Current issue

• 2013 Vol.29 No.27 Published:25 September 2013

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  Review on the Effects of High Temperature and Drought on Yield, Grain Quality and the Physiological Characteristic of Flag Leaves in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) 2013, 29 (27):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2582 Abstract + ( 705 )   PDF ( 524990KB )   ( 658 ) High temperature is often accompanied with drought and they are especially considered as key stress factors with high potential impact on crop yield in numerous abiotic stresses. Nowadays, a wide range of persistent drought had become the most serious threat to agricultural production because of the global warming. Combined stress will usually appear synergistic effect or antagonistic effect, the unique mechanism of rice response to the combined stress of high temperature and drought has not been understood. In this paper the effects of the single factor of the high temperature or drought on yield, grain quality and physiological characteristic of flag leaves had been introduced, and the influences of combined stress of the high temperature and drought on rice had been summarized. There may be two ways of the rice responded to the combined stress of high temperature and drought. One is that the physiological activities of rice would be hurt seriously, even more than the sum of the effects by the two single-factor when the two stress appear simultaneously, the other is that the rice would achieved the resistance by the process to adapt the first adversity, thereby reducing the injury of subsequent stress when the two stress factors were applied one by one.

  The study of rape proteomics 2013, 29 (27):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0372 Abstract + ( 1019 )   PDF ( 529902KB )   ( 761 ) Protein is the executor of the physiological function, and it is the direct embodiment of the life phenomena. So, the proteomics research must be carry on, when we want to obtain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of complex activities of life. Rapeseed oil is a very important to China, with the development of rape industry, a variety of breeding objectives were needed to be achieved. Then, we should strengthen the rape proteomics research for further understanding of the molecular mechanism. This paper reviewed the study of rape on proteomics research, the study of the rape protein extraction methods and two-dimensional electrophoresis conditions, the study of stress on nutrient, temperature and salt, the study of physiological and biochemical on different rape materials, and the study of disease resistance. Then we found that there have some shortcomings, such as the current study did not linked with production necessaries closely, the current study is not systematic, and the study method is the original. So, the rape proteomics research need to be strengthen to promote the development of rape industry, and then safeguard the oil security of China.

  Effects of Controlled Irrigation on Rice Growth and Yield in Tillering and Milk Stage 2013, 29 (27):  13-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2986 Abstract + ( 937 )   PDF ( 810891KB )   ( 595 ) In order to apply the controlled irrigation technique for rice planting more reasonably, the effect of controlled irrigation in a single growing stage on rice growth and yield was studied. Water control was launched in tillering (FN) and milk stage (RS) respectively, and in each stage, soil water content [80% (FN1, RS1), and 90% (FN2, RS2), respectively] was controlled. The results showed that, compared to check treatment, water control decreased irrigation times and amount; compensatory effect appeared as controlled irrigation implemented in tillering stage while it was unobvious implemented in milk stage. Controlled irrigation was against rice growth but conductive to the number and effective number of grain per ear, while it had little effect on thousand seed weight. Though controlled irrigation saved irrigation water apparently, it decreased yield obviously, FN1, FN2, RS1 and RS2 saved irrigation water about 21.1%, 16.2%, 29.4% and 18.1%, while yield decreased 27.8%, 26.8%, 29.5% and 19.2%. Since reduction of output was more than water saving for controlled irrigation during the tillering stage, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of the treatment decreased 8.5%-12.7%, while IWUE little varied as controlled irrigation implemented in milk stage. Therefore, from the production aspect, to get higher IWUE while irrigation water limited, controlled irrigation at milk stage should be concerned, while controlled irrigation at tillering stage should be avoid.

  Evaluation of Rice Suitability Based on the Nutrient Contents on Changsha County 2013, 29 (27):  19-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2524 Abstract + ( 1045 )   PDF ( 538533KB )   ( 621 ) Hunan Province is an important double cropping of rice-producing areas, the soil conditions directly affect the rice production and regional distribution, survey analysis of the basic nutrient status of the major types of paddy soils in Changsha County, to provide a basis for testing and fertilizer; rice cultivation of arable land in accordance with appropriate classification, to provide technical support for the layout of the rice production areas in Changsha County. Sampling and analysis of the basic physical and chemical properties of more than 50 types of paddy soil in Changsha County. The results showed that, the average content of the paddy soil pH 5.34; the average 31.53 g/kg of the organic matter content. The average nitrogen content was mg/kg, the average available phosphorus content of 21.84 mg/kg, the average potassium content of 84.01 mg/kg, the average slowly available potassium content was 198.89 mg/kg. According to the soil nutrient status, analyzed the suitability of the soil of rice in the county, the county is highly suitable, suitable, basic and appropriate area of paddy fields accounted for 55.46%, 21.25%, 19.49%. Unsuitable only 3.79%, indicating that the Changsha County soil conditions were suitable for rice production.

  The Preliminary Study in Rice Morphology Under Waterlogging Stress 2013, 29 (27):  24-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3065 Abstract + ( 708 )   PDF ( 614649KB )   ( 561 ) In order to analysis the responses of different varieties of early rice under waterlogging stress, in this paper, the different varieties of rice tillering, heading and flowering flooded ability submergence strength resistance to impact on some agronomic traits, evaluations of submergence tolerance at tillering stage, heading stage and effects of different submergence stress on some agronomic characters in rice were studied. Results showed that, in tillering stage, indica rice varieties in different flooded waterlogging strength between the processing plant height change different results. Different waterflooding treatment plot appears caulis ear and tillers spike development process not consistent, growth period extend days and flooded between days showed extremely significant positive correlation. Because the plant of ‘Xiangzaoxian24’ was relatively low, the Tryporyza incertulas hazard was serious. Tryporyza incertulas Occurrence area and flooded strength showed extremely significant positive correlation. Flood water treatment caused the rice yield reduced; the experimental result indicated that, the same variety production by submerged water with the time extension and increase.

  Rice Planting Extraction in Northern Heilongjiang Province Based on Remote Sensing 2013, 29 (27):  30-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3585 Abstract + ( 966 )   PDF ( 806805KB )   ( 517 ) The objective of this research was to evaluate the applicability of remote sensing data in 2012 for large-area crop mapping over the northern Heilongjiang Province. Rice area and its spatial distribution was obtained based on ground truth data, ISODATA unsupervised classification, data fusion technique and spectral matching technique. We found that rice area in 2012 was 15389.01 km2, and it mainly distributed in Jiamusi, Shuangyashan and Jixi County. The classification accuracy was 89.19%. This method could provide some reference for extracting spatial information of regional paddy fields.

  Analysis of Approved Early Rice Varieties in Jiangxi Province from 2003 to 2011 2013, 29 (27):  35-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4154 Abstract + ( 1139 )   PDF ( 594848KB )   ( 850 ) In order to select excellent early rice varieties by approved in Jiangxi province and direct breeding and application of early rice varieties, the general situation, breeding method , utilization of sterile line and restorer line, breeding department, yield, rice quality and disease resistance of the approved 130 early rice varieties in Jiangxi from 2003 to 2011 were summarized and evaluated in this paper. Our analysis indicated that, there were 81 three-line early hybrid rice (i.e., 62.3% of total), 30 two-line early hybrid rice (i.e., 23.1% of total) and 19 conventional rice (i.e., 14.6% of total). Hybrid early rice was major direction, three-line breeding method was major way and two-line breeding method had good prospect in Jiangxi early rice breeding. The 34 sterile lines including 23 three-line sterile lines and 11 two-line sterile lines were used to 111 hybrid early rice varieties. ‘Jin23A’, ‘Zhu1S’, ‘YouIA’, ‘Zhong9A’, ‘RongfengA’ and ‘WufengA’ were applied to make over 5 hybrid rice varieties, which were the major sterile lines in Jiangxi early rice breeding. The 87 restorer lines were used to 111 hybrid early rice varieties, which showed that application of its were wide scope and many quantities, but outstanding restorer lines were few. Study on pedigree of restorer lines indicated that, its genetic diversity was low. The 111 hybrid early rice varieties were bred by 52 breeding department which had 5 types, these were seed company, research institute, university, extension station and person, which distributed 8 province or municipalities such as Jiangxi Province, Hunan Province, Zhejiang Province, Sichuan Province, Hubei Province, Hainan Province, Beijing etc. Seed company and research institute, which were major power in breeding, bred 115 varieties (i.e., 88.46% of total). Total breeding strength of Jiangxi province was powerful, had 37 breeding department which bred 94 varieties by approved. The 90 early rice varieties, which had one or two of high yield, well rice quality or disease resistance, was selected. There were 24 high yield varieties, 42 disease resistance varieties and 12 good quality varieties and 12 varieties with two traits.

  Composite Modeling of Water Movement and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat 2013, 29 (27):  42-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3681 Abstract + ( 704 )   PDF ( 614556KB )   ( 577 ) In order to forecast the effect of climate warming on agriculture, ENWATBAL model was used to simulate evapotranspiration of winter wheat due to the change of air temperature and precipitation in the future decades. Than the effect of climate warming on winter wheat yield in the future decades was speculated by the past yield and climate data in last decades, and the possible water use efficiency in the future decades was calculated. The results indicated that, climate warming would increase winter wheat evapotranspiration, and decrease yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. It showed that climate warming would intensify the water shortage in agriculture, and it was necessary to develop water-saving agriculture.

  Cluster Analysis of 24 Spring Wheat Varieties Using SSR Molecular Marker 2013, 29 (27):  49-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4095 Abstract + ( 643 )   PDF ( 774835KB )   ( 497 ) In order to make further comprehend of genetic basis of Spring Wheat Varieties in Xinjiang, and provide some fruitful reference for spring wheat breeding work, this paper analyse the genetic background of 24 Spring wheat varieties Using SSR.The results showed that: 432 alleles were detected by 41 pairs of SSR primers, polymorphic loci accounted for 93.1%, polymorphism information content (PIC) average to 0.86; cluster analysis on genetic distance of 0.8, provided materials can be divided into 4 categories, the species have relatives does not necessarily can be clustered into one group, it indicated that there was rich genetic diversity among spring wheat varieties.

  Effect of Economic Benefits of Wheat Multiple Cropping Rape Under Different Straw Returning and Fertilization 2013, 29 (27):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3058 Abstract + ( 838 )   PDF ( 558593KB )   ( 782 ) In order to reduce stubble burning, to control pollution and to increase usage of stubble remaining after harvest, using double factor randomized block design method to study the effect on economic benefits of multiple cropping rape after wheat harvest under different fertilizations and straw returning applications on standing stubble, crushing, incineration at irrigation district in Hexi corridor of Gansu Province. The results showed that, the yield of wheat and rape increased on 3 kinds of wheat straw application than traditional measures of low stubble reaping, the yield of wheat was the highest by the returning on crushing, and the yield of rapeseed was the highest by the returning on the incineration in all of the treatments. Total production value, labor productivity was the highest by high fertilization, wheat stalk the returning on crushing, reached 26752 yuan/hm2 and 59.45 yuan/labor day. Net income, net land productivity and output and input ratio was the highest by wheat straw returning applications on incineration and usage of fertilizer reduced 15%, reached 20346 yuan/hm2, 11346 yuan/hm2 and 1.76, the yield and economic of between benefit index did not differ significantly between same straw processing when the usage of fertilizer reduced 15%. After analysis of comprehensive factors about raise economic benefits, ecological benefits and protect environment, it was proved to be feasible that fertilization of chemical fertilizer decreased 15% with current high fertilization levels in production. Showed that scheme was recommended that sowing rape after wheat harvest leaving high stubble 20-25 cm and crushing returning with rotary cultivator.

  Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of different segments of wheat straw on the seed germination and seedling growth of goosegrass(Eleusine indica). 2013, 29 (27):  58-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0591 Abstract + ( 663 )   PDF ( 721041KB )   ( 645 ) Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from root, stem and spikes of wheat straw on the seed germination and seedling growth of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) were tested with a petri dish bioassay method. The results indicated that they all inhibited the germination of goosegrass, germination rate and index decreased with the increasing concentration, and the treatment of 100mg?mL-1 had the strongest inhibition effect. Germination rate of root, stem and spikes aqueous extracts was 71.3%, 68.7% and 58.7% respectively, while the control was 84.5%, and germination index was 12.82, 6.77, 6.07 respectively, while the control was 18.39. Stem and spikes aqueous extracts inhibited the shoot length of goosegrass significantly only at the highest concentration, while root aqueous extracts had little effects. The root, stem and spikes aqueous extracts promoted the root growth of goosegrass at low concentrations but inhibited it at high concentrations. Compared with control, the root length increased by 17.1%，17.8% and 6.6% respectively when the concentration of root, stem and spikes aqueous extracts was 6.25mg?mL-1, but decreased by 25.6%、31.6% and 95.6% respectively when the concentration was 100mg?mL-1. EC50 was calculated through dose-response equation between different concentrations of root, stem and spikes aqueous extracts and root lengths, and the value was 219.182，157.545 and 41.007mg?mL-1 respectively

  Research on Technique of Cultivation for New Barley Variety ‘Haihua1’ 2013, 29 (27):  64-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3524 Abstract + ( 571 )   PDF ( 485258KB )   ( 485 ) To provide the theoretical basis of cultivation for ‘Haihua1’ in Jiangsu area, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and related agronomic traits of ‘Haihua1’ was studied with single factor randomized block design. Tow factors randomized block design trait was carried out to investigate the effect of seeding dates and sowing densities on the grain yield. The result showed that the yield of ‘Haihua1’ was ascend in first and descend at last with increased of nitrogen fertilizer. Proper early sowing and adequate sowing densities were conductive to improving the yield. In Jiangsu Province, the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer, sowing densities and seeding date were pure nitrogen 210 kg/hm2, 300 million/hm2 to 330 million/hm2, October 28th to November 5th respectively.

  Effects of Drought in Different Growth Stages on Water Consumption 2013, 29 (27):  68-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1395 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 568072KB )   ( 579 )

  Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Big Trumpet Period Spring Corn by Irrigating 2013, 29 (27):  76-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0625 Abstract + ( 1126 )   PDF ( 734546KB )   ( 642 ) In order to maintain crop yield increasing and improve water use efficiency of crops, the surface irrigation water-saving and biological water-saving of integrated technology were studied in the climate change process. The field spring corn was tested by stages’ sowing and different irrigation methods. The environmental factors and big trumpet period spring corn’s photosynthetic physiology indexes, water use efficiency were measured by LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system in Shiyang River Basin. The effect of different sowing stages and different irrigation methods were analyzed on photosynthetic parameters and water use efficiency of spring corn. The results showed that: drip irrigation could improve the spring corn leaves’ net photosynthetic rate (10%-21%), stomatal conductance (33%-43%) and water use efficiency (12%-20%) of drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation in the 3 irrigation methods. Analysis of variance showed that different sowing date effected corn leaf net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency was small. But the second sowing date of net photosynthetic rate than the first and three sowing date increased by 10%-20%, transpiration rate increased by 20%-28%, stomatal conductance increased by 20%-28%. By analyzing significant correlation, that the air temperature, atmospheric CO2 concentration and photosynthetic active radiation which affected drip irrigation’s leaf photosynthetic parameters were major environmental factors, correlation coefficient of 0.810-0.986 (P<0.05). The photosynthetic active radiation and atmospheric CO2 concentration which affected sprinkler irrigation leaf photosynthetic parameters were major environmental factors, correlation coefficient of 0.850-0.980 (P<0.05). The air humidity, temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration which affected flood irrigation’s photosynthetic parameters and water use efficiency were the main environmental factors, correlation coefficient of 0.969-0.989 (P<0.05). Drip irrigation was the most suitable for arid regions, which could combat drought, save water, save fertilizer and improve yield irrigation method. The second sowing date(April 20th "Guyu before and after") was the most suitable for spring corn sowing period of the three sowing dates.

  The Difference Between Stomatal Density and Chlorophyll Content of Different Potato Varieties 2013, 29 (27):  83-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3209 Abstract + ( 786 )   PDF ( 2707572KB )   ( 457 ) For different areas potato high quality and high yield cultivation to choose appropriate variety, metallograph method and SPAD-502 plus were used to measure stomata density and relative content of chlorophyll in three varieties of potato. The research results showed that, potato stomata density gradually changed in growth period, and decreased in full-bloom stage; potato relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) change trend were the same to potato stomatal density basically. Through the experimental study concluded that, drought resistance higher variety was ‘Qingshu 168’, nitrogen needed higher variety was ‘Qingshu 2’.

  Correlation Analysis Between Agronomic Traits and Quality Traits in Flax 2013, 29 (27):  88-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2807 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 480434KB )   ( 588 ) To analyze the correlation between agronomic traits and quality traits in flax and provide scientific basis for flax quality breeding, the simple correlation and canonical correlation analysis was used to study the correlation between agronomic traits and quality traits in 256 flax cultivars. The results showed that, the correlation between agronomic traits and quality traits of flax was extremely significant. Using canonical correlation analysis, 6 pairs of canonical variables were obtained which contained 99.3% of the total correlation information between agronomic and quality traits. The main traits that play a decisive role in canonical correlation were 1000-seeds weight, fruits per plant, plant yield, stems per plant, oil content, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Among the 6 pairs of canonical variables, the correlation information involved in front 3 pairs of canonical variables were 45.47%, 30.53% and 13.51% of total correlation information, respectively. The biologic information revealed were the correlation between 1000-seeds weight and oil content, fruits per plant and oleic acid, and stems per plant and oil content, respectively. It was probably indicated that the content of oil and oleic acid were high in the flax varieties with bigger seeds, more fruits and less stems. Therefore, it was feasible to select quality traits indirectly by agronomic traits.

  Response of gas-exchange parameters to light intensity and temperature of sun and shade leaves in hibiscus mutabilis 2013, 29 (27):  93-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1505 Abstract + ( 869 )   PDF ( 773173KB )   ( 541 ) With the hibiscus mutabilis in shade and sun as materials, response of gas-exchange parameters in hibiscus mutabilis to light intensity and temperature were studied in this paper. The photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs) were determined. The results showed that with the increase of light intensity and temperature, Pn and E were on increase, while the Ci and Gs were on decrease. Based on the results, hibiscus mutabilis in the sun photosynthetic physiological performance superior to the hibiscus mutabilis in the shade. The results of this study found that Hibiscus is more suitable for cultivation in the sun environment, and provide technical reference for the Hibiscus landscaping.

  Study on the Law of Rice High Temperature Induced Heat Damage and Its Relationship with Rice Yield Structure in Anhui and Zhejiang Province 2013, 29 (27):  97-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4032 Abstract + ( 644 )   PDF ( 1073571KB )   ( 537 ) It is high significant to probe the relationships between Rice high temperature induced heat damage and rice production. Based on the analyzing of the data of meteorology and early season rice development stage in Anhui Province and Zhejiang Province, law of high temperature induced heat damage on early season rice and its relationships with rice yield structures were analyzed. Firstly, impact phase of rice high temperature induced heat damage was found between the early June and mid-July, and interannual variation for the heat damage was periodic oscillation with several years frequent occurrence and next several years rare occurrence. However, the days of high temperature and the times of the heat damage for rice was also tended to reduce before mid-1980s, but tended to ascend after mid-1980s. Respect to spatial distribution, high probability and severely afflicted region of Rice high temperature induced heat damage were along to Yangtze in Anhui, and the area under the jurisdiction of Jinhua and Lishui in Zhejiang. Secondly, the relationship between high temperature induced heat damage and rice yield structures were finally expounded. The duration of the high temperature induced heat damage was positively related to the percentage of empty grain and unfilled grain, while it was negatively related to the seeds per spike, the thousand grain weights. Studies suggest that raising of percentage of empty grain and releasing of seeds per spike were primary cause of production reducing.

  Effects of Rapid Release Sulphur Fertilizer on Grain Yield, Quality and Economic Profit for Winter Wheat 2013, 29 (27):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3037 Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 554765KB )   ( 601 ) To determine the effects of rapid release sulphur (RRS) application on winter wheat in Northern China, field trials were conducted respectively in Taian of Shandong province and Cangzhou of Hebei province to evaluate the effects of rapid release sulphur (RRS) on grain yield, seed protein content, sulfur content and economic profit for winter wheat. Five treatments were applied in the experiments: control (0 kg/hm2), sulfur powder with low rate (30 kg/hm2), sulfur powder with high rate (60 kg/hm2), RRS with low rate (30 kg/hm2) and RRS with high rate (60 kg/hm2). Results illustrated that wheat yield was increased by S fertilization on high available sulfur content soil. And the yield responses were affected by the forms and rates of sulfur fertilizer. The RRS increased wheat yield higher than the sulfur powder. The high rate RRS treatment achieved the highest wheat yield at two sites. Comparing with the control, the grain yields were enhanced by 8.3% and 10.1% at Tai’an and Cangzhou sites respectively. Sulfur fertilization improved the sulfur content in wheat grain, but only high rate sulfur treatments at Cangzhou site increased the grain sulfur content significantly. No significant difference was found between two elemental sulfur fertilizers. RRS treatment improved the seed protein content of wheat only for Tai’an site. The low rate RRS treatment yield had higher seed protein content than that in low rate sulfur power treatment. However, there was no significant difference among sulfur treatments at Cangzhou site. Sulfur fertilization led to the economic profit for wheat production. Economic profits were higher for RRS fertilizer than sulfur powder. At Tai’an site, the high rate RRS treatment yielded the highest economic profit (1369 yuan/hm2) and highest value cost ration (10.5). At Cangzhou site, the low rate RRS treatment achieved the economic profit of 1111 yuan/hm2 and highest value cost ratio (16.4). Optimal application of RRS will maintain or improve seed quality while increasing economic profits and wheat grain yield.

  Effects of Controlled and Slow Release Fertilizers on the N Utilization and Grain Yield in Summer Maize Under Different Plant Densities 2013, 29 (27):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1214 Abstract + ( 688 )   PDF ( 501276KB )   ( 529 ) In order to determine the effects of controlled and slow release fertilizers on the N utilization and grain yield in summer maize under different plant densities, medium and high rates of controlled and slow release fertilizer (i.e. 750 kg/hm2, 975 kg/hm2) were applied under medium and high plant densities (6.75×104, 8.25×104 plant/hm2), summer maize cultivar ‘Zhengdan 958’ was used for this study. The treatment of 750 kg/hm2 controlled and slow release fertilizer level under medium plant density (6.75×104 plant/hm2) was as control. The effect of controlled and slow release fertilizer on the N concentration in either individual plant organ or total plant was insignificant. However, the increase supply of controlled and slow release obviously deceased the plant bare rate by 20.0% compared with the medium supply of controlled and slow release fertilizer, especially under high plant density (decrease by 27.0%), and the average ear weight increased by 12.4%. Although the effect of controlled and slow release fertilizer on grain yield was insignificant, the average yield of high supply of controlled and slow release fertilizer under high plant density was increased by 15.0%, 19.4% compared with control, and medium supply of controlled and slow release fertilizer under the same plant density, and the economic efficiency was also increased by 12.3% compared with control. It is thus concluded that high supply of controlled and slow release fertilizer (975 kg/hm2) under the high plant density (8.25×104 plant/hm2) could further increase the grain yield and economic efficiency.

  The Comprehensive Benefit Analysis of the Cultivation of the Sugarcane Equidistance Interplanting Potato 2013, 29 (27):  116-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0405 Abstract + ( 1008 )   PDF ( 462602KB )   ( 402 ) For researching the optimal density and model of the sugercane interplant potato to maximize production efficiency, using the three replicated randomized block experiment for the test. The rowledge of suger was 1.1 m and the potato planting distance was 0.20 m, 0.25 m, 0.30 m, 0.35 m, respectively. The economic yield and compound production was analysis under different processing conditions. Results showed that, the potato yield increased with the increase of planting density and the output vary from 20100.00 kg/hm2 to 27670.05 kg/hm2. Sugarcane production along with the increase of potato planting density reduced and the output vary from 147510.00 kg/hm2 to 176220.00 kg/hm2. The interplanting composite output increased by 34.48%-42.24% per unit area and reached extremely significant level. The output of two crops and land composite value was the highest at the potato planting distance was 0.25 m to 0.30 m.

  The Response of Birch Effect Under Multiple Wet-dry Cycles 2013, 29 (27):  120-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3767 Abstract + ( 801 )   PDF ( 891422KB )   ( 577 ) In order to research the effect of multiple wet-dry cycles and soil aggregate size on soil respiration especially Birch effect, based on three different aggregate size surface soil (0-20 cm) for the tested soil, through the use of indoor incubation test method, research the multiple wet-dry cycles and different soil aggregate size to Birch effect. The results showed that, after water promoted the soil respiration, increased the soil microbial biomass, but the surge effect did not last long. Respiratory rate was peak after rewet 3h, and the more wet-dry cycles, the lower respiration rate. Different soil aggregate grain size of Birch effect of strength different, but they had not a simple linear relationship. The results also showed that, the soil aggregates could protect soil organic matter from decomposing by microbe, while multiple wet-dry cycles interfere with this protection function and improved the organic carbon biocompatibility. A large amount of carbon source from Birch Effects came from the new organic matter of exposure, a little the accumulation of solutes in cells during dry period. It was worth noting that before the new organic matter from the exposure was mineralized and decomposed, other process might still exist.

  Research on the Development Situation on Transgenic Rice 2013, 29 (27):  126-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4147 Abstract + ( 768 )   PDF ( 514807KB )   ( 557 ) In order to reveal the trend of the development of the field of transgenic rice research, the paper adopted bibliographic statistical methods to study the academic documents about transgenic rice research that collected by Web of Science, analyzing it from multi-aspects like literature countries or regions, the authors, research institutions, journals, citation frequency, relevant subjects and paper influence. The results showed that, there are totally about 6625 transgenic rice literatures, and China accounts for 1462, which ranked first. There are 125170 citations on transgenic rice research, and 17380 cited times from China, ranked the third place. China was in the leading position of transgenic rice research field, but the total citations and the average cited were not so high, there is still a certain gap between China and America or Japan on the papers’ quality and influence. There are about 582 periodicals, 1290 institutions, 85 countries or regions, 5120 authors do research on this field, and it covers 10 displines and more than 80 research directions, the result also showed that paper journals about transgenic rice are now in discrete state, and this field has a wide research coverage, which belongs to a typical cross-disciplinary. Transgenic rice research in China is still booming, and we proposed a sustainable track and more research investment on it.

  Analysis on the Key Issues About the Regularized Construction of the Base of Hainan National Breeding and Multiplication 2013, 29 (27):  135-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3921 Abstract + ( 963 )   PDF ( 672437KB )   ( 798 ) By analyzing technology features, historical characteristics, irreplaceability, function and value hierarchy, and the key problems of Hainan National Breeding and Multiplication (HNBM in short, its essence is the off-season breeding and seed production, its base is similar to winter nursery and shuttle breeding), showed that HNBM had risen as a national strategy and became a national strategic resource. HNBM as the major achievement of the practice of scientific research and the choice of history, played an irreplaceable role in the climatic conditions, scientific breeding, grain production in disaster relief, protecting the safety of the seed industry and locational advantages. At the same time, through introducing concepts of value engineering, industrial clusters and regional economy, on the basis of the research of the function and the value and the key problems, we established the function and value hierarchy of HNBM. But to fully achieve the development of industrial clusters and the functional value of the HNBM, we might solve the key issues of the HNBM in the top-level planning, experimental bases, system design, hardware construction and ecological security. This paper presented some suggestion to build the research core protected areas of HNBM, improve the regulations and policies safeguard mechanism and management system of HNBM, draw up and carry out the base development planning of HNBM, and seek government support.

  Research Advance in the Cold-resistance Function Genes and Regulatory Genes in Plants 2013, 29 (27):  141-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0941 Abstract + ( 1080 )   PDF ( 512838KB )   ( 914 ) Low temperature is one of the important environment factors affecting agriculture, especially in higher altitudes and cool areas. In the recent years, with the plant cold-resistant genetic engineering development, we have made great progress in researches of cold resistance. This paper gives a general statement about the recent development of plant cold-resistant genes from cold regulated gene, structural genes (including fatty acid desaturation metabolism enzyme gene and antioxidative enzyme gene etc.) and regulatory genes (AP2/EREBP 、NAC、MYB 、WRKY and bZIP transcription factors), aiming to provide some useful information and ideas to researchers who work on plant breeding and the mechanism of cold-resistance. As research continues, we hope that we can develop new multiple resistance plant breeds.

  The primarily study of the influence of the esophageal gland expressed gene 7E12 of Meloidogyne incognita in plant 2013, 29 (27):  148-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1270 Abstract + ( 722 )   PDF ( 960896KB )   ( 640 ) The south root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) was an important plant-parasitic nematode, the secretion proteins from its esophageal gland cells were the pathogenic factors which would hurt the host. Identification of the genes encoding these proteins was beneficial to know the pathogenicity and parasitism mechanism of the south root-knot nematode. The plant root specific expression vector pBI-Trp-7E12 of Meloidogyne incognita esophageal gland cell specific expression gene 7E12 and pBI-Trp were constructed by using the △0.3 truncated promoter of tobacco root specific expression gene TobRB7 to replace the CMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) 35S promoter of plant over-expression vector pBI121. In the research, pBI-Trp was used as blank control. These two vectors were transformed to the research model plant: Arabidopsis thaliana by using Agrobacterium rhizogenes via pollen tube channel infection method. Filtered for the transformated Arabidopsis thaliana by using the kanamycin resistance medium and obtained the T1 generation of transgenic plants. This study laid a foundation for the research and identification of the gene characterization of 7E12, so as to further the research on the pathogenic mechanism of south root-knot nematode to the host plants.

  The comparison of three methods for extracting coconut genomic DNA 2013, 29 (27):  154-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3500 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 711779KB )   ( 615 ) The study was carried out for developing a rapid method for DNA of extracting coconut. The quality of DNA extracted with mini-CTAB, SDS-CTAB and PVP method was compared. In this study, the comparison of three sets of coconut DNA, which were isolated separately by mini-CTAB and SDS-CTAB method or PVP method, showed that DNA isolated by mini-CTAB had higher OD260/280 (1.839) than that of SDS-CTAB (1.709) or PVP method (1.613). Meanwhile DNA isolated with the three methods was used for the downstream PCR amplification and restriction analysis. The DNA template from mini-CTAB method produced more clearer and specific bands. The double-enzyme cleavage of DNA from mini-CTAB method showed more even bands. The mini-CTAB method can be used to extract DNA from coconut tissues efficiently and multiple samples with high quality at a time. Since that this method could be used in high throughout experiments which including abundant samples. Furthermore, this method produced DNA which was suitable for downstream molecular biology experiment.

  Comparison of DNA Extraction Methods from Scarab 2013, 29 (27):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3322 Abstract + ( 743 )   PDF ( 1502806KB )   ( 589 ) Abstract: In order to select the proper extraction method of genome DNA from scarab suitable for RAPD –PCR, genome DNA of Holotrichia titanis Reitter was extracted by Improved SDS, Balance Phenol, Lysis Solution and CTAB Method in the laboratory of Qingdao Agriculture University in 2009, and the most proper extraction method was selected by observation on the character of DNA deposition, production & quality analyzing and RAPD-PCR. The results showed that the genome DNA extracted by Improved SDS Method was higher in production, but lower in purity, degraded seriously, and could generate seriously dispersed RAPD –PCR fingerprinting when amplifying with it as template. Genome DNA extracted by Lysis Solution Method was higher in purity, degraded slightly, but lowest in production, and could generate seriously dispersed and nontypical RAPD –PCR fingerprinting when amplifying with it as template. Genome DNA extracted by CTAB Method was not only lower in purity and production, degraded seriously, but also could not produce stable RAPD –PCR fingerprinting when using it as template, and there was nontypical amplification too. Genome DNA extracted by Balance Phenol Method was higher in purity and production, degraded slightly, and could produce stable RAPD –PCR fingerprinting without dispersion when using it as template. So among above four methods, Balance Phenol Method is the most suitable method to extract genome DNA from scarab, which is to be used for PAPD-PCR, Lysis Solution and Improved SDS Method take the second place, and CTAB Method is the most ill-fitted one.

  Molecular Identification and Phylogeny of Genus Alternaria 2013, 29 (27):  165-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3960 Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 491388KB )   ( 521 ) In order to identify cultures of Alternaria Nees from China forestry culture collection center at molecular level by ITS sequence analysis. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region DNA fragment of 375 strains were amplified and sequenced by universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. And all the sequences of the 375 strains in present study were compared with the ITS sequences of related Alternaria species available in the GenBank database by BLAST search. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method based on Paup 4.0 b10. ITS sequencing and NCBI BLAST results showed that: classification status of 21 strains from 375 trains were wrong, in which 9 strains had 92%-96% similarities with the reference strains, and the other 12 strains had 60%-85% similarities with the reference strains. The phylogenetic tree showed that 29 species were formed one cluster with 100% boot strap support, and the other seven species were divided into 6 clusters. The results indicated that: the ITS sequence could not be used to the separation of 29 species of Alternaria, but the other 6 species could be differentiated each other.

  The Situation and Prospect About Cotton Wilt Syndrome 2013, 29 (27):  170-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2522 Abstract + ( 810 )   PDF ( 635605KB )   ( 489 ) The situation and suggestions for cotton wilting syndrome: In flowering and boll opening stage can attack, once appear wilting symptoms, basically won't return to normal. Main characteristics can be summarized as: no lesion, leaf wilting and slightly faded, b0ll virtual soft late wadding, rigid disc worse floc aborted seed. There is no separation to the fungus disease pathogen. The early onset of chlorophyll content decreased. Plant height and branch affected. Early onset disease young bud a falling out. The higher the rate of diseased cut, cut and reduce the incidence of both the fiber quality of cotton, disease also to lose the ability to germinate. The cultivation of genetically modified materials are part of pathogenesis, and its parent hardly pathogenesis. The traditional non transgenic varieties don't see pathogenesis. Plant pathogenic isolates of seed dose not aggravate their offspring and early onset. 7-8 month rainfall frequency and less rainfall climate on the incidence of beneficial soil surface mulching plastic film, ≥ 40℃ high temperature days much more conducive to occur. Shanxi province and other provinces were part of the pathogenesis, incidence of varieties through validation of new varieties. A comparison of this disease and other diseases of cotton wilt symptoms of similarities and differences.

  Potential Risk Analysis and Quarantine Countermeasures of Leptinotarsa decemlineata in Shaanxi Province 2013, 29 (27):  176-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1554 Abstract + ( 822 )   PDF ( 574908KB )   ( 506 ) The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, was one of the most important quarantine pest causing considerable economic losses of potato industries in the world. The pest has not detected in Shaanxi Province at present. The objective of this study is to assess the potential risk analysis (PRA) of L. decemlineata to different regions and develop quarantine countermeasures in Shaanxi Province. In according with international pest risk analysis methods, the PRA of this pest in the three geographic regions of Shaanxi Province was analyzed and assessed, which based on distribution of the tomato plant and meteorological data in these regions. The results showed that, the risk (R) values of the pest in north of Shaanxi, Guanzhong Region, south of Shaanxi were 2.331, 2.051 and 2.149, respectively. In conclusion, the Colorado potato beetle was a highly dangerous pest in Shaanxi Province. The quarantine countermeasures were proposed to prevent introduction and spread invading of the beetle in Shaanxi in view of above results.

  Research on the comprehensive prevention and control system of rice diseases and insect pests in Changjiang farm 2013, 29 (27):  182-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0052 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 1019142KB )   ( 520 ) Abstract: In order to improve the level of pest control and the efficiency of management, and reduce manpower and material resources, an integrated management system for rice diseases and insect pests of Yangtze River Farm is structured. Based on NET 2.0 development platform and SQL SERVER 2000 Database Management System, this system achieves the various functions of user needs by designing a reasonable framework. The research combines with the actual demands of rice pest control of Shanghai Yangtze River Farm. First, on the basis of data acquisition of rice diseases and pest,we could forecast and early warn before the incidence of pests and diseases, and make a diagnosis when diseases and pests are discovered. According to the diagnosis, prevention proposals and programs are provided and an integrated control platform for rice diseases and pests is constructed. Based on the B/S model construction, this system solves to the pest control problems in the rice production of Yangtze River Farm.

  Resistance Evaluation of Different Wheat Varieties (Lines) to Septoria tritici Leaf Blotch 2013, 29 (27):  187-191.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3761 Abstract + ( 1087 )   PDF ( 554253KB )   ( 635 ) The Septoria tritici leaf blotch of wheat has been becoming serious during the past few years. In order to find out some resistant materials, the resistance level of 44 wheat lines and 4 common varieties was evaluated by artificial inoculation with S. tritici conidial suspension and by disease classification. The results showed that 8 varieties (lines) were immune accounting for 16.67% of the total materials, 23 varieties (lines) were resistant (47.92%), among which 19 varieties (lines) showed high-resistance and 4 varieties (lines) moderate resistance. Seventeen varieties (lines) were susceptible, accounting for 35.41% of the total materials, among which 8 varieties (lines) were moderate-susceptible and 9 wheat varieties (lines) high-susceptible. Disease index had a significant positive correlation to rate of diseased leaves (r=0.9817), indicating that both factors can be used for the disease severity evaluation of varieties. It is concluded that most of these varieties were resistant to S. tritici. These immune and highly resistant varieties can be good materials for the future plant breeding to wheat leaf blotch, and also be references for the selection of variety in wheat production.

  Advances studies on extraction and purification of Purple sweet potato anthocyanins 2013, 29 (27):  192-194.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3645 Abstract + ( 755 )   PDF ( 461451KB )   ( 1952 ) Purple sweet potato(PSP) anthocyanins has strong antioxidant activity and many other advantages such as, safe, non-toxic, anti-mutation, protect the liver, and the prevention of cardiovascular disease and other health effects, and is a natural food coloring, can be used in many industries. This paper summarized the domestic and foreign PSP anthocyanin extraction and purification technology, and the main research progress of Anthocyanin extraction and purification technology from PSP, This paper also analysis of the main flow of PSP Anthocyanin extraction and purification, and the food safety of the use of PSP anthocyanin. This paper proposed to carry out the research topics about the extraction and purification technology of PSP anthocyanin, and prospected the development and utilization of PSP anthocyanin.

  Double Enzyme Hydrolysis Silkworm Chrysalis Protein Preparation Amino Acid Drink Research 2013, 29 (27):  195-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3331 Abstract + ( 904 )   PDF ( 585944KB )   ( 602 ) In order to fully utilize the pupa resources, this article had studied the dual-pupa protein hydrolysis of the optimal conditions，determined the impact of the main factors enzyme effect. A fresh study by blanching chrysalis, to fat, enzyme, the deployment of processes such as protein drinks made from the process, eliminate the chrysalis of the Browning and condensate Shen phenomenon. By three factors and three levels orthogonal L9(33) Test methods, respectively, the pupa protein enzyme temperature, hydrolysis time, the amount of experiments and analysis, the double-pupa protein hydrolysis the optimum conditions. The results showed that: the best conditions for the enzyme trypsin: pH value of 7.0, the temperature of 45℃, hydrolysis time 5h, the amount of 1 g. Papain: pH value of 6.0, the temperature of 70℃, hydrolysis time 4 h, the amount of 1 g. Conclusion trypsin into the pupa protein enzyme papain process, will enable enzyme solution of ammonia nitrogen content have significantly improved. The use of its enzyme preparation can be diluted into amino acid drinks with a unique flavor, texture soft, delicate features and nutrient-rich, such as certain medicinal value, is a function of the new health drink. Its total number of bacteria, coliform bacteria, pathogens in conformity with the relevant health indicators. Amino acid drinks in the total sugar (sucrose) content of 14%, acidity (citric acid) content of 0.68 g/L, clear transparency of their products, Tiansuan palatability, with the physical and chemical testing beverage health indicators.

  The research of using disposable digestion sample to continuously measure the weight of As, Se and Hg in food 2013, 29 (27):  200-203.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0076 Abstract + ( 844 )   PDF ( 519790KB )   ( 557 ) look into the new method of applying HG-AFS on disposable digestion sample to measure how much Arsenic, Selenium and Mercury in it. Under selected laboratory enviroment, got the RSD of Se, As, Hg are respectively 3.7%, 2.8% and 4.7%; recovery rates are 95.0%, 102.0% and 91.9%; indicating that this method is fast, simple and accurate. Compared to National Standard Method, can be disposable digestion sample to measure the weight of three elements continuously, not only simplifies the operation, quickens the measure speed, but also reduces reagent consumption and improves the efficiency. It is worthy of popularization and application .

  Studies on Drying Process at Primary Processing of Keemun Black Tea 2013, 29 (27):  204-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0045 Abstract + ( 798 )   PDF ( 593800KB )   ( 593 ) In this paper, the effects of drying process of primary processing on the quality of Keemun black tea were studied. The one-bud-two-leave fresh leaves, which were withered, curled and fermented at the same level, belonging to the breed of ‘Qimen zhuye’ were picked as raw materials. During the drying process, the interaction effects (3×3) on the fermented leaves’ contents of major biochemical ingredients and sensory qualities were researched, using the randomized blocks design method, at three levels of the velocity of first drying, which were quick (9 min), medium (12 min) and slow (15 min), and three levels of the temperature of final drying, which were high (90℃), medium (75℃), and low (60℃). Every treatment was replicated twice. All of the dried leaves’ major biochemical ingredients and sensory qualities were respectively detected and evaluated. The results showed that, the contents of amino acid, soluble sugar, thearubigins, theaflavins and theabrownins in the dried leaves were all highly significantly affected (P<0.01) by the velocity of first drying, and so do their sensory qualities (colour, aroma, taste and the brewed leaves). The contents of soluble sugar(P<0.01), theabrownins (P<0.01), caffeine (P<0.05), thearubigins (P<0.05) and theaflavins (P<0.05) were significantly affected by the temperature of final drying. The contents of thearubigins, theabrownins, theaflavins and sensory qualities (color, aroma, taste and the brewed leaves) were highly significantly affected by the interaction effects (P<0.01); and the contents of amino acid and soluble sugar were significantly affected by the interaction effects (P<0.05). The score of color and taste, and the total score of the dried leaves, treated with the quick level of the velocity of first drying, in the sensory evaluations was slightly lower than the others. The dimmer brewed dried leaves, treated with slow level and had the medium aroma, were evaluated than the others. The total score of dried leaves, treated with the low level of the temperature of final drying, was lower than the leaves treated with the medium and the high level. In conclusion, the experimental combination of the medium (12 min) level of the first drying’s velocity and the medium (75℃) level of the final drying’s temperature and the one of the medium (12min) level of the first drying’s velocity and the high (90℃) level of the final drying’s temperature, were better than the others, and the former was the best.

  Survey Quality of Corn Gluten by Gas Sensor 2013, 29 (27):  210-214.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1429 Abstract + ( 904 )   PDF ( 760593KB )   ( 535 ) In order to assess corn gluten shelf life for a long time. The determination of corn gluten volatile matter to carry on the analysis by the electronic nose PEN3, using principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA) detection estimate corn gluten shelf life for long time which divided into room temperature and refrigerated storage. The results showed that: room temperature samples sampling every day. occurring slightly metamorphic at the 4th day, occurring heavily metamorphic at the 7th day. Room temperature samples sampling every day, take sample 5 mL every week which stored refrigerated occurring slightly metamorphic at the 28th day, occurring heavily metamorphic at the 39th day.

  Ultrasonic-aided Extraction of Flavonoids from Cuminum cyminum L.and Evaluation for Antioxidant potency 2013, 29 (27):  215-220.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4191 Abstract + ( 683 )   PDF ( 723863KB )   ( 602 ) The aims were to investigate the best technological condition to extracting flavonoids from cumin, and to investigate the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. By using Ultrasonic-aided extraction, the effects of solvent strength, the ratio of material to solvent, the time of extraction, the power of extraction were obtained. L9(34) orthogonal experimental design was used to investigate the better condition of extraction. Total reducing power and DPPH method were used to study the antioxidant activity of cumin. The optimal extraction condition were solvent 70% ethanol, the ratio of material to solvent was 1:35, the time of extraction 80 min, the power of extraction 125 W. Orthogonal effects of flavonoids in the yield factors were: the power of extraction, the ratio of material to solvent , solvent strength, the extraction time. The result of Antioxidant activity experiment showed that cumin had a good reducibility, and the effect on DPPH free radical scavenging was obviously, the IC50 was 0.109 mg/mL. Ultrasonic extraction was a kind of feasible extraction method, as antioxidant, the cumin of Xinjiang had a great value of development and application.