Current issue

• 2013 Vol.29 No.19 Published:05 July 2013

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  Cloning and expression of HbUBC22 in Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. 2013, 29 (19):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0368 Abstract + ( 1105 )   PDF ( 1366195KB )   ( 685 ) The ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) is the crucial regulatory mechanism for selective protein degradation. Ubquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC/E2) is a key enzyme involved in UPP. In this study, the HbUBC22 was cloned in Hevea brasiliensis by assembly the Hevea homologous EST and RT-PCR amplification. The ORF of HbUBC22 contained 807 bp in length and encoded 268 amino acid residues. The putative protein of HbUBC22 had a conserved UBC domain and a conserved active-site cysteine in the UBC domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HbUBC22 shared the highest similarity with the UBC protein from Ricinus communis, Populus trichocarpa, Camellia oleifera, and Vitis vinifera, with 89%, 85%, 85% and 81% sequence identities, respectively. In the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, HbUBC22 shared the highest similarity with AtUBC22 with 73% identical residues. Transcription pattern analysis revealed that HbUBC22 expression was markedly induced by ethephon (ET) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Prokaryotic expression in E. coli indicated that HbUBC22 recombinant protein was expressed in the IPTG induced cells. These results provide a good basis for further characterization of the biological function of HbUBC22 in Hevea brasiliensis.

  Cloning and Expression Analysis of Hydrolase Gene from Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. 2013, 29 (19):  9-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0473 Abstract + ( 762 )   PDF ( 3229489KB )   ( 613 ) Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Phosphorus deficiency is a limiting factor for the rubber yield, and understanding molecular mechanism of rubber tree in response to phosphorus deficiency will be helpful to improve phosphorus use efficiency. According to EST from subtractive libraries for roots of rubber tree growing under phosphorus deficient conditions, the gene was cloned by RACE-PCR method and expression analysis was performed by quantitative realtime PCR. The author cloned a HbHyd gene in responding to phosphorus deficiency. Full length of HbHyd was 1860 bp, contained one ORF (open reading frame) with 1479 bp. The NCBI homology analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of HbHyd was 84% identical to a castor (Ricinus communis) hydrolytic enzyme. The results showed that: HbHyd was up-regulated under phosphorus deficiency in the rubber tree roots. HbHyd was up-regulated in responding to phosphorus deficiency in the rubber tree. HbHyd would be helpful to improve phosphorus use efficiency.

  Studies on the Biological Character of Flowering of Ancient Male Ginkgo Biloba Trees in Different Areas——2, Analysis on the Characteristics of Anther and Pollen 2013, 29 (19):  14-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0798 Abstract + ( 837 )   PDF ( 544970KB )   ( 493 ) The biological character of flowering were studied in 33 ancient male ginkgo trees which came from main distribution areas of Ginkgo Boliba L in China. The results showed that the anther length of 33 ancient male ginkgo trees ranged from 1.53mm to 3.17mm and the average number was 2.54mm; the width of anther ranged from 0.63mm to 1.55mm and the average number was 1.01mm; the length of pollen ranged from 29.52μm to 36.82μm and the average number was 33.49μm; the width of pollen ranged from 13.69μm to 15.99μm and the average number was 15.23μm; the ratio of pollen productivity ranged from 12.90% to 36.65% and the average number was 23.66%; the vitality of pollen ranged from 53.77% to 84.37% and the average number was 73.42%; variance analysis indicated that differences in all indexes of among 33 ancient male ginkgo trees were significant at 0.01 level except for the ratio of pollen productivity. The result of correlation analysis to 10 indexes showed that the number of flower spikes on short shoot, the anther number of flower spikes and the length of flower spikes could be used as indexes to evaluate the ratio of pollen productivity of male ginkgo trees.

  The Effect of Fusarium solani on the Occurance of Populus×euramericana Canker Disease 2013, 29 (19):  21-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0601 Abstract + ( 756 )   PDF ( 652208KB )   ( 765 ) Poplar canker disease is newly discovered disease which occurred on the domestic widely planted varieties of Populus×euramericana, both the bacterium Lonsdalea quercina and the fungus Fusarium solani isolated from the poplar induced the symptom on cultivar of Populus×euramericana when conducting inoculation in field and in greenhouse, but more typical symptoms induced when inoculated with L. quercina. The role of F. solani playing in occurrence of Populus×euramericana canker disease is unclear. In order to clarify the relationship between the two kinds of micro-organisms in the process of Populus×euramericana canker disease, dual culture, inoculation experiment and field investigations were conducted, and the resulting data were analyzed by using SPSS software. The results indicated that: antagonistic relations did not exist between L. quercina and F. solani, and the pearson correlation coefficient that the lesion induced by mixed inoculated with L. quercina and F. solani, and by inoculation separately with the two, were 0.9 and 0.8 respectively. The higher correlation coefficient for the disease occurrence suggested that L. quercina played the major pathogenic role. F. solani with lower virulence usually appeared in late stage of poplar canker disease, played an aggravating role for occurrence of poplar canker disease.

  Study on Effect of Populus alba var. pyramidalis Plant Height and Protective Enzyme Activity Under Foliage Spray 2013, 29 (19):  26-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0336 Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 601079KB )   ( 572 ) By studying the effect of Populus alba var. pyramidalis plant height and protective enzyme activity under foliage spray and determine the optimal spraying concentration of nitrogen fertilizer and provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer production. Test used 1 years old cuttings of Populu alba var. pyramidalis seedlings as materials. Concentrations of nitrogen fertilizer spraying as 0%(T1，CK), 0.70%(T2), 1.40%(T3), 2.10%(T4), 2.80%(T5) plot experiment design and three replications. The results showed that: Populus alba var. pyramidalis plant height showing increased with the increase concentration of nitrogen fertilizer spraying and between T4 and T5 treatment was no significant difference and significantly higher than control. T4 treatment POD activity as the highest value in July, August, October and increased than control 162.49%, 69.59%, 302.24%. T4 treatment SOD activity increased than control 21.36%, 25.78%, 17.29% in august to October; PPO enzyme activity during the growing trend exhibit has been reduced and T4 treatment as the highest value in July, August, October and increased than control 87.02%, 52.55%, 124.54%. Comprehensive analysis that Populus alba var. pyramidalis seedling nitrogen spray concentration of 2.10% best.

  Effect of Temperature on Seed Germination and Temperature on Substance Transformation of Stratified Seeds of Tilia amurensis Rupr. 2013, 29 (19):  31-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0432 Abstract + ( 1207 )   PDF ( 634823KB )   ( 1136 ) The suitable temperature conditions on the seed germination and effects of temperature on substance transformation of Tilia amurensis Rupr. seeds during germination were discussed. Germination percentage and germination index was examined in 5 constant temperature and 4 alternating temperature .The effects of two temperature regimes on substance of Tilia amurensis Rupr. seeds during germination were discussed. Results showed that the optimum alternating and constant temperature regimes were 15 /10℃ and 10℃ respectively under the darkness condition. When the temperature was over 20℃,the germination percentages decreased.When the stratified seeds germinated under 25 degrees C,the amylase activity of seed were restrained,the decomposition of starch was slow,and the metabolism of soluble and sugar was restrained,thereby the seeds cold not germinate normally.

  Microscopic Detection of Endophytic Fungus Carrying Rate from Wild and Lawn Gramineous Grasses in Xinjiang 2013, 29 (19):  35-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0357 Abstract + ( 811 )   PDF ( 690883KB )   ( 819 ) The interaction of plant-endophytic association was very significant for the ecological adaptability of the grasses in arid region. This research aimed at the endophytic fungi carrying rate and their morphology through microscopically inspecting the different parts of several gramineous grasses collected in Xinjiang, which could provide information and material for the future application of such endophytic fungal resources. Aniline blue staining method was applied for detection of endophytic fungi carrying rate in the seed skin and aleuronic layer and leaf sheaths. The result showed that leaf sheaths, aleurone layer, seed coat of Elymus was detected in mycelia, and carrier rate was high; the vast majority of respondents were not detected in leaf sheath of endophytic bacteria; many plant seed aleurone layer was not detected in endophytic bacteria; however the belt strain rate was very high, most of them could be detected and hyphae; Xinjiang gramineous grasses had many symbiotic bacteria, and provided rich resources for the physiological and biochemical characteristics of host and endophyte.

  Effects of Different N Concentration Exponential fertilization on the Growth, Root and blade of Grevillea robusta and Jacarand mimosifolia 2013, 29 (19):  39-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0169 Abstract + ( 1175 )   PDF ( 905347KB )   ( 730 ) In order to explore the effects of different nitrogen levels on the growth, root and blade of Grevillea robusta and Jacarand mimosifolia, the exponential fertilization method was used on two species seedlings fertilization experiment. The result showed that: (1) Growth performance and biomass changes of Grevillea robusta and Jacaranda mimosifolia that had been treated with exponential fertilization were significantly related to nitrogen supply levels. With the change of nitrogen application, it exhibited a different degree at each growth indexes of the two species seedlings affected by nitrogen. (2) Except the bifurcation number of root, effects of different concentration nitrogen treatments on the root of Grevillea robusta and Jacaranda mimosifolia had not significant difference. With the nitrogen in-taken, the root of different tree seedling species had different performance. Root volume, root surface-area and root projected area presented similar law, and the changing law of crossing number kept consistent with the length of root-tip, and the average diameter and bifurcation number showed increasing firstly and then reducing and increasing finally. Root volume, root surface-area, root projected area and the length of root-tip of Jacaranda mimosifolia were similar, but the root number and bifurcation number were quite different. (3)Effects of different concentration nitrogen treatments on the leaf of Grevillea robusta and the leaf of Jacaranda mimosifolia had not significant difference. Effects of the leaf of the two seedlings treated had different performance. Leaf area, blade area and comparison of blade length to blade width of Grevillea robusta presented a similar changing trend, and the changing trend of limb circumference kept consistent with perforation numbers, but the capsule presented different from others. And the leaf area, blade area and comparison of blade length to blade width of Jacaranda mimosifolia presented the same trend, as well as the capsule. And the limb circumference got a similar changing trend to the perforation number. Therefore, effects of varied nitrogen exponential fertilization treatments on seedling growth of Grevillea robusta and Jacaranda mimosifolia plants had highly consistency.

  The Effect of Large, in the Amount of Nutrients Elements and Plant GrowthRegulator on Camellia Fruit Retention Rate 2013, 29 (19):  46-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0355 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 556572KB )   ( 641 ) Abstract: In order to improve the Camellia fruit retention rate, nutrient elements and plant growth regulator were sprayed to Camellia oleifera Abel . The results showed that: the treatment methods had significant differences at 0.05 level for Sihui Camellia oleifera Abel, and the fruit retention rates of 10mg/L 2,4-D and 0.3% urea treatment were the highest, which reached 63.33%. Effect of different treatments on the fruit, partial treatment had significant differences with blank control for the fruit weight, diameter, thick skin, seeds, fresh seed weight, the average values of fruit weight and fresh seed weight of deweile plant nutrients 800 times were 2.87, 3.13 times to blank control. For Guangdong academy of forestry Camellia oleifera, the fruit retention rates of 30mg/L NAA +0.3% urea treatment was the highest, reached 63.33%, but the treatment methods had no significant differences at 0.05 level. Effect of different treatments on the fruit, each treatment of other index had no significant difference with blank control in addition to transverse diameter

  Study on Container Size Selecting for Camellia oleifera Seedling Growth chenyongzhong CHEN 2013, 29 (19):  54-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0457 Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 405218KB )   ( 594 ) In order to improve the quality of seedling and reduce the cost, different size of black plastic containers were used to investigate the seedling growth of Oil-tea Camellia (xianglin 69) aged 1 to 3 years. Our study results showed that the influences of container size on Oil-tea Camellia seedling growth were obvious, and 10 cm×12 cm, 16 cm×14 cm, 26 cm×22 cm plastic cups are the best size for 1 year, 2 years, 3 years aged Oil-tea Camellia growth respectively in this study.

  Forest Type Divide Studies on the Basis of Learning Vector Quantization 2013, 29 (19):  57-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0917 Abstract + ( 656 )   PDF ( 560366KB )   ( 719 ) The traditional methods of forest site type classification is to reflect the relationship of the factors between the forest site system by using a simplified, dependent and indirect mathematical formula, as a result of which, the model classification and evaluation of the effect are not satisfactory. In order to solve the bottleneck of traditional methods, the author employed the LVQ neural network modeling concept, aimed to explore a new set of site classification. The results showed that: LVQ neural network model could better reflect the actual situation of the results of the forest site type classification and provide a reference for forestry operators’ silvicultural planning.

  The Quantitative Study of Wind-sand Flow Structure in the Mobile Sand Dune of Ulanbuh Desert 2013, 29 (19):  62-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0381 Abstract + ( 986 )   PDF ( 459886KB )   ( 649 ) In order to study wind-sand flow structure of 0-50 cm in the mobile sand dune of Ulanbuh desert, to reveal motion law of wind-sand flow in the mobile sand dune.On the basis of data measured through wind-sand flow structure in the mobile sand dune of ulanbuh desert , Analyze wind-sand flow structure of 0-50cm vertical height using method of fitting curve and the fitting equation etc. the result express :（1）the sand transpoiting rate in 0-50cm height inside and each high layer all present power function relation with wind velocity.（2）the sand transpoiting rate in each high layer and height present decreasing function of exponential relation.（3） the sand transpoiting rate in upper,middle and low layers present the power function relation with the rate of sand transpoiting in 0-50cm height inside.

  Analysis on Community structure of Larix Gmelini Community at the GreaterXingan Mountains 2013, 29 (19):  67-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0358 Abstract + ( 749 )   PDF ( 586694KB )   ( 564 ) In this paper, it selects the Larix gmelini Community at the Greater Higgnan Mountains as the object of this study to analyze the spatial distribution population patterns and community structure from the stand scale. The major results of this article were hereby described as follows: The tree layer species composition was simple and obvious hierarchy in Greater Higgnan Mountains forest communities, mainly larch, birch, aspen, pine and so on. The density of this community was difference, and the distribution range of 340-2040 plants/hm2. The space distribution of dominant populations of Greater Higgnan Mountains was mainly aggregated distribution, followed by uniform distribution, randomly distributed less likely.

  Comprehensive Evaluation on Water Conservation Function of the Different Types of Larch Natural Forests in Da Hinggan Mountains 2013, 29 (19):  74-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0329 Abstract + ( 735 )   PDF ( 656452KB )   ( 663 ) The different types of larch natural forests in Da Hinggan Mountains were taken as the research object. 11 eva1uation indexes were determined from forest canopy layer, litter layer, soil layer and productive forces etc, and weight of evaluation were carried out by the analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis method to evaluate the differences of water conservation function of the different types of larch natural forests, and aimed at the reasonable management of the larch natural forests and improved water conservation function of larch forests provide a strong basis. The results showed that the Rhododendron-Larix had better water conservation function, the Larix pure the next, Birch-larix the worst. Focus on the protection of the Rhododendron-Larix should be taken in the Da Hinggan Mountains region, in order to increase the water conservation function of the drainage basin.

  Distribution Patterns of Shrub in Alashan Desert in Inner Mongolia 2013, 29 (19):  79-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0722 Abstract + ( 771 )   PDF ( 601892KB )   ( 542 ) In order to reveal spatial distribution patterns and the relationships of the species of shrub community in Alashan desert, the author selected the 12 shrub community (quadrat area 5 m×5 m) in Alashan desert as the object of this study to analyze the spatial distribution patterns from the stand scale. The results showed that: the space distribution of shrub community in Alashan desert was mainly aggregated distribution. The most aggregated shrub community were Convolvulus tragacuthoiedes, Salcola passerina, Caragana stenophylla, Ceratoides latens; Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, Tetraena mongolica were followed by randomly distributed; just Ammopiptanthus mongolicus had followed uniform distribution. From the interspecific association, there was significant positive correlation between Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, Oxytropis aciphylla and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus. The most of shrub community in Alashan desert were negative association.Key words：ALaShan Deserts; Distribution Pattern; Interspecific Association

  Effect of Multiple Transgenic Populus×euramericana ‘Guariento’ to the Insect Community 2013, 29 (19):  84-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0407 Abstract + ( 658 )   PDF ( 801612KB )   ( 687 ) In order to learn the ecological security of multiple transgenic Populus×euramericana ‘Guariento’ in natural ecosystem, an investigation was conducted on the species diversity of insect in the multiple transgenic hybrid poplar in Junshan District by fixed-point survey from 2011 to 2012. And the number characteristics of Batocera horsfieldi collected from 6 sample region were compared. As results, a total of 80 species of insects belonging to 7 orders 32 families were recorded, in which Stauronema tuscompressicornis, Micromelalopha trogldyta, Plagiodera versicolora, Batocera horsfieldi were the dominant populations. The multiple transgenic hybrid poplar could decrease the number of Coleptera insects, but compared with CK and native poplar, its resistance against Batocera horsfieldi was not significant (PCK=0.366>0.05 and PXL=0.391>0.05). Also, there was no significant impact between the multiple transgenic hybrid poplar and CK, native poplar with the richness index, species diversity index, dominance index and evenness index (PCK=0.247>0.05 and PXL=0.458>0.05).

  Tobacco N Gene and Its Application in Genetic Breeding 2013, 29 (19):  89-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3936 Abstract + ( 982 )   PDF ( 467305KB )   ( 762 ) Abstract：The N gene, cloned from wild tobacco（Nicotiana glutinosa）, is a type member of the Toll-IL-1 receptor homology region (TIR)-nucleotide binding site (NBS)-leucinerich repeat region (LRR) class of R genes and confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The N gene was isolated by insertional mutagenesis using the Activator (Ac) transposon of maize，and N-TMV interaction is one of the earliest and most studied models of plant-pathogen interaction. In this article, the research progress of N gene in structure, expression, action mechanism were reviewed from the transcription products, expression characteristics, temperature sensitivity, corresponding avirulence gene and other aspects; The efficient using and achievements of N gene in TMV resistance breeding were summarized; And the prospect of efficient using of N gene was gave from three aspects, which is the mechanism research of resistant to TMV, identification and utilization of germplasm resources.

  Comparation on Anatomy of Tobacco Leaf Tissue Structure in Different Period of delayed intaked 2013, 29 (19):  93-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3930 Abstract + ( 724 )   PDF ( 795479KB )   ( 567 ) Abstract: For defining the relationship between the different mature period and leaf tissue structure，Explored the appropriate intaked time. Using the method of slides observation under microscope, this study was conduced to investigate the anatomical structure of the maturation period and delayed period from upper and middle positions of tobacco K326 and Yunyan 87. The results showed that: with the period of intaked was delayed, thickness of palisade tissue and spongy tissue, the thickness ratio of palisade to spongy, and other anatomical parameters were downtrended, gap of mesophyll cells were increased, tissue cells gradually disassembled; the thickness of leaf and palisade tissue, and other anatomical parameters were varied with the different period of maturation, in the same period, with the rising of the stalk positions, the leaf thickness, the palisade tissue thickness were decreased; the intaked period of tobacco K326 longer than Yunyan 87. From the dissecting features closely related to tobacco quality, it seemed that the appropriate intaked time of tobacco K326, the upper position not beyond 14 days, the middle position not beyond 21 days; Yunyan 87, the upper position not beyond 7 days, the middle position not beyond 14 days.

  Effects of Climate Factors on Chemical Compositions of Flue-cured Tobacco in Chongqing 2013, 29 (19):  98-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3975 Abstract + ( 673 )   PDF ( 541300KB )   ( 622 ) Based on the statistical climate data analyzed by clustering method, twelve tobacco planting areas in Chongqing were divided into four regions. The first region covered Shizhu, Nanchuan, Pengshui and Wulong County. The second region was made up of Fengdu, Fuling, Wanzhou and Wushan County. The area distribution of third region included Fengjie and Wuxi County. And Youyang, Qianjiang County belonged to the fourth region. There were significant differences in both climate factors and chemical compositions of tobacco among those four regions. In all these four regions, temperature conditions could meet the need of tobacco during its growth period and the total sunshine hours had significant influence on tobacco chemical compositions in region Ⅰ and Ⅳ. The precipitations in region Ⅱ and Ⅲ affect tobacco chemical compositions significantly and made them distinguishable from other two regions.

  Luffa cylindrica Roem Flesh Browning Variation and Low Browning Varieties Selection 2013, 29 (19):  103-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0433 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 516557KB )   ( 724 ) Luffa cylindrica Roem is prone to browning in cooking, which reduces the nutritional and edible value. In this experiment, the browning degree of Luffa cylindrica germplasm resources was measured for studying the variation and selecting low browning degree materials, evaluating and selecting Luffa cylindrica varieties planting in Fujian Province. The results showed that the OD value was between 0.115 and 0.647. The coefficient of variation was 36.1%, It showed a wide range of variation and great potential in genetic improvement. Selected out 26 low Browning degree materials. The browning degree was large difference between the 8 Luffa cylindrica varieties planting in Fujian Province. The browning degree of ‘Nong Fu Luffa 801’ and ‘Jinmei 2’ was low, their quality was good, and they can be cultivated larger area.

  Simulation of Three-dimensional Distribution of Light Use Efficiency in Apple Canopy 2013, 29 (19):  107-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3929 Abstract + ( 870 )   PDF ( 1293108KB )   ( 681 ) A coupled model of photosynthetic rate (Pn) and light use efficiency (LUE) were developed to simulate the three-dimensional distribution of LUE in apple canopy. For convenience, LUE was expressed as the ratio of net Pn to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The experiment was conducted in a ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji’) orchard during the 2011-2012 growing seasons. The simulation was shown that: LUE increased rapidly with increasing CO2 concentration and humidity. LUE consistently increased with the increase of PAR when PAR was below 750 μmol/(m2?s). And it decreased with the increase of PAR when PAR excessed 750 μmol/(m2?s). When canopy height increased from bottom to upper canopy, LUE decreased by 50% from 0.02481 mol/mol to 0.01250 mol/mol with no more than 10% difference between the sides and the inner part. The diurnal course of LUE in the canopy showed a double-peak curve on clear day. The average LUE on clear days were 0.01148 mol/mol which were about 22.7% higher than cloudy days. The study indicated that: the sensitivity of LUE to microclimatic factors could be systemically assessed by the coupled model.

  Efficiency Plant Regeneration and Browning Condiction of Actinidia arguta 2013, 29 (19):  113-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4045 Abstract + ( 784 )   PDF ( 662164KB )   ( 743 ) The experiment chose wild soft dates kiwi as a tender plant, and as a young leaves and stem section for explant, the wild soft tissue culture to the whole process dates kiwi, established a rapid and efficient wild soft dates kiwi regeneration system. The results showed that: the most suitable induction blade, stem section callus culture medium were respectively for MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L and NAA would MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA; induction of callus in MS+0.6 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA medium could be a very good differentiation in vitro shoot seedlings; bud induction multiple shoot clumps of culture medium was produced for MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA; the better suitable for 1/2 MS root medium. In later experiment of callus found that auxin NAA could prevent callus from browning. In the callus differentiation, it was found that differentiated bud seeding to callus again, could improve the differentiation rate.

  The Influences of the Treatments Calcium and Chitosan and Hot Water on the Peel’s Browning of Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) 2013, 29 (19):  120-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3989 Abstract + ( 889 )   PDF ( 690414KB )   ( 578 ) In order to research the green pre-treatment technology of Indian jujube fruits cold-storage inhibiting peel’s browning and the physiological mechanisms on anti-oxidation, the experiment was designed in orthogonal test. Indian jujube fruits were treated with 3 factors such as calcium and chitosan and hot water. The influences of the 3 factors on the peel’s browning of Indian jujube fruits were explored in this paper. The results indicated that: the treatments of calcium and hot water could inhibit the peel’s browning and reduced the content of MDA in peel, and the treatment chitosan could improve the peel’s browning and increased the content of MDA in peel. The treatments of calcium and hot water could inhibit the activity of PPO in peel, and the treatment chitosan could improve the activity of PPO in peel. The treatments of calcium and hot water could improve the activity of SOD and POD in peel, and the treatment chitosan could inhibit the activity of SOD and POD in peel. The treatments didn’t inhibit the activity of CAT in peel, and increased the activity of CAT in peel at the peak. In summary, the treatments calcium and hot water could improve the storage effects and loosen the injuries of reactive oxygen species in peel.

  Establishment of in vitro Regeneration System of ‘Sanbai’ Pomegranate 2013, 29 (19):  125-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3957 Abstract + ( 910 )   PDF ( 2464831KB )   ( 620 ) In order to establish ‘Sanbai’ pomegranate in vitro regeneration system for genetic transformation and breeding, the tissue culture was carried out using stem segments with shoots as explants, which were cut from dormant woods. The results showed that the best primary culture medium was MS+ BA 2.0 mg/L+ IBA 0.2 mg/L+ PVP 2 g/L, of which the rate of budding reached up to 83.1% with the average number of shoots was 4.9, and the optimal proliferation medium was B5+ BA 0.8 mg/L+ IBA 0.5 mg/L+ AgNO3 0.2 mg/L+ GA3 0.2 mg/L+ CW (coconut water) 100 ml/L+ PVP 2 g/L，of which the proliferation index reached 5.6. The most suitable rooting media was B5+ IBA 1.0 mg/L+ CW 100 ml/L, of which the rooting rate was 95.6%, and the survival rate of transplantation could reach 87.3%. So the in vitro regeneration system of ‘Sanbai’ pomegranate was established..

  Physiological Response of Banana Seedlings to PEG Simulated Drought Stress Under Different Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition 2013, 29 (19):  134-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3763 Abstract + ( 734 )   PDF ( 677149KB )   ( 838 ) In order to explore the response characteristics of banana drought resistance to the suitable water, nitrogen, potassium interaction, the hydroponic experiment had been done. In this experiment, the leaf relative water content, root vitality, proline enzyme content, peroxidase activity changes of banana seedlings were studied and multiple comparisons analysis of the best drought effects combination of nitrogen and potassium concentration were done too, under different concentrations of nitrogen and potassium interaction by using PEG simulated drought stress. The results showed that: the impact of water stress on POD activity and Pro content of banana seedling leaves showed: PEG 30%>PEG 20%>PEG 10%>CK (0%). Analysis showed that: the interaction between the test factor: (1) water content of leaf size: PEG 5% & N 50 mg/L>PEG 15% & N 150 mg/L≈PEG 10% & N 100 mg/L; K 150 mg/L>K 200 mg/L>K 100 mg/L, and differences were significant between them. (2) Root activity of banana seedlings sequence: treatment 6 (PEG 10%, N 150 mg/L, K 100 mg/L)>treatment 5 (PEG 10%, N 100 mg/L, K 100 mg/L)>treatment 7 (PEG 15%, N 50 mg/L, K 150 mg/L). The root activities of the three treatments were significantly higher than the others, but there was no significant difference between them. (3) The proline content of treatment 9 (PEG 15%, N 150 mg/L, K 100 mg/L) was 2.16 times of treatment 1 (PEG 5%, N 50 mg/L, K 100 mg/L) of banana seedlings. Proline content of treatment 9 was significantly higher than those of other treatments. (4) The peroxidase activity performance of treatment 9 (PEG 15%, N 150 mg/L, K 100 mg/L) than treatment 1 (PEG 5%, N 50 mg/L, K 100 mg/L) was 1.46 times of treatment 1. Peroxidase activity of treatment 9 was significantly higher than that of other treatments. Appropriate concentrations of nitrogen and potassium could improve the leaf relative water content, root activity, proline content and peroxidase activity of banana seedling to reduce the adverse effect of water stress. In this experiment, treatment 6 (150 mg/L PEG 10%, nitrogen, potassium 150 mg/L) was the best appropriate treatment with water, nitrogen, potassium interaction on banana drought.

  A bioinformatic analysis of DELLA protein in Rosaceous plants 2013, 29 (19):  142-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4044 Abstract + ( 1320 )   PDF ( 774553KB )   ( 892 ) In order to explore the structural feature and phylogenetic analysis of DELLA protein in Rosaceous plants, 19 DELLA proteins of Malus, Pyrus and Rose in Rosaceous plants were analyzed by using expasy, PSORT and PROSITE date bank, TM-HMM, SignalP4.0Server, CDD, DNAMAN and MEGA version5.3 softwares. The results showed that all DELLA proteins were non-transmembrane hydrophilic proteins and without the signal peptides, and the difference was insignificant among their amino acid composition, physical and chemical characteristics. There was high homology among the different DELLA proteins, reached above 74.38%. Both DELLA and GRAS have two conserved domains, and the function sites were GRAS. The homology of the N-terminal of the 19 DELLA proteins were low, however they had the DELLA protein typical domains such as TVHYNP, VHIID and RVER etc. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed DELLA proteins have the closest relationships in Pyrus and Rose plants, and the distant relationships in Malus plants. The study provided theoretical basis for the genetic evolution of Rosaceous plants.

  The Morphological Trait Variation of Campanula atifolia Induced by High temperature 2013, 29 (19):  149-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0984 Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 578331KB )   ( 643 ) Explore the influence on the morphological trait variation of Campanula atifolia induced by high temperature. Campanula atifolia, as material, using orthogonal design with temperature, the length of flower bud and processing time as factors were induced by high temperature. The effects of each factor were evaluated by range analysis. The results indicated that the temperature and processing time were the main factors which affect the morphological trait variation of Campanula atifolia. Compared with the original species with purple five petals, new variety plants were obtained, 5 had six petals, 1 had oval petals and 3 had white flower color. The experiment illustrated the effectiveness that induced by high temperature in the development of genetic resources, and would greatly promote the development of breeding technology on petals variation.

  Induction of Protocrom-like bodies and plant regenerationfrom Pinellia ternate (Thunb.) Breit 2013, 29 (19):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0001 Abstract + ( 746 )   PDF ( 3024162KB )   ( 606 ) The influence of different explants and phytohormone on the protocorm-like-body induction from Pinellia ternate was studied to establish a protocol of a rapid propagation of Pinellia ternate. ‘Yuanzhu Pinellia ternate’of Dafang in Guizhou Province were used as explants to conduct protocrom-like bodies induction, differentiation and domestication transplanting technology test research. The proper protocrom-like bodies’ induction medium was MS+6-BA1.0 mg/L+NAA0.3 mg/L. Induction rate and the multiplication factor were 86.67% and 17.40. Leaves and petioles formed protocorm-like-body (above 50%) on the medium of the MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L, and the biggest proliferation multiple was 12.80 and 8.6, respectively. 0.5 cm, 9.4 root number/ plant, 3.71 cm root length tissue culture seedlings which has high survival rate and grows well was the best tissue culture seedling for transplanting. The best growth in the matrix was based on the ratio of soil:perlite=1:1(V:V). Protocorm-like-body of Pinellia ternate could be induced in the suitable ratio of plant hormones from the right explant and high frequency regeneration system of Pinellia ternate could be established, which laid a foundation for Pinellia ternate germplasm resources conservation, gene engineering breeding, medicinal secondary metabolite production and so on.

  Study on Optimization Fertilization Technology of Protected Chinese Chives Seedling 2013, 29 (19):  159-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0040 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 525160KB )   ( 522 ) In order to achieve fertilization scheme of Chinese chives seedling with high quality, the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on seedling was studied with design of saturated D-optimal regression. And the resulted obtained, a mathematical model was established, in which N and K applied were independent variables, integrated quality value of seedlings was dependent variables. The results showed that the seedling quality was significantly improved with reasonable usage and ratio of N, P and K, Meanwhile the effect of potassium was higher than phosphorus and nitrogen, the interaction of potassium and phosphorus was significant. When N was 205.65-304.95 kg/hm2, P2O5 was 164.10-225.00 kg/hm2, K2O was 228.45-328.50 kg/hm2 under this experimental condition, the fertilizer project with integrated quality value of seedlings over 90 was achieved.

  The Research on Shaanxi Apple Florescence Prediction Model 2013, 29 (19):  164-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4088 Abstract + ( 730 )   PDF ( 550403KB )   ( 664 ) In order to enhance the ability of defenses apple flowering frost damage accurately and improve the apple yield and quality effectively and promote Shaanxi apple industry development stably, sustainably and healthily, based on the principles of statistical analysis, the correlation between apple florescence and the temperature factors before apple florescence were analyzed about all apple producing areas in Shaanxi. The results show, the correlation between 0℃ - 5℃ active/effective accumulated temperature before apple florescence and actual florescence are better than the correlation between 0℃ - 5℃ days before apple florescence and actual florescence; the correlation between 0℃ - 5℃ active/effective accumulated temperature before apple florescence and actual florescence are increasingly significant by they are closing to actual florescence; from 0℃ to 5℃, the correlation between 0℃ - 5℃ active/effective accumulated temperature before apple florescence and actual florescence are showing increasing tendency; the correlation between 0℃ - 5℃ effective accumulated temperature before apple florescence and actual florescence are better than the correlation between 0℃ - 5℃ active accumulated temperature before apple florescence and actual florescence. Based on the above analysis results, established the Shaanxi apple’ flowering prediction models about different producing areas, and tested the models using back substitution and prediction. The test results indicate that average error is less than 3 days and the forecast results provide a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation during the apple florescence.

  Effect of Ethylene Absorbent on Fengshui Fruit Softening and Its Cell Wall Metabolism 2013, 29 (19):  170-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3956 Abstract + ( 1018 )   PDF ( 801033KB )   ( 691 ) In order to investigate the ethylene absorbent by regulatory environment ethylene and to inhibit the pear fruit softening, the author studied on the effect of ethylene absorbent on the fruit firmness, ethylene production, the pear cell wall metabolism during fruit cold storage under 0℃ conditions, using Fengshui pear as the test materials covered with PE18 μm fresh-keeping bag. The results indicated that: the pear fruit was softening after the high peak of the ethylene release. There was a significantly positive correlation between the fruit ethylene release and the ethylene concentration environmental in the bag, but there was a significant negative correlation between the fruit firmness and the soluble pectin content. The ethylene absorbent to the environment ethylene regulation inhibited the fruit ethylene release and PME, PG activity, limited the pectin degradation speed, thus it was effectively to keep the fruit firmness and delay the fruit softening process.

  The Synergistic Effect of Composite Reagents to Psylla chinensis 2013, 29 (19):  175-178.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3759 Abstract + ( 738 )   PDF ( 480909KB )   ( 587 ) In order to select efficient insecticides to control Psylla chinensis Yang et Li, ghe toxicity of insecticides to Psylla chinensis were tested using the residual film method, and the efficacy of composite reagents were tested at the same time. The results showed that: avermectins had highest toxicity to adults of Psylla chinensis, LC50 was 0.9877 mg/L; when the mixed mass ratio of abamectin and imidacloprid was 1:1, LC50 was 1.2145 mg/L; the field efficacy results showed that the mixed of abamectin and imidacloprid/acetamiprid had better control efficiency to adults and nymphs of Psylla chinensis, control efficiency were above 80% and 90% respectively after 10 days.

  Effects of Sod Culture on Soil Nutrient Characteristics and Bacterial Community in Peach Orchard 2013, 29 (19):  179-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3842 Abstract + ( 739 )   PDF ( 1074279KB )   ( 656 ) This paper was aimed to explore the ecological mechanism of soil treated by Sod Culture in Peach Orchard, and soil nutrient characteristics and the diversity of soil bacteria were comparatively studied. The results have shown that the organic matter, total nitrogen, available K and available P did not reduce with the increased competition of soil nutrients induced by interplanting. On the contrary, the organic matter and total nitrogen appeared increased trend. The diversity of soil bacteria was characterized by the molecular biology techniques of PCR-DGGE. Compared with the management method of cleaning tillage weed (CK), the diversity of bacterial community among two interplant treatments somewhat improved. The increase in some dominant bacterium group was significantly greater than others. The effect of interplanting Hair Vetch was more apparent. As a result, Sod Culture played an important role on maintenance soil fertility, reducing the leaching of nutrient elements in the soil and improving soil bacterial biodiversity.

  Effect of Superabsorbent Composites Containing Montmorillonite and Polysaccharides on the Rooting Ability of Coleus Cuttings 2013, 29 (19):  184-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0163 Abstract + ( 822 )   PDF ( 1163031KB )   ( 658 ) In order to improve the rooting ability of coleus, environmentally-friendly superabsorbent composites based on natural products such as montmorillonite (MMT) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were prepared at room temperature with characteristics of low energy consumption. The effect of composites composition and synthesis conditions on the rooting indicators of coleus were studied by orthogonal experiment. A superabsorbent composite with optimum comprehensive rooting ability was obtained using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed that the synthesized composites can improve the rooting ability of coleus to varying degrees, however, significant differences were observed among different composites. The natural components content significantly impacts the rooting ability of coleus. MMT, a natural clay, has the greatest influence on the late rooting formation (root mass and growth rate). CMC, a natural polysaccharide, has the greatest influence on the early rooting formation (cuttings wound healing and rooting). Compared with the control sample, the rooting rate, root number, total root length, maximum root length, root dry weight and comprehensive rooting ability of coleus using the optimum superabsorbent composites increased 6, 20, 22, 2.3, 7.2 and 18.4 times, respectively, which was important to improve the flower breeding coefficient such as coleus, providing an experimental basis for this superabsorbent composite in the garden cutting propagation.

  A Comparative Study on the Accuracy of Two Commonly Used Methods of Leaf Area Measurement 2013, 29 (19):  193-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3910 Abstract + ( 970 )   PDF ( 1865767KB )   ( 627 ) Based on the measured results of the known area graphics and the leaves of Spiraea vanhouttei (Briot) Zabel., Primula ranunculoides Chen and Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagn., the accuracy and repeatability of the two commonly used leaf area measurement methods (the paper-cut weighing method and the image pixels method) were tested. The analysis of two methods measured results of known area graphics indicated that the accuracy and repeatability of the two methods were good, and the relative error of both methods was less than 3%. But the accuracy and repeatability of the image pixels method were comparatively better than the paper-cut weighing method. Comparison two methods measured results of S. vanhouttei, P. ranunculoides and C. japonica revealed that the variation range of results measured by image pixels method were significantly less than that of paper-cut weighing method, and the comparability of the two methods measured results was decreased in smaller area leaves. Therefore, when in the measurement of leaves with small area, the image pixels method was recommended to use and the measured results will be more reliable.

  Changes of Chemical Components of Flue-cured Tobacco Grown in Fenghuang Mountainous Areas in the Different Years 2013, 29 (19):  198-202.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3982 Abstract + ( 719 )   PDF ( 709406KB )   ( 653 ) The laws of annual changes on chemical components of flue-cured tobacco with 3 grades (B2F,C3F,X2F) from Fenghuang County in 7 years were studied by the way of variance analysis and regressive analysis in order to explore their stability and variation tendency. The results showed that the stability of potassium and chlorine were worst, while that of total nitrogen was best in different years. The differences of chemical components of flue-cured tobacco among years were significant at 1% level, except that total sugar and reducing sugar of B2F grade. The variation tendency of total sugar and reducing sugar increased, while that total nitrogen, nicotine, potassium and chlorine decreased in different years.

  Courtyard Spatial Composition of Suzhou Classical Gardens Based on Regression Analysis 2013, 29 (19):  203-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0484 Abstract + ( 833 )   PDF ( 2553893KB )   ( 1505 ) Suzhou classical garden has a long history and is the essence of Chinese classical gardens. The paper selected representative, well-preserved, private garden and house garden one of 13 Suzhou classical gardens as research objects. Based on the basic principle of spatial composition to point out that courtyard space is the primary spatial unit of garden, and analyzed courtyard space to extracted courtyard spatial components. Through statistical analysis software SPSS 18.0 to analyzed the horizontal and vertical elements defining courtyard space with ordinal regression. The result showed that the regulation of courtyard number, the configuration of relationship between the horizontal and vertical elements defining courtyard, and the characteristic of opened and closed courtyard of Suzhou classical gardens. Hopefully, this thesis would provide valuable referential support for the design and construction of garden in the future.

  Lakeshore Plant Investigation and Evaluation in Wuhan 2013, 29 (19):  210-215.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0265 Abstract + ( 769 )   PDF ( 602509KB )   ( 608 ) In order to solve the problem of the shortage of lakeshore landscape plants in Wuhan ,we investigated species composition, life form, ornamental feature and habitat type of lakeshore plants along the 29 lakes in Wuhan. We recorded 473 plant species which belonged to 304 genera and 113 families. Among them, few species of plants ,especially native plants are applied in artificial shore，and invasion plants are spreading along the lakes, but plant species in natural lakeshore are abundant. Those plants were evaluated with a model which was established with Analytic Hierarchy Process. We screened out seven tree species, eight shrub species, fourteen herb species and six vine species which have high ornamental value and are suitable for Wuhan lakeshores .It is necessary to select more native plants in the construction of lakeshore zones ,because this can improve the ecological function and landscape effect of lakeshore zones.

  The Temple Garden Factor Study Survey of Kunming in the Period of Ming and Qing Dynasties 2013, 29 (19):  216-220.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0402 Abstract + ( 820 )   PDF ( 2770286KB )   ( 615 ) Being based on preliminary study of Kunming famous temples during the Ming and Qing dynasties, we carried out field investigation about the framework of landscape, layout of waters, characteristic of structure and plant furnishing in Tanhua temple, Black Dragon Pool, Masijid of Shuncheng, Haiyuan temple and Golden Shrine which are famous temple garden in Kunming. We have a simple interpretation of artistic characteristics on temple garden in Kunming during the Ming and Qing dynasties via, analytical investigation on many factors which influenced the development of garden of Dynasties of Ming and Qing. Then we have reviewed the elemental traits of temple garden built at that time and, put forward some constructive opinion on how to protect and develop those temple garden now still exist in Kunming.