Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.22 Published:05 August 2014

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  The Research Progress of Tree MicroRNAs and Their Utility in Genetic Modification of Woody Plants 2014, 30 (22):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0453 Abstract + ( 666 )   PDF ( 530598KB )   ( 699 ) MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20–24 nucleotide long molecules processed from a specific class of RNA polymerase II transcripts that mainly regulate the stability of mRNAs containing a complementary sequence by targeted degradation in plants. In recent years, the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing accelerated the the research of miRNA. This Review discussed the discovery of plant miRNA,current advances of tree miRNAs and the genetic manipulation of amiRNA in trees. Especially, the development of miRNAs research in Populus, fruit trees, eucalyptus, tea, rubber trees, Jatropha tree, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, and gymnosperms trees were reviewed in detail. Given the increasing number of miRNA, future research would focus on the verification of its functions. Therefore, it is important to summarize the current status of information on miRNAs in trees and to guide future studies on the role of miRNAs in the biology of woody perennials.

  Comparative Study on Interspecific Association in Tropical Evergreen Monsoon Elfin Forest at Two Successional Stages in Tongguling of Hainan Island 2014, 30 (22):  8-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0504 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 1569291KB )   ( 421 ) In order to reveal the interactions between the characteristic of interspecific association and communities succession, the author studied the dynamic changes of communities in tropical evergreen monsoon elfin forest. Based on 2×2 contingency tables, a series of parameters including X2 test, association coefficient (AC) ，percentage of co-occurrence (PC) and variance ratio (VR) were used to applied, the author studied the characteristic of interspecific association among fifteen main plant populations in tropical evergreen monsoon elfin forest at early and late successional stages (the stage of shrub forest and the stage of tropical evergreen monsoon elfin forest) in Tongguling National Nature Reserve of Hainan island. The studied indicated that: (1) because of an effective protection for shrub communities, all trees showed a significant of positive association at early stage (WI=139.91>X20.05=83.68). At late stage, the percentage of positive association was increased and the percentage of negative association was decreased in tropical evergreen monsoon elfin forest, all trees showed a significant of positive association too. The results indicated that the communities were developing towards a stabilized stage in which the woody species coexisted in harmony. (2) As to the bridging species and later invading species, half of position associations among them were significant. Compared with the positive and null associations, fewer negative associations were found. This implied that the reason for these species coexisted in harmony was changing of community structure made the space, light and other resources had an effective allocation.

  The Quantitative Evaluation of Ecotourism Resources of Nature Reserve Based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Method: 2014, 30 (22):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0250 Abstract + ( 946 )   PDF ( 555438KB )   ( 924 ) In order to scientifically regulate the behavior of the ecotourism resources development and ensure the sustained, healthy and rapid development of the forest ecotourism of the nature reserve. With the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve as a study subject, 3 evaluation indices, including the ecotourism resource quality, environmental conditions and development conditions, were chosen as the 1st level indices. 6 evaluation indices, including the natural landscape resources, cultural landscape resources, environmental capacity, environmental quality, geographical features and regional conditions, were chosen as the 2nd level indices. 22 evaluation indices were chosen as the 3rd level indices. Thus a model of hierarchy structure of the ecotourism resource evaluation was established and used to carry out a quantitative evaluation on the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve. The evaluation results showed that the score of the natural landscape resources was highest, and then the score of the cultural landscape resources was the second, the evaluation score of the environmental quality was the third, the score of the district characteristics and regional conditions was relatively low in the 2nd level indices. This indicated that natural landscape resources and cultural landscape resources constituted the basic framework for the ecotourism resources of the nature reserve. The score of the resource quality was highest, and then the score of environmental conditions was the second, the evaluation score of the environmental quality was the third, the score of the development conditions was relatively low in the 1st level indices. At last, we can conclude the quantitative evaluation score of tourism resources of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve was 90.6, and the evaluation class was the first class, suggesting that the ecotourism resources of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve is very good, and the development and utilization value should be quite high.

  Changes in Soil Nutrient and Microbe Under Secondary Pinus massoniana Forests with Different Restoring Periods 2014, 30 (22):  22-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0421 Abstract + ( 673 )   PDF ( 609176KB )   ( 439 ) In order to study the relationships between soil nutrients and microbe in secondary Pinus massoniana forests with different restoring periods (10 a, 20-30 a and more than 50 a) in Guniujiang National Nature Reserve. The method of plate count and conventional chemical were used for determination. The results showed that: (1) Soil NH4 +-N had no significant difference (P＞0.05) in secondary Pinus massoniana forests with different restoring periods, while the other nutrients were mainly concentrated at 0- 20 cm and significantly different (P＜0.05), but the peak point distribution was different. (2) The order of the total number of soil microbes in different restore periods were: more than 50 a＞20- 30 a＞10 a, showed a significant difference (P＜0.05). The bacterium number was 20.11×104- 521.11×104 cfu/g, accounted for 50.25%- 89.43% , the highest proportion of the total soil microbe, followed by actinomycete and fungus. (3) Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), phosphorus (MBP) contents were significantly higher in Pinus massoniana forests with restore more than 50 a than that in the other forests (P＜0.05). (4) The contents of MBC and MBN in Pinus massoniana forests with different restoring periods were significantly and positively correlated with the total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP). This indicated that soil TN and AP were the important factors affecting soil microbial biomass.

  A DSC Study of CBL1 Protein from Populus 2014, 30 (22):  28-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0308 Abstract + ( 737 )   PDF ( 1917056KB )   ( 485 ) The CBL1 protein is an important class of calcium signal proteins, which can response to drought, low temperature, high pH and other environmental stress. The differential scanning calorimetry was applied to study thermal properties of CBL1 protein from Populus during -30℃ to 0℃ and 20℃ to 95℃. It was found that although the CBL1 protein from Populus played a role in response to low temperature stress, but itself did not have frost resistance, meanwhile in the melting process, the ice content and temperature fitted exponential relationship. During the heating process, the irreversible denaturation temperature of CBL1 protein was about 81.6℃, meanwhile the performance of the entropy and enthalpy decreased in increments when it was below the denaturation temperature, and once climbed up to the denaturation temperature, the entropy and enthalpy increased rapidly, which showed a high thermal stability of CBL1 protein from Populus.

  Study on the Model of Excessive Staminate Catkin Thinning of Proterandrous Walnut based on Quadratic Polynomial Regression Equation and BP Artificial Neural Network 2014, 30 (22):  35-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0412 Abstract + ( 841 )   PDF ( 673625KB )   ( 383 ) It’s an important management measure for raising yield of proterandrous walnut that excessive staminate catkin of walnut (SCW) was thinned. The model of quadratic polynomial regression equation and BP artificial neural network was developed to apply SCW thinning measure. The effect of three independent parameters, namely ethrel, gibberellin and mepiquat on the average thinned percentage of SCW were considered with field experiment in which central composite design (CCD) and quadratic polynomial regression equation were employed. BP artificial neural network was developed to predict result of field experiment on the base of field model experiment and BP model of validation testing was carried out in the next year. Total 20 sets data of field model experiment CCD quadratic rotation regression design method were divided randomly into training group (17 sets data) and validating group (3 sets data) respectively, the data of validation testing was employed as testing group and the topological structure of BP was 3-5-1. The experiment result indicated that: (1) The error of predicted value of obtained BP artificial neural network for validating group was 1.3550%, 0.4291%, 0.3538%, respectively. (2) Difference between BP predicted value and the value of field experiment validation test was 2.04% , while the difference between regression predicted value and the value of field experiment validation test was 3.12%. (3) Predictive accuracy of BP was 1.0% more than predictive accuracy of regression predicted. Based on the practical strategy of integrated quadratic polynomial stepwise regression equation with BP artificial neural network could distinguish the effect of independent parameters and improve the predictive accuracy.

  Accumulation and Distribution of N, P and K in Different Organs of Walnut Trees (Juglans regia L.) zhao ruifen 2014, 30 (22):  41-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2810 Abstract + ( 873 )   PDF ( 453632KB )   ( 731 ) In order to promote rational fertilization of walnut production in Shanxi ,Walnut trees were excavated, fractionated into various tree components at fruits harvesting stage to evaluate the character of dry matter composition and the properties of accumulation and distribution of N, P and K in different organs of Walnut (Juglans regia L.)trees which were 9 years old. The results showed that new organs accounted for 28.6% of the biomass of walnut tree，old organs for 61.5% and roots for 9.9%，respectively. The concentration of N, P and K of different organs has significant difference , and the nitrogen （N） content was the highest in the kernel, phosphorus（P） in the Kernel and potassium （K）in the shuck .Nitrogen was mainly distributed in the leaf， kernel， perennial branches and truck . Phosphorus was mainly distributed in the kernel，leaf，perennial branches and truck . Potassium was mainly distributed in the shuck and leaf. Amount of accumulation of N was highest , followed by K and P, and the ratio of N: P :K was 13.4:1:4.4, amount of accumulation of nutrients were higher in new organs than in old organs and roots.To obtain100 kg dry matter of fruits，Walnut trees must uptake N 10.3 kg， P 1.15 kg， K 8.76 kg.

  The Optimization of EST-SSR PCR Reaction System for Robinia pseudoacacia L. 2014, 30 (22):  45-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0325 Abstract + ( 800 )   PDF ( 2306033KB )   ( 391 ) In order to establish EST-SSR Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) system of Robinia pseudoacacia L., L16(45) orthogonal design and single factor experiment was used to optimize 5 main factors affecting SSRPCR system: primer, template DNA, dNTPs, Mg2+ and Taq DNA polymerase. The results showed that the optimal reaction system was 20μL total reaction system containing 0.5μmol/L each primer, 30 ng temple DNA, 0.15 mmol/L dNTPS, 0.5 mmol/L Mg2+, 1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase. The author randomly selected 3 varieties of black locust clones and 7 EST-SSR primers to test this optimized EST-SSR system, stable and clear polymorphic bands were acquired. the establish of this optimal reaction system laid the foundation for the development of EST-SSR markers and using EST-SSR markers in-depth study and made use of the locust tree germplasm resources in China.

  Effects of Seed Permeability and Endogenesis Inhibitory Substances of Acerpseudo-sieboldianum Seeds 2014, 30 (22):  53-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0357 Abstract + ( 723 )   PDF ( 885143KB )   ( 541 ) In order to study the dormancy mechanism of Acerpseudo-sieboldianum seeds, seed permeability and inhibitory activity of endogensic inhibitory substances of Acerpseudo-sieboldianum were investigated in this paper.The water permeability between intact seed and piercing naked seed were compared,and the inhibitory activities of the methanol extracts from the pericarp,seed coat and embryo of Acerpseudo-sieboldianum against seed germination and seedling growth of wheat were also studied. The results showed that the permeability of the seed coat was good. The different concentration of methanol extracts from different parts of seeds had an inhibiting effect on plant height, fresh seedling weight ,root length and fresh root weight of wheat，which decreased the content of chlorophyll content and the activity of α-amylase and inhibited in metabolizing of the starch and soluble sugar. As the concentration increased,the inhibition enhanced.In the same concentrations, the extracts from the seed embryo could inhibit wheat germination and growth at higher level than that from the pericarp and the seed coat. In concluded,the permeability of the seed coat to water was not the main cause of seed dormancy of Acerpseudo-sieboldianum.The inhibitors were distributed in all fractions of the seeds,mainly embryo.It might be the main reason of Acerpseudo-sieboldianum long period dormancy.

  Effect of Ultra-fine Rock Phosphate Powder on the Poplar Growth and Different Forms of Soil Phosphorous Content 2014, 30 (22):  59-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0378 Abstract + ( 1119 )   PDF ( 509750KB )   ( 523 ) In order to investigate the effect of ultra-fine on phosphate powder application, as well as the phosphate solubilizing bacteria on ultra-fine phosphate powder, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the poplar growth, phosphorous uptake and soil phosphorous content as affected by ultra-fine rock phosphate powder, phosphate powder, calcium superphosphate and dissolved phosphate microbe. Results showed that compared with rock phosphate powder, ultra-fine rock phosphate powder improved the poplar seedling height, diameter and biomass significantly, and phosphorous content and phosphorous uptake was increased by 8.96% and 22.85%, respectively. There was no significant difference of poplar growth and biomass between calcium superphosphate and ultra-fine rock phosphate powder. However, compared with calcium superphosphate, ultra-fine rock phosphate powder decreased poplar phosphorous content and phosphorous uptake by 10.05% and 11.97%, respectively. Ultra-fine rock phosphate powder co-applied with dissolved phosphate microbe increased bacteria, actinomycetes amount and the total microorganism amount by 41.89%, 28.57% and 41.53%. However fungus amount was significantly decreased by 31.19%. Ultra-fine rock phosphate powder co-applied with dissolved phosphate microbe had little effect on poplar growth, phosphorous uptake and phosphorous content in soil. Compared with phosphate power, ultra-fine rock phosphate powder increased acid-soluble phosphorous and available phosphorous by 53.27% and 45.35%. Acid-soluble phosphorous and available phosphorous was increased by 15.68% and 13.60% in ultra-fine rock phosphate powder than that in calcium superphosphate. Total phosphorous was highest in phosphate power, but no significant different was found of water-soluble phosphorous in all the treatments. In short, ultra-fine rock phosphate powder improved the poplar growth, increased phosphorous uptake and utilize, which was benefit the long-term supply of phosphorous in soil. However, Ultra-fine rock phosphate powder co-applied with dissolved phosphate microbe had no effect on phosphorous supply ability in soil.

  The Effect of Different Operation Modes on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Pecan Forest 2014, 30 (22):  64-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0486 Abstract + ( 567 )   PDF ( 634914KB )   ( 532 ) To discuss the hickory forest soil nutrient and the variety regularity of pecan’s production under different vegetations artificial recovery mode, analysis of the pecan soil nutrients in the typical stands was made after 5 years of artificial vegetation planting in Xianxia Town, Ningguo where the area was serious ecological degenerated. The results showed that: the value of different vegetation restoration on soil pH was 4.5-6.5; average potassium content was 0.92 g/kg; average magnesium content was 0.98 g/kg. The low nitrogen content was reflected in 2 modes which were Amorpha planting under hickory forest mode and spray herbicide in hickory forest mode; the high calcium and nitrogen content showed in the white clover planting under hickory forest mode, which was 112.68 g/kg and 66.25 mg/kg. The high moisture content was showed in Hickory bahia grass understory planting pattern which was 17.68%. The highest production was in planting Amorpha mode and the lowest was in herbicide mode. After multiple comparisons, among different business modes in pecan forest, planting Amorpha mode effectively increased production, planting Hickory bahia grass mode was beneficial to the water and soil conservation, the favorable ph of pecan growing was 5.88.

  Infections Effect of fifteen different kinds of tree species by Armillariella mellea 2014, 30 (22):  69-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0256 Abstract + ( 727 )   PDF ( 530947KB )   ( 894 ) Abstract： In order to study on the effects of different kinds of tree species parasitism by Armillariella mellea , fifteen woods were inoculated including solid and liquid treatment respectively. After the whole medium being full of rhizomorphs，germination time，growth rate，stout of rhizomorphs，weights were measured. The results shows：rhizomorphs on the Malus baccata and Quercus laevis germinating earlier and stronger，and have heavier dry weight, Castanea mollissima comes the second; The growth rate of rhizomorphs on Malus spectabilis is the fastest. There is no significant difference of rhizomorphs growth between the solid inoculations and liquid inoculations in the wood. Therefore, the branches of Quercus, Castanea , Diospyros kaki and Malus baccata are the suitable materials for the strains culture of Armillariella mellea.

  Study on Prediction of Osmanthus fragrans Flowering Date 2014, 30 (22):  74-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0209 Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 550453KB )   ( 485 ) In order to provide forecast of Osmanthus flowering period, the author used nearly 15 years of flowering observation data in Guilin, the forecast model was established by selected meteorological factors. The results showed that: the temperature, humidity, sunlight and rainfall had obvious effects on Osmanthus flowering. The influence cause of Osmanthus flowering was more complex. In the actual work of flowering forecast, according to the length of time in advance before flower, it could be divided into long-term forecast and short-term forecast. Long-term forecast was climate prediction, just a trend prediction of flowering late or early. Short-term forecasting was a forecast that make at 1 week before the flowering. Long-term forecasting and short-term forecasting model had achieved good effect in application in 2013.

  In vitro Culture and Plant Regeneration from Stem Segments of Dendrobenthamia angustata 2014, 30 (22):  79-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0397 Abstract + ( 684 )   PDF ( 776834KB )   ( 452 ) The study aims to establish an efficient tissue culture system for rapid propagation of Dendrobenthamia angustata. Using stem segments of Dendrobenthamia angustata as explants, effects of the basic culture medium, different types and the concentrations of plant growth regulators on the germination of axillary buds, proliferation of adventitious bud and rooting induction were examined. All nine hormone combinations promoted germination of axillary buds to some extent and the most suitable hormone combination was WPM + 1.0 mg/L 6- BA + 0.05 mg/L KT + 0.1 mg/L NAA, the germination rate achieved 86.29% at the aforesaid conditions. The combination of WPM+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA was the best treatment for the culture of shoot induction, and the multiplication coefficient could reach 4.07. The treatment of WPM+1.0 mg/L IBA had the best effect on rooting induction, and its rooting rate was 78.94% with superior growth performance. The system of organization culture was suitable for regeneration of Dendrobenthamia angustata.

  Quantitative Classification and Ordination of Vegetations in Tongguling National Nature Reserve, Hainan 2014, 30 (22):  84-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0305 Abstract + ( 737 )   PDF ( 1680948KB )   ( 514 ) In order to scientifically distinguish the vegetation types of formation in Wenchang Tongguling National Nature Reserve, Hainan Island and understand the relationship between community characteristics and environmental factors, the author analyzed it through comprehensive random sampling in the protection zone with a total number of 64 sample plots (the total area sampled: 2.11 hm2), using PC-ORD5.0 for TWINSPAN classification, using CANOCO 4.5 software for DCA and CCA ordination. The results showed: (1) 64 samples of Tongguling Nature Reserve were divided into 11 formations by using TWINSPAN and DCA, under 3 kinds of vegetation types: coastal thickets, foothills shrubs, tropical evergreen monsoon elfin forest; (2) 64 sample plots in DCA sorting first axis showed the change of moisture gradient, and no obvious environment significance in the second shaft rendering, indicating that the moisture factor played a decisive for the formation and distribution of vegetation types reserve; (3) elevation of Tongguling was not high, and the highest peak was only 338 m. However, CCA results showed that contribution, for the ordering from greatest to smallest was altitude, gradient and slope direction. The result that the first axis and the maximum altitude relevance, the second sort shaft and slope had great relevance, fully demonstrated the particularity of the coastal bedrock coast environment and that of the distribution of forest vegetation.

  The Application Progresses of Genetic Engineering in Grapevine Researches 2014, 30 (22):  92-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0318 Abstract + ( 830 )   PDF ( 544689KB )   ( 490 ) The paper sketched problems in conventional breeding methods of grape and reviewed the latest domestic and overseas progresses in gene engineering of grape in recent years, mainly on the optimization of genetic transformation system and researches of functional genes. The problems in current studies were analyzed and the prospect of grape genetic engineering was estimated. It was considered that the technology of gene engineering had opened up a broad way to the breeding of disease or pest resistance seeds and higher yield and better quality seeds. Taking this as an opportunity, scientists could breed more and more improved seeds.

  Review of the Characteristics of Nutrition and Seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus 2014, 30 (22):  97-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0349 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 550278KB )   ( 980 ) Abelmoschus esculentus seeds are rich in protein and fat, with higher nutritional value. At present, the extensive domestic and abroad research of Abelmoschus esculentus seeds was mainly focused on the nutritional contents, edible value, physiology, etc. It would have profound significance to research and develop the use of Abelmoschus esculentus seeds. Therefore, the author gave an overview of the research about biological characteristics, nutritional components, edible value, and physiology of Abelmoschus esculentus seeds in order to make good use of them in the further study.

  Influence of Illumination Supplement Used LED Light on Photosynthesis of Tomato 2014, 30 (22):  102-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0414 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 982130KB )   ( 559 ) In order to find the best spectral components for tomato growth, the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) on the photosynthetic characteristics of tomato were studied. The results showed that the daily variation of tomato photosynthesis was changed by supplementary light, with double peak of diurnal variation of tomato photosynthetic rate instead of single peak. Although LED lights could extend the time course of photosynthesis, no obvious effects were found on the intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. The effects of LED lights on the photosynthetic rate were varied with the light quality. The red and blue lights had greater photosynthetic rate than the green light, which indicated that the red and blue lights could increase tomato photosynthesis more obviously than the green light, and promote more organic matter accumulated in the tomato leaves.

  Effects of Bamboo Vinegar on the Reactive Oxygen Metabolism of Red Sweet Pepper Fruits in Storage 2014, 30 (22):  109-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0029 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 695725KB )   ( 436 ) Our study investigated the effects of bamboo vinegar on reactive oxygen metabolism of‘Hong susan red sweet pepper in storage process. Red sweet peppers were immersed in the bamboo vinegar solutions that diluted respectively by 500 times, 1000 times and 1500 times for 3 min, then dried. After that, red sweet peppers were put in PE bag and stored at 20℃. Red sweet peppers immersed in distilled water were used as control. After storage, we measured production rate of superoxide anion radical (O2-·), activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD), total antioxidative capacity(T- AOC), cell membrane permeability, contents of malondialdehyde(MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in red sweet pepper. The results showed that after treating with bamboo vinegar diluted by 500-1500 times, the activities of SOD, POD and T-AOC in red sweet pepper increased. And the production rate of O2-·, the content of H2O2 and MDA, and the permeability rate of cell membrane decreased. The bamboo vinegar diluted by 1500 times showed the most efficient preservation effects among these vinegar solutions, which, compared to CK, improved the peak value of POD activity by 1.24 times as well as the activity of SOD and T- AOC respectively by 4.6%- 100% and 0.12%- 0.72%. Meanwhile, the production rate of O2-·decreased by 27.22%-47.75%, the content of H2O2 and MDA reduced respectively by 9.46%-43.42% and 8.42%-39.59%, the osmosis rate of cell membrane decreased by 11.56%-37.34%. This study indicated that bamboo vinegar had strong antioxidation which could postpone the peroxidation of membrane lipid and keep the completeness of cell membrane, slowed down the aging of red sweet peppers, thus play a role in the preservation of the red sweet peppers.

  A Study on the Chemical Regulation Technology and Mechanism of Cucumber Plug Seedlings 2014, 30 (22):  114-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0192 Abstract + ( 712 )   PDF ( 1180753KB )   ( 467 ) Four kinds of different plant growth regulators with different concentration treatment of DPC、CCC、PP333、 Ethephon on the influence of summer cucumber seedlings biological character, physiological indexes and yield was studied, which adopted the spraying on the surface of the substrate (one time), the substrate surface spraying + cotyledon flattening just open heart leaves show when spraying on the leaf (twice) and soaking seed three kinds of treatments. The results showed that the hypocotyl significantly shortened compare with the control, and leggy cucumber seedling was effectively controlled during the summer with four treatments combination of DPC400ppm(twice), PP33320ppm(one time), CCC400ppm (twice), seed soaking CEPA5000ppm. Compared with the control, Strong seedling index increased, root vigored, increased the rate of the dry matter to the distribution of the root system, improve the quality of the seedling. Cucumber leaf chlorophyll content and disease resistance related enzymes of PPO, POD, CAT activity was enhanced, proline content was increased, ,which enhanced disease resistance of cucumber.

  Study on Characteristics of Decomposing and Nutrients Releasing of Green Manures in Orchards 2014, 30 (22):  121-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0342 Abstract + ( 757 )   PDF ( 895793KB )   ( 425 ) Lolium perenne L., Medicago sativa L., Festuca elata Keng ex E. Alexeev, Cichorium intybus L. are 4 of the main green manures in orchards. Decomposing and nutrients releasing characteristics of these 4 green manures were investigated in this study by using the method of nylon net bag in winter and summer, for the purpose of providing theory basis for orchard grass cultivation, soil fertility improvement and rational fertilization. The results showed that there were no significant difference in decomposing and nutrients releasing characteristics among 4 green manure crops. When incubated in summer, all these green manures had an initial rapid decaying and then a slow decaying; when incubated in winter, they showed slow-rapidslow releasing trend. The releases of different nutrients in green manures were varied. Potassium was released rapidly and completely, and nitrogen and phosphorus were released relatively slowly. After 45 days incubation in summer, the decomposition rate of these 4 green manure crops were all about 70%, while in winter after as long as 180 days incubation, they could reach the same decomposition rate, which showed that soil temperature had significant effects on decomposing.

  Effect of Exogenous Glycinebetaine on Physiological Indicators of Malus hupehensis Leaves Under Drought Stress 2014, 30 (22):  128-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0165 Abstract + ( 661 )   PDF ( 923641KB )   ( 372 ) To explore the physiological changes of apple to drought, the drought resistance mechanism and the effects of exogenous glycinebetaine on apple drought resistance, apple root stock (Malus hupehensis) seedlings were used to study the effects of foliar-applied glycinebetaine (GB, 5-40 mmol/L) under drought stress condition. The results showed that CO2 assimilation rate, and stomatal conductance increased at low GB concentrations (5-20 mmol/L) but decreased significantly at high GB concentrations (40 mmol/L). Leaf relative water content and anti-oxidative enzyme activitie (SOD) increased at low GB concentrations but decreased at high GB concentrations under drought stress. Foliar-applied low GB concentrations increased the proline content and soluble sugar accumulation and decreased the MDA content and cell membrane permeability in Malus hupehensis leaves, increased its drought resistance, the effect of 10 mmol/L GB concentration was the best.

  The Dynamic Simulation of Water Use Efficiency in Apple Tree Canopy 2014, 30 (22):  135-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0368 Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 1459731KB )   ( 511 ) A coupled model of photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) was developed to simulate the three-dimensional distribution of leaf instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEI) in apple canopy. For convenience, WUEI was expressed as the ratio of net Pn to Tr. The experiment was conducted in a ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji’) orchard during the 2011~2012 growing seasons. The simulation was shown that WUEI increased rapidly with increasing CO2 concentration and relative humidity (RH); but decreased with increasing temperature and leaf water potential (Ψl). The diurnal course of WUEI in the canopy showed a double-peak curve on clear day. The average WUEI on clear days was 2.98 mmol?mol-1 which was about 42% higher than cloudy days. The study indicated that the sensitivity of WUEI to microclimatic factors and Ψl can be systemically assessed by the coupled model.

  Forming Mechanism of TSs and TFs in Tea Fresh Leaf Suspension Fermentation 2014, 30 (22):  140-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0168 Abstract + ( 864 )   PDF ( 796650KB )   ( 490 ) In order to study the variation of contents and variety on TSs and TFs, This study was based on its process requirement and the content of TSs, TFs were detected by using HPLC, four effective factors, namely, oxygen rate , fresh tea leaves broken rate, temperature , solid-liquid ratio,were investigated in this paper by single factor single factor experiments. The results showed that: when the level of oxygen rate to a certain degree(over 0.8L.min-1), the content of TSs generally become more prominent as the oxygen rate increases, but there were no obvious changes in the content of TFs; Up to a certain level of broken rate(60s), there were no obvious changes in the content of TSs, the content of TSs is a increasing tendency with the decreasing of the broken rate; As for levels of temperature, there were no obvious changes in the TFs content, over 25℃, TFs content was negatively correlated with temperature; The content of TSs increased with the increase of solid-liquid ratio, but the increasing of TSs and TFs content were not significant in a certain range (75～125mg?ml-1).

  Studies on the Transcriptome Sequencing of Lilium’ s Mature Unpollinated Pistils 2014, 30 (22):  148-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0361 Abstract + ( 672 )   PDF ( 794686KB )   ( 466 ) The purpose of this study was to explore massive lilium’s pistil specially expressed genes and offer supports for explaining the molecular mechanism of lilium’s cross barriers. Based on the Illumina highthrough sequencing platform, the transcriptome sequencing of Lilium’s mature unpollinated pistils was conducted, the dates were assembled and the metabolism pathways were analyzed. 40792 and 39708 Unigene were disclosed in the“dry stigma”pistils LoP1 and the“wet stigma”pistils LoP2 respectively. A total of 44175 All-Unigene were generated by means of assembling sequence, removing the redundancy and clustering homologous transcripts between the two samples. 30343, 21647, 21281, 19274, 12964 and 22227 Unigene were respectively matched to the NR, NT, Swiss-Prot, GO, KEGG and COG databases via similarity alignment (E- value≤10- 5). By KEGG analysis, 19274 All- Unigene were annotated in the 128 metabolism pathways. Based on the genes analysis, it was indicated that something such as substance, energy, signal transduction and pathogen resistance had been ready for pollination and fertilization process in the mature unpollinated pistils.

  Effect of PEG Stress on Drought Resistance Physiological Indices of Two Ferns’Prothallus 2014, 30 (22):  155-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0186 Abstract + ( 616 )   PDF ( 1285565KB )   ( 371 ) Different concentrations of PEG were used to assess the effect on morphological characteristics and physiological indices of the prothallus of Adiantum reniforme var. sinense and Adiantum flabellulatum. By means of artificial simulated drought stress, three concentrations (0% , 15% , 30% ) of PEG were selected to study the change of cell morphology, protective enzyme activity and osmoregulatory molecules in leaves. With drought stress deepening, the prothallus became darker and grew worse; MDA content of two treatment groups (15% and 30% ) was lower than that of the control group; Pro content did not increase distinctly during the period of drought stress; SP content of two treatment groups all increased firstly and then decreased, and they were remarkably higher than that of the control group; SOD activity of three groups of Adiantum reniforme var. sinense increased first and then decreased, while two treatment groups of Adiantum flabellulatum decreased all the time; CAT activity was increasing significantly. It was concluded that SP and CAT activity could reflect the ability of drought resistance for these two ferns’prothallus. The study could also provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of fern.

  Study on Antibacterial Activities of Pholmis pratensis from Xinjiang 2014, 30 (22):  161-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0166 Abstract + ( 577 )   PDF ( 529402KB )   ( 499 ) To explore the antibacterial activity of Pholmis pratensis, the author screened best extraction solvent of Pholmis pratensis and studied its inhibitory effect. The filter paper method and the double dilution method were used to investigate the antibacterial activities of different Pholmis pratensis solvent extracts, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The results showed that 95% ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of Pholmis pratensis had strong antibacterial effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 95% ethanol extract to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus were 0.25, 0.0625, 0.0625 g/mL respectively and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 0.25, 0.125, 0.125 g/mL. Pholmis pratensis had obvious inhibitory effect and different solvent extracts had different antimicrobial effect.

  Study on the Material Metabolism Level of 2 Ningxia Wolfberry New Species 2014, 30 (22):  165-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0396 Abstract + ( 609 )   PDF ( 457320KB )   ( 381 ) In order to reveal the physiological and biochemical mechanism on buds of Ningxia wolfberry new species-‘Ningqi 6’and‘Ningqi 8’, the authors compared the main material variation characteristics of different developmental stage of buds, including soluble sugar, free praline, total free amino acids, soluble protein. The results showed that the contents of soluble sugar, free praline, soluble protein of‘Ningqi 6’were higher than that of‘Ningqi 8’, the contents of total free amino acids of‘Ningqi 6’were lower than that of‘Ningqi 8’. The changes of soluble sugar, total free amino acids, free proline of different developmental stage of buds were different between‘Ningqi 6’and‘Ningqi 8’; soluble protein changes of different developmental stage of buds were same between‘Ningqi 6’and‘Ningqi 8’. After tetrad stage, soluble protein metabolism in‘Ningqi 6’was more active. Soluble protein metabolic abnormalities may result in fewer flower and slow metabolism in‘Ningqi 8’.

  Effects of PEG-6000 Drought Stress on Seed Germination of Flax 2014, 30 (22):  169-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0360 Abstract + ( 768 )   PDF ( 607186KB )   ( 453 ) To solve the problem of flax effective survival under drought environment, the author used PEG- 6000 solution as stress treatment for four flaxes to study the physiological and ecological responses and drought resistance in germination of flax seeds. The results showed that the low concentration of drought stress can promoted seed germination speed and rate, and the germination rate of four flax seeds was higher than control in the 5% treatment. With the increase of drought stress, the plant height and moisture content of the four flax varieties decreased but the root length showed no obvious change. Using the membership function value method, four flax varieties in seed germination’s drought resistance was‘Lunxuan 3’＞‘Dingya 23’＞‘Lunxuan 2’＞‘Longya 8’. The correlation analysis showed that germination rate and aboveground water content was negatively correlated, and the root fresh weight and drought resistance had a significantly positive correlation.

  Effects of Different Cultivation Methods on Soil Nutrient Losses, Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco 2014, 30 (22):  174-179.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0243 Abstract + ( 665 )   PDF ( 520152KB )   ( 395 ) In order to control water and soil loss and maximize the yield-quality of flue-cured tobacco, we studied the effects of three cultivation methods, including conventional tillage, no-tillage, no-tillage and straw mulching, on the losses of soil water and nutrient, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The result showed that no-tillage, no-tillage and straw mulching decreased the loss of soil water than conventional tillage. The runoff was reduced by 9.54% and 26.01% respectively. The loss of N, P nutrients was different among treatments, conventional tillage＞no- tillage＞no- tillage and straw mulching. Compared with conventional tillage, the loss of total nitrogen was 13.68% , 39.59% , the loss of total phosphorus was 9.72% , 27.57% respectively. The yield and quality, chemical composition were improved with no-tillage. The benefit of notillage and straw mulching was 5822.85 yuan/hm2 more than conventional tillage. Studies had shown that notillage, no-tillage and straw mulching could effectively decrease surface runoff. They were effective ways to reduce soil nutrients loss. No-tillage and straw mulching had obvious yield and value increasing effects, and had high extension application value.

  Effect of Biological Organic Fertilizer on Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Chinese Kale 2014, 30 (22):  180-185.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1076 Abstract + ( 673 )   PDF ( 622258KB )   ( 378 ) A substrate culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of different biological organic fertilizer levels (low level, medium level and high level, chemical fertilizer as control) on growth and photosynthetic characters of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra Bailey). Results showed that compared with control, the growth of the Chinese kale in treatments of medium and low level biological organic fertilization were inhibited. There were no significantly difference in the plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area and plant economic coefficient of Chinese kale between chemical fertilizer treatment and high level biological organic fertilizer treatment. The photosynthesis, plant growth and the yield of Chinese kale were enhanced in the treatment of high level fertilization, and it was the appropriate organic fertilization amount for Chinese kale production.

  Comparison on Water-saving Irrigation in Dwarf Rootstock Orchard with SH Series Apple 2014, 30 (22):  186-190.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0234 Abstract + ( 906 )   PDF ( 540864KB )   ( 446 ) The study aims to find suitable culture technique mode for dwarf rootstock orchard for SH series apple in Shanxi. Considering the characteristics of dwarf rootstock for SH series of apple, the study used intensive and highly- efficient culture technique mode of M26 apple dwarf rootstock and water- saving irrigation method of standard rootstock orchard as the reference, investigated and determined the tree irrigation amount, the branch quantities and composition of branches, the growth of tree leaf, the chlorophyll content of tree leaf, the fruit quality in apple orchard with dwarf rootstock under 4 methods, including broad irrigation, furrow irrigation under covered ridge with ridge forming, biological matrix cover and grass cover under tree. The result showed that after‘Hongfushi’apple orchard with dwarf rootstock was irrigated by furrow irrigation under covered ridge with ridge forming, the cost could be cut, structure of tree branches was good and economic benefits and high quality could be obtained. Furthermore, with furrow irrigation under covered ridge with ridge forming, dry weight, thickness, area, chlorophyll content of 100 leaves and output of the orchard were higher than that under other treatments, therefore this mode could be regarded as a more suitable one to climate and site type of Shanxi.

  Effect of UV-C Combined with 1-MCP Treatment on Postharvest Qualities and Physiologies of Fragrant Pear Fruit LI Xue-wen 2014, 30 (22):  191-196.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1686 Abstract + ( 657 )   PDF ( 735004KB )   ( 390 ) Fragrant pear (Pyresbretschnei deri Rehd) fruits were used as test materials to investigate the effect of ultraviolet- C (UV- C) light combined with 1- methylcyclopropene (1- MCP) on postharvest qualities and physiologies of fragrant pear fruit during cold storage. Fragrant pear fruit were treated with UV-C combined with 1-MCP then stored at cold room (-1℃, RH: 90%-5%). The firmness, soluble solid content, vitamin C, hue angle and physiology items of postharvest fragrant pear fruits were determined in this paper. It indicated that UV-C combined with 1-MCP inhibited the decrease of firmness, retained higher soluble solid content (SSC), restrained the decline of vitamin C and hue angle of fruit. Fruits treated with UV- C combined with 1- MCP also significantly delayed respiration climacteric and peak of ethylene production, declined the respiration rate and ethylene production. In addition, UV-C combined with 1-MCP treatment suppressed the increasing of cell membrane integrity and malondiadehyde (MDA) content. The results suggested that UV-C combined with 1- MCP treatment delayed the senescence of physiology and maintained the qualities of postharvest fruits.

  Establishment of Leaf Regeneration System in Ginseng Fruit‘changli’ 2014, 30 (22):  197-202.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0191 Abstract + ( 847 )   PDF ( 652608KB )   ( 345 ) In order to establish the genetic transformation regeneration system of ginseng fruit, taking the seedlings leaves of‘Chang Li’as test material, the effects of types of culture medium, pH and hormones on the adventitious buds subculture proliferation of ginseng fruit were studied. The results indicated that MS medium was favorable to the tube seedling of ginseng fruit and the average plant height was 8.5 cm cultivated for 24 d. GS medium was the optimal condition for the root generation of the tube seedlings, and the number of root generation could reach 13.8 per shoot. 6- BA blended with TDZ could improve the generation rate of adventitious buds. The regeneration ratio of leaves was 83.3% on the MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+TDZ 0.5 mg/L medium, the regeneration coefficient reached 8.5. Therefore, MS + 6- BA 2.0 mg/L + TDZ 0.5 mg/L was the optimal medium and in favor of the adventitious shoot regeneration of leaves.

  Study on Rapid Propagation and Regeneration Modes of Anthurium andraeanum‘Dakota’and‘Alabama’ 2014, 30 (22):  203-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3122 Abstract + ( 815 )   PDF ( 836183KB )   ( 433 ) This research aimed at developing a plant regeneration system from base leaf, leaf and petiole explants of Anthurium andraeanum‘Dakota’and‘Alabama’, and to establish a foundation for mass production and transformation. Adopting the common tissue culture method, the regenerative ways were studied by analyzing the different differentiation ways through different explants on the medium of different hormone proportion. The results indicated that the callus induction rate of‘Dakota’from different explants showed as petiole＞leaf base＞leaf,‘Alabama’showed as leaf base＞petiole＞leaf. There were organ regeneration and somatic embryo regeneration way of‘Dakota’and‘Alabama’. On 6-BA 1.0 mg/L cultural condition, the rate of organ regeneration and somatic embryo regeneration of‘Dakota’were 91% and 54%, and that of‘Alabama’were 62% and 57%. The mixture regeneration way of‘Dakota’was 50%, and‘Alabama’was 57.1%. The germination percentages of embryonic calli on the 6-BA 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L medium of‘Dakota’were 55% and 46%,‘Alabama’were 71% and 66%. The research of‘Dakota’,‘Alabama’and three types of explants found regeneration modes had organ regeneration and somatic embryo regeneration. Organ regeneration was more important in the early stage, and somatic embryo regeneration was more important in the late stage.

  Study on Priming Treatments of Seed Dormancy Breaking in Phellodendron amurense Rupr. 2014, 30 (22):  209-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0390 Abstract + ( 737 )   PDF ( 813677KB )   ( 555 ) Seed of Phellodendron amurense Rupr presented different degrees of dormancy which varied with provenance and year. Conventional cold stratification was only partially effective in breaking dormancy of treated seeds. In order to solve the problem of low rate of seed germination of Phellodendron amurense Rupr, explore the most effective way to break seed dormancy, different chemical- initiators were used to treat the seeds, and then combined with 4℃or 8℃cold stratification. In this paper, the results showed that soaked with 6-BA, KNO3, PEG 6000 could promote seed germination. In addition, pretreated with 1000 mg/L GA3, 80 mg/L NAA, 400 mg/L 6-BA, 1.0% KNO3, 20 g/L PEG6000 that combined with 4℃cold stratification for 30 d could break seed dormancy more effectively and make the germination rate increased from 13.50% to 91.00% , 94.00%, 97.00%, 94.50%, and 83.00% respectively. The priming could effectively break the seed dormancy and promote seed germination of Phellodendron amurense Rupr and shorten the time of cold stratification.

  Study on the Content of Saikosaponins and Saikosaponin a, d of Different Parts From Introduction Bupleurum Chinense in Various Collecting Periods 2014, 30 (22):  217-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0351 Abstract + ( 764 )   PDF ( 654985KB )   ( 400 ) The research took Tangshan introduction of Bupleurum chinense as the sample to study the dynamic change law of saikosaponins and saikosaponin a, d of different parts and discuss the optimal harvest time of Bupleurum chinense. The content of saikosaponins and saikosaponin a, d was determined by UV- visible spectropholometry and HPLC method. The root, stem and leaf contained saikosaponin, the content of saikosaponin in the whole growth period was fluctuated, but the overall trend was on declining. There were obvious difference in different parts and different harvest time, the content in root was more than that in stem and leaf. The content in stem was the lowest. The content of saikosaponin d in root were higher than that of saikosaponin a; the content of saikosaponins and saikosaponin a, d was the highest in October of the first year, and was the lowest in September of the second year, the content of saikosaponin a and d was higher in August. The determination methods of saikosaponins by UV-visible spectrophotometry and saikosaponin a and d by HPLC was proved to be feasible and the result was good. The optimal harvest period of introduction Bupleurum chinense was determined, which could provide scientific basis for harvesting and production.

  Study on the Cultivation Patterns of Medicinal Plant Magnolia denudate‘Hailuo’ 2014, 30 (22):  223-227.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0210 Abstract + ( 688 )   PDF ( 616921KB )   ( 418 ) In order to improve the quality and the yield of Chinese herbal medicine Magnolia denudate‘Hailuo’, we carried out the test on series of cultivation measures for several years. The results showed that the seeding quality was better, if using the seeds and shoots for sowing and grafting from the varieties of trees of Magnolia denudate‘Hailuo’, and the quality was better than the ordinary Magnolia denudate‘Hailuo’. The study also showed that back-slope terrace soil preparation and scale-hole fertilization on hilly land could ensure the soil fertility. The yield could be improved significantly with 2 m×3 m plant spacing and 1650 plants/hm2 per mu planting density. Grafting and dwarfing technology could stabilize yield because it could result in early fruiting and protect the mother trees, which could purify and protect the source of Magnolia denudate‘Hailuo’and improve the unit area of land property bud about 67%. Grafted seedlings can get the bud for 3-4 years earlier. The technology of dwarfing of stripling made the height of the tree no more than 4 m and improved the unit area of land property bud about 30%, also ensure the production safety. The author also suggested to fertilizer, water management, pest prevention and control measures to the field. The paper summarized a series of high yield cultivation technology, providing a basis for its quality, stable and high yield and the increase of economic benefit for the future development.

  Effect of GA3 and IAA on Plant Growth of‘Ginko leafed’Mutation of Cucumber 2014, 30 (22):  228-231.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0055 Abstract + ( 782 )   PDF ( 776029KB )   ( 423 ) The purpose of this paper was to research the sensibility of the exogenous hormones to the plant height characters and the content of endogenous hormones of‘Ginko leafed’mutation of cucumber, and determine which kind of hormone deficiency belonged to. The mutation and the normal cucumber were used as materials, and the mutation was treated with different contents of exogenous GA3, IAA. The changes of plant height and internode length of the cucumber were analyzed. Meanwhile, the content of endogenous hormones of cucumbers was determined. The plant height and internode length of the mutation with different treatments were significantly different compared with the normal cucumber. And the content of GA3 of the mutation was significantly higher than that of the normal cucumber. The results showed that the‘Ginko leafed’mutation of cucumber maybe a gibberellin insensitive mutation.

  The Characteristics and Evaluation of Soil Fertility in Vineyard in Binchuan, Yunnan 2014, 30 (22):  232-237.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0122 Abstract + ( 767 )   PDF ( 651261KB )   ( 531 ) Soil fertility status has a direct effect on grape yield and quality analysis of nutrient content, the author collected the soil sample data of ten core production region form table grape base in Binchuan County, Yunnan, to do the research. It focused on the analysis of fertility indicators, like pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, meanwhile, evaluated the soil fertility characteristics in this base based on the Nemerow fertility index. The results showed as follow: the soil pH was unsuitable in table grape base of Binchuan County, because the soil status partial acid level, the average value was 5.87, the organic matter content was at a low level, the average value was 1.09% ; the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were at a high level overall while showed a nutrient regional imbalances. Nitrogen content in the superior level, the available phosphorus, potassium content in the high level, the sampling points were relatively large changes. According to the Nemerow fertility index, soil fertility in base was levelⅠwhich was rich. Soil individual fertility index of organic matter were in the lower level, at the same time, other indicators were in the general fertility level or higher fertility levels. As a result, people can improve the soil fertility of raw material base in Binchuan County table grape from organic fertilizer, soil testing and increased application of farmyard manure or lime to conduct targeted fertilization and adjust the soil pH.

  The Heat Island Regulation Effects of Chongqing Parks in Summer Lijiao Ai 2014, 30 (22):  238-245.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0437 Abstract + ( 612 )   PDF ( 1070855KB )   ( 347 ) In the hot summer season, the authors selected five typical parks in Yongchuan District, Chongqing, and five different types of green space as observation points within each park, including tree-shrub-grass, and tree-shrub, tree-grass, shrubs and lawns, to study the regulation effects of heat island of these different types of green space. The results showed that: the cooling, humidifying effects of woodland with trees were significantly higher than that with low shrubs and lawns. The cooling and humidifying degree of each different configuration modes had positive correlation to coverage, basal area of trees and plants TGB. Green space configuration should focus on full use of limited green space, complex configuration mode as tree-shrub-grass and tree-shrub should be considered to maximize the ecological benefits of greening, so as to improve urban thermal environment.

  Study on Meteorological Grade Prediction of Early Rice Sheath Blight 2014, 30 (22):  246-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3392 Abstract + ( 548 )   PDF ( 640316KB )   ( 350 ) In order to discuss meteorological grade prediction method of early rice sheath blight, to gain 2011-2013 early rice sheath blight incidence data, field investigation had carried out. The establishment of meteorological grade model of early rice sheath blight had made, and carried on the back to generation forecast verification. The results showed that: correlation analysis between daily rate of diseased plant and daily average temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours, relative humidity had made; the rate of diseased plant meteorological factor weight coefficient was 0.3121, 0.2056, 0.3024, 0.1799, respectively. The establishment of meteorological grade model of early rice sheath blight had made, accuracy rate was 100% for prediction. Meteorological grade model of early rice sheath blight had better forecast effect, and a certain guiding role in prevention and treatment of disease, could be used to forecast the daily meteorological grade of sheath blight.

  Residue and Application Safety Assessment of Fipronil 8% SD in Corn and Soil 2014, 30 (22):  251-257.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0435 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 1589420KB )   ( 471 ) It was to evaluate the ecological security and establish the regular use of fipronil 8% SD in corn and soil, field experiment was conducted to reveal residual degradation dynamics and the final residues of fipronil 8% SD in corn and soil. The residues of fipronil in corn and soil were determined by Agilent 7890A GC equipped with ECD, and application safety was assessed. The degradation dynamic test results showed that the half-live of fipronil in soil was 2.7-3.9 d, more than 89% degradation at 14th day after application, and the half-live of fipronil in corn was 2.2-4.3 d, more than 78% degradation at 9th day after application. The final residue tests showed that the final residue of fipronil were lower than 0.01 mg/kg in samples, CAC provided the maximum residue limit of fipronil in corn was 0.01 mg/kg. An 18.75 g/kg preparation (active ingredient 1.5 g/kg) corn seed was recommended for fipronil 8% SD in seed dressing to control grubs before corn seeding.

  Effect of Potassium Nutrition and Inoculation with Colletotrichum higginsianum on Cell Protective Enzyme System in Flowering Chinese Cabbage 2014, 30 (22):  258-262.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0172 Abstract + ( 662 )   PDF ( 623195KB )   ( 364 ) In order to explain the physiology mechanism of appropriate potassium application on improvement of self-defensive capabilities and enhancement of disease resistance, 3 different doses of potassium nutrition were applied to flowering cabbage seedlings inoculated with anthracnose pathogen, then the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), catalase(CAT), and content of malondialdehyde(MDA) were detected. The results showed that the anthracnose pathogen significantly affected the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and content of MDA in flowering cabbage. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT decreased at the early stages of disease infection and increased at the late stages, while the content of MDA was increasing slowly. The results also showed that potassium nutrition had an effect on the induction of anthracnose pathogen to the cell membrane protective enzyme system in flowering cabbage. The appropriate potassium nutrition enhanced the effect of anthracnose pathogen treatment of SOD and CAT activities and inhibited the effect on the activity of POD and MDA content. Therefore, appropriate potassium application to the seedlings inoculated by C. higginsianum could validly regulate metabolic balance system of activated oxygen species (AOS) and finally improve the disease resistance of seedlings.

  Identification of Trichoderma harzianum TRI2 and Its Biological Control Effect Against Root-knot Nematode 2014, 30 (22):  263-269.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0337 Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 1381567KB )   ( 407 ) In order to control the root-knot nematode disease in the production and provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of a new and efficient bio-nematicide, the Trichoderma spp. was studied. Trichoderma spp. strain TRI2 was identified as Trichoderma harzianum by morphological observation and ITS tef1 sequence analysis. The effects on Meloidogyne incognita J2 were tested by the fermentation broth of biocontrol strain TRI2. And the pot experiment and field experiment were carried out. The results showed that the fermentation liquid of Trichoderma spp. strain TRI2 could kill 100% root-knot nematodes in 48 h, in the pot experiments that the cucumber root-knot loss rate reached 63.5%, control effect on cucumber root knot nematodes was up to 72.2% in the field and had a similar effect to avermectin in the field. The identification and control of strain TRI2 laid the foundation for biocontrol mechanism and its development application.

  The Relationship Between Resistant-ability to Aphid and Volatile Substance on Glabrous Cucumber 2014, 30 (22):  270-275.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0201 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 555478KB )   ( 371 ) Aphid is one of the main pests of cucumber, it seriously damages the cucumber production. The species and quantities of volatile substance of leaf affects pest’s infection, and it’s an important aspect of insect-resistance. In this paper, using glabrous cucumber, glabrate cucumber, normal cucumber as materials, we studied the relationship between resistant-ability to aphid and volatile substance on cucumber. The results showed that glabrous cucumber had the strongest resistance, followed by glabrate cucumber, and the normal cucumber had no resistant-ability to aphid. After the aphid’s infection or stimulation on glabrous cucumber, the species and quantities of volatile substance changed, it produced ocimene which had repellent action to pest, 1- Hexanol and 3- Hexenal disappeared, which had attractive interaction. External spraying ocimene could intensify the three types of cucumber materials’resistant-ability to aphid. This verified that ocimene had repellent action to aphid.

  Prokaryotic Expression of Coat Protein of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus and Its Antiserum Preparation 2014, 30 (22):  276-281.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0320 Abstract + ( 639 )   PDF ( 1623851KB )   ( 343 ) The coat protein gene of a Chinese isolate of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus was amplified by RTPCR. Sequence analysis showed that the cp gene was 753 bp, encoding 250 amino acid residues and exhibited high sequence similarities (over 95%) with all the CCYV reported in GenBank. The CCYV cp gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a(+ ), then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and subsequently induced by IPTG. It was shown that the recombinant cp gene was expressed with the molecular weight of 46 kDa with 6-His tag by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis. Antiserum was prepared after the rabbits were immunized with purified recombinant CCYV coat protein. Results showed that the antiserum specifically detected against CCYV in infected melon leaves by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ID-ELISA).

  Study on the Allelopathy Effect of Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) on the Bidens pilosa L. 2014, 30 (22):  282-286.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0287 Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 538002KB )   ( 523 ) The experiment was conducted to find the effects of water extract of Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) leaf and leaf litter on the germination and seedling growth of Bidens pilosa L. and to explore allelopathic effects of Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) on Bidens pilosa L. Results showed that the water extract of Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) leaf had certain inhibitory effect on seed germination of Bidens pilosa L., with the increase of concentration, the seed germination rate decreased gradually, when the concentration was 3%, the seeds could not germinate; inhibitory effect on the radicle was superior to that on the germ, and showed weak promotion effect on the growth of the seedlings. The inhibition effects of extract of litter on seed germination was weaker than that of leaf water extracts, with the increase in litter amount, Bidens pilosa L. grew better and accumulation of material in the plant was promoted. The conclusion suggests that the Bidens pilosa L. grow well on the ground invaded by Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.), so Bidens pilosa L. can be used instead of Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.), plays a role in the prevention and control of Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.).

  Allelopathic Effects of Leaf Volatiles of An Invasive Plant Lantana camara 2014, 30 (22):  287-291.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0292 Abstract + ( 729 )   PDF ( 499098KB )   ( 461 ) The allelopathic effects of leaf volatiles of Lantana camara on the germination and seedling growth of two coexisting species (invasive Bidens pilosa and native B. bipinnata) and two crops (Raphanus sativus and Lactuca sativa var. ramose) were studied by laboratory bioassay. The experimental results showed that germination energy, germination rate, bud length and root length of the four receiver plants were significantly reduced by the different concentrations of leaf volatiles of L. camara, and the allelopathic inhibitory effects generally enhanced with the increasing treatment concentrations. But the same concentration of leaf volatiles of L. camara had different allelopathic inhibitory effects on the four receiver plants, allelopathic inhibitory effect on native B. bipinnata and two crops was stronger than that on the invasive B. pilosa.

  The Evaluation of the Preparation for Mixed Standard Solution of Organophosphorus Pesticides 2014, 30 (22):  292-295.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0406 Abstract + ( 722 )   PDF ( 702756KB )   ( 383 ) The uncertainty of standard solution could be influenced by many factors such as the preparation and dilution and so on, and thus affect the accuracy of pesticide residue detection. The paper took the practical application of 14 kinds of organophosphorus pesticides mixed standard solution as samples, used the calculation method of preparing the mixed standard solution process unit operational uncertainties (top down) to analyze all factors in the mixed standard solution preparation process. Evaluation of various components of the uncertainty was carried out and final expanded uncertainty was obtained. The results showed that preparing the stock solution into mixed standard solution by the precise pipette could get relatively small expanded uncertainty.

  Control Effect of 20 % Iodine Oligosaccharide Acids on Rice Stripe Blight 2014, 30 (22):  296-299.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0302 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 462406KB )   ( 367 ) In order to get the control effect of rice stripe blight, the control effect of 20% iodine oligosaccharide acids against rice stripe blight was tested in field by 8% Ningnanmycin AS 1000 times diluent as the control medicament. The results of the field control effect showed that 20% iodine oligosaccharide acids 1000 times diluent＞20% iodine oligosaccharide acids 1500 times diluent＞8% Ningnanmycin AS 1000 times diluent＞20% iodine oligosaccharide acids 2000 times diluent＞20% iodine oligosaccharide acids 3000 times diluent, and the control effect was 67.47%、64.26%、62.25%、59.04% and 52.01% , respectively. The significant analysis of control effect of rice stripe blight showed the control effect of 20% iodine oligosaccharide acids 1000 times diluent and 1500 times diluent had significant difference to 3000 times diluent, and four kinds of 20% iodine oligosaccharide acids diluents were equal to 8% Ningnanmycin AS diluted 1000 times diluent at P=0.05 level. Compared with spraying water, the rice of experimental area by spraying 20% iodine oligosaccharide acids grew better. 20% iodine oligosaccharide acids had a certain control effect on rice stripe blight and promoting the growth of rice. But rice stripe blight was an important virus disease of rice, there was no effective agentia so far, we needed to take comprehensive prevention and control measures to reduce the harm caused by the disease.

  Detection of the Resistance of Botrytis cinerea to Pyrimethanil from Tomato in Luoyang 2014, 30 (22):  300-303.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0928 Abstract + ( 815 )   PDF ( 524479KB )   ( 441 ) To investigate the resistance of Botrytis cinerea to pyrimethanil, fifty-four Botrytis cinerea strains were isolated from diseased tomato fruits or leaves collected in 2012 and 2013, from different regions of Luoyang, and evaluated by the method of hypha growth inhibition for the resistance to pyrimethanil. The results demonstrated that the frequency of high, middle, and low resistance and sensitivity were 16.67% , 35.19% , 18.52% , and 29.63% , respectively. There was no significant correlation between the mycelium growth and pyrimethanil-resistance or sensitivity. The research showed that the different levels resistance to pyrimethanil of Botrytis cinerea from tomato have been found, and middle-level resistance was common in Luoyang. The management tomato grey mould disease should be replaced or rotated using reasonable pyrimethanil no crossresistance of fungicide.

  Evaluation of Banana Leaf Spot Disease Treatment of 17 Fungicides 2014, 30 (22):  304-309.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0462 Abstract + ( 657 )   PDF ( 637738KB )   ( 666 ) The authors comprehensively evaluated 17 fungicides varieties by comparing the efficacy and the cost on banana leaf spot disease. The results showed that 25% difenoconazole EC had better efficiency and lower cost than other fungicides. It could be commonly used as conventional fungicides in the production. The effect of 37% difenoconazole water dispersible granule was optimal, and the cost was medium, which also could be used as conventional fungicides. 40% propiconazole EW can be used for emergency situation which had better efficacy but high cost. 25% tebuconazole aqueous emulsion and 50% propiconazole EC had poor control efficiency and moderate cost, they were not recommended to cure the banana leaf spot disease from economic respect, but they could be used as rotation fungicides in delaying disease resistance. The efficacy of 300 g/L benzoic·propiconazole EC, 25% EC propiconazole, 32% myclobutanil·MZ WP and 70% water dispersible granule epoxiconazole pharmaceutical agents for banana leaf spot were similar. The price of these fungicides from low to high was: 70% epoxiconazole WDG, 32% myclobutanil·MZ WP, 25% propiconazole EC, 300 g/L benzoic·propiconazole EC. Among 20% difenoconazole yl microemulsions, 12.5% epoxiconazole suspensions, 25% tebuconazole EC, 250 g/L EC propiconazole, 250 g/L difenoconazole EC and 6% micro tebuconazole, for controlling the banana leaf spot disease, the proper selecting order was: 250 g/L difenoconazole EC, 25% tebuconazole yl EC, 20% difenoconazole azole microemulsion and 6% tebuconazole microemulsions, 250 g/L propiconazole EC, and 12.5% epoxiconazole suspension. According to the above efficacy measurement and the comparison of control efficiency and price of treatments, we provided farmers with reasonable proposals for scientific treatment of black leaf spot disease.

  Safety Evaluation of Seven Fungicides to Morus alba and Bombyx mori 2014, 30 (22):  310-315.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0154 Abstract + ( 1004 )   PDF ( 633723KB )   ( 467 ) Safety of Morus alba and Bombyx mori to seven commonly used fungicides, 80% mancozeb WP, 70% propineb WP, 80% tebuconazole WP, 30% difenoconazole and propiconazole EC, 50% chlorothalonil WP, 50% azoxystrobin WG and 22.5% picoxystrobin SC, was evaluated, aimed to understand their safety to M. alba and B. mori. The result indicated that mulberry was safe after sprayed seven fungicides within 4 times the recommended dose range. There were intoxication of 4 times the dose of 30% difenoconazole and propiconazole EC, 50% azoxystrobin WG and 22.5% picoxystrobin SC to B. mori at after 3 d, and other treatment had not significant toxicity. Silkworm fed mulberry leaves that treated 80% mancozeb WP, 70% propineb WP and 22.5% picoxystrobin SC at 4 times the recommended dose after 3 d, which the sleepless rates were 23.44 %, 28.33% and 53.70%, respectively, and 4 and 5 instar than controls to extend 0.5-1.5 d, the cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight were significantly lower than the control, but other fungicides were not significant difference. Therefore, silkworms fed mulberry leaves sprayed by seven fungicides at least after 7 d, especially 80% mancozeb WP, 70% propineb WP and 22.5% picoxystrobin SC should control the dosage and interval.

  Effect of 1-DNJ from Mulberry Leaves on the Growth and Protective Enzymes of Spodoptera exigua 2014, 30 (22):  316-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0413 Abstract + ( 749 )   PDF ( 698924KB )   ( 470 ) In order to study the influence of mulberry active substance (1-NDJ) on the growth and enzymatic activity of 4th S. exigua, which were feed cabbage leaves soaked by different concentrations for 30 second. The results showed that the highest anti-feeding rates were 77.20% and 92.01%, respectively at 24 h and 48 h, and the AFC50 were 0.48 and 0.21 g/L, respectively. The developmental inhibition rates decreased obviously with the increasing 1-DNJ concentration, which could up to 92.34%. While, activity of superoxide dismutase and carboxylesterase of the 4th S. exigua were induced and then inhibited in after treated with 1-DNJ, activity of carboxylesterase decreased significantly than CK (P＜0.05), activity of peroxidase were few changed by 1- DNJ. The action time of anti- feeding and growth inhibitory were logged in effects of protective enzyme system, suggesting that protective enzyme system was sensitive to 1-DNJ. These results implied that mulberry was treasuries of bioactive substances useful as pesticides, which could provide basic data and theoretical basis for development of botanical pesticides using 1-DNJ of mulberry.