Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.6 Published:25 February 2014

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  The Progress of Mapping, Isolation of the Genes Resisting to Blast and Their Breeding Application in Rice 2014, 30 (6):  1-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1123 Abstract + ( 1056 )   PDF ( 612799KB )   ( 789 ) Rice blast disease was one of the most destructive diseases in rice growing region worldwide. The use of resistance cultivars was considered as the most economic and effective method for blast control. Identification and utilization of resistance genes were recognized the basis and key factors for breeding resistance cultivars. In this paper, genetics, mapping, cloning and breeding application of the genes resisting to blast were summarized, and the newest progress of broad spectrum resistance genes and recessive resistance genes were introduced. Nearly half of the resistance genes had been identified in F2 populations. Currently, over 85 dominant resistance genes and 350 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) had been identified in a variety of rice resources. Twenty dominant resistance genes and two QTLs had been cloned and characterized by a map-based cloning approach. The mapping and cloning of such resistance genes were the basis for a marker-aided-selection strategy applied in rice blast resistance breeding programs. Finally, with the work practice of rice blast resistance genetics, the problems of rice blast resistance genes were analyzed and prospected. As more all types of blast resistance genes had been applied in production, the damage of blast to rice would be controlled effectively at last.

  Research Progress on the Research and Use of Brown Planthopper Resistance Genes in Rice 2014, 30 (6):  13-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1467 Abstract + ( 1056 )   PDF ( 568867KB )   ( 1018 ) Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal, BPH) is one of the most destrucitve insect pests of rice production, and the utilization of resistant cultivar has been recognized as the most secure and effective measure for BPH damage. To today, 30 BPH-resistance genes have been identified from cultivated and wild rice species, including 26 major resistance genes have been located, and the resistance gene Bph14 was successfully cloned. However, only a few of major resistance genes were used for rice breeding. In this paper, biotypes, resistant mechanism, brown planthopper resistance hereditary basis and breeding status were reviewed, and points of view were made on research about resistant breeding in the future.

  Advances on Infection and Pathogenic Mechanism of Mycosphaerella graminicola 2014, 30 (6):  20-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1132 Abstract + ( 1648 )   PDF ( 560479KB )   ( 897 ) Mycosphaerella graminicola is one of the most economically important pathogen of wheat, and normally used as a mode pathogen of Dothideales. Its biotrophic and necrotrophic characters during the infection development determined the complexity of the infection and pathogenic mechanisms. So far, lots of studies on its pathogenic mechanisms have been reported in abroad, especially in Europe, but few in China. In this paper, the advances on the pathogen infection and pathogenic mechanisms were summarized from the six aspects of the observation of infection process, main factors related to the pathogen infection, the role of toxins, identification and functional analysis of pathogenic genes, genomics and functional genomics, and plant resistant reaction during the infection. Based on the previous studies, a relevant hypothetical diagram was pointed out and several future research directions in the area were suggested. These provided an orientation for the future studies on the pathogenic mechanism and host-pathogen interaction of M. graminicola in China.

  Research Advances on Intercropping Technology of Maize With Other Dryland Crops 2014, 30 (6):  26-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1479 Abstract + ( 957 )   PDF ( 532957KB )   ( 523 ) As one of the most important grain crops in the world, the high yield of maize plays a significant role in the food security of China. Practices had shown that rational intercropping can take full advantage of nutrient and water resources and enhance crop yields enormously. This paper summarized the recent progress and implementing achievement in intercropping technology of maize with leguminous crops, wheat, vegetables and other dry land crops. Based on the synthetic evaluation of the literatures, comparing with the monocropping cultivation pattern, the intercropping or interplanting of maize and other dry land crops could not only promote crop output and quality, but also effectively improve the utilization rate of resources was found. It is clearly that expanding and deepening the system study, putting forth effort to establish the technique system and cultivation criterion is vitally important was put forward, And it is necessary and urgently to be solved to transform the research results into operating instructions and cultivation technique for large area of field planting, and to serve for the modern dry land agriculture.

  Soybean Molecular Breeding: Current Status, Challenges and Perspectives 2014, 30 (6):  33-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1086 Abstract + ( 898 )   PDF ( 559962KB )   ( 788 ) Recent years, breeding in soybean have made a great progress in the world. The theories and technologies of breeding have also been revolutionarized considerably. Breeding efficiency has been improved because of integration of various technologies in molecular breeding. Soybean molecular breeding which is based on marker-assisted breeding and transgenic breeding has been become an important method in soybean genetic improvement. Developments of research in soybean molecular breeding, transgenic breeding and molecular design breeding was summarized in this paper. The status and challenges of soybean molecular breeding in China were also analysised. Some problems for soybean molecular breeding such as method relative backwardness and lack of good variety were proposed. Some suggestions such as strengthen fundamental research and develope differnt models of soybean breeding were put forward in this paper.

  The Microbial Synthesis of γ-polyglutamic Acid and Its Application in Agricultural Production 2014, 30 (6):  40-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1419 Abstract + ( 1114 )   PDF ( 604633KB )   ( 1295 ) γ-polyglutamic acid is a new type of biological degradable water-soluble polymer, and its unique structure and physical and chemical properties make it have a broad prospect of application in agriculture. In this paper, γ-polyglutamic acid is briefly introduced from its physical and chemical character and synthesis conditions, and so on, and it is summarized on the application aspects of super absorbent polymers, fertilizer synergia agent and fertilizer relievers in detail. At the same time, it is prospected for the future research, in order to strengthen the application of γ-polyglutamic acid in agriculture and meet saving, high efficiency, safety, low carbon and ecological agriculture and high values.

  The Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Identification of Plant Species and Cultivars 2014, 30 (6):  46-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1218 Abstract + ( 830 )   PDF ( 548226KB )   ( 1003 ) In order to identify plant cultivars accurately, the author summarized the application of near infrared spectroscopy in the identification of plant species and cultivars in food crops, industrial crops and medicinal plants in the last decades. It was found that: there were more applications in food crops and medicinal plants with relatively higher accuracy than in industrial crops which only had simple modeling methods. The application of forage crops and energy plants had been rarely reported till now. The identification model needed to be improved in the future to realize accurate identification in more plant species and cultivars.detailely expounds the application of near infrared spectroscopy technology in identification of food crops,industrial crops and medicinal plants. The prediction of near infrared spectroscopy development tendency is also reviewed in the paper.

  The Application Progress of Magnetic Technology in Agriculture and Forestry 2014, 30 (6):  52-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1507 Abstract + ( 913 )   PDF ( 522716KB )   ( 935 ) In order to analyze the magnetization effect on plant growth, soil and irrigation water in arid areas, the author summarized research done in almost last 10 years and found the magnetized water could significantly increase the effect of desalination. Its application had advantages of alleviating salt damage on plant, promoting plant growth, yield and quality, improving water and soil nutrient use efficiency, and reducing fertilization use. The mechanism of magnetized water and the technical parameters on its application to agriculture were still unclear. Further study on its mechanism should be done to determine the technical parameters, then to popularize the application of this technology in agricultural ecological remediation.

  Mapping QTL Controlling Yield Traits Using Low Phosphorus Tolerance Selected Backcrossing Introgression Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 2014, 30 (6):  56-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1185 Abstract + ( 1128 )   PDF ( 966186KB )   ( 546 ) The low utilization rate of phosphorus is a major limiting factor in rice production. In order to explore the rice tolerance to low phosphorus favorable genes and cultivate phosphorus efficient varieties, in our study, 2 BC2F4 backcrossing populations were developed from the elite indica restorer lines ‘Shuhui527’ and ‘Minghui86’ as the recurrent parents and ‘Yetuozai’ as donor parent. Yield and its related traits of the backcrossing populations were evaluated and analyzed under normal control and phosphorus deficiency conditions. SSR polymorphic molecular markers were used for genotypic analysis. One-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) was applied to identify QTLs for all the measured traits. The results suggested that, panicle number (PN) was greatly affected by phosphorus deficiency stress, resulting in the loss of yield among the yield component factors. The results of correlation analysis showed that, ?lled-grain number per panicle (FGP) and PN were in very significant positive correlation with grain yield (YD) under two conditions. The results of identified QTLs conferring YD and its related traits revealed that 11 QTLs, 10 QTLs, 10 QTLs, 9 QTLs and 13 QTLs controlling PN, FGP, spikelet fertility (SF), thousand grain weight (TGW) and YD were detected respectively under two conditions. These findings provided useful information for the development of low phosphorus tolerance varieties, the discovery of favorable related genes and marker-assisted selection (MAS). Furthermore, the introgression lines in our study would be used as useful materials.

  Research of the Physiological Characteristics During Grain Filling Stage and Biology Characteristics of New Wheat Variety‘Yannong 5158’ 2014, 30 (6):  66-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1154 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 818871KB )   ( 571 ) To analysis Photosynthetic Physiological basis of new wheat variety ‘Yannong 5158’, the physiological characteristics during grain filling stage and biology characteristics of it were studied by using one of its parents ‘Lumai 14’ as control. The results showed that ‘Yannong 5158’ had better plant type structure and higher yield potential than ‘Lumai 14’. The photosynthetic physiological indexes during filling stage, such as filling process and rate in grain, net photosynthetic rate in flag leaf, chlorophyll content, transpiration rate in flag leaf after blooming, day changes of primary photochemical efficiency in flag leaf, the largest and actual photochemical efficiency in flag leaf, actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ, non-photochemical energy dissipation were better than the control. This was one of the physiological reasons with high yield characteristics of ‘Yannong 5158’.

  Bioinformatics Analysis of Dihydroflavonol4-reductase and the Gene in Three Triticeae Crops 2014, 30 (6):  72-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1225 Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 768264KB )   ( 693 ) To study the pigment synthesis’s related enzymes properties and genes of the color wheat, the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes of common wheat, blue-grained wheat, and quack grass were analyzed. The composition of amino acid sequences, molecular structure, physicaland chemical characters, subcellular localization, transmembrane helices, and molecular phylogenetic evolution, secondary and tertiary structure from NCBI were analyzed and predicted by bioinformatics software. The results demonstrated that, the length of three DFR genes were all 1.0 kb, which coded 354 aa and had a high homology amino acid, and they were all acidic, hydrophilic, stable protein, have no signal peptide and across membrane structure. Secondary structures of the protein were most of alpha helix and random coil. In the evolutionary tree could be seen the blue-grained wheat and common wheat genetic relationship were close. The result implied the enzymes of DFR in the triticeae crops’ properties was the same and had a conservative evolution. This study provided the basis of research the enzymes and their genes in further step.

  Effect of Straw Returning on Wheat Seedling Growth and the Change of Soil Nutrient 2014, 30 (6):  77-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1188 Abstract + ( 677 )   PDF ( 596431KB )   ( 573 ) Straw is a saving production and adjustment measure of modern agricultural production. It can regulate farmland ecological environment and provide nutrients for plant growth. The purpose of this study was to further explore the effects of straw returning on wheat growth and soil nutrient variations in the context of different soil. Wheat straw as experimental material of the study, it was added to the whitish soil, huangni soil, wushan soil with the 1%, 2%, 5%, than we determined the main index of wheat in 14th , 28th and 42nd day ,and determined the physicochemical properties of soil in forty-second day-pulling out the wheat. The results showed that the wheat height, fresh weight and leaf chlorophyll content decreased with the increase of addition amount of straw, and that, to some extent, straw returning changed the soil physical and chemical properties. The study showed that adding straw inhibited the normal growth of wheat growth in the seedling growth of wheat, and showed different degree of influence in different soil conditions.

  The Impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Soil Moisture and Root Characteristics of Dry-land Wheat 2014, 30 (6):  82-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1517 Abstract + ( 726 )   PDF ( 636330KB )   ( 472 ) This study researched the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the dryland soil moisture and root characteristics using a field experiment in the test base of Shanxi Agricultural University in Wenxi. The results showed that, increasing nitrogen rate could improve the soil moisture from turning green stage to heading stage and root activity, total root length, total root volume, total root area and total projected area of different stages when the ratio of N and P was 1:0.5 and decreased the soil moisture, root activity, total root length, total root volume, total root area and total projected of different stages when the ratio of N and P was 1: 1. The result also showed that increasing phosphorus rate could improve the soil moisture from turning green stage to heading stage, but decreased it from anthesis to mature stage, and increased the root activity, total root length, total root volume, total root area and total projected area of different stages, and increased the root length, root volume, root area and root projected area of different soil layer from 0 cm to 80 cm, in addition, except the root volume of 60-80 cm soil layer the rest were significant level. In short, the nitrogen rate was 150 kg/hm2 or 180 kg/hm2 and the ratio of N and P was 1:1, which showed best in the aspect of collaboration of water and fertilizer of dry-land wheat.

  Assessment of Wheat Climate Risk Degree in Kunming 2014, 30 (6):  87-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1387 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 666116KB )   ( 471 ) Under the background of the global climate variation, the wheat climate risk degree in Kunming was assessed. It can provide theoretical foundation for avoiding the climate risk. On the basis of fuzzy mathematics theory, with comprehensive wheat climate suitability, the risk model was established. On the above basis, the climate risk evaluation was made for the wheat in Kunming. The results showed that: in last 40 years, wheat climate risk degree was steady and changed little. The precipitation risk degree was high with large variable extents and presented increasing tendency. The temperature risk degree appeared to decline with climate warming. The sunshine risk maintained at low level and changed little. The model for crop climatic risk degree based on fuzzy mathematics theory could objectively reflect the risk degree of climate for crop growth. The precipitation risk was high in whole growing stage of wheat in Kunming. So the main method to avoid the risk was to improve the water control and arrange cropping system rationally.

  Effects of Planting Density on Kernel Filling and Dehydration Characteristics for Maize Hybrids 2014, 30 (6):  92-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1102 Abstract + ( 967 )   PDF ( 736762KB )   ( 734 ) The object of this study is to research the effect of planting density on kernels filling rate, dehydration rate, yield of maize hybrids, explore the correlation between kernels moisture content of physiological maturity and grain kernels rate or dehydration rate, then establish close planting mode of maize yield and high quality. This experiment was conducted in split-plot design, planting density and maize varieties. Planting density (60000, 75000, 90000, 105000 plant/hm2) were four levels.‘Lvdan 2’,‘Suiyu 10’,‘Xinxin 1’,‘Demeiya 3’,‘Jidan 27’,‘Nendan 11’were determined for kernels filling rate, dehydration rate, kernels moisture content, yield and yield related character in different periods. The results showed that‘Lvdan 2’90000 plant/hm2,‘Dmeiya 3’105000 plant/hm2 stop grouting after pollination 55 days. Other maize varieties were not obvious between 56-60 days and 61-65 days after pollination.‘Lvdan 2’75000 plant/hm2 kernel moisture content was lower than other planting density treatments (P＜0.05);‘Demeiya 3’75000 plant/hm2 kernel dehydration rate performance unimodal curve trend, kernel dehydration rate reached peak after pollination 51-55 days. The yield of 105000 plant/hm2 of 6 maize hybrids was respectively lower than other treatments. Consideration kernels filling rate, dehydration rate and yield,‘Xinxin 1’,‘Suiyu 10’60000 plant/hm2,‘Lvdan 2’,‘Demeiya 3’,‘Jidan 27’75000 plant/hm2 were the best planting density;‘Neidan 11’was not sensitive to planting density.

  Quantitative Detection of Pest-resistant Genetically Modified Maize 2014, 30 (6):  101-107.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1193 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 1519937KB )   ( 597 ) The aim was to build efficient, rapid and accurate event-specific quantitative real-time PCR detection methods of insect-resistant genetically modified maize MIR162. SYBR Green I and TaqMan Probe quantitative PCR methods were established in this study. The melting curves of MIR162 event-specific and endogenous reference gene zSSIIb were both single peak which mean the primers were specific. The recovery rates of SYBR Green I and TaqMan were between 90%-100% and their R2 values were both above 0.998. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of these two methods were 24 and 48 copies, respectively, which suggested that the two quantitative systems had an acceptable and high sensitivity. Moreover, the standard deviations (SD) and relative standard deviations (RSD) of repeatability ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 and 0.17% to 0.40% for SYBR Green I; 0.03 to 0.14 and 0.11% to 0.44% for TaqMan. Thereafter, three mixed maize samples (3%, 1%, 0.5%) were quantified to be 3.13%, 1.09%, 0.53% (SYBR Green I) and 3.07%, 1.02%, 0.50% (Taqman) respectively. T-test showed the quantification results of these two methods were not significantly different. The two event-specific quantitative PCR systems established in the studies were acceptable and suitable for MIR162 identification and quantification, and the users might select corresponding method based on actual demand and laboratory conditions.

  Study on Sowing-date and Planting Density of Summer Maize in Peninsula Area of Shandong Province 2014, 30 (6):  108-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1318 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 494930KB )   ( 542 ) In order to achieve high output both wheat and maize, ascertain the suitable cultivate technology in peninsula area. Using the maize variety of ‘Denghai605’ and the experiment method of five sowing-date and three planting density, the suitable sowing-date and planting density of ‘Denghai605’ in peninsula area were studied. The results showed that, the suitable sowing-date of ‘Denghai605’ was from June 15th to 21st, and the more early, the higher yield, the suitable planting density was 72 000 plants/hm2.

  The Influence of Fertilization on the Potato Flower Bud Differentiation and the Differences of Physiological Indexes in the Process 2014, 30 (6):  113-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1202 Abstract + ( 979 )   PDF ( 1988073KB )   ( 472 ) The potato flower bud differentiation process of two fertilizer treatments and relative chlorophyll content of starch, soluble sugar content in leaves were studied by micrography and relative chlorophyll meter SPAD -502plus to research the formation mechanism of the quality of potato tuber yield.Results show that the potato tuber formation is related to the time of flower bud differentiation, the earlier the differentiation starts, the sooner the tuber happens..The process of the Potato flower bud differentiation is outside-in, and divide to the flower primordium differentiation, differentiation of sepal, petal, stamen differentiation stage and pistil differentiation stage. The changing trend of potato relative chlorophyll content (SPAD ) is similar to starch and soluble sugar consistent in leaves and reaches up to a maximum in flower bud differentiation period.Through the experiment,we get that potato tuber yield and quality formation are significantly related to flower bud differentiation time ,and nutrient levels, chlorophyll content during the process .

  Research on the Fermentation Conditions for Alcohol Production from Cassava Raw Starch 2014, 30 (6):  119-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1138 Abstract + ( 784 )   PDF ( 564613KB )   ( 776 ) Cassava starch fermentation for industrial alcohol has a broad prospects for development, but needs high energy about 30% input in the gelatinization and saccharification process, thus hinder the development of starch alcohol. Cassava raw starch fermentation for alcohol helps to save energy. Single factor and orthogonal experiments were performed to optimize the fermentation conditions for high concentration alcohol production from cassava raw starch. The main factors that influenced the alcohol production were fermentation time, raw starch digesting glucoamylase and yeast dosage. The optimized conditions were: material to water 1:2.5, enzyme dosage 315 U/g, yeast dosage 7500 cfu/mL, and fermentation time 5 d. The alcohol concentration of fermentation liquor reached 12.9% under the optimized conditions, while the content of the residual sugar was 0.38%, and the starch utilization rate was 73.86%. But compared with the low temperature hydrolysis process the method remained inadequate.

  Construction of Plant Bivalent Expression Vectors Against Aflatoxin in Peanut 2014, 30 (6):  124-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1485 Abstract + ( 856 )   PDF ( 664200KB )   ( 624 ) The performance of species resistance to Aspergillus by conventional breeding are unstable, therefore, genetic engineering is used to breed varieties resistant to Aspergillus. CHI and GLU are broad-spectrum resistance genes and have synergistic effect. Based on constructed vectors pSC1300-8-CHI and pSC1300-13-GLU, NcoⅠrestriction site was added to the front of the promotor 8# of CHI gene and AflⅡrestriction site was added to the end of T-nos sequence through PCR amplification, ApaⅠrestriction site was added to the front of the promotor 8# of GLU gene and SpeⅠrestriction site was added to the end of T-nos sequence through PCR amplification, two genes will be connected to antibiotics self-removing carrier pLoxp after digestion, antibiotic induced-removing plant bivalent expression vectors pLoxp-8-CHI-13-GLU was constructed. Identified by restriction endonuclease, the expression vector was successfully constructed.

  Effect of Fertilizer Application Rates on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution in Sesame 2014, 30 (6):  129-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1112 Abstract + ( 650 )   PDF ( 581837KB )   ( 666 ) Two cultivars‘Wanzhi 1’and‘Yuzhi 4’were used to study the effect of fertilizer application rates on dry matter accumulation and distribution in sesame. The experiment was conducted on randomized block design with two factors, fertilization and cultivar. The amount of dry accumulation on different organs of plant at the different growth stages was measured. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation showed a trend of slow-fast-slow. Dry matter accumulation in different organs of the plant under different fertilizer rates were basically the same trend. With the increase of fertilizer application rate, the dry matter accumulation increased, but the high fertilizer rate or the low fertilizer rate was detrimental to sesame yield. Selecting suitable varieties, rational application of fertilizers and promoting dry matter accumulation and distribution was the key to gain high yield of sesame.

  Study on Water Requirement of Sunflower under Different Precipitation Years in Changling County 2014, 30 (6):  135-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1190 Abstract + ( 745 )   PDF ( 772876KB )   ( 655 ) In order to investigate the influence of meteorological conditions on the sunflower water requirement, this study calculated daily water requirement of sunflower in different precipitation years (wet year, normal year, dry year), and analyzed the variation of water demand and source in the process of sunflower growth. The results show that: water demand was different in different growth stages of sunflower, which was small in the early and late stages, biggest in the middle stage, and the drier the year was, the more the water required; Then coupling degree of water requirement and effective precipitation was highest in wet year, normal year taked the second place, followed by dry year. Consumption of soil water was various in different precipitation years, which showed maximum value in dry year. It had little effect on soil water in the early growth season, and greater influence from blossom to mature of later stage.

  Effects of Sowing Date on Dry Matter and Nutrient Accumulation of ‘Zhongshuang11’ 2014, 30 (6):  140-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1442 Abstract + ( 779 )   PDF ( 1084858KB )   ( 527 ) To prove the influence of sowing date on dry matter and nutrient accumulation of Brassica napus, a field trail with early sowing (September 15), middle sowing (September 30) and late sowing (October 15) treatments was conducted to study the dry matter and nutrient accumulation patterns of Zhongshuang11. Our results showed that sowing date had an influence on growth progress of rapeseed. The whole growing period length of rapeseed was decreased with postponed sowing date. The rapeseed had the highest yield (2032 kg/hm2) under middle sowing date, 38.3% and 61.4% higher than early and late sowing treatments. The three sowing date rapeseed reached the maximum dry matter at blooming, podding and mature period respectively. The N, K contents of root and shoot were influenced more significantly by sowing date than P content. Nitrogen and K contents of late sowing rapeseed were much higher than early and middle sowing rapeseed at early growth stage. Phosphorus content of early sowing rapeseed was lower than middle and late sowing treatments. The N, P, K accumulation patterns (except P accumulation patterns of middle sowing rapeseed which reached the maximum at mature period) of each sowing rapeseed were changed similarly to the change of dry matter accumulation. It will provide theoretical basis for choosing suitable sowing date to understand the different accumulation patterns of dry matter and nutrient between three sowing treatments.

  The Early Associations Method of Breeding CMS Three-line in Rape (Brassica napus L.) 2014, 30 (6):  148-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1191 Abstract + ( 697 )   PDF ( 795643KB )   ( 585 ) This paper reports a new method of early association breeding Brassica napus cytoplasmic male sterility three-line and breeding heterosis hybrids . The key points of the methods is hybrids or test cross hybridization screening to obtain sterile, maintain and restore the three basic materials . To the basic shape maintainer and restorer, screening by the diallel cross expriments.Selecting excellent paired lines, and to determine the good maintainer and restorer lines; to keep the effects and other material properties required to maintain the first round of screening, in order to restore the Department's interaction with the performance of the maintenance department for the second round of screening; use and maintain the system as a near isogenic (other than fertility outside) relationship to determine the excellent education and backcross transfer CMS, the final three lines supporting the achievement of good breeding, and formulated a strong combination of advantages. New combination of the methods used for breeding, bred 07G-7, 07G-11, 07G-4 and a number of fine-quality waxless marker combinations, Outstanding performance in different sites and levels of the test, showing a good prospect.

  NHX Gene Expression Patterns in Three Kinds of Fiber Flax Stressed with Salt 2014, 30 (6):  154-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1312 Abstract + ( 749 )   PDF ( 793303KB )   ( 591 ) The objective was to explore salt tolerance gene NHX expression pattern in three kinds of fiber flax using semi-quantitative RT-PCR technology stressed with NaCl. Total RNAs were extracted respectively from the sterile stem-leaf tissues stressed with different concentration of NaCl for 6 d. cDNA were reversely transcribed. Expression quantities of NHX gene in the different groups were detected by optimized semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. The results showed that the highest expression quantities of NHX gene in‘Fanny’and‘Shuangya 5’sterile seedlings stressed with 100 mmol/L NaCl for 6 d and in‘Tianxin 3’sterile seedlings stressed with 200 mmol/L NaCl for 6 d. Expression quantities of NHX gene in the three kinds of fiber flax after salt stresses were all up regulation compared with contrasts. Therefore, detection of NHX gene could be used as an index judging salt tolerance of these three kinds of fiber flax.

  Improvement in the H2SO4-H2O2 Digestion Method for Determining Plant Total Nitrogen 2014, 30 (6):  159-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0506 Abstract + ( 679 )   PDF ( 520050KB )   ( 1306 ) In order to determinate quickly and accurately, and improve the determining efficiency, H2SO4-H2O2 digestion method for determining plant total nitrogen was improved. H2O2 was added only once in digestion process. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the improved method was less than 5%. The recoveries were in the range of 95%-105%. The time of improved method was less 50-80 min than that of the original H2SO4-H2O2 digestion method. H2O2 consumption was saved 0.38 -0.68 mL per sample. Detection results were no significant difference between the two methods. Precision and accuracy met the requirement of detection analysis. The improved method was recommended as digestion method for rapid determining batch plant total nitrogen.

  Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Content of Cd and N on Cadmium Contaminated Soil 2014, 30 (6):  163-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1264 Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 627954KB )   ( 560 ) In order to explore the effect of kind and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and available cadmium, a soil culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of different dosage of urea and ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate, controlled release urea and dicyandiamide (a kind of nitrification inhibitor, hereinafter referred to as‘DCD’) on change of the content of cadmium and nitrogen in the soil. The results showed that: high N application processing had higher ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content, for the different dosage of urea treatment. DCD significantly inhibited nitrification of ammonium sulfate. With coats outside, controlled release urea, slowed down the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen transformation trend. With the help of microorganisms, hydrolysis reaction and nitration reaction would happen after the application of nitrogen fertilizer, which made the soil pH change in response. And that change of soil pH made the content of available cadmium get high or low.

  The Farmland Soil Fertility Characteristics and Variation Tendency in Mangshi County 2014, 30 (6):  169-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1171 Abstract + ( 606 )   PDF ( 968796KB )   ( 501 ) In order to reveal the farmland soil nutrients variation characteristics in Mangshi County, we are using the core samples data from the project of testing soil for formulated fertilization in 2009, second time of soil census data and fertilizer grading standard, carries on the analysis and study. The results showed that, pH tended to micro-acidity with large area and soil put up to acidification trend; organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali solution nitrogen content in medium level with large area, but total content level tended to decline; lack of available phosphorus and available potassium content in large area, but available phosphorus increased, rapidly-available potassium decreased; the characteristics of farmland soil in Mangshi County showed tartish, organic, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen belonged to medium to rich level but lack of potassium and phosphorus. The nutrient in dry farming soil was higher than paddy soil and with different region distribution, the whole level of fertility in cultivated land tended to decrease.

  Effects of Conservation Tillage on Physical Properties of Fluvo-aquic Soil 2014, 30 (6):  175-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1351 Abstract + ( 1532 )   PDF ( 688547KB )   ( 1143 ) To study the effects of conservation tillage on soil physical properties, a long-term field experiment was conducted on Huanghuaihai Plain in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system. The soil bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, the degree of soil compactness and soil water content was studied under different tillage and crop retention. The results showed that, in the soil profile (0-20 cm), soil bulk density and the degree of soil compactness increased with the decreasing intensity of tillage, compared with long-term no-tillage the degree of soil compactness under tillage once every 2 years or 4 years (CNTW2T, CNTW4T) decreased 40%, 17% respectively, the degree of soil compactness showed a positive linear relationship with the soil depth; conservation tillage improved soil hydraulic conductivity function, soil hydraulic conductivity decreased significantly over time under no-tillage; soil water content under reduced and no-tillage were 0.77%-3.01% higher than conventional tillage. Covering crop mulch reduced soil compaction markedly, improved the compacted soil structure, increased soil hydraulic conductivity, reduced soil water evaporation, thereby, improved soil water-holding capacity. No-tillage had good effects on soil water retention, however, a long-term no-tillage leaded to soil compaction which had negative effects on crop growth. Reduced tillage (CNTW2T, CNTW4T) not only improved soil water infiltration and retention function, but also reduced soil compaction. Therefore, on Huanghuaihai Plain, the application of conservation tillage which consists of reduced tillage and crop retention can improve soil physical properties and enhance soil water conservation effect.

  Comparative Analysis on Grain Traits and Mineral Elements of Brown Rice from Bred Giant Embryo Rice and Its Parents 2014, 30 (6):  182-185.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1480 Abstract + ( 802 )   PDF ( 576424KB )   ( 401 ) In order to disclose the differences of brown rice grain traits and mineral elements among bred giant embryo rice (BGE), introduced japanica giant embryo rice (IGE) and parental indica normal embryo rice (NE), parameters of grain traits and embryo characters of three groups brown rice were analyzed, and six important mineral elements contents of brown rice were detected. The results were showed as follows : 1) The embryo size of all giant embryo rice (GE) is about 4 times of NE. The BGE inherited the giant embryo traits from IGE parents, and preserved the grain traits of NE parents. The increase of GE grain weight was beneficial to enhance its absolute embryo weight, but it was notably negative to the relative embryo weight. 2) Compare with '91-308', most of the contents of potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese and zinc in 4 GE brown rice increased by a wide margin, and the average increasing extent were 30.2%, 9.4%, 75.8%, 8.3%, 58.3% and 23.0%, respectively. The contents of potassium, magnesium and calcium of BGE brown rice were higher than that of the IGE parents. In conclusion, BGE maintained the grain traits of the indica parental NE and inherited the characteristics of giant embryo and high mineral elements contents from the japanica parental IGE in the process of hybrid selection.

  The Relationship Between Soil Moisture and Climate Yield of Winter Wheat in Xifeng Loess Plateau 2014, 30 (6):  186-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1391 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 623866KB )   ( 466 ) In order to further study the relationship between Xifeng soil moisture and the climate yield of winter wheat, so that people can arrangement field management possibly, increasing winter wheat yield, improving quality, using 28 years 0-100 cm soil moisture data and winter wheat yield data from 1981 to 2008 in Xifeng agricultural station laboratories, it had been analyzed the relations between soil moisture and climate yield of winter wheat, and was calculated the contribution rate, the regression equation was established. The results showed that: the inter-annual variability of winter wheat’s climate yield and soil water content was consistent in Xifeng; winter wheat’s demand for water was development gradually from shallow to deep in March to mid-may; deep water content was the main water source of winter wheat required in mid-may to early July; the soil was storing water in the middle of August to early September; the contribution rate of shallow water was the largest in mid-September to early October, the correlation of winter wheat’s soil moisture and climate yield, upper quantity storage period (0-40 cm) was the most obvious, each layer were significantly correlated at the early stage of the family, upper-middle-class especially (0-50 cm); in the middle of the bearing, each layer were significantly correlated; on the stage, the upper 0-20 cm was negative correlation, 50-90 cm layer was positive correlation; in impact rate, storage period was obvious 30-60 cm and 80-100 cm, early was 10-40 cm, 90-100 cm and 70 cm layer, the middle was 30-40 cm layer and 80-100 cm, 60-100 cm layer was late, and the average of 20-40 cm, 60-100 cm layer.

  Study on the Germination Ability and Vigor of Wheat Seed at Different Grain Filling Stage 2014, 30 (6):  193-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1085 Abstract + ( 653 )   PDF ( 519159KB )   ( 579 ) To study on the germination ability and vigor of the wheat seed at different grain filling stages, some indexes of germination ability of the seeds of different grain filling stage were measured with four wheat genotypes as the experimental material. The results showed that the germination potential and germination rate increased with the progression of grain filling stage. The germination potential and germination rate reached the lowest level in May 8th with mean germination rate of 85%, which was inferior to the other stages’ mean value of more than 93%. These results indicated that the seeds have a strong sprout ability at early grain filling stage. Thousand-grain protein content of four wheat genotypes in six different grain filling stages was also determined. The average thousand-grain protein content was 0.76 g at May 8th and 3.1 g at June 1st. The results clearly showed that thousand-grain protein content differed dramatically between the four genotypes at the six grain filling stages which the former protein content was only 23.5% of the latter. This experimental study demonstrated that when protein content reached about a quarter of the total content of the seed, it have a strong germination ability and vigor.

  Effects of Tillage Managements in Wheat-maize Whole Season on the Soil Nitrogen and Potassium in Summer Maize 2014, 30 (6):  198-202.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1231 Abstract + ( 610 )   PDF ( 449114KB )   ( 383 ) In order to explore the most suitable tillage to reach high and stable yield in summer maize in sub-humid and drought areas in Shandong Province, with ten different tillage treatments during wheat-maize whole season, the effects of tillage managements on the soil total nitrogen, available potassium and grain yield in summer maize were studied. Among all tillage managements, the soil total N was the highest at grain filling stage and the lowest at jionting stage, and the available K was the highest at filling stage in maize season. The soil N and K content in each soil layer were significantly different. The soil total N and available K content in the 0-20 cm soil layer was higher than that in the deeper layer (20-40 cm). Conventional tillage management (CK) and A3B3R i.e. subsoiling tillage at wheat season + no-tillage at maize season + straw returning both showed highest total N in the 0-20 cm soil layer, but the total N in the deeper soil layer of CK was the lowest. A4B2R i.e. rotary tillage at wheat season + no-tillage at maize season + straw returning showed highest available K in the 0-40 cm soil. The yield of CK was significantly lower than all other tillage managements, but all other tillage managements had no significant difference.

  Effects of Irrigation Methods and Sowing Date on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Mulched Spring Maize 2014, 30 (6):  203-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1385 Abstract + ( 1106 )   PDF ( 633285KB )   ( 450 ) To alleviate the crisis of water resource shortage of accelerated climate change and ecological risk, we explored reasonable and efficient water-saving irrigation methods, we improved crop water use efficiency adaptability. Through the different irrigation methods and sowing date were tested in field mulched spring maize. The whole growth period of spring maize were continuously observed, which yield and water use efficiency were analyzed else. The effect of the different irrigation methods and different sowing date on spring maize’s yield and water use efficiency were analyzed. The results showed that: drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation 3 irrigation methods in which drip irrigation was the most conductive to spring maize in dry matter accumulation. The second sowing date had better growth amount of dry matter accumulation, especially between the milky stage and mature stage were significantly (P<0.05). Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation had more number of roots. Sprinkler irrigation’s roots were longer and thicker, which with drip irrigation and flood irrigation were significant difference (P<0.01). Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation’s ear length and ear diameter were better. Drip irrigation’s bald was shortest. Grain weight and grain weight per showed drip irrigation > sprinkler irrigation > flood irrigation, which difference were significant (P<0.05). The second sowing date which yield was better than third period and the first date. Drip irrigation had high yield, less water consumption and water use efficiency was the highest. The third sowing date had higher yield and less water consumption, which had highest utilization efficiency, which was significant difference (P<0.05). In short, drip irrigation was the most suitable for arid region of drought, which was water, fertilizer and yield irrigation mode. The second sowing date was the best sowing time, and the climate warming was in favor of late sowing, late-maturing varieties, promotion and yield.

  The Influences on Soil Temperature, Moisture and Spring Corn Output Under Different Film Mulching 2014, 30 (6):  209-214.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1476 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 967988KB )   ( 531 ) To explore the practicality of degradable films and select one between different degradable films by superior, the comparisons on the soil temperature, moisture, characters and outputs by ordinary plastic film, different degradable films and open cultivation under common natural conditions has been discussed through the method of contrastive analysis. The results showed that: each mulching group could increase the soil moisture in the 0-40 cm profile, the soil temperature in 0-25 cm profile in the earlier growth duration of corn compared with open-air, this heat preservation could last for 65 days, based on the preservation effects of water and heat, these groups could rank from higher to lower as follows: ordinary plastic film and degradable film 1 > degradable film 2 > open cultivation. Their increase rates of degradable film 1, plastic film and degradable film 2 respectively were 19.5%, 22.0% and 13.1%, the degradable film1 had the similar influence. Thus, degradable film 1 replace plastic film is operational.

  Study on Characteristics of the Matter Accumulation and Transportation of Spring Maize under Different Cultivation Patterns 2014, 30 (6):  215-219.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1431 Abstract + ( 842 )   PDF ( 570820KB )   ( 481 ) Study on characteristics of the matter accumulation and translocation of spring maize under different cultivation patterns to show the different yield, density and fertilizer of reasonable regulation and choose the best cultivation mode, which provided a theoretical basis for defer decrepitude. The ‘Jinshan27’ and ‘Xianyu335’ were grown under the farmer (NH), high yield (GC) and higher yield (ZGC) condition to study on characteristics of the matter accumulation and transportation of spring maize in west Liaohe Plain. The results showed that, dry matter accumulation per plant in each stage was NH > GC > ZGC, and the differences among three patterns with the advance of growth and development were significantly increased; population dry matter accumulation was ZGC > GC > NH, and the differences among different patterns reached significant level in the mature stage. Dry matter accumulation maximum rate per plant was NH > GC > ZGC, the maximum population dry matter accumulation rate in contrast. Dry matter translocation, translocation rates and its contribution rates to grain of vegetative organs were NH > GC > ZGC. The translocation rates of leaves were higher than stem-sheath and spike, and the spike was the smallest. For the vegetative organs contribution rates to grain, ‘Xianyu335’ performance for stem-sheath > leaves, ‘Jinshan27’ performance for leaves > stem-sheath; the contribution to grain of spike of ‘Xianyu335’ was higher than ‘Jinshan27’.

  Effects of Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Plant Total Nitrogen Contentand Yield of Corn 2014, 30 (6):  220-223.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1035 Abstract + ( 1027 )   PDF ( 467890KB )   ( 465 ) For the purpose of the application of controlled release nitrogen the best dosage. Under field condition, set six treatments, T1 no N fertilizer, T2 conventional fertilization (basal dressing), T3 conventional urea (basal dressing + topdressing), T4 controlled release urea 100%, T5 controlled release urea 90%, T6 controlled release urea 80%. A study on the effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrate nitrogen and plant total nitrogen content and yield of corn, Results show that the soil nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen content of the straw with the development of growth period is on the decline, the highest content and jointing stage. Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer processing various nitrogen filling stage to maturity levels than conventional fertilization treatment. Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer treatment improved the corn aboveground dry matter weight of different growth period, and from jointing stage to mature stage, controlled release urea 100%, controlled release urea 90% treatment of aboveground dry matter weight is higher than common urea, and controlled release of urea 90% is the largest. Reasonable controlled release nitrogen fertilizer dosage increased stem diameter of corn and grain numbers per spike, reduce bald tip length of corn. But the hundred grain weight had little change. Controlled release urea 90% with the highest yield, 8637.6 kg/hm2, and nitrogen reached significant difference compared with conventional fertilization level.

  Application of GGE-biplot in Regional Trial of Maize Varieties 2014, 30 (6):  224-228.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1498 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 483677KB )   ( 736 ) This paper used GGE-biplot to analysis high-yield, stability and adaptability of maize yield, with seven new maize varieties planted in five ecological conditions of high altitude in Guizhou Province, to provide references for identification of new varieties and maize high-yield production. Meanwhile, representativeness and discrimination of five different testing sites was analyzed. The results showed that: 'Shengnong4' had the highest yield, while 'Jinfayu201212' was the lowest, 'Shuiyu108' had the good stability, while 'Shengjing847' had low stability. 'Shengnong4' was the most ideal varieties on the overall. E2 and E4 had better discrimination, while E5 had the best representativeness. In a few words, E2 and E4 had higher discrimination and better representativeness than the other testing sites.

  Effect of Plant Spacing and Harvest Time on Yield and Commodity Rate of Mini-sweetpotato 2014, 30 (6):  229-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1128 Abstract + ( 945 )   PDF ( 522056KB )   ( 725 ) For improving yield and commodity rate of micyo-sweetpotato, taking ‘Ningzi 2-2’ as material, through randomized block design, the yield and commodity rate were studied. The results showed that the timely plant destiny and harvest time could increase yield and commodity rate of mini-sweetpotato. The yield of fresh sweetpotato was the highest at plant spacing of 16 cm before mid-September, and there were significant difference among each treatments, while the yield of fresh sweetpotato reached highest after mid-September was the plant spacing of 8 cm. With the increase of plant spacing, the number of sweetpotato reduced. The commodity rate under plant spacing of 16 cm was the highest, followed by 18 cm. Experimental result showed that the best plant spacing was 16 cm, which could enlarge photosynthetic area, increase photosynthetic accumulation, improve yield and commodity rate of fresh sweet potato.

  The Effects of carbon based fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Potato 2014, 30 (6):  233-237.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1258 Abstract + ( 1558 )   PDF ( 482791KB )   ( 800 ) Carbon based fertilizer was a mixture of biochar and chemical fertilizer, it could ameliorate the construct of soil, and preserve soil water and fertilizer. In order to get some theoretical foundation for reasonable application of carbon based fertilizer in the production of potato of Wuchuan areas in Inner Mongolia, random block design was adopted to study the effects of the carbon based fertilizer on the yield, quality and efficiency of‘Kexin1’by applying 0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 kg/hm2 of this fertilizer and the same amount of N, P, K fertilizer. The results showed that: with the increment of carbon based fertilizer, the yield of potato of the carbon based fertilizer increased by 26.01%, 34.77%, 43.39% and 49.71% than that of CK, and the differences were significant or extremely significant. The number of tuber per plant, the weight of a tuber and the rate of big tubers of the 1200 kg/hm2 treatment were much higher than CK. The amylose content of the eight treatments was significantly higher than CK. The amylopectin content, total starch content and protein content of the eight treatments of were higher than that of CK, but the differences did not reach significant level. The application of the carbon based fertilizer could decrease the level of reducing sugar content, and the level of the 600, 900, 1200 kg/hm2 treatments were significantly lower than that of CK. The results showed that: the number of tuber per plant, the weight of single tuber, the rate of big tubers, yield, amylose content, amylopectin content, total starch content, protein content and efficiency of the treatments with carbon based fertilizer were higher, and the content of reducing sugar was lower than that of treatments with chemical fertilizer of the same amount of N, P, K. The yield, quality and efficiency of potato of 1200 kg/hm2 treatment were higher, and it was the suitable match for local plant.

  The Effect of Different Application Amount of Potash Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of ‘Shangshu 19’ 2014, 30 (6):  238-241.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1250 Abstract + ( 605 )   PDF ( 499536KB )   ( 583 ) To explore the effect of different application amount of potash fertilizer on yield and quality of sweet potato and to search the best potash fertilizer level for sweet potato with high quality and high yield, experiments of six different application amount of potash fertilizer on‘Shangshu 19’in the east of Henan was conducted. Results showed that compared with check experiment, the five potash fertilizer experiments of B (75 kg/hm2), C (150 kg/hm2), D (225 kg/hm2), E (300 kg/hm2), F (450 kg/hm2) increased the fresh potato yield, from 5.1% to 22.0%; the dry slice potato, from 7.3% to 42.8%; commercial fresh potato, from 8.1% to 65.4%; dry-slice-yielding rate , form 0.5% to 4.2%; the rate of starch, from 0.44% to 3.66% and fresh stem and leaf decreased from 20.4% to 43.9%. And more potash fertilizer can effectively control sweet potato stem and leaf excessive growth, increase its yield and quality.

  The Effect of Planting Density on Lodging Resistance and Yield of Tartary Buckwheat 2014, 30 (6):  242-247.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1182 Abstract + ( 825 )   PDF ( 712837KB )   ( 631 ) To investigate the lodging resistance and appropriate planting density, increase yield of tartary buckwheat, the‘Xiqiao 1’cultivar was used to evaluate the effect of different planting densities on stem characteristics, lodging resistance and yield of tartary buckwheat. Results showed that different planting densities significantly effected characters of stem and root. With the increasing of planting density, the light transmittance, the main root length, number of first lateral root and root volume decreased, the plant height, internode length and lodging rate increased, but the yield displayed an acceleration first and then deceleration. The correlation analysis indicated that the characters of stem and root were intimately correlated with plant resistance to lodging. The plant height and internode length were significantly negatively correlated with stem breaking strength, but positively correlated with lodging rate. Therefore, appropriate planting density (9×105-12×105 plant/hm2) reduced the lodging rate, improved the resistance to lodging and increased the population yield, and it deserve applying extends.

  Advances of Research on Regulators of G protein Signaling (RGS proteins) 2014, 30 (6):  248-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1149 Abstract + ( 1835 )   PDF ( 536588KB )   ( 1101 ) Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS proteins) is a negative regulator in the G protein-mediated signaling. Recently, researches were focused on G proteins and RGS proteins. This review summarized investigative progress in animals and plant in recent years. The structure and categories were described detailed. The functions including acting as GAPs, integration G protein signaling, scaffolding protein and regulating cell transportation were analyzed. The regulatory mechanism of RGS protein was introduced from the aspect of phosphorylation, lipidmodification, degradation of RGS proteins and so on. Deep research of the RGS protein was conducive to know more about the signaling pathway.

  Research Advances in Indole-3-acetic Acid Biosynthesis and IAA Conjugate Hydrolysis 2014, 30 (6):  254-259.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1078 Abstract + ( 757 )   PDF ( 616050KB )   ( 781 ) As one of the most widespread auxin, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) had a very important role in regulating plant growth and development. Multiple approaches to control the levels of IAA in plants were elucidated in this article from two aspects: the IAA biosynthetic and IAA conjugate hydrolysis. Research advances about IAA biosynthesis pathway in which tryptophan-dependent, tryptophan-independent and coexistence of both were included and IAA conjugate hydrolysis were introduced. Finally, the opinion was pointed out that the key point of further research was to control the hub linking multi-way converse.

  Physiological Regulation and Molecular Mechanisms of Gasotransmitters in Plant Development and Adversity Response 2014, 30 (6):  260-267.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1139 Abstract + ( 1016 )   PDF ( 662522KB )   ( 806 ) The gasotransmitters, such as NO, CO and H2S and their biological function have become a research hotspot in terms of the hormone and signal transduction in life sciences. At present, the role of these three gasotransmitters in the life of plant has been discussed. This paper summarizes the production of endogenous gasotransmitters and their roles involved in the process of plant growth and development, such as seed germination, root development, chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis, stomatal movements, substance metabolism and senescence regulation. The function mechanisms of them in the plants to respond to various environmental stresses, for instance, salt-stress, extreme temperatures, osmotic stress, drought-stress, heavy metal stress and other abiotic stresses has been summarized in this paper. Meanwhile, it was discussed that the characteristics of them in the regulation of plant growth and development, possible cross-pathway and the prospect of subsequent research work in this field.

  The Progress of Physiological Effect of Boron in Plants and its Impact on Several Important Metabolites 2014, 30 (6):  268-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1243 Abstract + ( 854 )   PDF ( 511104KB )   ( 881 ) Boron (B) is a special microelement element, it is a micronutrient essential for the normal growth and development of plants, and related to many metabolic activities in plants and plays an important role in the stability of cellular structure. Boron deficiency is a worldwide agricultural problem, causing the decreases in yield and quality of crops. Great progresses have been made in B study in plants since recent years. This article reviews the application effects of the microelement B in plants and its physiological regulation mechanisms, and introduces the physiological damage to plants under different B level conditions, and indicates that the microelement B affects the physiological metabolism of plants, as well as B impacts on several important metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, hormones. But the physiological function of B is indirect in these metabolic activities and its mechanism should be further examined. Some suggestions for further studies of physiological function of B are also proposed.

  Research Progress and Future of Space Seeding of Medicinal Plants 2014, 30 (6):  273-278.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1433 Abstract + ( 933 )   PDF ( 518850KB )   ( 686 ) The quality of medicinal plants directly affects the quality and effect of herbal and medicinal products, and genetic seeding plays a key role on improving the quality and yield of the plants. In the recent years, as a new seeding technology, space breeding has achieved a lot of success in the study of medicinal plants. Based on some previous works, this study summarized the research progress and the basic conclusions of space seeding of medicinal plants in various aspects including biological characters, cytology, active ingredients’alteration, molecular marking and security, etc, concluded the achievements of this technology worldwide, and analyzed the particularity of space seeding of medicinal plants and studied its existing problems. Using space seeding in the seed selection of medicinal plants’new species could fasten the progress of space seeding of medicinal plants and improve the seeding quality. Currently, there were insufficiency of studies in medicinal plants in space biology, in the stability of heredity and in the pattern of active ingredients’alteration and so on. It suggested the enhancement of efforts in studying the basic theories of space seeding of medicinal plants, the clarification of the mutant factors and mechanisms, the further improvement of the predictability and the productivity of seeding; it should establish a comprehensive evaluation system that contained medicinal plants’characteristics as well as an examination system for the new species and developing research of risk assessment for the security of space seeding as well as active ingredients and the contents after space environment was altered.

  Study on Acaricidal Activity of essential oil from Umbelliferae against Tetranychus cinabarinus B. 2014, 30 (6):  279-284.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1360 Abstract + ( 809 )   PDF ( 731757KB )   ( 554 ) The aim was to study the acricidal activity of six essential oil from Umbelliferae plants against Tetranychus cinabarinus B.. Six essential oils were extracted by steam distillation method from Coriandrum sativum L., Angelicae Dahuricae, Bupleurum chinense, Angelica grosseserratum, Ligusticum jeholense, Ligustici Chuanxiong, respectively. Their acricidal activities were checked by slide-dip method; and chemical constitution were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The results show that their half lethal concentration (LC50) were 2.9006 mg/mL, 1.1575 mg/mL, 3.2386 mg/mL, 1.6314 mg/mL, 1.8854 mg/mL, 0.3767 mg/mL, respectively. The chemical constitution of essential oil from L. Chuanxiong contained terpinen-4-ol (11.81% ), bicycle [2.2.1] heptan-2-ol,1,7,7-trimethyl-,2-acetate(8.28% ), 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (14.88% ), valerophenone (7.92% ), benzenemethanol, pentyl-1-hexanol (9.87% ). This was the first time to find that the volatile oil of Ligusticum chuanxiong had better acricidal activity for Teranychus cinnabarinus. The acricidal activity was like that of spirodiclofen (LC50=356.8878 mg/L). And terpinen-4-ol might be one of the effective components.

  Study on the Immobilization Conditions of Organic Phosphorus Pesticide Degrading Enzyme from Aspergillus niger J6 2014, 30 (6):  285-289.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1365 Abstract + ( 559 )   PDF ( 638538KB )   ( 452 ) In order to prepare remediation agent for degrading organophosphorus pesticides in polluted water or soil, immobilization conditions on the organic phosphoru pesticide degrading enzyme from Aspergillus niger J6 were studied. At first, crude enzyme liquid of organophosphorus pesticide degrading enzyme was prepared from Aspergillus niger J6, and then study on the immobilization conditions including the concentration of sodium alginate and CaCl2, and also the immobilizing time. The crude enzyme solution of the optimal entrapping condition could be gotten. The results showed that 2% sodium alginate, 4% CaCl2, the crude enzyme solution and sodium alginate solution ratio 20% (enzyme protein content is 0.15 mg/mL), the immobilizing time of 4 h, were the optimum immobilization conditions. Under the best condition, the ball was gotten more easily, better shape and elasticity, higher strength, and the relative enzyme activity reached the highest. Immobilization conditions of crude enzyme liquid from Aspergillus niger J6 were successfully studied, and the optimum embedding condition was obtained.

  Determination of the Residue Amout of 4 Preservatives in Fresh Fruit by High Performance Liquid Chromatography 2014, 30 (6):  290-294.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1155 Abstract + ( 822 )   PDF ( 678349KB )   ( 442 ) A method was established to detect 4 kinds of fruit preservatives including p-methyl hydroxybenzoate, p-ethyl hydroxybenzoate, ethyl naphthol and diphenyl ether by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC).The samples were extracted by ether and purified by activated carbon column.For the determination,reversed phase C18 column was used and mobile phase was 55%CH3OH-45%H2O(pH≈3).A Diode array detector was used at 208nm. Standard addition recovery ranged from 85.4% to 104.7% with relative standard deviation(RSD) from 1.10% to 4.75%. The method was suitable for the detemination of p-methyl hydroxybenzoate, p-ethyl hydroxybenzoate, ethyl naphthol and diphenyl ether residues in fresh fruits with high sensitivity and selectivity.

  Studies on the Daily Infusing Technology Optimization of Taiwan Slightly Fermentation Oolong Tea 2014, 30 (6):  295-301.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1159 Abstract + ( 528 )   PDF ( 595921KB )   ( 432 ) In this article, the optimal infusing technology of the Taiwan slightly fermentation oolong tea products, made by the four tea cultivars named JinXuan (Camellia sinensis cv. TTES No.12),Ruan Zhi oolong, Camellia sinensis cv. TTES No.19 and Camellia sinensis cv. TTES No.20 was investigated, based on detected the content of EGCG and TF of infused tea liquid, through 3 factors and 3 levels orthogonal design that were the infusing duration, temperature and tea concentration, the results showed: the optimum infusing condition for JinXuan and Ruan Zhi oolong oolong tea were water temperature 100 ℃-tea concentration 1:25-infused 5 min, that of the other two products were water temperature 90 ℃-tea concentration 1:20-infused 5 min, which provided the biochemical basis for the popularization of scientific infusing methods, and to improve the functions of daily drinking-tea such as hairdressing, reducing weight, cancer prevention and fighting against cancer, and increase the additional value of tea products.

  Effects of Different Cutting Mode on Cut Tobacco Structure and Physical Index of Cigarette 2014, 30 (6):  302-305.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1458 Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 552705KB )   ( 656 ) Study on the cut tobacco structure of traditional cutting, 30mm fixed-length cutting and 40mm fixed-length cutting, the changes of cut tobacco structure at the different sample points and the cigarette-making quality on different cutting mode were investigated. The results showed that: 1) comparing with traditional cutting, the whole cut rate and middle strands of 40mm fixed-length cutting were unchanged , while the whole cut rate of 30mm fixed-length cutting was decreased and middle strands was increased during the link of cut tobacco drying and cut-tobacco storage; 2) comparing with traditional cutting and 30mm fixed-length cutting, the average of loss of cigarette of 40mm fixed-length cutting reduced to a certain degree. Moreover, the qualification rate of loss of tobacco from the ends was higher; 3) comparing with traditional cutting, the standard deviation of individual cigarette weight of 40mm fixed-length cutting reduced by 9%,and the standard deviations of draw resistance and circumference also reduced to a certain degree. Conclusively, 40mm fixed-length cutting significantly increased the stability of physical quality of cigarette.

  The Study on Determination Content of Flavonoids Extracts from Fructus xanthii and Hypericum japonicum thunb 2014, 30 (6):  306-313.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1487 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 711726KB )   ( 402 ) The purpose of this paper was to investigate the best conditions of extracting the total flavonoids content for Frutus Xanthii and Hypericum japonicum, and make a comparison about the total flavonoids in two plants. Using the way of ethanol reflux condensation and applying rutin as the standard, L9(34) was adopted to confirm the best optimum extraction process condition extracting of active ingredients. The experimental results showed that the Xanthium optimum extraction conditions was the ethanol concentration of 60% , extraction temperature of 70℃, extraction time of 4 h, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:30. Hypericum japonicum optimum extraction conditions for the ethanol concentration of 50%, extraction temperature of 80℃, extraction time of 1 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1:50 was obtained. In accordance with the best conditions of operation, optimum extraction process of total flavonoids extraction rate of Frutus Xanthii was 3.89% and rate of Hypericum japonicum was 4.31% by extraction rate as the indexes. The experimental results showed that the flavonoids of Hypericum japonicum were higher than Frutus Xanthii. This extraction technology was simple and feasible, and had better reference value.

  Screening and Identify of A Strain Producing Lovastatin 2014, 30 (6):  314-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1263 Abstract + ( 723 )   PDF ( 1316495KB )   ( 798 ) For screening the strains producing lovastatin, 56 strains were isolated from 12 samples. Five lovastatin-producing strains were obtained by screening comprised approach of TLC and HPLC. The high-yield lovastatin producing strain MPT13 (0.263 mg/mL) was identified as Monascus purpure based on individual form, colony characteristics, and molecular biology futures.