Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.21 Published:28 July 2015

  Effects of Fertilization on Rice by“3414”Design in Daan 2015, 31 (21):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010106 Abstract + ( 1298 )   PDF ( 596KB )   ( 431 ) An experiment of fertilization effect on rice was conducted according to the theory of“3414” regression optimum design to explore the index system of fertilization in Daan and to guide fertilization on rice. The results showed that, compared with CK, yield of each fertilization treatment was enhanced. The N2P2K1 treatment could obtain the highest yield of 10336 kg/hm2 and the best economic benefit of 16885.07 yuan/hm2 among the 14 treatments. The N, P, K quadratic was established as the objective function of rice yield. Establishment of fertilization index by regression model of N, P, K was N 203.99 kg/hm2, P 102.08 kg/hm2 and K 83.29 kg/hm2, and the highest yield of rice was 10471.23 kg/hm2. Combined with the local fertilizer prices, the optimum fertilizing amount was N 159.11 kg/hm2, P 82.35 kg/hm2 and K 54.41 kg/hm2, under which the yield could reach 10323.38 kg/hm2, and this fertilizing formula could be recommended in local rice production.

  Genetic Differences in Canopy Temperature Depression Among Different Early-rice Varieties and Its Relationship with Yield Bi Yongji,Peng Chunhua,Huang Shan,Tan Xueming and Pan Xiaohua 2015, 31 (21):  9-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010056 Abstract + ( 932 )   PDF ( 916KB )   ( 441 ) The objective of this study is to investigate the genotypic variation in canopy temperature depression (CTD) among different early-season indica rice cultivars in order to support rapid differentiating of superior germplasm and cultivation regulation. 36 genotypes of early-season indica rice and major restorer lines were selected as materials. They were grown under the same condition of fertilization and irrigation, and their canopy temperature was monitored at booting, heading, and milky-maturity stages using an infrared thermometer. The relationship between canopy temperature and yield and yield components was examined. The results showed that the daytime CTD was generally positive, and was significantly and positively associated with the panicle temperature depression at heading. Rice yield showed a significantly positive correlation with the daytime CTD at booting and heading stages, but had a negative correlation with the nighttime CTD at booting and heading stages with statistical significance at heading. The correlation between yield and panicle temperature depression at the heading stage was significantly positive. Yield components and CTD had no significant correlation. Using cluster analyses for the CTD at booting, heading, and milky-maturity stages, the tested rice materials can be divided into three temperature groups: high, medium, and low temperature types,.

  Grey Correlation Analysis of Yield and Main Agronomic Traits of 44 Maize Hybrid Lines 2015, 31 (21):  16-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120171 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 480KB )   ( 382 ) To investigate the influence of main agronomic traits of different maize varieties on yield, the author adopted grey correlation analysis method to analyze the correlation of the main agronomic traits and yield of 44 maize varieties in 2013. The results indicated that traits such as ear diameter (0.9874), leaf number (0.9645), ear length (0.9488), plant height (0.9465), rows per pear (0.9429), 100-kernel weight (0.9244), ear height (0.9088), shelling percentage (0.8882), and barren tip (0.7381) affected the yield of maize. Among these agronomic traits, ear diameter, leaf number and ear length had the maximum influence on maize yield, followed by the plant height, ear rows and 100-kernel weight, and by comparison, ear position, shelling percentage and barren tip had the minimum influence.

  Research Progress on Improving Phosphate Fertilizer Utilization in Corn 杨恒山 2015, 31 (21):  24-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010067 Abstract + ( 1643 )   PDF ( 525KB )   ( 684 ) Corn is a typical phosphorus sensitive crop, however, there is a hard problem that the utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer applied to the soil is not high. In this paper, by summing up factors such as varieties of maize, moisture, temperature, soil physical and chemical properties, fertilizer strategy, and utilization of tillage practices and so on, it indicated that if one of these factors was regulated, then other factors would change, so that utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer would be affected. Hence comprehensive regulation of each factor is an effective means to improve efficiency of P-fertilizer. With the development of high- tech agriculture, available soil phosphorus and monitoring methods of phosphorus- related indicators, advanced production technology of P-fertilizer, and appropriate machines for tillage and fertilization are the three applicable steps for comprehensive regulating the high efficient utilization of soil phosphorus in corn.

  Dynamic of Growth and Development and Quantitative Yield Study on the Different Cultivation Factors Combinations of Maize 2015, 31 (21):  30-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010155 Abstract + ( 1157 )   PDF ( 812KB )   ( 345 ) The study aims to clarify maize potential productivity under different cultivation combinations, thus further narrow the regional yield gap. The omission plot trial was carried out about the key cultivation factors (varieties, density, nitrogen fertilizer, mulching and supplementary irrigation) of dry-land maize in Jinzhong semi-arid area from 2013 to 2014 for two consecutive years. The study analyzed the dynamic of growth and development of different maize combinations and quantified the yield of different maize combinations. The results showed that the growth processes of optimized combinations were 3-4 days in advance compared with that of conventional combinations, maize plants of optimized combinations grew faster than that of conventional combinations, and had a larger leaf area index. During the whole maize growth and development period, dry matter accumulation of different combinations accounted for the different proportions in dry matter accumulation at maturity. At the early growth stage, accumulation of optimized combinations was slower than that of the conventional combinations, but from tasseling to filling stage (heading stage), the accumulation began to increase. While dry matter accumulation of conventional combinations accumulated rapidly at the vegetative growth stage, especially at the bell- tasseling stage, dry matter accumulation ratio reached a proportion of 53.16%, after that, the accumulation turned slowly. This showed that the accumulation advantage period of optimized combinations was in the middle and later growth period, while the stalk dry matter accumulation of conventional combinations in the vegetative growth period had a larger contribution to biomass, and filled grain at the heading stage of optimized combination had a larger contribution of biomass. The study also quantified the contribution of different factor combinations to yield, and further noted that yield gap was 2547.18 kg/hm2 between optimized and conventional combinations. Therefore, by gradually optimizing cultivation combinations, yield potential could be improved in production.

  Effects of Seed Quality on Seedling Growth and Yield of Summer Maize under No-tillage and Precision Sowing 薛华政,,, and 2015, 31 (21):  37-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010191 Abstract + ( 1277 )   PDF ( 599KB )   ( 355 ) To study requirements of mechanical precision planting on seed quality in China, effects of seed quality on seedling growth and yield of summer maize under no-tillage and precision sowing were investigated in 2011 with 11 corn varieties by field testing. The results showed as follows. The field emergence rate of precision sowing seeds, common cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’ , and precision sowing cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’was 96.47%, 90.95% and 93.92%, respectively. The difference of field emergence rate was not significant among precision sowing seeds, and between precision sowing cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’and common cultivar ‘Zhengdan 958’ . The germination rates of‘Xianyu 335’and precision sowing seeds in China were 0.21 and 0.17, and the difference between them was significant. The emergence uniformity and plant height uniformity of precision sowing seeds were 6.10 and 4.80, the indices of common cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’were 4.86 and 3.94. The difference of emergence uniformity and plant height uniformity among precision sowing seeds was not significant, while comparing with common cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’ , the difference was significant. The differences of plant height, leaf area among all testing varieties were not significant, while the single plant dry matter was different. The average yield of precision sowing seeds, precision sowing seeds in China, precision sowing cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’and common cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’was 9820.79 kg/hm2, 9862.19 kg/hm2, 10116.04 kg/hm2 and 9477.75 kg/hm2, respectively. The difference of yield between precision sowing seeds and common cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’ , among nine precision sowing seeds was not significant, while the difference between precision sowing cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’and common cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’was significant. Comprehensive analysis of above factors indicated that precision sowing seeds should be used in mechanical precision planting.

  Study on the NPK Uptake of Sweet Corn Under Different Planting Densities 2015, 31 (21):  43-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010165 Abstract + ( 943 )   PDF ( 472KB )   ( 395 ) The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting density on the sweet corn yield and NPK uptake in order to supply theoretic basis for nutrient optimized management with the aim of high yield, excellent grain quality, high efficiency of nutrient resource and environment friendly. The main results were as follows: the fresh ear yield of sweet corn was 9179, 10285, 11664 kg/hm2, respectively, under low density (51282 plant/hm2), medium density (61538 plant/hm2) and high density (76923 plant/hm2). At the same amount of NPK fertilizer, the total nitrogen uptake of sweet corn stover and grain at harvest stage was 65.5, 89.1, 122.5 kg/hm2, total phosphorus uptake was 14.5, 15.3, 20.1 kg/hm2, and total potassium uptake was 81.6, 98.2, 130.0 kg/hm2, respectively, under low density, medium density and high density. The sweet corn fresh ear yield and total NPK uptake increased significantly with the planting density increasing.

  Effects of Planting Density and Sowing Date on Agronomic Characters and Yield of Dry-land Maize in Western Shanxi 2015, 31 (21):  47-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010153 Abstract + ( 702 )   PDF ( 488KB )   ( 360 ) In order to investigate the optimum cultivation models of different maize varieties under dry-land conditions in western Shanxi, a field trial with three factors random configuration design was conducted with three maize varieties, four kinds of planting densities and three sowing dates. The differences of agronomic characters and yield under the different experimental conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the maximum leaf area index, grain number per ear, 1000- grain weight, yield of three maize varieties were significantly or extremely significantly influenced, but plant height, height of ear position were not significantly affected by planting density; effects of sowing date on plant height, height of ear position, maximum leaf area index, grain number per ear, 1000-grain weight, yield of three maize varieties were significant or extremely significant; the interaction among agronomic characters influenced the maize yield. Comprehensive analysis showed that the yield of‘Xianyu 335’ and‘Dafeng 30’were 13914.17 kg/hm2 and 13487.67 kg/hm2 and reached the highest at a density of 67500 plants/hm2 and a sowing date of mid-May; the yield of‘Fushengyuan 55’reached the highest of 16114.37 kg/hm2 at a density of 75000 plants/hm2 and a sowing date of late April. The study could provide a technical support for the three maize varieties to achieve high yield in the region.

  Effects of Different Summer Sowing Dates on Yield and Fresh Food Quality of Corn Variety ‘Zhenghuangnuo 2’ 2015, 31 (21):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010145 Abstract + ( 1533 )   PDF ( 513KB )   ( 503 ) The field experiments of 7 kinds of seeding-date ( May 21, May 26, May 31, June 5, June 10, June 15, June 20) of new corn variety ‘Zhenghuangnuo 2’were conducted to find the most suitable sowing-date in 2013. With the delay of sowing date, duration of each corn growth stage was shortened, the rate of rough dwarf disease reduced. Comparing with sowing date of May 21, the growth period was shortened for 13 d and 28 d when sowing date was on June 5 and June 20, and the rate of maize rough dwarf disease was 3.47% and 0, respectively. With the sowing date delayed, ear length, ear diameter and ear rows had no obvious change, kernels per row reduced and bald tip length increased , the yield of ‘Zhenghuangnuo 2’first increased and then decreased. Kernels per row reduced by12.12% and bald tip length increased by 0.06 cm under sowing date of June 5 comparing with sowing date of May 21, while kernels per row increased by 2.00% and bald tip length reduced by 1.47 cm comparing with sowing date of June 20. The yield was the highest (11268.58 kg/hm2) under the sowing date of June 5, and it increased by 6.81% and 27.81% than that of sowing date of May 21 and June 20. With the sowing date delayed, the crude starch content and skin dregs ratio of grain increased and soluble sugar content decreased. Under the same harvest time, the earlier the sowing date the better the fresh food quality of ‘Zhenghuangnuo 2’ . Taking above factors and production practice into account, the suitable sowing date of ‘Zhenghuangnuo 2’was from May 25 to June 5, and the corn should be sowed as early as possible after the wheat harvesting.

  Effects of Straw Mulching and Ecological Interception on Photosynthetic Characteristics，Nutrients Accumulation and Yield of Spring Maize(Zea ways L.) 2015, 31 (21):  58-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040106 Abstract + ( 990 )   PDF ( 632KB )   ( 415 ) Straw mulching and ecological interception are important cultivation measures. They may reduce soil and water loss, and affect the growth and yield of maize. A long-term field plot experiment was conducted at the Experimental Base of Southern Hilly and Mountainous Cultivated Region in Liuyang City, Hunan Province, China. The design consisted of five treatments: no fertilizer (T1), chemical fertilizer (T2), chemical fertilizer plus straw mulching (T3), chemical fertilizer plus ecological interception (kernel by soybean, the same below) (T4) and chemical fertilizer plus straw mulching and ecological interception (T5). The study mainly investigated SPAD value and photosynthetic characteristics of three ear- leaves, nutrients accumulation and yield of spring maize. The results in 2014 showed that compared with T2, based on the application of chemical fertilizer, straw mulching and ecological interception increased chlorophyll content (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01), net photosynthetic rate (P＜0.01), stomatal conductance (P＜0.01) of three ear-leaves, and decreased intercellular CO2 concentration (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) and transpiration rate (P＞0.05), and also increased nitrogen (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01), phosphorus (P＜0.01) and potassium (P＜0.01) accumulation in shoots， ear fresh weight (P＜0.01), stem and leaf fresh weight (P＜0.01), total shoot fresh weight (P＜0.01), ear kernel number (P＜0.01), 100- kernel weight (P＜0.05), grain yield (P＜0.01) of spring maize. Therefore, T5 was the most optimal in all treatments. The differences of all the indicators between T5 and T2 were significant at P＜0.01. Compared with T2, T5’ s nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation respectively increased by 28.83%, 54.67% and 17.67% , then total shoot fresh weight and grain yield increased by 24.94% and 28.13% , respectively. Except intercellular CO2 concentration (P＞0.05), transpiration rate (P＜0.05) and grain yield (P＜0.05), the differences of all other indicators between T5 and T3 were significant at P＜0.01. Meanwhile, the differences of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, phosphorus and potassium accumulation, total shoot fresh weight, ear kernel number and 100- kernel weight were extremely significant (P＜0.01), and transpiration rate, nitrogen accumulation and ear fresh weight were significant (P＜0.05), but chlorophyll content, intercellular CO2 concentration, stem and leaf fresh weight and grain yield were not significant (P＞0.05) between T5 and T4. However, except chlorophyll content (P＜0.05), stem and leaf fresh weight (P＜0.05), total fresh weight (P＜0.05) and potassium accumulation (P＜0.01), there were no significant differences (P＞0.05) among all other indicators between T4 and T3. In summary, both straw mulching and ecological interception can improve photosynthetic characteristics and increase nutrients accumulation and yield of spring maize, and there are obvious interaction effects. Generally, effects of ecological interception are more significant than that of straw mulching.

  Optimization of Irrigation System of Ensile Maize by WIN ISAREG Model 2015, 31 (21):  65-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030190 Abstract + ( 881 )   PDF ( 666KB )   ( 482 ) In order to research the efficient water-saving irrigation system of ensile maize in Xilin River Basin, different irrigation experiments have been carried out for two consecutive years, and the irrigation system of ensile maize under drip irrigation was studied. The results showed that, the soil water consumption rate was the lowest from the jointing stage to the tasseling stage; crop coefficient, yield response coefficient and evapotranspiration were the highest from the shooting phase to tasseling stage, which was the critical period of water requirement of ensile maize. Based on the field experiment, WIN ISAREG was used to appraise the actual irrigation system, simulated a variety of combination plans, and the optimization irrigation system was obtained. Ensile maize field was irrigated eight times during the plant growth period, and the irrigation quantity was 200 mm, the rate of yield decline was 5.6% , and irrigation efficiency reached 100% . The results can provide a reference for effective utilization of water resources and irrigation forecast in Xilin River Basin.

  Effect of Potassium Deficiency on Accumulation of Potassium and Dry Matter in Soybean Wang Xiaojun,Chen Hui,Zhang Siwen,Ma Chunmei,Gong Zhenping and Zhao Enlong 2015, 31 (21):  71-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010033 Abstract + ( 1195 )   PDF ( 447KB )   ( 351 ) The aim was to provide important theoretical basis of potash fertilizer application in soybean production. From V3 stage, four consecutive potassium deficiency treatments were set to determine effect of potassium deficiency stress on the accumulation of potassium and dry matter in soybean plant with sand culture. The result showed that under the condition of potassium deficiency, potassium transferred from lower to upper leaf and petiole for the growth of new organs in V3 to R1 stage. Potassium transferred from vegetative organ to pod to ensure pod’s growth and development from stages of R1 to R3, R3 to R5 and R5 to R6. The potassium deficiency had little effect on dry matter accumulation in stages of V3 to R1 and R1 to R3 which were mainly vegetative growth. The accumulation of dry matter declined obviously when potassium deficiency was in stages of R3 to R5 and R5 to R6, which were pivotal to the effect of potassium on dry matter accumulation.

  Influence of Rhizobium and Molybdenum on Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Yield of Soybean 2015, 31 (21):  76-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010111 Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 712KB )   ( 390 ) Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of rhizobium and combined molybdenum on dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield of soybean in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation of soybean inoculated rhizobium treatments (R) had no significant difference compared to non-inoculated treatment (CK1) in podding and seeding stages. While the dry matter accumulation of soybean inoculated rhizobium and combined 1% molybdenum treatment (R+Mo1) was greater than that of inoculated rhizobium and combined 2% molybdenum (R + Mo2), inoculated rhizobium only (R) and fertilizing 1% molybdenum only treatments (Mo). In addition, the growth rate of soybean was also increased by inoculated rhizobium and combined 1% molybdenum when soybean was flowering to podding. The yield of soybean inoculated rhizobium and combined 1% molybdenum increased by 20.46% and 9.63%, respectively, compared to that of only inoculated rhizobium treatments in 2013 and 2014. Hence, the dry matter accumulation of soybean and the growth rate of soybean from the stage of flowering to podding were increased by inoculated rhizobium and combined 1% molybdenum, which led to the soybean yield increase.

  Development Prospect of Sorghum bicolor in Jiangsu 2015, 31 (21):  82-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010140 Abstract + ( 952 )   PDF ( 527KB )   ( 507 ) Sorghum bicolor ranks as the fifth grain crops in China, it has the typical properties of resistance to arid and saline- alkali, and is mainly used for brewing. Jiangsu has many wine factories, which have strong demand for Sorghum bicolor grain. At the same time, Jiangsu possesses abundant marginal land including tideland resources along the coast and semi-arid land along the interior hilly terrain to grow sorghum. In this paper, we analyzed the developing prospect for this crop in Jiangsu and the problems for its production, at the same time, discussed the possible utilization fields of sorghum in the future.

  Studies on Water Requirement and Water Consumption Characteristics of Grain Sorghum 曹昌林 2015, 31 (21):  86-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010066 Abstract + ( 1054 )   PDF ( 639KB )   ( 484 ) There are many factors affecting sorghum high-yield, such as variety, water and fertilizer, soil and climate, etc. To explore high-yield performance of sorghum and look for the research breakthrough of sorghum yield influencing factors, the maximum water requirement on the stage of sorghum jointing and flowering and lifelong water consumption characteristics of grain sorghum were studied by the method of univariate randomized complete block design. The results showed that water consumption and ear length and branch number increased significantly as the quantity of irrigation water increased, no significant difference was found on the ear length and branch number by the 120-140 mm irrigation amount. 1000-grain weight and yield of grain increased significantly, no obvious difference was found by the 100- 140 mm irrigation amount. The conclusions showed that the maximum water requirement was 120 mm for sorghum jointing stage and 100 mm for flowering filling stage. Water consumption was 48.74 mm before sorghum jointing stage, which accounted for 10%-15% of the total water consumption. Water consumption was 140.51-177.12 mm from jointing to heading, which accounted for 35%- 43% of the total water consumption. Water requirement was 137.65- 272.27 mm from heading to maturation, which accounted for 42%-55% of the total water consumption. There was a trend that water productivity increased first and then decreased with the increasing of water consumption. Water productivity was the highest on the sorghum filling stage by the treatment of the 100 mm irrigation amount, which could reach 29.49 kg/(hm2·mm).

  A Review on Chlorophyll Meter Application on Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendation for Cotton 2015, 31 (21):  92-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020002 Abstract + ( 1043 )   PDF ( 511KB )   ( 482 ) SPAD- 502 meter provided a simple, fast and nondestructive method to monitor cotton nitrogen status and predicted the need for fertilizer-N topdressing on time, but its precision was influenced by many factors. Because SPAD- 502 meter diagnosed the nitrogen nutrient status indirectly by means of measuring color of leaves (value of SPAD), it was important to understand factors that affected SPAD readings in order to improve its application effect. In this paper, the dynamic rules of chlorophyll contents of upper leaves of cotton plants were set forth and factors which influenced SPAD readings, such as cotton variety, development stage, the leaf position, the sample number of leaves and different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rates were studied. The research progress on improving the precision of cotton nitrogen diagnosis by quantifying the relationship of SPAD reading of nitrogen content and the degree of aging, as well as nitrogen recommendation by quantifying the relationship of SPAD reading and topdressing were also reviewed. For a purpose of further improving the precision of nitrogen status diagnosis by SPAD-502 meter and fertilizer recommendation, a few questions need to be settled were put forward at last.

  Evaluations of Drought Resistance among Different Cotton Varieties 2015, 31 (21):  98-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020068 Abstract + ( 992 )   PDF ( 450KB )   ( 346 ) The aim was to study the effect of drought resistance on proline, water soluble sugar, malondialdehyde content and protective enzyme activities in different cotton varieties. A field simulating dry method was used and the two treatments, drought stress and irrigation conditions, were set up. Drought resistance abilities of tested varieties were evaluated by subordinate function values analysis. The results were as follows: the contents of proline, water soluble sugar, malondialdehyde increased in drought stress treatment. The enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase also increased, and then the drought resistance strengthened. The drought resistance of cotton was a complex physiological mechanism. Using subordinate function values analysis, the drought resistance of 4 cotton varieties was as follows:‘Hengyou 12’ ＞ ‘Jimian 958’ ＞ ‘Zhong 177’ ＞ ‘Hanza 306’ .

  Effect of the Depth of Mechanical Direct Seeding Rape on Growth Characteristics, Harvesting Characters and Yield 2015, 31 (21):  102-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010057 Abstract + ( 874 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 427 ) To seek the optimum seeding depth of mechanical direct seeding rape, five operating depth experimental areas are settled: 0, 30-35, 50-55, 70-75 and 90-95 mm. With the help of DPS v6.5, survival percent, growth characteristics and harvest performance of rape were respectively analyzed in each area. The results showed that the indicators of seedling and harvest were correlated with sowing depth. 72 days after sowing in the depth of 70- 75 mm, 81.5 individual plant survived in per square meter. Through measuring parameters of test areas for many times, the average length of main root was 63.62 mm, dry quality of root was up to 0.0732 g, the horizontal growth length of branch tended to be 21.62 mm, the number of branch was 6.89, lodging corner was 19.33°, and harvest yield was 2524.8 kg/hm2, the data of rape under the sowing depth of 70- 75 mm was superior to that of the other sowing depth. So the appropriate sowing depth of machine was 70-75 mm. The research provided basic theories for mechanical structural design and relevant agronomic planting conditions.

  Effect of Culture Media on Seedling Rate of Wheat Haploid 2015, 31 (21):  107-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010042 Abstract + ( 906 )   PDF ( 648KB )   ( 412 ) In order to select the optimal culture medium for the growth of wheat haploid immature embryo and improve the seedling rate, wheat haploid immature embryos derived from wheat × maize cross were inoculated in eight mediums. Each medium was inoculated two materials. Mean values of the two materials were used for data analysis. The frequency of seedling production in eight mediums were 46.07%, 45.90%, 34.11%, 41.15%, 37.99%, 36.91%, 37.70% and 52.51% respectively. The results showed that the optimum culture medium was pH5.8 medium of 1/2MS, 1.0 mg/L KT, 3.0 mg/L PP333, 100 mg/L inose, 5% sucrose and 0.6% agar. In the optimum culture medium, the immature embryo seedling rate was the highest, albino seedling rate was low and the haploid plantlets grew well. The basic culture medium of 1/2MS, added with trace amount of PP333, KT, inositol and high concentration sucrose, can effectively promote the embryo growth.

  Screening of Pollen Germination in Vitro Cultivation System for Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) 2015, 31 (21):  111-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010173 Abstract + ( 934 )   PDF ( 615KB )   ( 782 ) In order to accurately detect wheat pollen activity, five conventional wheat varieties and four candidate liquid medium were chosen as the study materials, and the experiment was conducted to select a more excellent and suitable wheat pollen germination system in vitro culture. Results showed that the germination rate of wheat mature pollen was induced up to more than 90% under 20% sucrose+20% PEG4000+ 40 mg/L H3BO3+3×10-3 mol/L Ca(NO3)2+10 mg/L VB1 at 28℃ for 30 min. Meanwhile, the identification results of the three series of wheat, including K-type wheat sterile line, maintainer line and F1 materials, showed that the medium was more suitable for in vitro pollen germination of wheat, and was able to accurately detect wheat pollen activity. At the same time, the study could provide certain theoretical basis for the preservation of wheat pollen and wheat breeding.

  Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the 1Dx Gene in Wheat Line 2004s-47 2015, 31 (21):  115-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030014 Abstract + ( 886 )   PDF ( 1319KB )   ( 389 ) Clarifying the sequence of 1Dx gene in 2004s-47 line would provide a theoretical basis for finding new types of high-quality HMW-GS and achieve wheat quality improvement and breeding. The high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) composition of 2004s-47 line was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. 1Dx subunit gene was cloned by PCR and sequence analysis was performed by DNAMAN. The results revealed that the gene sequence that cloned from 2004s-47 was 2514 bp and had typical x-type structure of wheat HMW-GS. And because the expressions of x- and y-type genes in the D genome of bread wheat were easier than that in the A and B genomes, together with the results of SDS-PAGE, the composition of 2004s-47 line was (Null， 7+ 8， ? + 10). Sequence alignments showed that the DNA sequence of the 1Dx？ gene from 2004s- 47 had the highest similarity to that of previously published 1Dx2.1t (AF480486) in Aegilops tauschii. The sequence was submitted to NCBI and sequence accession number: KP702118 was obtained. The identification of 1Dx gene sequence in 2004s-47 line provided a theoretical basis for the determination of whether 1Dx? was a new type of gene by prokaryotic expression, and for wheat quality improvement and breeding.

  Analysis of Peroxidase Activity of Wheat Seed 2015, 31 (21):  123-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030025 Abstract + ( 940 )   PDF ( 727KB )   ( 444 ) Grain peroxidase (POD) activity is closely related to the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Studies on the variation of grain POD activity could provide a basis for the genetic improvement of wheat quality. In this study, 120 wheat varieties were used as materials, and the POD activities of two years (2012 and 2013) were determined by spectrophotometry. Furthermore, clustering analysis (Euclidean distance) and cationic active electrophoresis were also used. The results showed that there was a significant variation in the POD activities in the 120 experimental materials, and a highly significant correlation between the POD activities of the varieties in the two cropping seasons (r=0.5143). These findings indicated that POD activity was mainly controlled by genetic factors. With clustering analysis (Euclidean distance), POD might affect the gluten quality as indicated by the relationship (r=0.939). Though the three varieties ( ‘KS448’ ,‘Xichang177’ and‘Shuwan831’ ) had high POD activities, their POD cation isoperoxidase patterns were apparently different. The POD of‘Shuwan831’might be anionic isoenzyme. And isoenzyme Px3 probably controlled the color and size of wheat seeds. Three varieties with low POD activity, strong gluten and light- colored seed coat were selected out of the total number of varieties as high quality variety resources.

  Research on the Optimization of Maize Stem Tip Regeneration System and Its Sensitivity to Selective Agent 2015, 31 (21):  130-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010233 Abstract + ( 733 )   PDF ( 978KB )   ( 363 ) For maize transformation, it is the basis to study the optimization of maize stem tip regeneration system and its sensitivity to selective agent. In this paper, two maize inbred lines K10 and Zheng 58 were used as materials to establish the maize stem tip regeneration system. Furthermore, maize stem tip of K10 was selected to research its sensitivity to four kinds of selective antibiotics, one antibacterial antibiotic and one herbicide. The results showed that cytokinin was necessary for multiple shoots induction of maize stem tip induction medium: MS+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+ 2.0 mg/L 6-BA. The stem tip of K10 differentiated relatively faster than that of Zheng58. The order of maize stem tip to four kinds of selective antibiotics was geneticinG418 ＞ paromomycin (Par) ＞ kanamycin (Kan) ＞ neomycin (Neo). geneticinG418 and paromomycin (Par) were more suitable to be used as selective agents among four kinds of antibiotics, and their suitable concentrations were 15-30 mg/L and 30-50 mg/L, respectively. The suitable concentration of antibacterial antibiotic Cef was 400- 600 mg/L. The suitable concentration of herbicide PPT was 1-3 mg/L.

  Progress of Potato virus Y Strain Classification and Analysis of Profile of Potato virus Y Strains Infecting Potato in China 2015, 31 (21):  136-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020057 Abstract + ( 1399 )   PDF ( 560KB )   ( 395 ) In order to scientifically and reasonably inspect and quarantine Potato virus Y (PVY) strains and know the profile of PVY strains infecting potato in China, the currently used PVY strain classification methods were reviewed, and all the reported PVY isolates from potato in China were analyzed. The study pointed out that the four widely used classification methods at present (classification by serotypes, classification based on genome recombination, classification based on potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease, classification based on hypersensitive resistance genes), and the classification method by strain groups suggested by Singh et al, could not fully and well classify the reported PVY strains. It was suggested that the specific sequences in the PVY genomes which encoded the motifs to determine the pathogenic effects on potato were necessarily to be elucidated and used to identify PVY strains. At present, the method by sequencing short, specifically different genome sequences among PVY strains might be most close to the potential pathogenic motif encoding sequence method. The study also pointed out that six PVY strains (PVYO, PVYN, PVYNTN, PVYN:O, PVYN- Wi and PVYNW) had successfully infected the potato grown in the fields in China. PVYN was the predominant one of them. These six PVY strains could be sorted into two strain groups (PVYO and PVYN) and PVYN group was the predominant one. Among the reported PVY isolates, most were non-recombinant strains. But as recombinant strains also accounted for a certain proportion, their development trend deserved more attention.

  Relationship Between Cold-resistance and Endogenous Hormone in Oil Palm 2015, 31 (21):  144-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2274 Abstract + ( 888 )   PDF ( 635KB )   ( 397 ) For studying the relationship between cold- resistance and endogenous hormones, temperature gradient was set artificially and Logistic equation was simulated to calculate the semilethal temperature of low temperature and identify cold-resistance, and EILAS technique was adopted to test the content of endogenous hormones in the process of natural cooling. The results showed that semilethal temperature of four tested varieties was -4.1℃(T1), -0.92℃(T2), -2.89℃(T3), 2.18℃(M1), respectively, the order of cold tolerance was T1＞ T3＞T2＞M1. In the whole process of natural temperature decrease, the content of IAA, GA, CTK and ABA of varieties T1, T2, T3 and M1 basically unchanged when the temperature decreased from 26℃ to 18℃, while when the temperature was below 18℃, IAA and ABA content increased, GA content increased slightly, CTK content decreased, and the change of ETH was irregular; ABA/CTK ratio increased, and the ratio of ABA, GA, CTK and ETH to IAA first increased and then decreased. Varieties with high cold resistance had high content of IAA and ABA, and high ratio of IAA/ABA, IAA/ETH, GA/ETH, CTK/ETH and ABA/ETH, which showed that the increase of the content of IAA and ABA of oil palm leaves could improve cold resistance.

  Induction in Vitro and Plant Regeneration of Embryo Axe of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 2015, 31 (21):  149-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010168 Abstract + ( 1237 )   PDF ( 8157KB )   ( 335 ) In this study, explants from different genetic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties were induced so as to establish a more efficient plant regeneration system of peanut cultivars which were only adaptable in Henan Province. Four peanut cultivars were selected as research materials, embryoids developed from the 5- day-old seedlings of these cultivars on MS basal medium were used as the explants, and then cultured on MS supplemented with 4 different ratios of hormone: MS+ 6-BA 5 mg/L+ NAA 1 mg/L, MS+TDZ 0.6 mg/L+NAA 0.4 mg/L, MS+TDZ 1 mg/L+6-BA 1 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L, MS+TDZ 1 mg/L+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L. Being cultured about 30 d under the temperature of 25℃±1℃ with the illumination of 2000 lx lasted for 16h, the morphogenetic callus and shoots regeneration could be found on both epicotyl and hypocotyl of peanut explants . The average percentage of epicotyl shoots was up to 67%, and the average number of shoots per explant was 4.5 per explant, the most one could be up to 30 per explant, which was higher than that of hypocotyls. Epicotyl had a higher ratio of inducing production on MS+6-BA 5 mg/L+ NAA 1 mg/L and TDZ 1 mg/L+6-BA 1 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L. As a result, an effective way of plant regeneration in vitro and genetic transformation was established.

  Isolation, Identification, and Screening of Antagonistic Bacteria of A Neurospora sp. Strain 王珊珊,杨佳玥,,, and 2015, 31 (21):  157-161.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010209 Abstract + ( 1063 )   PDF ( 1563KB )   ( 399 ) The aim was to identify the contaminative fungus from the culture media of mushroom Auricularia auricula- judae, screen the antagonistic bacteria and provide theoretical basis for further applications. Pure culture strain was obtained using tissue isolation method. Phylogenetic identification was based on ITS sequencing. The antagonist study was conducted with plate confrontation method. A strain numbered CP-1 was obtained. Partial ITS sequence was 571 bp (GenBank No. KP027411). It shared highest sequence similarity towards Neurospora sitophila and N. crassa with the value of 99% and 98%, respectively. CP-1 was identified as N. sitophila based on molecular and morphological identification. The Streptomyces strain BUAS13- 03 demonstrated the highest antifungal activity with the inhibition zone of 2.8 ± 0.3 cm. The strain CP- 1 was identified as N. sitophila. The Streptomyces strain BUAS13-03 manifested considerably high inhibitory activity towards CP-1. The present study is helpful for the further applications of biological control for N. sitophila.

  Variation Characteristics of Photo-synthetically Active Radiation at Longbao, Yushu 2015, 31 (21):  162-166.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010131 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 736KB )   ( 448 ) In order to analyze the variation characteristics of photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR) at the source region of Yangtze River, the author used observational data of total radiation, PAR and air moisture at Longbao, Yushu, and analyzed the variation characteristics of PAR and ratio of PAR to total radiation. The results showed that annual total PAR was 13281 mol/m2, the average daily total PAR was 38.2 mol/m2, annual amplitude was 26.7 mol/m2. PAR was the highest in April and the lowest in December. Annual variation trend of PAR was similar to that of total radiation. Ratio of PAR to total radiation was 1.82-2.01 mol/MJ and was high in summer and low in winter. Ratio of PAR to total radiation was positively correlated with air moisture. Estimate equation of PAR was established based on observational data and its relative deviation was 4.35%.

  Analysis on Climatic Characteristics of Water Vapor Resource and its Exploitation Potential in Jiang Su Province in the Past 35 years 2015, 31 (21):  167-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010188 Abstract + ( 929 )   PDF ( 1697KB )   ( 447 ) In order to do fine analysis on climatic characteristics of water vapor resource and its exploitation potential in Jiangsu Province, the EAR-Interim high resolution reanalysis data was applied to calculate the total amount of water vapor resource and its precipitation percentage, presentations of spatial distribution, seasonal variation characteristics, climate change trend and modes. The results showed that: the amount of water vapor resource (Q) in Jiangsu was 9223 mm in annual average and its precipitation percentage (P) was 11.4%. The resource (Q) exhibited a declining trend of 3 mm/a and had two typical anomaly patterns in the past 35 years. The first pattern was a high spatial consistency of anomalies, while the second pattern showed an anti-phase relation of variation in the northern and southern regions. Q and P exhibited the distribution of south more and north less. In North Huai River, Q and P was the lowest, and the trend of P declined in autumn and winter. Around Tai Hu Lake and the coastal region, Q and P both declined in spring, autumn and winter. In Ning-Zhen-Yang Region, the declining trends of Q and P appeared in spring and autumn. In spring, the declining trend of Q was the maximum with 4.4 mm/a, and the characteristic of south more and north less was the most significant with the maximum of 18%. In autumn, P was the minimum, only 8.4%. It is concluded that the exploitation potential of the water vapor resource in Jiangsu is tremendous. The intensity of the exploitation must be increased in spring and autumn, winter around the key region of North Huai River and summer around Tai Hu Lake and the coastal region.

  Effect of Water Body Forming on the Distribution of Typical Vegetation in Qingtu Lake 2015, 31 (21):  177-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040162 Abstract + ( 1057 )   PDF ( 1371KB )   ( 621 ) Tengger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert are gradually forming encirclement situation at Qingtu Lake in Minqin. Therefore it is of significance to input water into Qingtu Lake and form water body for vegetation restoration and environmental remediation in the Shiyang River watershed. In this paper, based on relative hydrological data and high resolution remote sensing image data of 2010, 2011 and 2013, the author adopted object- oriented classification method and studied areas of water and vegetation in the region statistically. The results showed that the fold-increase of water area and the fast-raise of underground water level had been achieved with superimposed effect of water input. With the changing of water body, vegetation of Phragmites australis was formed by water surroundings, but a large area of reeds distribution fell behind the formation of water body, and the area of Nitraria tangutorum decreased around the water body. The study proves that the formation of artificial water body could influence regional ecological environment restoration which results in the change of regional plant community.

  Study on Changes of Microorganism and Harmful Biology in the Process of Organic Fertilizer Fermentation 2015, 31 (21):  184-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2528 Abstract + ( 655 )   PDF ( 586KB )   ( 458 ) The paper aims to study the changes of microorganism and harmful biology in the process of organic fertilizer oxygen fermentation. The author used the plate dilution method and established a mathematical model, in order to provide a theoretical basis to determine the production technology and fermentation time for organic fertilizer fermentation under natural conditions of windrow type. The results showed that the number of fungi and mildew presented a three quadratic polynomial equation curve with the fermentation time, and decreased with the prolonging of the fermentation time. The number of bacteria presented a‘down-up-down’ three quadratic polynomial equation curve with the prolonging of the fermentation time. Escherichia coli value presented a three quadratic polynomial equation curve with the fermentation time, and increased with the prolonging of the fermentation time. Mortality of ascarid eggs presented a two quadratic polynomial equation curve with the fermentation time, and increased with the prolonging of the fermentation time, and reached the maximum around 110 days. Under natural conditions, fermentation time of windrow type organic fertilizer should be within 100-120 days.

  Evaluation Research on the Health of City Land Use System Based on the“Low Carbon”Concept 2015, 31 (21):  188-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010195 Abstract + ( 1095 )   PDF ( 620KB )   ( 430 ) The author took carbon emission of city land and emission reduction measures as important evaluation indexes of city land use system health, adopted the PSR model as framework and used the method of obstacle degree and variation coefficient, conducted quantitative research on the health status of land use system in Zhengzhou City. The results showed that: (1) from 2003 to 2012, the health status of the city land use system in Zhengzhou was gradually transiting from unhealthy to critical state, the obstacle degree of the respond system decreased constantly, but the obstacle degree of pressure system kept increasing; (2) from 2003 to 2012, the obstacle degree of carbon emission in Zhengzhou declined slowly, meanwhile, the obstacle degree of low-carbon measures fluctuated, but the decline was not obvious; (3) in terms of the single factor disorder diagnosis, it indicated that, as time went on, factors such as the proportion of construction land, the growth rate of social fixed asset investment, population density and the growth amount of city carbon sink area were gradually becoming the main obstacle factors of the system, but the low-carbon index was the most important obstacle factor all the time. In order to promote the healthy development of the urban-land use system, it was necessary to change the economic growth mode, promote the diversification of city land utilization, strengthen the marketization of the city land allocation, increase the investment in environmental protection and formulate corresponding emission reduction policies with the goal of developing low-carbon city.

  Analysis of Soil Available Nutrient in Gengma Sugarcane Fields 2015, 31 (21):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010072 Abstract + ( 849 )   PDF ( 814KB )   ( 375 ) In order to understand soil nutrient status in sugarcane producing area, and scientific fertilization according to soil nutrient abundance and deficiency conditions, realize high yield and high glucose of sugarcane ultimately, the author analyzed 737 soil samples from Gengma which had the largest sugarcane producing area in Yunnan. The results showed that, 95% of the soil in sugarcane producing area in Gengma was acid soil, organic matter content of 60% soil and available nitrogen content of 70% soil were above the average, while the available phosphorus content of 80% soil was below the average and phosphorus deficiency was serious. Available potassium content of 70% soil was below the average and potassium was deficient. The soil of Gengma was seriously short of phosphorus and potassium. According to the soil requirement of high yield and high glucose sugarcane cultivation, fertilization in Gengma should be keeping stable nitrogen with the increase of phosphorus and potassium.

  Analysis of Soil Nutrient in Root Zone of Munake Grape in Atux City of Xinjiang 2015, 31 (21):  199-202.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010207 Abstract + ( 1190 )   PDF ( 459KB )   ( 540 ) In order to study soil nutrient status and the characteristics of mineral elements of different soil textures and tree ages in Munake vineyards, the author took sapling and full fruit vineyards of loam, clay and sandy soil as research objects, analyzed organic matter and nutrient elements (N, P, K, B, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) content in 0-20 cm and 20-60 cm depths soil layer. The results showed that the available phosphorus and available potassium contents were at higher level, while the available nitrogen content was at lower level in all soil textures. Total nitrogen of clay was at higher level, and it was at lower level in loam and sandy soil. Effective B, Cu and Fe were at higher level, Mn in sandy soil and Zn in loam soil were at lower level. The organic matter content was at low level in Atux City. Organic matter, total nitrogen, Cu, Fe, Mn in clay soil were much higher than those in sandy and loam soil, The content of organic matter, total nitrogen, Fe, Mn were significantly different between clay and sandy and loam soil. The application of organic fertilizer should be increased and balanced fertilization should be conducted according to different soil textures and tree ages in vineyards of Atux City.

  Analysis of Main Obstacle Factors of Middle-low Yield Soil in Northern Fujian 2015, 31 (21):  203-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020058 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 531KB )   ( 341 ) Nanping City is a major grain producing area in Fujian Province. There are 220500 hm2 arable land in this area, and the paddy soil accounts for 213300 hm2. Being divided according to yield level of per unit area, 71.74% arable land belongs to the middle- low yield soil. The middle- low yield soil is the key to constrain further development of grain production, and also the potential to increase grain yield. The author analyzed the main obstacle factors and fertility characteristics of different types of middle-low yield soil, and summarized feasible project measures and agricultural and biotechnological technologies that had been proved through practices. The goal of this paper was to provide a scientific basis for the land reclamation of barren mountains and the improvement of middle-low yield soil from 2015 to 2018.

  Research Progress of Root Reinforcement Models 2015, 31 (21):  209-219.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040177 Abstract + ( 1114 )   PDF ( 1054KB )   ( 522 ) Studies on the models of root reinforcement have a history for about 40 years. From the simple limiting equilibrium model to the complex finite element model (FEM) and discrete element model (DEM) models, more than 10 types of models of root reinforcement were developed. To summarize these models of root reinforcement, not only is important for revealing the mechanism of soil reinforcement by plant roots and analyzing the stability of forested slope, but also provides a scientific guide for the future research on root reinforcement models. In this study, the root reinforcement models were summarized from two parts. The first part mainly introduced theoretical models, including Wu’s model, inclined root reinforcement model, displacement-based model, fiber bundle model, root bundle model and energy approach model, as well as the preconditions, advantages, disadvantages and the applications of the models. The second part mainly introduced numerical models of root reinforcement, including the finite element model (FEM), discrete element model (DEM) and the numerical model of forested slope stability analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of FEM and DEM models and the applications of FEM and DEM models to analyzing the stability of forested slope were compared in detail. Finally, the shortages of the current research on root reinforcement models were discussed and the direction of future development of root reinforcement models was predicted.

  Analysis of Drought-Flood Evolvement Characteristics in Jining Based on Standardized Precipitation Index 2015, 31 (21):  220-226.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2354 Abstract + ( 897 )   PDF ( 1669KB )   ( 337 ) In order to offer support for monitoring and assessment of droughts and floods in Jining, and offer scientific basis for reducing the loss caused by regional drought and flood disaster and rational utilization of water resources, based on the standardized precipitation index SPI, the evolvement characteristics of droughtflood were analyzed by using the month by month precipitation data of 11 counties of Jining from 1959 to 2013. The results showed that: (1) the characteristics of drought-flood showed an obvious stage characteristic, 1959 to 1975 and 2003 to 2013 were waterlogging stage, while 1976 to 2002 was partial drought stage; (2) the characteristics in each season showed a frequent alternation characteristic, the rain water showed a weak increase trend in winter and spring, while a weak decrease trend in summer and autumn, but the variation trend was not obvious; (3) the drought-flood occurred frequently in Jining, the flood event occurred once every 5-6 years, the drought event occurred once every 4-5 years; the variability of drought-flood was the maximum in early 21st century, followed by 1960s, the variability of 1970s to 1990s was relatively stable, the variability of late 1970s to the early 1980s was obvious, and 1990s was the steadiest stage with the minimum variability; (4) the variability of drought- flood was small in the southern area of Jining, which showed a characteristic of drought-flood alternation, the variability in north and central area was similar to that of all the city, showed a “partial waterlogging-partial drought-partial waterlogging”change characteristic.

  Precipitation verification of multi-model of 2013 in Fushun 2015, 31 (21):  227-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010074 Abstract + ( 677 )   PDF ( 1648KB )   ( 293 ) In order to improve the clear- rainy forecast accuracy rate of Fushun, to avoid the occurrence of empty report and omission report, the author analyzed the clear-rainy forecast accuracy rate, TS-score, empty report rate and omission report rate of the 24h precipitation forecast (48 h precipitation forecast value minus 24 h precipitation forecast value) each from German numerical model and Japanese numerical model precipitation forecast products from January to August in 2013. The results indicated that the station 2762, station 2863, station 2763 of German numerical model precipitation forecast products and the station 3351, station 3452, station 3352 of Japanese numerical model precipitation forecast products had a good corresponding relation with the precipitation of Fushun national basic weather station, Qingyuan national basic weather station, Xinbin national basic weather station; the Japanese numerical model precipitation forecast products were higher in empty report rate, but the German numerical model precipitation forecast products were higher in omission report rate even though the two products had the same TS- score; the German numerical model precipitation forecast products were also higher in the clear-rainy forecast accuracy rate; in the daily 24 h precipitation forecast the German model precipitation forecast products deserved more attention.

  Stability Research on Desert Climate of Minqin County in Gansu Province 2015, 31 (21):  233-238.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100075 Abstract + ( 638 )   PDF ( 983KB )   ( 414 ) In order to study the stability of desert climate, the author analyzes the instability of Minqin desert climate in response to global warming with meteorological data of 1961- 2013 by using the slide standard deviation method and the linear trend line method. The results show that: (1) instability of monthly average temperature of January and April is increasing, isothermal date of February advanced 10.36 d from 1961 to 2013; (2) the instability of the extremely maximum temperature of December and January is increasing, and the instability of the extremely minimum temperature of July is increasing. The coefficient of variation of the extremely minimum temperature of May is up to 287.3%. In conclusion, the instability of desert climate of Minqin is increasing with global warming, and the stability of climate is worthy of public attention.

  Characteristics of Extremely Temperature change Trend in Loess Plateau Area of Northern Shaanxi Province 2015, 31 (21):  237-243.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010237 Abstract + ( 867 )   PDF ( 933KB )   ( 527 ) In order to analyze change process of regional temperature response to global climate change, daily maximum, minimum and average temperature data of 6 meteorological stations from 1959 to 2011 were used to analyze the change characteristics of extreme temperature in loess plateau area of northern Shaanxi Province. Results showed that: (1) for the change trend, warm indexes in the region, like extreme maximum temperature, length of growing season, warm night days and warm day days, showed a significant increase trend, while cold indexes in the region, like frost days, freezing days, cold night days and cold day days, showed a significantly decreasing trend, the trend of extreme temperature index was consistent with the national trend; (2) in spatial distribution, the maximum and minimum value of extreme temperature indexes distribution were more concentrated in Wuqi and Yulin station, which reflected that the north and west regions of loess plateau area in northern Shaanxi Province were sensitive to climate change; (3) the decrease mutation of the cold indexes in the region like freezing days, cold night days and cold day days occurred in the 1980s, while the increase mutation of the warm indexes in the region like extreme maximum temperature, length of growing season, warm night days and warm day days occurred in the 1990s.

  Analysis of extreme high-temperature effects to the single cropping rice in Hefei 伍晓玲,周建平,于堃,江春 and 王传辉 2015, 31 (21):  244-248.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010090 Abstract + ( 719 )   PDF ( 555KB )   ( 416 ) The paper aims to study the response of rice to heat stress and complement meteorological index of high temperature damage to single cropping rice. Based on data of high temperature in Hefei in 2013, the author adopted the method of field experiments and statistical analysis, and analyzed the effects of hightemperature on the heading and flowering process and seed- setting rate of single cropping rice‘No.6 Huiliangyou’in filed trial. The results showed that heading and flowering stage of single cropping rice was the most sensitive to high-temperature. The meteorological index of high temperature established was verified and complemented. The effects of high-temperature were the most serious on the day of heading and flowering and 2- 5 days around it. Further analysis showed that the rice sterile rate and abortive grain rate significantly increased and the rate of seed setting declined with high-temperature.

  Research Advances on Physiological Responses and Tolerant Mechanism to High Temperature Stress in Rice 2015, 31 (21):  249-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010133 Abstract + ( 944 )   PDF ( 997KB )   ( 560 ) It has been more than thirty years since the first study of high temperature (HT) stress tolerant rice breeding was carried out by scientists from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Studies such as disaster assessment and prediction of HT, HT tolerant breeding, rice plant morphological development, yield, quality, physiological and biochemical responses to HT stress, prevention and control under stress condition, and genetic improvement of rice varieties tolerant to HT have been conducted by scientists worldwide with great progress. This article briefly reviews the research progress regarding HT in rice, focuses on reviewing the effects of HT stress on rice growth and physiological responses, combined effects of other environmental factors with HT on rice, and possible heat tolerance/heat response mechanisms in rice. This review could provide a reference for future studies on HT stress tolerance in rice.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Strawberry Varieties by Grey Correlation Analysis 2015, 31 (21):  259-263.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020073 Abstract + ( 896 )   PDF ( 469KB )   ( 507 ) In order to accurately evaluate the 12 new introduced varieties of strawberry, 9 traits indices, including fruit characteristics, yield, plant height, etc, were assessed comprehensively and analyzed quantitatively with the grey correlative degree analysis method. The results showed that the equal relational degree evaluation of various varieties to sequence was‘chaozao’＞ ‘gongben’＞ ‘liyinv’＞ ‘tuotemu’＞ ‘guinugan’＞ ‘hongyan’＞ ‘sengena’＞ ‘hongzhenzhu’＞ ‘falandi’＞ ‘fengxiang’＞ ‘meixiangsha’＞ ‘tianchali’ . With consumers selection of strawberry fruit and the opinions of all sides, the different traits of strawberry were given the weight value, and the weighted incidence degree was‘liyinv’＞ ‘chaozao’＞ ‘guinugan’ ＞ ‘gongben’ ＞ ‘hongyan’ ＞ ‘tuotemu’ ＞ ‘falandi’ ＞ ‘hongzhenzhu’ ＞ ‘sengena’ ＞ ‘fengxiang’ ＞ ‘meixiangsha’ ＞ ‘tianchali’ . Two times ranking results showed that‘liyinv’ ,‘chaozao’and ‘gongben’had high yield and better integrated traits, and they were more suitable for popularization in high elevation mountainous area of Lijiang.

  Determination of Capsaicin Contents in Capsicum annuum L. Samples by Enzyme Immunoassay 2015, 31 (21):  264-267.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1195 Abstract + ( 892 )   PDF ( 500KB )   ( 553 ) The aim was to establish a simple, quick and cheap method for detecting capsaicin. The capsaicin was extracted by 69.15% ethanol, shaken for 10 min, centrifuged for 5 min, then the upper solution of 100 μL was collected to 2.0 mL sample bottle with mixture of 0.9 mL deionized water. The mixture was analyzed by Enzyme- labelled meter. The results showed that the standard curve meet the linear regression equation Y=-42.9X+30.3, and the correlation coefficient R2 was 0.9999. At the 100 mg/100 g adding level, the average recovery of capsaicin was 92.6%, and the repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than 3.5% . The minimum detection limit was 0.25 mg/100 g. Concentration of capsaicin in more than 300 fresh Capsicum annuum L. samples ranged from 1.50 mg/100 g to 323.8 mg/100 g. The method is simple, rapid and especially suitable for analyzing large number of samples.

  Measuring Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Using Extracellular Flux Analyzer 张志翔 2015, 31 (21):  268-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040071 Abstract + ( 1069 )   PDF ( 798KB )   ( 589 ) Mitochondria are the major sites of respiration and energy metabolism in plants. However, previous methods for measuring respiration metabolism of mitochondria are complex and time- consuming. Thus, accurate and efficient methods are in urgent need for measurements of mitochondrial respiration. In the current study, we developed a simple and efficient method to test respiration metabolism of mitochondria in living cells and tissues by using Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Oxygen consumption rates were identified quickly in floral cells of Magnolia denudata, which is a perennial woody plant. In the measurements, stable repeated data of samples were obtained, indicating the reliability of this method in measuring mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism. Furthermore, respiratory pathways were identified in the cells via using various respiratory inhibitors. In addition, the method allows dynamic and real-time monitoring of mitochondrial respiration in plant tissues and individual plant cells, which outperforms existing methods. Above all, this method shows a broad application potential in measuring mitochondrial energy metabolism of plant cells in the future.

  Incidence Status and Etiological Analysis of Apple Canker in Henan Province 2015, 31 (21):  273-279.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120110 Abstract + ( 628 )   PDF ( 599KB )   ( 461 ) An investigation was carried out in 25 orchards in order to determine the occurrence and damage degree of apple canker in different regions of Henan province. These orchards were clustered into 4 categories based on apple canker disease incidence and disease index differences by the method of cluster analysis. The morbidity of the 4 groups was 90.4%, 77.0%, 26.0% and 18.7%, respectively, and disease index was 61.8, 31.0, 11.5 and 5.3, respectively. Meanwhile, analysis of 1758 disease spots in different regions showed that the healing spots were the main disease spots (49.8%), followed by the new infected spots (35.1%), and the least was recurrent spots (15.1% ). The spots of the disease were mainly distributed in main branches, lateral branches and bearing branches, and less in trunk and the central trunk. Disease scars were generally in the dayside, and those in the nightside were relatively less. Pruning wound was one of the major causes of disease occurrence, accounted for 57.5% .The results showed that apple canker universally occurred in Henan province, the disease was diversified among different regions or orchards in the same area. Snip injury had important effects on the disease.

  Spatial-temporal Expression of CC-NBS-LRR Protein-coding Gene Resisting to Infection of Aphelenchoides besseyi in Oryza sativa L. ssp. Indica 2015, 31 (21):  279-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010080 Abstract + ( 1843 )   PDF ( 666KB )   ( 399 ) Os11gRGA8 gene was cloned and its bioinformatics were analyzed in order to explore the molecular mechanism of the indica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. Indica) and the role of resistance genes in the course of illness. Bioinformatics of Os11gRGA8 gene was analyzed, and its function in the process of Aphelenchoides besseyi infection was studied. Os11gRGA8 genes were in chromosome 11, containing 733 amino acids, its coding protein isoelectric point was 5.99 and the relative molecular mass was 84355.07. The sequence analysis showed that four structure domains RX- CC, AAA_22, NBS and LRR_4 were contained in its amino acid sequence and the disease-resistant protein encoded by Os11gRGA8 gene belonged to CC-NBS-LRR diseaseresistant protein family. Q- PCR results showed that, compared with CK rice seedlings group, the Indica inoculated by A. besseyi SAMN02420038 got a raised quantity of Os11gRGA8 gene expression and within 24 h the increase was relatively slow. Then the growth rose suddenly in 48 h, but the increase declined in 72 h,indicating that Os11gRGA8 gene was involved in Indica natural immune reaction process and played a role in the process of A. besseyi resistance infection.

  Analyses on Personality Traits of Migrant Workers Influence to Returning Hometown Entrepreneurial Intention 2015, 31 (21):  284-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050152 Abstract + ( 644 )   PDF ( 516KB )   ( 640 ) At present, there is a new round entrepreneurial boom in China, and migrant workers returned entrepreneurship is an important topic for the attention from society. Personality traits of migrant workers have an important influence on returning hometown entrepreneurship. In this paper, the influences of migrant workers personality traits on returning hometown entrepreneurial intention were analyzed by the field survey data of Henan and Guangxi. Results show that in the migrant workers' personality traits, achievement motivation and adventurous spirit have significant positive influence on returning hometown entrepreneurial intention, autonomy and affinity have a certain positive influence on returning hometown entrepreneurial intention, control and intelligence have no significant influence on returning hometown entrepreneurial intention. According to the results, the paper puts forward suggestions like strengthening investigation to migrant workers personality traits and cultivating personality traits of returning migrant workers on successful entrepreneurs, so as to promote migrant workers returning entrepreneurship.