Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.10 Published:05 April 2012

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  Research Progress on the Trees Species Choice in Saline-alkali Land and Drought Resistant Forestation Technology 2012, 28 (10):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3961 Abstract + ( 1470 )   PDF ( 571831KB )   ( 1099 ) In order to increase afforestation survival rate in saline-alkali land, the author had reviewed that the forestation technology on the saline-alkali land. Survival rate of artificial afforestation was able to evaluate reasonably zone, match trees with sites and control soil water evaporation. Soil water content was increased by adding soil amendments, applying different plant growth regulator, soaking root and inoculating with fungus, which will be the basis of the increase of afforestation survival rate on saline-alkali land. Also, some suggestions were as references for us to increase afforestation survival rate in saline-alkali land and in order to develop the ecological efficiency of forests of saline-alkaline land.

  Research Progress on Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Resistance in Trees 2012, 28 (10):  6-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0492 Abstract + ( 1275 )   PDF ( 616982KB )   ( 1453 ) Soil contamination by heavy metals has become one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Trees have deep roots, produce abundant biomass, generally do not enter the human food chain, and several species revealed the capacity to tolerate and accumulate heavy metals, created a barrier to prevent the spread of heavy metal pollution. In order to thoroughly explore the resistance mechanism of trees to heavy metal pollution, the author reviewed the advances on the mechanisms of heavy metal resistance in trees, including the following aspects: root exudates, endophytic bacteria and mychorrhizas, metal chelation, antioxidant system and compartmentalization in recent years. Heavy metal brought about multidimensional impact on trees and the resistance mechanisms of trees was complexity. Hence, more in-depth research was needed in the future. At last, the prospects of exploitation of trees for remediation through biotechnology tools were provided.

  The Effect of Planting Density on Heritability of Growth Traits in Populus tomentosa Clones 2012, 28 (10):  13-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3748 Abstract + ( 1326 )   PDF ( 928429KB )   ( 833 ) In order to reveal the planting density effect on the growth of Populus tomentosa clones and put forward the most suitable cultivated white poplar varieties and management for different region through the regionalizing spacing cultivation experiment, to study spacing effect on genetic parameters for growth traits of Populus tomentosa clones, and to assess genotype by spacing interaction, the experiments including 4 clones and 7 spacings were established with completely random block design in Weixian County, Heibei Province. Results indicated that both height and diameter at breast height (DBH) between clones were always significant at the 1% level of probability. S86 and BT17 clones were superior to 1316 and B331; Effect of planting density on DBH was significant after one growth period at the 5% level probability and increasingly marked with age, on height was most significant at only 2,3-year ages. Spacing ×clone interaction was not remarkable for 4-year-old stand. For 4 clones, planting density with no less 833 trees/hm2 was used to establish closer plantation. The difference of DBH between clones gradually decreased with density and age increasing when spacing exceeded 833 trees/hm2, declined with spacing narrowing and went up with age growing less than 833 trees/hm2. But for close stand, the clonal genetic effect on H presented the trends to decrease at first and then increase with aging and spacing decreasing. For rare stand, there was a contrary fluctuation with aging. Planting density had not significant influence on the coefficient of genetic variation (CV) between clones for DBH . But the CV of clone by block interaction and of inner-clones were larger before two years than after two years. For height, the CV of inter-clones and of clone by block interaction were increasing with age at early growth period and then decrease with age, but CV of inner-clones gradually increased with age. The broad hereditability (H2) of DBH was remarkably different between spacings at the 1% level probability, but not significant between ages at the 5% level probability. H2 of height, derived from clone mean value, was not marked between spacings at the 5% level probability , but H2 of height calculated by clone individual value was significant difference between spacings at the 5% level probability, but H2 of Height calculated by both of methods was not significant between ages at the 5% level probability.

  Cloning and Expression Analysis of Dehydrin Gene (Phdhn1) in Populus hopeiensis under Stress 2012, 28 (10):  21-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0157 Abstract + ( 1120 )   PDF ( 839340KB )   ( 803 ) In order to identify the dehydrin gene of Populus hopeiensis and analyze the expression regularity under abotic stresses for the genetic regulation functions elucidation in stress, the primers were designed on the basis of previous work in our lab and the gene was amplified by PCR using cDNA library, the expression of the gene under abotic stresses was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results indicated that dehydrin gene of P. hopeiensis was 856 nucleotides long and encoded a protein of 227 amino acid sequences. Sequencing and the homology analysis indicated that P. hopeiensis dehydrin gene was highly similar with dehydrin gene in Populus species. Consequently P. hopeiensis dehydrin gene could be named Phdhn1. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis of Phdhn1 under drought, cold, heat, high salinity and ABA at different stress stage (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 24 h) showed that it was differentially expressed in response to drought, ABA and cold stresses. The study showed that Phdhn1 played an important role in abotic stresses of P. hopeiensis.

  Fast-growing Clone Selection and Wood Quality Analysis in Chinese Fir 2012, 28 (10):  27-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3239 Abstract + ( 963 )   PDF ( 1115926KB )   ( 866 ) To obtain fast-growing Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese fir) clones and profile their wood quality that would be useful for further application of these superior clones in forestry, screening assay basing on the determination and analysis of the growth and wood quality traits of 38 19-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata clones were conducted. It was found that the growth traits including height and diameter and volume varied extremely significantly among clones, and all the traits had a high repeatability level (>0.85). Of the tested clones, a total of 6 (C08, C17, C21, C23, C24 and C35) were supposed to be fast-growing ones. The bark ratios of these superior clones were all below 6.5%, and the shrinkage of the wood appeared to be lower than that of the value of population mean (PM). C08, C21 and C35 superior clones displayed a higher level of wood density of PM, while the wood hygroscopicity of clone C17, C23 and C24 seemed to be also higher than that of PM. Strikingly, the C17, C21 and C23 superior clones all presented a >49% heartwood ratio. Further analysis revealed that all the superior clones had a realized-gain of over 35% in volume. In the case of the wood, the realized-gain for each trait seemed to be different for each superior clone. Herein, it was concluded that the selection of fast-growing clones basing on the trait of volume was effective, and the obtained wood quality data would be useful for multi-evaluation of the superior clones and their further exploitation in near future.

  Effects of Root Morphology on Seedling Growth of Quercus liaotungensis in Different Age Classes on Loess Plateau 2012, 28 (10):  32-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3633 Abstract + ( 1116 )   PDF ( 677555KB )   ( 962 ) In order to explore the reason for the oak seedling’s high mortality in the mixed forest, the author used the growth of plant root as the starting point to find the variation of the roots and understand the influence of root morphology to the growth of seedling. The author analyzed the seedling’s growth and root morphology of 3 age classes (1, 2, 3-year-old) Quercus liaotungensis in a Pinus tabulaeformis+Q. liaotungensis mixed forest stand on loess plateau. The results showed that: with increasing age the root-shoot ratio, seedling root surface area and length were increased, which indicated that the underground parts of seedlings needed more photosynthetic products. Root morphology studies had shown that with increasing age, the changes of root composition led to fine roots become thinner, which would cause the belowground biomass allocation increased in the 2, 3-year-old seedlings. Thin fine root and surface area decreases would affect the root stability and absorption. Correlation analysis showed that there was a correlation between root morphology and aboveground biomass, but not linear, which indicated that there had a complex relationship between root morphology and the biomass. A further application of the control experiments with continuous measurement would help people to find out a deep relationship between them. The root morphology was changed with the seedling’s growth, which affected the root stability and biomass allocation immediately. However, such effects were complex. So people needed a further research and exploration.to find out how the root changes influence the seedling’s growth and the ability of resource competition under the high canopy mixed forest.

  Effects of Different Vegetation Restoration Types on Soil Nutrients in Southern Edge of Mu Us Sandy Land 2012, 28 (10):  37-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3946 Abstract + ( 1171 )   PDF ( 581096KB )   ( 954 ) In order to discuss the effects of vegetation restoration on soil nutrient status, the variation characteristics of soil nutrients among 5 different vegetation restoration types (natural grassland, enclosed grassland, abandoned land, land as returning farmland to woodland, fixed sandy land) on soil nutrient status were studied in southern edge of Mu Us sandy land. The results showed that: the influence of different vegetation restoration types on soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus were conspicuously different. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available nitrogen in these lands (enclosed grassland, land as returning farmland to woodland and fixed sandy land) which were the combination of shrub and herb, were higher than in those lands (natural grassland and abandoned land) with mainly herb. But just the opposite, the contents of soil available phosphorus in these were lower than in those. The influence of vegetation on the surface 0-20 cm soil nutrient was greater than that on the deep 20-60 cm soil, also the soil nutrient was to surface enrichment under the action of vegetation. Planting the species (Caragana korshinskii) for converting cropland to forest could give full play to its root system characteristics, which could be helpful for improving deeper soil nutrient.

  Analysis on Soil Properties of Soil Rocky Desertification in the Karst Region of Yunnan Province 2012, 28 (10):  43-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3538 Abstract + ( 1224 )   PDF ( 577802KB )   ( 880 ) In order to evaluate the soil properties of karst rocky desertification (KRD) objectively in different area of Yunnan Province, so as to provide theoretical basis for revegetation of karst rocky desertification in different area of Yunnan Province. The author analyzed particle size, physical and chemical properties, and elements of 5 soil samples, which were collected from typical rocky desertification area in Kunming, Yiliang, Mile, Jianshui and Wenshan. The results showed that: the sand and power particle were dominated in 5 soil samples from typical rocky desertification area, bad retention water and weak drought resistance. The content of organic matter, N, P, K, available P, available K were low in soil of rocky desertification area, poor soil fertility. Rocky soil mineralization serious, the content of mineral elements, soluble and not soluble calcium magnesium was high in rocky soil samples, low degree of soil weathering, it was difficult to grow for plants on soil of rocky desertification area. There were differences of physical and chemical properties in Kunming, Yiliang, Mile, Jianshui and Wenshan of Yunnan, but the differences were not significant, similar recovery mode could be used in 5 soil samples from typical rocky desertification area of Yunnan.

  Study on Meteorological Forecasting Model of Valsa sordida Nits in Northeast China 2012, 28 (10):  47-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2979 Abstract + ( 1265 )   PDF ( 820136KB )   ( 896 ) In order to study the technology of meteorological forecasting and warning of Valsa sordida Nits in northeast China, the meteorological suitability forecasting model of Valsa sordida Nits for northeast China was established. The methods of correlation analysis, stepwise regression and stepwise differentiation were used in establishing model based on the data for occurrence degree caused by Valsa sordida Nits in northeast China from 2002 to 2008 and the corresponding meteorological elements. Furthermore, the meteorological suitability index was divided into 4 grades of very suitable, suitable, basic suitable, not suitable, which could reflect the suitable degree of meteorological condition for occurrence and development of Valsa sordida Nits. The results showed that the occurring area of Valsa sordida Nits was positively correlated to the days of ≥15℃ of daily air temperature range in winter, average air temperature in spring and early summer. It was favorable to the development of Valsa sordida Nits as daily air temperature range in winter, air temperature in spring and early summer increased. The conditions of freezing injury in winter, temperature and air humidity in spring were the main impacting factors to the occurrence and development of Valsa sordida Nits, air temperature and humidity were mostly related to the occurring area of Valsa sordida Nits. The key meteorological factors which affected the occurrence and development of Valsa sordida Nits in northeast China were wind speed in late March, air relative humidity in March, temperature-humidity coefficient in April, the air temperature in March and May, and also early and last April, the days of ≥15℃ of daily air temperature range from November to December. The forecasting model of meteorological suitability fitted well with the historical data of 2002-2008 and gave good results with forecasting accuracy above 75% for northeast China and for 3 provinces respectively with the order of Heilongjiang>Jilin>Liaoning, when used in disease trial forecast in 2009 with high occurring area.

  Impacts of Brickyard Exhaust Emission on the Growth and Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis) 2012, 28 (10):  53-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0011 Abstract + ( 1249 )   PDF ( 734242KB )   ( 861 ) In order to explore the impact of exhaust pollution, the rubber trees of varieties ‘Yunyan 77-2’ planted near a brick factory were studied. 3 groups of rubber trees stand at distance 200 m, 400 m and 600 m separately in the downwind directions of the brick factory were investigated, including the leaf physiological and biochemical parameters and tree diameters. The results showed that the tree diameters of 3 groups at different distance intervals were obviously different (P<0.01) with a trend of 200 m<400 m<600 m, which indicated that the impact of brickyard exhaust emission on tree growth increased with the decrease of distance from pollution source. For physiological-biochemical characteristics, brickyard exhaust pollution led to the decrease of Chla and reduces of photosynthesis, photosynthetic products and soluble sugar, which could affect the growth of rubber trees. Meanwhile, the greatly increase of superoxide anion free radical (O2-) led to the start of protective enzyme systems and activity increase of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which could eliminate or reduce the O2- harm to rubber tree leaves. Exhaust pollution also led to the increase of MDA and Pro, which played a significant role in the regulating cell osmotic potential and balancing conductivity. Generally, although the rubber tree itself could resist or tolerate pollution damage by starting its protection system to some extent, the brick factory emissions would inevitably has a serious impact on the growth of rubber trees and leaf normal physiological processes, resulting in the reduce of photosynthesis and photosynthetic products, and finally leading to the dwarf and slender of rubber trees.

  Mechanical Properties Study on High Temperature Heat Treatment of Plantation Eucalypt Wood 2012, 28 (10):  59-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0067 Abstract + ( 1353 )   PDF ( 650461KB )   ( 888 ) Guangxi has abundant resources plantation eucalypt wood, high temperature heat treatment can improve its disadvantages such as split, dimension stability and durability poor; but reduce it mechanical properties. So the author made a study on mechanical properties of high temperature heat treatment wood by the single factor method. The effect of temperature of heat treated on the mechanical properties heat-treated wood (plantation eucalypt) had been researched. The results indicated that with the heat treated temperature increased, the MOR and MOE of wood decreased significantly in heat treated temperature 165-210℃ range; treated wood in 220℃ compared with MOR and MOE of untreated wood, that separate was decreased by 43.18% and 35.94%. The results showed that decrease significantly used high temperature heat treatment to improve characteristics of plantation eucalypt wood, but mechanical properties decreased.

  Method of Processing and Compositing 10 Days’ Vegetation Indices Based on MERSI Data 2012, 28 (10):  63-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0153 Abstract + ( 1463 )   PDF ( 1866826KB )   ( 1053 ) In order to achieve automatic batch processing national FY-3A/B MERSI optical images, to extract the feature of vegetation index and to be preparation for vegetation types mapping methodology at national scale for future, the processes of physical quantity calculation, geometric correction, mosaic, mask and composite with time series maximum vegetation indices and flag images of 10 days based on MERSI L1B images had been studied. In addition, these processes have been integrated the program using IDL 7.1 language. The 10 days composed vegetation index with 250 meters spatial resolution, including Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) images had been generated by the method. At the same time, the differences between the NDVI and EVI had been analyzed. The results showed that the composed NDVI with 10 days’ continuous MERSI images were better than that of EVI in reflecting the distribution and climatic change of vegetation in China. The processing FY-3A MERSI optical images by program was not only save manpower and time, but also easy operation. In addition, this research was preparing for the future work such as studying the distribution of vegetation types, monitoring vegetation growth, developing applications in the forestry field using domestic satellite data and so on.

  Ecological Sensitivity Analysis on Wanquan River Watershed Based on GIS 2012, 28 (10):  69-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3252 Abstract + ( 1861 )   PDF ( 656986KB )   ( 5545 ) In order to understand the ecological problems in Wanquan River watershed, the author selected 5 ecological sensitive evaluation factors, including slope degree, elevation, soil type, water buffer and land use type to analyze ecological sensitivity comprehensively based on GIS, using the survey material and related research data. The results indicated: (1) low sensitive areas (38.69%)>non-sensitive areas (26.7%)>moderately sensitive areas (22.84%)>highly sensitive areas (8.38%)>extremely sensitive areas (3.39%); (2) The extremely sensitive areas were mainly distributed the upper reaches of catchment, the highly sensitive areas were scattered the all the watershed, moderately sensitive areas were mainly distributed the upper-middle reaches, the low sensitive and non-sensitive areas were concentrated in the lower-middle reaches of watershed. This demonstrated that the spatial distribution of ecological sensitivity of Wanquan River basin was significantly different, the ecological sensitivity was low, the ecological environment had good condition.

  The Analysis of Peasant Household Characteristics and Conditions of Production and Management in Zhejiang Modern Agricultural Parks: Based on the Survey of Modern Bamboo Park in Anji, Suichang and Qingyuan County 2012, 28 (10):  74-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3679 Abstract + ( 1111 )   PDF ( 719674KB )   ( 721 ) In order to promote the development of Zhejiang modern agricultural park soundly and rapidly, so as to provide reference to the healthy expand of the modern park. The author took 17 modern bamboo forestry parks in Anji, Suichang and Qingyuan County as examples, using the participatory rapid rural appraisal (PRRA) method, the author surveyed the management current situation of modern bamboo forestry parks in Zhejiang Province. The results showed that: (1) the income of farmer households was structural change, traditional income of bamboo operating was gradually change to wage income. (2) Farmer households had the obvious character of by-business, and the level of land dependency reduced gradually, which led to the development of modern forest to a new trend; (3) Existing forestry science and technology were mainly government-led, technology as the main, and mainly relied on top-down administration to promote; Farmers’ demand for new practical technologies was large, but largely lacked the autonomy of technology options, the phenomenon of technical fault was apparently. (4) Farmer cooperatives were in the initial stages of construction, however, it had become to improve the degree of farmer organizations and an important means of promoting small-scale production and big market effective docking.

  Discussion on the Application of Recurrent Selection in the Improvement of Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties 2012, 28 (10):  80-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3104 Abstract + ( 1267 )   PDF ( 696086KB )   ( 775 ) In this paper, the value of flue-cured tobacco recurrent selection breeding were summed up on the basis of the literature of foreign scholars, along with, advantages of recurrent selection applied in flue-cured tobacco breeding were analyzed combined with the characteristics of flue-cured tobacco crops. Finally, combined with breeding experience, this paper pointed out that constructing tobacco recurrent selection basis groups should pay attention to choice of parents, number of parents and synthesis method of base group; put forward that recurrent selection program of multi-objective breeding for flue-cured tobacco should be improved mass selection method combined with S1 selection method; and recommended the use of open recurrent selection scheme with the timely introduction of excellent germplasm gene with appropriate genetic ratios, the determination of recurrent selection population size according to the germplasm contained in basis groups, genetic model and genetic complexity of selected traits, the determination of selection intensity for offspring based on the scale of recurrent selection population, the actual process of recurrent selection and the genetic model of target traits, and the selection of multi-objective traits at the same time using a constraint index.

  Controlling Measures and Factors of Fuel-tobacco Continuous Cropping 2012, 28 (10):  87-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3125 Abstract + ( 1495 )   PDF ( 503758KB )   ( 918 ) First, effect of continuous cropping of fuel-tobacco on growth and development, yield and quality, plant diseases and insect pests were expounded. Then the reasons of fuel-tobacco continuous cropping was reviewed with regards to soil nutrient unbalance, soil physical properties, autotoxicity of roots exudates, decrease of beneficial microorganisms, increase of harmful microorganisms. Last, the controlling measures of continuous cropping were reviewed, that was balanced fertilization, organic fertilization, deep plowing, rational crop rotation, rational intercropping and biological control. The study of mechanism and controlling measures were also discussed at the end of this paper.

  Process of the Study on Aging Mechanism and Technology of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaf in China 2012, 28 (10):  91-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3959 Abstract + ( 1236 )   PDF ( 534659KB )   ( 933 ) Aging is a necessary link in the improvement of tobacco leaf quality and its applicability, and it is also the foundation and assurance for cigarette quality. The paper summarized the process of the study on aging mechanism and technology of flue-cured tobacco leaf in China, and put forward that the development trend in the area is the joint study of several technologies, the further optimization of technology parameter, industrial adaptability, etc. from the below four aspects: the study of optimum aging period; the change trend of chemical components, enzyme, microorganism and other relevant substances in aging; the dependency between aging quality and aging conditions; the application of impressed measures such as biological agent and irradiation technology.

  Genetic Diversity Analysis for Tobacco Germplasm by Using Fluorescent SSR Technique 2012, 28 (10):  95-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3601 Abstract + ( 1106 )   PDF ( 1381787KB )   ( 909 ) According to the situation of narrow genetic background in Chinese tobacco cultivars, the genetic diversity analysis of tobacco germplasm could provide important information for breeding and introducing cultivars, and germplasm resource protection. In this study, genetic diversity analysis for 50 tobacco cultivars collected from different countries/regions were performed by using fluorescence SSR technique with 20 SSR primer combinations, a total of 81 allelic variations among the collected tobacco germplasm were detected with an average of 4.1 alleles per locus of each SSR. The result showed that the SSR combination of PT20457 possessed the highest values of polymorphism information content (PIC) (0.944) and could be effective locus for identifying DNA variation among these tobacco cultivars. Based on the polymorphic data, fifty tobacco cultivars were classified into 3 groups by UPGMA method. Group I contains Yunluo-01 which was sun-cured tobacco and derived from Guangdong, group II contained Atnarello Maoliang and Brazil Shailiang which were burley, group III contains 47 tobacco cultivars which were derived from 4 different countries. By using principle coordinates analysis, these tobacco varieties were clustered into 4 groups and 8 subgroups. Both cluster analysis methods markers revealed the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among tobacco varieties, and could provide a scientific basis for genetic research and tobacco breeding.

  Relationship Between Tobacco Quality and Meteorological Condition in Yunnan and Comprehensive Evaluation 2012, 28 (10):  103-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3248 Abstract + ( 1115 )   PDF ( 717127KB )   ( 777 ) Climate is the one of the most important ecological conditions to the flue-cured tobacco. For grasping the relationships between Yunnan flue-cured tobacco chemical quality and the climate conditions in flue-cured tobacco field birth periods and making it clear about climate ecological foundation of Yunnan flue-cured tobacco chemical quality, the correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the climate data and flue-cured tobacco chemical quality in Yunnan Province in 2004. While taking advantage of AHP was given a comprehensive evaluation of the results of flue-cured tobacco and conduct a preliminary analysis of the relationship with weather conditions, and regression equation. The results showed that analysis of the quality of flue-cured tobacco was compelling; Yunnan flue-cured tobacco quality had the close relationship with the precipitation and sunshine hours in April and May, which play a leading role in precipitation.

  Study on the Relationship between Soil Cd Pollution and Cd Contents in Different Kinds of Vegetables and Pollution Threshold of Soil in Guangdong Province 2012, 28 (10):  109-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3502 Abstract + ( 1286 )   PDF ( 823854KB )   ( 1065 ) In order to protect quality and safety of southern China vegetables and avoid heavy metal pollution of Cd, and provide a theoretical basis for guiding the safety production, this study used four common vegetables in Guangdong Province, leaf vegetables (Chinese cabbage), the root-stock (carrots), bio-control technology (pepper), beans (cowpea) for the materials, and used situ soils in different concentrations of Cadmium (Cd) pollution in the typical area of Guangdong Province for pot experiment. This study researched the difference on Cd absorption between different species of vegetables under the potted conditions, and the correlation between soil Cd content and Cd pollution of vegetables. Soil Cd pollution threshold for the safe production of different kinds of vegetables was confirmed by fitting equation. The results showed that: (1) Cd content in the 4 vegetables increases with increasing density of soil Cd. (2) Different kinds of vegetables absorb Cd differently under the same Cd pollution concentration, concentration ranked from highest to lowest was carrots>Chinese cabbage>pepper>cowpea. (3) Both total Cd content and effective state Cd in soil had significant correlation with Cd content in the 4 vegetables, effective state Cd was much better. (4) Simulated total Cd threshold in Chinese cabbage, pepper, cowpea, carrots was 0.8995, 1.8936, 119.6875, 1.0779 mg/kg，the effective state Cd was 0.5004, 0.7069, 58.875, 0.065 mg/kg, ranked from highest to lowest was cowpea>pepper>carrots>Chinese cabbage, was all higher than the current soil limited standard values.

  Identification of the Pathogen of Radish Wilt in Beijing Suburb and Factors Affecting its Growth 2012, 28 (10):  116-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2645 Abstract + ( 1071 )   PDF ( 1798642KB )   ( 906 ) A new radish (Raphanus sativus L.) disease happened in Beijing suburb in 2009. The main symptom of the disease is that the infected radish grows stunt and it’s leaves become yellow. We collected the typical diseased radish plants to isolate the pathogen, and identified the pathogen according to the morphology and the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA (ITS), and also studied the major affecting factors of the pathogen in order to provide the basis to study controlling measures and to screen the resistant germplasm resources and select resistant cultivars to the disease. The results were showed as follow: the pathogen of the disease was identified as Verticillium dahliae; The optimal temperature for the pathogen growth was 20-25℃; The optimal pH was 6-8; The pathogen can utilize many kinds of carbon sources and nitrogen nutrient very well, ammonium sulfate was the best nitrogen nutrient and soluble starch was the best of carbon sources for its growth. This was the first report about Verticillium wilt of radish in China.

  AnalEST-SSR Analysis and Primer Screening of Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) Resistance in Chinese Cabbage 2012, 28 (10):  121-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2901 Abstract + ( 1139 )   PDF ( 618182KB )   ( 855 ) In order to study turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in Chinese cabbage, ESTs in Chinese cabbage and resistant ESTs in Brassica were searched and SSRs were screened. Primers were designed according to the sides sequence and were screened using the genome DNA of one pair of TuMV resistant and susceptible materials of Chinese cabbage as templates. The results showed that a total of 166 (16.2%) SSRs were screened from 132 Chinese cabbage ESTs and 895 resistant ESTs of Brassica, among which there were six kinds of nucleotide repeat motifs, the dinucleotide (33.7%) and trinucleotide (50.0%) repeats were the main types, proportions for other repeat types were much small. 196 primers were designed according to the sides sequence of the above SSRs, among which 156 (79.6%) were amplified successfully, and 35 primers were amplified polymorphic in the two materials. Therefore, SSR primers designed from Brassica resistant EST sequences could be used in marking of TuMV resistant genes of Chinese cabbage.

  Screening of Eggplant Nitrogen Efficiency for Tolerance to Low Nitrogen Stress 2012, 28 (10):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2227 Abstract + ( 1187 )   PDF ( 570422KB )   ( 841 ) To explore different varieties, low resistance eggplant nitrogen ability of the differences, for nitrogen eggplant variety of low resistance to screen and genetic improvement to provide the theory basis. Four different eggplants varieties used to study their response to low nitrogen stress by comparing their stem diameter, leaf area, plant high, dry weight, root-shoot ratio, N uptake efficiency under normal nitrogen and low nitrogen stress. The results showed that compared with the normal nitrogen supply, mostly varieties of eggplants under low nitrogen supply were decreased in stem diameter, leaf area, plant high, dry weight, root-shoot ratio and N uptake efficiency. But the response of different varieties varied greatly. Under low nitrogen stress, ‘Kuai Yuanqie’ plant height, leaf area, dry weight and N uptake efficiency reduced scope were the lowest, ‘Gai Liangerminqie’ stem diameter, root-shoot ratio and underground part dry weight relative index was the largest, ‘Chao Zhiliangguang’ indicators relative index minimum, ‘Hei Qiewang’ indicators relative index center, ‘Kuai Yuanqie’ and ‘Gai Liangerminqie’ with high nitrogen use efficiency, and ‘Chao Zhiliangguang’ of low nitrogen tolerance for the worst.

  Effect of Low Temperature Stress on the Expression of ProDH Gene and the Activities of the Proline Dehydrogenase in Leaves of Tomato Seedling 2012, 28 (10):  132-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3622 Abstract + ( 1468 )   PDF ( 700610KB )   ( 1354 ) In order to explore the relationship between proline metabolism and cold resistance, the study focused on determination of proline content, proline dehydrogenase activity, the expression of ProDH, and analysis of dynamic changes of these indexes. The results indicated that change of proline accumulation, to a certain extent, reflect the strength of cold resistance of tomato, for that free proline accumulation showed overall an increasing trend in chill-endurance O-33-1, and which was declined in cold-sensitive ‘Naiyun 2000’ under low temperature stress; It explained the accumulation of proline depends on a common regulation of P5CS and ProDH to maintain the proline content in plants at an appropriate level, that ProDH activity increased in the O-33-1, and discreased in ‘Naiyun 2000’. The relative expression of ProDH gene of two varieties was significantly decreased under low temperature stress. Therefore, the expression of the gene is inhibited under low temperature stress, so that the degradation of proline is regulated at the transcriptional level.

  Study on Identification and Control Mechanism of Biocontrol Phytophthora capsici 2012, 28 (10):  136-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3174 Abstract + ( 1028 )   PDF ( 1744954KB )   ( 947 ) The biocontrol strains were screened which had strong inhibitory activity against Phytophthora capsici, in order to control pepper plague. A large number of microorganisms were isolated from soil of pepper growing areas, and a bacterium named XD6 which having strong antagonistic effect on Phytophthora capsici by plate confrontation was obtained. Through methods of traditional and 16SrDNA, the status of category was identified, and then the change the activity of the related-enzymes was measured. The control effect of the strain was 80%-100% in plate confrontation experiment, and was primarily identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa. The result of the activity of the enzymes showed that it had significant change in β-1,3-glucanase and cellulose, and the activity of PAL, PPO and POD was significantly increased before XD6 was inoculated in pepper. The XD6 strain had high efficiency to Phytophthora capsici. The biocontrol factors of XD6 could impose on cell wall of Phytophthora capsici, and XD6 strain could increase the defense enzymes of the pepper. The strain had a great potential in research prospect.

  The Identification Research of 11 Auricularia polytricha Mont. Sacc Strains Cultivated 2012, 28 (10):  142-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3190 Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 821481KB )   ( 913 ) The aim of this research was to distinguish 11 cultivated strains of Auricularia polytricha Mont. They were analyzed by antagonistic test and Esterase Isoenzyme, The results showed that the two methods got the same conclusions, and 11 strains could be divided into six groups: the first group including 4 strains of Auricularia polytricha Mont. No.3 etc. the second group including 3 strains of white back 120 etc. The others belonged to different groups. Therefore, in order to reduce the workload and blindness, and to provide a basis for further research, it was necessary to utilize antagonistic test for a preliminary screening on tested strains in the identification of edible fungi strains. Esterase Isoenzyme was also effective for the classification of strain, Its results could be comprehensively analyzed for providing the basis in genetics research and mushroom breeding.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Promoter Region of Apple (malus x demestic) Gibberellin 3-oxidase1 2012, 28 (10):  146-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3324 Abstract + ( 1200 )   PDF ( 723503KB )   ( 976 ) The aim was to study the transcription regulation mechanism of MdGA3ox1 gene by studying the promoter region of MdGA3ox1 gene. The upstream sequence of ‘Fuji’ (Malus x domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) MdGA3ox1 was attained by Genome Walking binding anchored PCR. The functional elements were analyzed by PLANTCARE. The sequence was inserted into the vector and transformed into Agrobacterium to verify the function preliminarily. The DNA sequence of 754 bp was amplified. The MdGA3ox1 gene promoter contained the basic elements: TATA-box, CAAT-box and other induced elements: light, gibberellin, enthylene and abscisic acid responsive elements. In order to verify the function of the sequence, the DNA fragments was inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA1381 and named p1381-GA3ox1p. The plasmid of p1381-GA3ox1p was transformed into Agrobacterium EHA105. The analysis of GUS staining showed the promoter could drive the expression of GUS in transgenic Agrobacterium. The upstream sequence of MdGA3ox1 which contained the cis-elements with GA regulation was obtained. It also confirmed that the sequence had the promoter function.

  Methods of promoting sporulation of Valsa ceratosperma 2012, 28 (10):  151-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0025 Abstract + ( 1511 )   PDF ( 555424KB )   ( 1001 ) In order to find methods to promote Valsa ceratosperma to produce enough conidia in short time, the effects of six kinds of culture medium were tested on promoting V. ceratosperma to produce conidia. The results showed that V. ceratosperma produced a large number of conidia in barley, which was with shell and soaked in solution of honey and peptone. After inoculated to the medium of barley and cultivated for about 15 days in the darkness, the fungi produced a large number of pycnidia. The pycnidia extruded conidia threads after cultivated under UV light for about 25 days. About 11 pycnidia produced on each barley grain on average and 15% of the pycnidia released conidia. The conidia produced by on 70 g barley would make 1500~2000 mL conidia suspension which contained about 106 spores per milliliter. However, the quantity of conidia produced by different isolations promoted with the same method was different significantly.

  Determination of Stone Cells in Pear by Improved Freezing Method 2012, 28 (10):  155-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3147 Abstract + ( 1105 )   PDF ( 567441KB )   ( 864 ) The aim was to improve the extracting efficiency of stone cell in pear. Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd var. chili and Pyrus pyrofolia Nakia var. Whangkeumbae were used in this research to study the effect factors on extraction of pear stone cells by setting different freezing time and freeze-thaw times on the base of freezing method. The results showed that the repeat freeze-thaw treatment of 3 h+3 h+3 h could obtain the best extraction results in all treatments. Stone content was increased along with the number of freeze-thaw times, which showed that freeze-thaw times had obvious effects on stone cells extraction results. Under the same freeze-thaw times, increasing freezing time had little effect on extraction results when it reached 3 h. So the extraction results by freezing method were in close correlation with freeze-thaw times. After reached essential freezing time, higher stone cells content could be produced owing to more freeze-thaw times.

  QTLs Analysis of Four Agronomic Characteristics in Chinese Jujube 2012, 28 (10):  158-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3176 Abstract + ( 1018 )   PDF ( 1564554KB )   ( 755 ) In order to analysis the QTLs for 4 agronomic characteristics in Chinese jujube, The F1 segregation population derived from a cross between Dongzao (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. ‘Dongzao’) and Linyilizao (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. ‘Linyilizao’) was used to survey on characteristics of trunk diameter (TD), branch angle (BA), branch crankle angle (BCA), and branch bent angle (BBA). With the constructed genetic linkage map of Chinese jujube, a total of 34 QTLs were detected by using interval mapping method, including 6 for TD, 14 for BA, 7 for BCA and 7 for BBA, the phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 8.6% to 54.2% and its LOD value within 2.50-4.61. It will provide useful genetic information that could be used as molecular marker-aided selection in breeding program of Chinese jujube.

  Effect of CCC on the Growth of Thalictrum aquilegifolia var. sibiricum 2012, 28 (10):  164-167.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0214 Abstract + ( 1386 )   PDF ( 639210KB )   ( 929 ) In order to solve the problem of Thalictrum aquilegifolium var. sibiricum is not widely used in landscape because of the plant is very high and easily lodging, this article using different concentrations of CCC on vigorous growth of Thalictrum aquilegifolium var. sibiricum, by determining the height and stem diameter, length and other morphological indices and the content of chlorophyll and other related physiological indexes, studied the effect of CCC on growth of Thalictrum aquilegifolium var. sibiricum. The results showed that with the rising of the CCC concentration, the height displayed the "low-height-low" trend, and at 500 mg/L attain to the minimum. The content of chlorophyll showed upward trends and the activity of POD, SOD, CAT gradually increased. But when the concentration of CCC was larger, the margin of leaves turned yellow, scroll and other phenomena, affected the ornamental value. Comprehensively, the 500 mg/L of CCC concentration was better.

  Establishment of Leaf in vitro Regeneration System in Dahlia pinnata 2012, 28 (10):  168-172.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3629 Abstract + ( 1045 )   PDF ( 1365071KB )   ( 891 ) In order to establish Dahlia pinnata efficient genetic transformation system and to solve the problem of breeding of new varieties in the future through genetic engineering. In this paper, the D. pinnata leaf regeneration system was discussed. The leaves of D. pinnata were used as the experimental material. Several factors such as illumination condition, explant condition, hormone concentration and so on were investigated to optimize the regeneration system in vitro. The experimental results showed that leaf situation can greatly affect D. pinnata regeneration frequently. The best explants were those 25 days apical leaves from the cultured plantlets. The high frequency of shoot regeneration was observed when explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 7 mg/L KT and 0.05 mg/L NAA. The leaves were cultured in dark for 15 days firstly, and then they were transferred under light and began to directly regenerate adventitious buds in about 20 days. The maximum number of the adventitious buds was observed within 30-35 days. Maximum shoot differentiation frequency was 86%. Shoot site number per explant was 5.0. When the shoots grew to more than 2 cm high, they were cut from and transferred to the root differentiation medium 1/2MS+0.1 mg/L NAA and developed into the whole plants.

  Establishment of SRAP-PCR reaction system of Aechmea species and screening for polymorphic primers 2012, 28 (10):  173-178.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2748 Abstract + ( 1223 )   PDF ( 1456399KB )   ( 854 ) The aim was to establish SRAP-PCR reaction system and provide a new tool for future research on Aechmea germplasm. A orthogonal design of L16(45) was used to optimize SRAP-PCR reaction system for Aechmea species with five factors, namely Mg2+, dNTPs, primers, Taq DNA polymerase and template DNA, and SRAP primer combinations were screened for polymorphism. The result showed that a suitable SRAP-PCR reaction system for Aechmea species was 1.50 mmol/L Mg2+, 400 μmol?/L dNTPs, 1.5 U Taq DNA polymerase, 15 μmol/L primer combination, 30 ng template DNA and 1× PCR buffer. In addition, each factor in SRAP-PCR reaction system had different effects on the amplified patterns and the descending order was DNA > Taq DNA polymerase > dNTPs > primer > Mg2+. A total of 51 polymorphic SRAP primer combinations were screened out from 56 SRAP primer combinations, with the polymorphic primer ratio more than 90%. The optimized SRAP-PCR reaction system was identified by different genomic DNAs of Aechmea species and different SRAP primer combinations; as a result, the amplified pattern with rich polymorphism and clear bands was obtained. It proved that the established SRAP-PCR reaction system for Aechmea species was steady and reliable.

  Allelopathy of Water Extracts from Seeds of Althaea rosea L.Cavan. on Watermelon and Chinese Wolfbeery 2012, 28 (10):  179-182.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2942 Abstract + ( 1405 )   PDF ( 580663KB )   ( 740 ) Allelopathy of water extracts from seeds of Althaea rosea on watermelon and Chinese wolfberry were examined, with the objective of providing the reference for the theoretical study of allelopathy. By using the techniques of laboratory bioassay, the effects of water extracts from seeds of Althaea rosea on seeds germination and seedlings growth of watermelon and Chinese wolfberry were studied. The results showed that treated with different concentrations water extracts from seeds of Althaea rosea on seeds germination and seedlings growth of watermelon could be inhibited, and on height, fresh weigh of Chinese wolfberry could be promoted; When the concentration of water extracts was 0.005 g/mL, 0.010 g/mL, the water extracts from seeds of Althaea rosea exhibited significant promotion effects on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Chinese wolfberry, and when the concentration of water extracts was 0.020 g/mL, the water extracts from seeds of Althaea rosea exhibited significant inhibition effects on germination of seed, length of main root and fresh weight of root of Chinese wolfberry.

  Effects of Oriental Lily Bulbs Stored at Low-temperature on the Flowering Characteristics 2012, 28 (10):  183-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3154 Abstract + ( 1298 )   PDF ( 625319KB )   ( 978 ) This experiment was purposely to research the flowering characteristics of oriental lily bulbs stored at low-temperature (firstly cold storage at 2℃for 74 day, then frozen storage at -1℃ for 135 days). The analysis for flowering characteristics such as flower stem length, numbers of inflorescence, size of the first inflorescence and flowering duration was as followed: For ‘Siberia’ bulbs with perimeter12-14 cm and 14-16 cm, ‘Acapulco’ bulbs with perimeter12-14 cm and 14-16 cm, ‘Sorbonne’ bulbs with perimete12-14 cm and 14-16 cm, the suitable storage period was 74-102 days, 72-87days, 42-87 days, 74 days, 42-87 days and 42-87 days respectively. For ‘Acapulco’ bulbs with perimeter 14-16 cm, the shortest storage period was more than 42 days, and for the other kind of bulb, the shortest storage period was more than 29 days. Moreover, for both ‘Sorbonne’ bulbs with perimeter 12-14 cm and 14-16 cm, the storage period could be delayed to 102-209 days.

  Study on Rapid Propagation and Differentiation of Filial Generation of Cymbidium goeringii 2012, 28 (10):  189-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0117 Abstract + ( 1225 )   PDF ( 560152KB )   ( 664 ) The aim was to study the rapid propagation and differentiation of rhizomes of Cymbidium goeringii ‘Jiyuan’ and ‘Ruyisu’. Four factors including basic medium, 6-BA, NAA and IBA were designed to study the effects on rapid propagation and differentiation of rhizomes. The most appropriate cultivating medium was 1/2MS. 1/2MS+NAA 5.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L was the best propagation medium and the rhizomes differentiates in high rate on 1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L +6-BA 2.0 mg/L. Propagation and differentiation in vitro culture were the important means and methods for speeding up the cultivation of new varieties.

  Construction and Characteristics of a BAC Library of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis 2012, 28 (10):  194-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0287 Abstract + ( 1606 )   PDF ( 2113331KB )   ( 1191 ) To further study Narcissus genome and screen functional genes, a BAC library was constructed for the first time in the world. The high molecular weight DNA (HMW-DNA) was isolated from Narcissus etiolation leaves used improved Zhang’s method. The HMW-DNA was cut by Hind III and ligated to BAC vectors; the ligations were transformed into Escherichia coli DH10B. The results showed that the DNA isolated by improved Zhang’s method was higher than 1 Mb, which was suitable for BAC library construction. The ligation and transform methods were improved; the optimum mole ratio between vectors and DNA fragments was 5:1. The library consists of 69120 clones with an average insert size of 87 kb, about 50% clones contain 80 to 90 kb insert DNA, and less than 1% of the clones do not contain inserts. Screening of BAC library with chloroplast DNA probes by Southern blot indicated that less than 1% of the clones contained organelle-derived DNA.

  Research on Embryo Culture and Callus Culture of Prunus mume Cultivars 2012, 28 (10):  198-201.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3516 Abstract + ( 1165 )   PDF ( 609246KB )   ( 841 ) In order to conserve and multiply germplasm rescources of Mei flower, the gern-free system of embryo-culture was constructed in seeds of four cultivars. The contents of this paper were as follows: we conducted immature embryos culture of Prunus mume ‘Danhanhong’, ‘Nanjing Hongxu’, ‘Shuangbi Chuizhi’, ‘Fenban’ derived from pollination. In addition, using leaf of seeding cultivation as explants, the efficient of callus culture was conducted. Results showed that the perfect culture medium was MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L. The optimum callus culture was MS+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L and perfect leafage was young period. Germination Rate of cultivars is different. The difficulty was single-lobe Mei Branch < hanger wood Mei Branch < cinnabar Mei Branch.

  The Relationship between Water Parameters in Late Autumn and Cold Resistance of Lagerstroemia indica L. 2012, 28 (10):  202-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3074 Abstract + ( 1261 )   PDF ( 698027KB )   ( 720 ) Ten one-year-old clones of Lagerstroemia indica L. were selected as the experimental materials, in order to provide a trial exploration for the relationship between its water parameters in late autumn and cold resistance and the water parameters (ψ , RWC0, ψ and εmax) were measured by P-V technology before leaf abscission in late autumn. The fatty acid composition of cell membrane was analysed by gas chromatography and the cold resistance had been comprehensively assessed according to the dynamic changes of relative conductivity, soluble sugar, SOD and POD activities in winter. The data revealed that the most of water parameters had different correlation degrees with the cold resistance indexes in different periods of winter and the comprehensive assessments. Concretely, ψ andεmax had significant correlation and ψ had unconspicuous correlation with cold resistance indexes in different periods of winter, while RWC0 had not. ψ andεmax had extreme significant correlation andψ had significant correlation with the comprehensive assessment, while RWC0 had not.

  Research on Leaf Anatomical Structure of the Natural Hybrid Progenies of Camellia sinensis cv. ‘Huangshanzhong’ 2012, 28 (10):  209-212.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3097 Abstract + ( 1088 )   PDF ( 559719KB )   ( 687 ) The cold resistance variation of 204 natural hybrid progenies of Huangshanzhong tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) were systematically appraised and evaluated to collect the cold resistance tea germplasms. The total thickness, horny layer thickness, upper & under layer epidermis thickness, palisade tissue layering & thickness and spongy tissue tightness & thickness were observed by Freehand Section. And the related ratios were calculated according to the determined results. The results showed that the leaf anatomical structure diversity and variation were significant in the natural hybrid progenies of Huangshanzhong tea plants. The average diversity index and coefficient of variation were 1.69 and 23.69%, respectively. Cold resistance was accorded with most of anatomical structure of Huangshanzhong tea plants. The cluster analysis of the anatomical structure index of leaves showed that the first 3 groups have high cold resistance. Thus, the anatomical structure variation can be used to select the cold resistance germplasms.

  Mating Genotype Analysis of Ganoderma lucidum Populations 2012, 28 (10):  213-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3236 Abstract + ( 1611 )   PDF ( 921836KB )   ( 800 ) The mating genotype was studied and compared with esterase isozyme of Ganoderma lucidum populations between groups in order to clarify their differences in genetic relationship analysis. OWE-SOJ technique was applied to identify standard mating types and determinate mating genotype between groups of monokaryons isolates from 24 G. lucidum stains. Genetic relationships were analyzed by combined group mating genotype determination with esterase isozyme assay. The results showed that all strains of G. lucidum could be divided into 7 large groups of the mating genotype. Four alleles of a factor, four alleles of B factor and one mixed alleles of A factor were found in this study. Distorted segregation ratio among monokaryon mycelia of G. lucidum had been observed in four kinds of mating types to some extent. Twenty-eight different types of enzyme bands were determined in esterase isoenzyme test. Twenty-four strains of G. lucidum could be divided into 9 large groups through the cluster analysis when the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.73214. Comparing mating genotype analysis with esterase isozyme analysis, it showed great similarity. Mating genotype analysis could be an important supplementary method to strains identification and genetic diversity research.

  The Preliminary Study on Tissue Culture of Tinospora sinensis 2012, 28 (10):  219-224.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2920 Abstract + ( 1185 )   PDF ( 1253280KB )   ( 913 ) In order to study multiplication culture of Tinospora sinensis, using the robust and pest-free young spears and leaves of the Tinospora sinensis as the research material, this article was to examine the disinfection methods and to study the tissue culture of the Tinospora sinensis through cultivating them in the hormone mediums of different concentrations. According to the results, if the spear surface was disinfected with the alcohol of 70% for 30 seconds, then soaked in the mercury of 0.1% for 5 minutes, rinsed with the sterile water twice, then soaked in the mercury of 0.1% for 5 minutes, rinsed with the sterile water 4 times, the outcome would be the best that the survival rate was 66.7%; while the leaves can be disinfected effectively with mercury for 12 minutes as the survival rate was 53.3%; the medium suitable for the bud induction and proliferation was MS+6-BA 0.05 mg/L+GA3 0.04 mg/L+NAA 0.02 mg/L, the multiplication coefficient for 30 days was 3; the medium suitable for callus induction was MS+2,4-D 1.5 mg/L+BA 0.5 mg/L, the spear induction rate can be as high as 83.3%, and the leave induction rate can be 76.7%, but the inducted callus has low differentiation, unable to differentiate adventitious buds; the medium suitable for root taking was MS+ NAA 0.1 mg/L, the root taking rate can be 100% and the transplant survival rate can be 96%.

  Bioinformatics Analysis of Berberine Bridge Enzyme in Papaver Somniferum L. 2012, 28 (10):  225-229.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3504 Abstract + ( 1214 )   PDF ( 756788KB )   ( 963 ) This research aimed to analyze the structure and characters of BBE nucleic acid and protein in Papaver Somniferum L. and construct the three-dimensional structure of BBE. We used tools of bioinformatics to analyze and predict BBE in the following aspects: biochemical function, hydrophilicity, signal peptide, subcellular localization, secondary and tertiary structure of protein and so on. At the time, construct the three-dimensional structure of BBE by comparative modeling using Discovery Studio, the model was refined by energy minimization, and assessment by Ramachandran Plot. The results showed that the full length of BBE gene and protein in Papaver somniferum L. was 5073 bp and 535 aa, respectively, BBE, which was located in the vacuole, and a stable acidic protein and rich in Gly, Ser, Leu contained a signal peptide of 23 amino acids in the N terminal. α-helix and random coil were primary secondary structural components of BBE. We also obtained a reasonable three-dimensional structure of BBE in Papaver somniferum L. by homology modeling. The research would helpful to improve the production of Berberine by genetic engineering means and develop new antibiotics.

  Research on the Fermentation Conditions of Bacillus Subtillus B-332 2012, 28 (10):  230-235.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2010-3779 Abstract + ( 1163 )   PDF ( 1843188KB )   ( 905 ) In order to ascertain the cultivated conditions and the optimal medial components of Bacillus subtilis B-332, the cultivated conditions for Bacillus subtilis B-332 were optimized by single factor and orthogonal experimental designs. The results showed that the optimal seed aged 18 h, and the optimal fermentation time was 72 h, the optimal medial components were composed of 0.60 g/L soybean oil meal, 0.25 g/L saccharose, 0.07 g/L ammonium sulfate, 0.03 g/L trisodium citrate, 0.003 g/L dipotassium phosphate, 0.005 g/L magnesium sulfate, 0.0005 g/L ferrisulphas. Under these conditions, numuber of spores was 1.43×1011 cfu/mL, and increased 34.48 times compared to initialization, and it formed the base for the factory.

  The Microclimate Change Rules and Simulation Method of Greenhouse in Shouguang City 2012, 28 (10):  236-242.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0201 Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 981910KB )   ( 896 ) In order to do the microclimate forecast, the author used the observed data of the cucumber greenhouse which seated in Shouguang City, Shandong from 2007 to 2010, and analyzed the change rules and distribution of microclimate that in greenhouse, such as temperature, humidity and soil temperature under different weather types in winter and spring. The author used statistical method to choose the factors and built simulate models for next 24 h temperature forecasting. According to different months, different weather types and different time in a day, the simulation results were good except the April. Exam models of forecast temperature in greenhouse with observed data and weather forecast of February to May in 2010, and results were good; models could be used in microclimate factor forecast.

  Relevance Analyses Between Different Meteorological Factors and Flue-cured Tobacco Leaf Chemistry Compositions in Yunnan Province 2012, 28 (10):  243-248.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3519 Abstract + ( 1104 )   PDF ( 705931KB )   ( 727 ) To study the relevance between formation of characteristics of Yunnan tobacco and different meteorological factors, by collecting flue-cured tobacco samples and collecting related sites’ meteorological data of Yunnan Province, using principles of gray relational analysis correlation between chemical composition of tobacco samples and 30 meteorological factors of Yunnan. The results showed that the stability and chemical quality of tobacco in Yunnan were good. Content of nicotine had high relevance with the mature period average temperature. Content of total sugar had the higher relevance with the average sunshine hours and average sunshine whole radiation of June. The relevance between reducing sugar and meteorological factors had the consistent result with total sugar. Content of total nitrogen had the highest relevance with the mature period average temperature. Content of K had the higher relevance with average relative humidity of the mature period. Content of Cl had the higher relevance with average relative humidity of May. It can clearly be seen, average temperature of May to September, average relative humidity of May and average sunshine hours of the mature period were the key meteorological factors which affect the chemical compositions accumulation of flue-cured tobacco.

  Studies on Effects of Nitrogen Content and Nitrogen Allocation in Flue-cured Tobacco Organs under Fermented Soybean Cake 2012, 28 (10):  249-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3267 Abstract + ( 1332 )   PDF ( 587545KB )   ( 711 ) To study the law of nitrogen content and nitrogen allocation in flue-cured tobacco organs under fermented soybean cake and to determine the nitrogen supply strength of the fermented soybean cake. The tests used ‘Longjiang 911’ as test materials and with random block design, Three treatments were applied for the pure inorganic fertilizer, 50% of the fermented soybean cake and 50% inorganic fertilizer application, 100% use fermented soybean cake, All treatment NPK fertilizer were 52.50 kg/hm2, 52.50 kg/hm2, 105.00 kg/hm2, repeat 3 times. The results showed that: root nitrogen content decreases with the growth period of delay, compared with the control, the fermented soybean cake treatment nitrogen content difference of the control was 0.02%-0.05% and no significant difference; stem nitrogen content within the fermented soybean cake treatment difference of the control was 0.01%-0.05% and no significant difference between all treatment; lower leaves nitrogen content within the fermented soybean cake treatment difference of the control was 0.08%-0.26% and no significant difference between all treatment; upper leaves nitrogen content that fermented soybean cake treatment was significantly lower than controls; the fermented soybean cake treatment would not change the distribution of various organs nitrogen ratio. Comprehensive analysis that fermented soybean cake nitrogen supply can be achieved with inorganic fertilizer and application ratio can reach 50% to 100%.

  Screening and Application of Ralstonia solanacearum Specific-primers 2012, 28 (10):  254-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3692 Abstract + ( 1400 )   PDF ( 968887KB )   ( 904 ) For the method of rapid diagnosis of Ralstonia solanacearum contain in tobacco fields, this paper based on the comparison result of the five whole-genome of the published genomes of Ralstonia solanacearum, designed nine pairs of specific primers of Ralstonia solanacearum, and has achieved three pairs of primers for specific amplification of Pseudomonas solanacearum by screening and verification. The application of the screened primers could be used as an effective method to do specific detection of tobacco Ralstonia solanacearum in the soil. As a preliminary conclusion, the lowest detection rate of Ralstonia solanacearum in the soil was 2×106/g. Thus, it’s a rapid and accurate new way for detection of tobacco Ralstonia solanacearum in the soil.

  Normative Research of Pollination by Osmia Cornifrons on Apple in the Weibei-loess Plateau 2012, 28 (10):  259-262.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0040 Abstract + ( 1014 )   PDF ( 498041KB )   ( 788 ) In order to standard the pollination technology by Osmia Cornifrons of orchardist who lived in the Weibei-loess Plateau, the effect of Osmia out of cocoon by the different styles, the place of nest boxes and the tube of nest on leaving the cocoon was studied by comparison method. The results showed that stripping the cocoon method was the best way, which had the highest ratio of breaking through and nidification. The height of nest boxes should be 20 cm above ground. The nest ratio of bulrush and paper were higher than that of plastic tube.

  Study on Breeding Method of Genetic Male Sterile Line in Petunia hybrida Vilm 2012, 28 (10):  263-270.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3883 Abstract + ( 1139 )   PDF ( 1653653KB )   ( 702 ) The aim was to select the best method of new male sterile line breeding, and then simplify and improve the breeding process. Two different methods, successive inbreeding to retain segregating strains of sterile plants and segregating strains of sterile plants by sib-mating, was used to obtain a new genetic male sterile lines. The homozygous effects of ornamental characteristics were compared among the two methods. Such characteristics as flower diameter, scape and height were investigated in different generations of Petunia hybrida Vilm. The average variation coefficients of BC2F2 generations produced by successive inbreeding and sib-mating were 8.26% and 6.13%, and that of BC3F2 generations were 4.20% and 2.15%, respectively. The variation coefficient of successive inbreeding dwindled and the purification of homozygous genotype was sped up by the increase of breeding generations. The variation coefficient of successive inbreeding was smaller than that of sib-mating, which suggested that successive inbreeding was the best method of breeding Petunia hybrida Vilm genetic male sterile line. Therefore, precedence mode had been found to speed up F1 generation selecting process in Petunia hybrida Vilm as its breeding technical basis.

  The study on the optimum model for the cultivation of Pinellia ternata in warm climates of Karst 2012, 28 (10):  271-276.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3141 Abstract + ( 960 )   PDF ( 751012KB )   ( 631 ) Effect of planting density and fertilizer application on Pinellia ternate yield and total alkaloids was studied in order to provide basis for Pinellia ternate high-yield and good-quality cultivation measure.4 factors and 5 levels quadratic regression universal rotatory experimental design method was adopted to carry out field trials. Gravimetric method was used to determine total alkaloids，content. The results indicated that the four experimental factors effect on the tuber of Pinellia ternate yield was: planting density> application of N >application of organic fertilizer> application of P2O5.Set up mathematics model between every factors and the tuber of Pinellia ternate yield. By simulated test and optimality selection, we put forward cultivation techniques program(the tuber of Pinellia ternate yield 1500g/m2，the tuber of Pinellia ternate yield 1750g/m2).During Pinellia ternate cultivation, density, application of organic fertilizer, nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphorus should be kept within reasonable limits, which was beneficial to Pinellia ternate yield improvement and total alkaloids accumulation.

  Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Valsa Canker on Fragrant Pear 2012, 28 (10):  277-281.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0597 Abstract + ( 1040 )   PDF ( 859783KB )   ( 857 ) In order to provide reference basis for developing effective investigation methods and prevention measures to be used on Valsa canker of fragrant pear tree, the author analyzed the damage and spatial distribution characteristics of Valsa canker on fragrant pear tree body in Korla and Aqsu, Xinjiang. The results showed that disease incidence was nearly 100% and also the occurrence degree of this disease was related closely with the management level of pear orchards. Disease incidence of Valsa canker on the trunk of pear was lowest, only 1.02%. The variance analysis in the number of scar and deadwood indicated that there were extremely significant differences among different wheel branches (the first, second, third branches), no differences among different direction (east, west, south, north). For the main branches and lateral branches, the number of scar had extremely significant differences, the number of deadwood showed no difference. The number of scar on both sides of twigs (the shaded and exposed side) had extremely significant differences. This disease occured mainly on the first wheel branches of peer. With increasing in the number of wheel branches, the number of scar and deadwood was significantly reduced. The occurrence degree of Valsa canker had no differences in different direction. The main harmful parts concentrated on main branches and lateral branches, especially the main branches. This disease occurred on the shaded side more serious than the exposed side of twigs.

  Study on the Dust Retention Capacity of the Street Trees in Hangzhou District 2012, 28 (10):  282-288.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3768 Abstract + ( 1150 )   PDF ( 844881KB )   ( 1052 ) Street trees have a important role in city, in order to select street trees which have the strongest dust retention capacity, by surveying and experiment in the selected street trees in Hangzhou, the results showed that: the order of the dust retention capacity of selected plants in the winner was: Liquidambar formosana＞Koelreuteria integrifoliola＞Liriodendron chinense＞Cinnamomum camphora＞Sapindus mulorossi＞Platanus.acerifolia＞Elaeocarpus sylvestris＞Ginkgo biloba＞Sapium sebiferum; In the spring, that was Elaeocarpus sylvestris＞Cinnamomum camphora; In summer, that was: Cinnamomum camphora＞Elaeocarpus sylvestris＞Liquidambar formosana＞Sapindus mulorossi＞Koelreuteria integrifoliola＞Liriodendron chinense＞P.acerifolia＞Ginkgo biloba＞Sapium sebiferum; In autumn, that was: Koelreuteria integrifoliola＞Sapindus mulorossi＞Cinnamomum camphora＞Elaeocarpus sylvestris＞Liquidambar formosana＞Ginkgo biloba＞Sapium sebiferum＞Liriodendron chinense＞P.acerifolia. The order of the average dust retention capacity in the seasons was: Elaeocarpus sylvestris＞Koelreuteria integrifoliola＞Liquidambar formosana＞Sapindus mulorossi＞Cinnamomum camphora＞Liriodendron chinense＞P.acerifolia＞Ginkgo biloba＞Sapium sebiferum; The order dust retention capacity in the four seasons of Liquidambar formosana, Koelreuteria integrifoliola, Liriodendron chinense, Sapindus mulorossi, Platanus.acerifolia, and Ginkgo biloba was: spring＞autumn＞summer＞winner; that of Elaeocarpus sylvestris was: spring＞autumn＞winner＞summer; that of Cinnamomum camphora was: winner＞autumn＞summer＞spring; that of Sapium sebiferum was: autumn＞winner＞summer.

  Study on the Settlement Landscape Public Space and the Space’s Elements of Zhangguying Village in Hunan 2012, 28 (10):  289-297.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0134 Abstract + ( 1277 )   PDF ( 3976946KB )   ( 1036 ) Zhangguying Village in Hunan was built in the Ming Dynasty Hongwu years, with unique settlement landscape in China. In this paper, studying on the settlement landscape public space and the space’s elements of this village were carried out by field mapping and data analyzing. We summarized that Zhangguying Village has five kinds of public space: street space, square space, public green space, residential space and the entrance of cemetery space. According to street level scale, street space was sorted into roadway space and water street space, While Dangdamen water street, Baibusanqiao water street, Yan Xichanglang water street, MinShuchenlieguan water street were selected for water street space space's study, coming to water street D/H<1. The square space in front of Wangjiaduan building, folk culture exhibition hall and Xiaxinwu building were for the square space’s study, coming to the D/H=1~2. Three public green places for the study were the entrance scene stone green, green pool entrance and the green space in front of Dangdamen building. Residential entrance space was divided into the entrance near the water space and the temporary road entrance space, we selected Shangxinwu entrance, Dangdamen entrance, Qianyitang entrance for the entrance near water space's study and Wangjiaduan entrance for the temporary road space model. This paper set forth the recognizable settlement landscape of public space in Zhangguying Village, which can provide reference and information for the new rural construction.

  Study on Landscape Evaluation of Haerbin-Daqing Expressway 2012, 28 (10):  298-303.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2904 Abstract + ( 971 )   PDF ( 669446KB )   ( 642 ) The aim was to establish landscape evaluation system and landscape evaluation model of expressway and to discuss landscape evaluation methods of expressway. Taking Harbin-Daqing expressway as an example, expressway landscape evaluation system were established, which were evaluated from three aspects of expressway the expressway’s landscape, cultural landscape along expressways and natural landscape at both sides of expressway. And landscape evaluation system of Harbin-Daqing expressway were set up on the basis of 15 second level indicators, 55 three level indicators. Evaluation criterion of second level indicator was established in reference to standards concerned and research data and weight were determined by AHP. Harbin-Daqing expressway landscape of qualitative and quantitative assessment was undertaken by methods of landscape composite index and fuzzy math evaluation method. The results showed that scores of overall landscape of majority sections of Harbin-Daqing expressway were between 6-7 scores and that of sections near Harbin City and Daqing City were higher than that of middle sections of Harbin-Daqing expressway. It resulted from low level greening and nursing. According to maximum membership principle of fuzzy evaluation method, the landscape quality was in general grade and results of two evaluation methods were the same. In view of the advantages and disadvantages of various evaluation methods, comprehensive index method and fuzzy mathematics method based on AHP fit for landscape quality evaluation of expressway.

  Analysis on 3- dimension Green Quantity and Ecological Benefits of plants on Main Districts River bank in Liuzhou 2012, 28 (10):  304-308.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3722 Abstract + ( 1385 )   PDF ( 703000KB )   ( 748 ) Quantifying researching on 3-dimension green quantity and ecological benefit of plants on main districts river bank in Liuzhou, may provide some scientific basis and reference for landscape ecological environment construction of urban bank green land and the theoretical foundation for the realization of ‘nature-human-water’ sustainable development. Basing on the measurement of each tree, used green quantity equation to calculate the 3-dimension green quantity of plants, through the 3-dimension green quantity of plants, we could convert the ecological benefit. And the results were as follows: the evergreen tree provided the biggest green quantity, which accounted for 78.76% of the total; the evergreen tree provided the biggest ecological benefit, in the respect of releasing oxygen quantity and absorbing carbon dioxide quantity, the evergreen tree accounted for 86.68% of the total, in the respect of absorption sulphur dioxide quantity, transpiration quantity and laying dust quantity, the evergreen tree accounted for 78.77% of the total, but the bush and the herb were very small. The main influence factors of 3-dimension green quantity and ecological benefit of plants were plant diversity, plant disposition, maintenance and management.

  The Academic Construction on/Around Tourist Attractions Concept with Multi-dimensions 2012, 28 (10):  309-316.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3621 Abstract + ( 1042 )   PDF ( 619986KB )   ( 671 ) In general, the content is some simple or too much definitions were listed during the introduction period of tourist attractions. This paper suggested a definition of special space for tourist activity, around this kernel concept, feature structure, function changing and attraction types were explained furthermore in order to be useful for practice, and construct a academic context for tourist attractions introduction chapter. During the study, some new knowing were discussed, they were season tourist attractions, arbitrariness of feature structure and constructiveness, concept surrounded by features, history as function change and types were accumulated ones through development.