quantity and quality. The results of the research showed that the warming wet-dry room can raise the temperature of the room about 2-5℃. This had four benefits. First, it can lower the relative humidity to a more appropriate range and shorten the time of drying tobacco for 7 to 10 days. Second, it helped improve the air-curing tobacco in both the quantity and quality of aroma, odor, aftertaste, etc. Third, the proportion of upper level tobacco increased 10.22 percent on the average. Forth, output value had raised 5474.33 yuan/hm2.

  Study on Correlation Analysis of Fiber Morphology and Physical Indexes of Paper-process Reconstituted Tobacco 2014, 30 (3):  289-294.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0802 Abstract + ( 711 )   PDF ( 491129KB )   ( 380 ) The fiber morphologies of 23 paper-process reconstituted tobacco samples were studied, and the results showed that: (1)there were extremely significant negative correlation between fiber length and tensile strength, fiber width and tensile strength, significant negative correlation between fiber width and filling rate, significant positive correlation between fiber length and gramme, fiber width and gramme.(2)As fiber length distribution, extremely significant correlation: the range 0.6 mm~1.2 mm,1.8 mm~2.4 mm and tensile strength, 1.2 mm~1.4 mm and gramme, significant correlation: 0mm~0.8 mm、2.8 mm~3.0 mm and tensile strength, 1.2 mm~1.6 mm and thickness, 2.2 mm~2.4 mm and equilibrium moisture content.(3)As fiber width distribution: the range 10 μm~20 μm、30 μm~55 μm and tensile strength, 50 μm~55 μm and gramme, under 10 μm and density, 10 μm~15μm,35 μm~40 μm,45 μm~50 μm,55 μm above and gramme, 25 μm~30 μm and smolder speed, 25 μm~30 μm, 55 μm above and tensile strength.

  Food Safety Factors Analysis Based on Principal Component and Gray Correlation Indicators 2014, 30 (3):  295-301.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0645 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 609893KB )   ( 420 ) In order to deal with increasing food safety incidents in recent years, the government has issued a series of regulations and measures. So studying what factors greater impact on food security has a great significance in improving the implementation of the policy effect. The writer analyzed the data collected through research and survey by the principal component and gray correlation of the composite indicator and calculating the gray relational degree of the various factors in the number of food safety accidents and sequencing the results. The research tried to figure out the most influential factors to focus on the food safety law supervision on food safety accidents. The study results showed that, the influencing factors for the accident located in the top three were that improving the profitability of the industry, increasing law enforcement officers and law enforcement. The results obtained to improve the overall profitability of the industry's most effective inhibition of food safety issues and followed by long-term effective management and supervision mechanism.

  Research on Evaluation Index and Weight of Core Enterprise Social Responsibility Based on Food Supply Chain 2014, 30 (3):  302-307.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0581 Abstract + ( 608 )   PDF ( 539265KB )   ( 709 ) The establishment of evaluation index system could help enterprise to implement the social responsibility. So it could provide a standard to evaluate the level of CSR. This paper set up evaluation index system of CSR. Then it used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the weight of index. Legal management, food safety, profit ability, salary and benefits, paying tax in accordance with law, supervision and management of suppliers, reasonable pricing and working environment are the highest proportion of 18 indicators, respectively 18.48%, 12.14%, 11.67%, 10.19%, 9.24%, 6.6%, 6% and 4.45%. It reflected different social responsibility had different importance. The charitable responsibility only 2.33% belonged to the non-important social responsibility. Legal management and food safety responsibility was the top priority. So legal management, and food safety should be priority to improve the level of corporate social responsibility.

  Comparative Analysis of Aging Quality of Fujian ‘Cuibi No.1’ Tobacco Lamina Aged in Different Environments 2014, 30 (3):  308-314.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0788 Abstract + ( 654 )   PDF ( 533511KB )   ( 387 ) To improve the aging quality of Fujian‘Cuibi No.1’tobacco lamina, in this test, using by Fujian‘Cuibi No.1’tobacco lamina, the aging quality which stored in the air-conditioned storage warehouse and in the ordinary warehouse was comparatively analyzed. The results of the test showed that in appearance quality, the color and glossiness of the tobacco lamina aged in the air-conditioned storage warehouse were better kept. While the color of the tobacco lamina aged in the ordinary warehouse for 24 months became much darker. In chemical composition, the sugar in the upper tobacco lamina aged in the ordinary warehouse for 24 months was greatly reduced, compared with that in those aged in the air-conditioned storage warehouse. In sensory quality, the tobacco lamina that had been aged in the air-conditioned storage warehouse for 21 to 24 months had an obvious advantage than those aged in the ordinary warehouse. In conclusion, aging the tobacco lamina with higher grade or those that will be stored for a longer time in the air-conditioned storage warehouse and aging those with lower grade or those will be stored for a shorter time in the ordinary warehouse can enhance the industrial value of tobacco lamina and reduce the energy consumption of them.

  Study on Conduction Mechanism of CSR Risk Based on Food Supply Chain 2014, 30 (3):  315-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1052 Abstract + ( 836 )   PDF ( 558899KB )   ( 439 ) This article explored the conduction mechanism of social responsibility risk on the food supply chain on the whole. It analyzed the source of social responsibility risk from the core business enterprise and the non-nuclear heart business enterprise, specifically in the original material process link, pack link, logistics link and sale link on the food supply chain. This text definitely defined who send out social responsibility risk and who accept and clarified every factor in the whole risk conduction. It brought the conduction law and the path of social responsibility risk to light. Finally the article put forward some relatedly suggestions to guard the social responsibility risk.