Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.1 Published:05 January 2014

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  Review of Carbon Storage and Distribution Characteristics of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest 2014, 30 (1):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2032 Abstract + ( 970 )   PDF ( 440813KB )   ( 521 ) Evergreen broad-leaved forest is an important forest type in our country. This paper analyzed the distribution characteristics about vegetation carbon storage and soil carbon pool, and should carry out the long-term study of evergreen broad-leaved forest, to grasp the evergreen broad-leaved forest productivity formation mechanism, to understand the effect of climate change on the carbon sequestration function.

  Pinus dabeshanensis Seed Characteristics and the Promotion of Seed Germination Han Jianwei1, Zhang Zhiyong1, Wang Enmao2, Li Yingyue1 2014, 30 (1):  5-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1949 Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 683299KB )   ( 609 ) Pinus dabeshanensis Cheng et Law is a rare species endemic to China with low seed germination rate and difficult natural regeneration in the wild. In order to comprehend its characteristics, seeds of Pinus dabeshanensis were measured and statistically analyzed and compare with other common pine species in this paper. Its episperm was removed to inquire into its inhibitory effect on germination. And 3 different plant growth regulators, gibberellin (GA3), indole acetic acid (IAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were used to set the orthogonal experiment to explore the role of hormone species, concentration and treatment time in the seed germination of Pinus dabeshanensis. The results showed that: (1) Pinus dabeshanensis seeds was large with the thousand seed weight was 313.19 g; the percentage of kernel was 36.33% . It had a thick episperm of about 0.60 mm and ratio of which was 54.33% . (2) Due to the mechanical barrier effect of episperm, the seeds without removing them were hard to germinate, making it one of the limiting factors of seed germination. (3) GA3, IAA, 2,4-D could both promote the germination of seeds with no significant difference among them. Synthetically considering, the optimal treatment to promote seed germination of Pinus dabeshanensis were: removing episperms,immersing seeds in 0.2 mg/L of GA3 for 12 h.

  Grey Relational Analysis on Growth, Wood Properties and Calorific Value and Selection of the Superiority Half-sib Families of Castanopsis fissa Tong Fangping1, Jiang Yi2, Liu Zhenhua1, Huang Ronglin1, Li Gui1, Chen Rui1, Kal 2014, 30 (1):  11-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2191 Abstract + ( 730 )   PDF ( 606324KB )   ( 381 ) In order to scientific select the growth, wood properties and calorific value of excellent half-sib families of Castanopsis fissa, by applying randomized block design approach, through six-year old half-sib families’growth test and analysis of wood properties and calorific value, and using the gray relational analysis model verified the wood density had a high degree association with its growth trait. The comprehensive selection index was I=0.4480X1+0.5395X2+0.5762X3, obtained by computing the volume, density and calorific value. The index heritability and△H were 0.8158, 0.1693 respectively. The index calculated with the average comprehensive selection index plus 1.25 times standard deviations could be used as the adoptable index for selection of volume, density and calorific value of half-sib families of Castanopsis fissa. There were five half-sib families have been selected (PG07, RS09, TD01, RS08, PG08) as quality families. The gains of volume, density and calorific value were 156.33%-391.78% , 12.70%-25.22% and 15.81%-31.80% , respectively. The half-sib families’initial selection effects were quite obvious. The conclusions provided a scientific basis for building seed orchard and developing genetic improvement strategy.

  Study on Physiologic Characteristics in Drought Resistance of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Hao Jian1, Quan Zhaokong1, Nong Zhi1, Liu Zhilong1, Ma Xiaofeng2, Guo Wenfu1 2014, 30 (1):  16-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1806 Abstract + ( 966 )   PDF ( 709830KB )   ( 729 ) In order to evaluate the drought tolerance of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, through mimicing natural extreme drought condition, researched the physiologic characteristics of A. fraxinifolius during the period of drought stress on using potting way. The results showed that: during the period of drought stress, the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius increased at first and then decreased, the content of the carotenoid tended to increase, and the of content of chlorophyll a was obviously higher than the chlorophyll b and carotenoid. The content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline appeared trend of increasing first and decreasing afterwards; the plasm membrane permeability of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius appeared to be growing. Therefore, drought stress environment appeared 11th day later, and the critical soil water capacity was 20%. Physiological functions of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius began to lose 21th day later, the soil water capacity of 21th day (12.99%) might have reached the wilting coefficient.

  Effects of TDZ on Callus Induction and Somatic Embryogenesis of Hevea brasiliensis Anther Li Ling, Guan Yan, Liang Guoping, Huang Fengxiang, Gui Mingchun, Tian Hai 2014, 30 (1):  20-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2136 Abstract + ( 887 )   PDF ( 679161KB )   ( 584 ) The objectives of this study were to improve the frequencies of callus induction and somatic embryogenesis of desirable rubber clones, and optimize the anther plantlets regeneration system. The effects of different concentrations of TDZ on callus induction and somatic embryogenesis were conducted by using anthers of Hevea brasiliensis from 3 clones:‘Yunyan 73-477’,‘Reken 525’and‘Yunyan 77-2’. The results indicated that the optimizing medium for callus induction was MS+TDZ 0.2 mg/L+6-BA 1 mg/L+2,4-D 1.5 mg/ L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+ coconut water 50 mL/L+sucrose 70 g/L. All 3 clones showed highest callus induction rates in this medium, 98%, 98.67% and 28.6% respectively. The induction rate of callus was gradually declining with increasing concentration of TDZ. In the somatic embryogenesis induction test, TDZ restrained the callus regeneration when it existed in callus inducing period. When the callus was then transferred to the subculture medium without TDZ, the induction rate of somatic embryogenesis was rising with the increasing subculture times. And lower TDZ concentration was more favorable for the somatic embryo induction in callus inducing period. The induction rate of somatic embryogenesis was lower and there was no normal embryo when using TDZ instead of KT in the somatic embryogenesis inducing period. These showed that the TDZ was favorable for the callus induction and growth, but not for the somatic embryogenesis induction.

  Genetic Diversity Analysis among 25 Clones of Jatropha curcas by SRAP Markers Li Mingfang1,2,3, Lu Cheng1,2,3, Liu Xingdi1,2,3, Wang Lele1,4, Zheng Xueqin1,2, 2014, 30 (1):  26-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2327 Abstract + ( 804 )   PDF ( 823578KB )   ( 431 ) To evaluate the genetic diversity and relationship among 25 clones of Jatropha curcas, the SRAP marker technology was used to analyze the difference of genomic DNA of above materials. The results showed that, 31 highly polymorphic and stable primer pairs were selected from 41 pairs of SRAP primer. With each primer combination generating 10-28 bands, 142 polymorphic bands were detected, accounting for 25.4% of the total. The similarity coefficient of the 25 clones was 0.409-0.951, with the average similarity coefficient of 0.714. In all clones, number 3 and number 7 had the greatest similarity coefficient, while number 6 and number 11 had the minimum one. 25 Jatropha germplasms were divided into 5 groups on the similarity level of 0.72. 7 clones had their respective specific bands, which could distinguish them from others. It is demonstrated that SRAP markers can be used for variety identification and population genetic construction of Jatropha. The conclusion is that, although the genetic diversity of 25 clones is not rich, they are different from each other on the molecular levels.

  Optimization of ISSR-PCR Amplification in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Lu Juan, Chai Chunshan, Wu Wenjun, Qi Jianli 2014, 30 (1):  32-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2119 Abstract + ( 806 )   PDF ( 1031946KB )   ( 510 ) The aims were to establish an optimal reaction system of ISSR-PCR in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, and provide theoretical basis for its genetic diversity research. From X. sorbifolia artificial forest in Chankou forest farm of Dingxi City, picking health and tender leaves as experiment material, the concentrations of main factors influencing the effects of ISSR-PCR were tested by single factor experiments respectively, the tested factors including template DNA concentration, annealing temperature, dNTP concentration, template DNA concentration, annealing temperature, Mg2+ concentration, primer concentration and Taq DNA polymerase. Through test, this study had found suitable conditions for each factor, established and optimized X. sorbifolia’s reaction system of ISSR-PCR, namely the optimal reaction system for ISSR analysis in X.sorbifolia, included 30 ng template DNA, 2.5 mmol/L Mg2 + , 0.2μmol/L primer, 0.20 mmol/L dNTP and 1 U of Taq DNA polymerase in a total volume of 20μL. The study indicated that atlas with fine diversity and clear strap was gained.

  Identification of Camptothecin, Hydroxycamptothecin and Other Components in Camptotheca acuminata Hydroponic System Cheng Xing’an1, Liu Zhanmei1, Zhou Yuzhe1, Jiang Xuhong1,Sammy Zheng2 2014, 30 (1):  37-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2205 Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 831447KB )   ( 527 ) This study aimed to establish a Camptotheca acuminata hydroponic system and confirm the possibility of extracting camptothecin through root exudates. The study was based on Camptotheca acuminata through picking acuminata seedlings and under soilless hydroponic. Camptothecin, hydroxycamptothecin and other root exudate were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatographmassspectrometer-computer (GC-MC). The result showed that Camptotheca acuminata root exudates presented in a certain content of camptothecin and hydroxycamptothecin, and allelochemicals such as dibutyl phthalate.

  Research on callus suspension culture and the accumulation of Aesculin in Fraxinus rhynchophylla Liu Fujing1, Zhan Yaguang1,2 2014, 30 (1):  42-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2352 Abstract + ( 727 )   PDF ( 870828KB )   ( 719 ) The author built the system of callus induction, proliferation and suspension culture in Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Leaves and petioles germinated from dormant buds of Fraxinus rhynchophylla were chosen as explants using the WPM as the basic culture medium. The effect on the formation and proliferation of the callus regulated by plant auxin of different concentrations and proportions was determined by uniform experimental design. Calluses induced by the combination based on 1.8 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L TDZ were green and loose. 1.2 mg/L NAA with 0.07 mg/L TDZ can be used to form suspended callus cultures with high proliferation rate. The callus inducing medium: WPM+1.5 mg/L NAA+ 0.1 mg/L TDZ. The best medium for callus proliferation: WPM + 1.874 mg/L NAA + 0.127 mg/L TDZ. The best medium for callus suspension culture: 1/2WPM + 1.2 mg/L NAA+ 0.07 mg/L TDZ. The maximum content of aesculin was 0.800 mg/g and it appeared on the 9th day after suspension culture.

  The Preliminary Study of Artificial Pollination in the Ficus awkeotsang 2014, 30 (1):  48-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2268 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 552256KB )   ( 663 ) To avoid the restriction of the specific symbiosis relationship between F. awkeotsang and its pollination fig wasp, and for accessing the seed from the controlled pollen sources, artificial pollination experiment was carried out. Through the study in the pollen’s dilution methodology and multiple, the timing of artificial pollination and the pectineserase activity, the experiment consequence was obtained. Solid-state dilution with 1:1 dilution rate in 5 days could lead the artificial pollination to get the well seeds which were close to natural seed in the weight and the pectinesterase activity, and the single fruit of the artificial pollination had 44% more seed than the natural seed. According to the above results, the preliminary summary was concluded and the innovation and disadvantage of this method of artificial pollination was discussed.

  Study on Soil Available Nitrogen Spatial Variation of Desert Riparian Forest in the Tarim River Upstream Wang Jiaqiang1, Liu Weiyang1, Peng Jie1, Han Lu1,2, Yu Jun1,2, Xu Xiaoqiang1 2014, 30 (1):  52-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2021 Abstract + ( 658 )   PDF ( 1116840KB )   ( 571 ) By using GIS, traditional descriptive statistics and geo-statistics, the author studied the spatial distribution characteristics and impact factors of soil available nitrogen (AN) content of desert riparian forests in upstream of Tarim River. The results indicated that: the spatial variability of soil AN content was moderate. The coefficient of variation was correlated with the depth of soil. The variation coefficient of 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil was greater than that of 0-20 cm soil. The numbers of soil samples were analyzed based on accuracy, economy and efficiency. The reasonable numbers of samples were 15, 24 and 24 for 0-20 cm, 20- 40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers respectively. Spatial correlation of 0-20 cm soil layer soil AN was medium, Random factors and structure factors were common reasons to arouse the spatial variation of soil AN content. The spatial autocorrelations of soil AN content in the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers were slight, random factors were main reasons. Spatial distribution of 0-20 cm soil layer AN was relatively high in central content, the spatial distribution presented the obvious flake and plaque distribution characteristics. 20-40 cm soil layer AN content was gradually reduce from south to north, presented obvious block distribution. 40-60 cm soil layer AN content was gradually reduce from northwest to southeast, presented oblique strip distribution. The study provided theoretical basis for regional ecological system recovery and reconstruction.

  Effects of Extreme Drought on Soil Respiration in the Phyllostachys pubescens Forest Xu Shenghua1, Zhou Benzhi2, Li Qian2, Hu Shuzhen3 2014, 30 (1):  58-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1928 Abstract + ( 981 )   PDF ( 682653KB )   ( 554 ) In order to predict the effect of drought and high temperature on forest carbon cycling in the context of climate change, a throughfall exclusion experiment was carried out to explore effects of increased soil temperature and decreased soil water content on soil respirations in the bamboo forest in north Zhejiang of China. The results showed that: (1) monthly variation in soil respiration ranged from 0.63 to 2.00μmol/(m2·s) and 0.66 to 2.20μmol/(m2·s) in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. The soil respiration monthly variation followed the monthly variation of soil temperature and in contrast to the monthly variation of the soil water content. (2) Soil temperature could explain 65.5% and 73.9% of the variance of soil respiration in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. Multivariate linear model based on temperature and soil water content explained 66.9% and 73.4% of the variance of soil respiration in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. Soil water content had no significant relationship with soil respiration. Q10 values of throughfall exclusion and control plots were 4.44 and 5.99.

  Soil main mineral elements characteristics of ancient trees and the response to tree health in Beijing Zou Yuqi1, Liu Jinglan1, Yang Xingkang2, Zhang Zhenming1, Liu Jiakai1, Wang Huih 2014, 30 (1):  63-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1982 Abstract + ( 908 )   PDF ( 555516KB )   ( 820 ) The objective of this study was to analyze the mineral elements characteristics of Platycladus orientalis (Linn.) Franco soil in typical ancient trees group in Beijing. Statistical methods were used to analyze the characteristics of Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe of Platycladus orientalis (Linn.) Franco in Ditan, Xiangshan, Yongling and Qingwangfen. Also the relationships between healthy degree and mineral elements were analyzed. Location diversities were dramatically reflected on Ca, Zn and Fe content and no obvious difference on Mg. However, the diversity was not shown among different tree classes. The correlation between tree health and trace elements content indicated that the Ca and Fe content increased first and then decreased with the increase of tree health condition. Mg content was the opposite trend as healthy degree increase, while the Zn content was the same trend with the healthy degree. Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe were relatively high content and shown medium variation. The relationships between health degree and Mg were negative and between health degree and Zn were positive. The rests were found to positive first and negative then. The clear relationship between mineral elements and ancient trees health degree could be instructional for ancient trees maintenance.

  Grassland Vegetation Niche of Shrub-grass in Wufeng Mountain Area, Jinan City Wang Guoliang, Wu Bo, Yang Qiuling, Jia Chunlin, Sheng Yibing 2014, 30 (1):  68-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1879 Abstract + ( 842 )   PDF ( 540156KB )   ( 626 ) In order to research the functional relationship of grassland populations in the process of shrub-grass vegetation restoration, and based on Levins niche breadth and Pianka niche overlap indexes, grassland vegetation niche character and community structure were studied in different slope position in Wufeng Mountain Area, Jinan City. The results showed that: dominant specie Arundinella anomala had the maximum niche breath in bottom slope, middle slope and top slope, and the next was Arthraxon hispidus. The niche breadth of Zoysia japonica and Themeda japonica decreased with the rise of the slope. The niche breadth of Themeda japonica was 0 in top slope. The niche breadth of Allium senescens increased with the rise of the slope. The niche overlaps between Arundinella anomala and Arthraxon hispidus and Zoysia japonica with greater niche breadth were higher than others in three slope positions. The niche overlaps between Allium senescens and Arundinella anomala and Arthraxon hispidus and Zoysia japonica were higher in top slope than in middle slope and bottom slope. In top slope, the niche overlap between Themeda japonica and others was 0, and it showed that Themeda japonica had no symbiotic relationship with other species in top slope. The niche characteristics of grassland vegetation could better indicate their ecological adaptability and distribution range.

  Study on Quality and Extracting Technology of Residual Oil of Oil-tea Camellia Cake marry 2014, 30 (1):  73-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2162 Abstract + ( 866 )   PDF ( 607732KB )   ( 488 ) For improving the utilization rate of oil-tea camellia cake, the research analyzed the main chemical component and composition of fatty acid of residual oil by GC of it, and effects of ratio of material to liquid, extracting time and extracting temperature on oil yield were discussed by single factor tests and by orthogonal tests. The results as follow: the fatty acids in residual oil included 81.51% oleic acid, 7.97% linoleic acid and 7.60% palmitic acid. The optimum extraction conditions were temperature of 60℃, extraction time of 5 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1:9, and the extraction rate of residual oil was 5.58%.

  Comparative Analysis of Grain Weight and Germination Rate of 16 Different Provenances and Family Seeds on Alnus 2014, 30 (1):  77-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2195 Abstract + ( 762 )   PDF ( 633711KB )   ( 510 ) In order to know seeds germination and growth of seedling of different provenances and families, the author analyzed and compared thousand seed weight and germination rate on 16 Alnus species, including 21 provenances and 10 families. The results showed that: thousand seed weight and germination rate of Alnus had much variation among different materials and the average thousand seed weight was 0.90 g and most of them ranged from 0.50 g to 1.5 g. The average germination rate was 9.69% in different species and 20.40% in different families, and the germination energy were 5.4% and 18.92% respectively. Correlation analysis did not have significance. The Alnus glutinosa with 32.12 cm height and 7.03 mm diameters of ground stem was the biggest among of them, and it had a certain potentiality to use in practice.

  Grey Relation Analysis on Restoration Effects of Different Governance Models in Intensity Soil Erosion Area of Changting County 2014, 30 (1):  85-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2189 Abstract + ( 646 )   PDF ( 777288KB )   ( 532 ) In order to select an ideal biological governance model in intensity soil erosion area of Changting County and popularize the vegetation restoration model in southern China, the biological community of 4 different governance models in intensity soil erosion area of Changting County was investigated and the soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The restoration effects of 4 different governance models were evaluated by the grey relation analysis method. The result showed that: restoration effects of four governance models were better than the control treatment which improve soil structure, increase soil fertilizer and water holding capacity, increase the content of organic matter and nutrient, rich vegetation species. The restoration effects of 4 different governance models were in the grey relation sequence of the model of mixed trees, shrubs and herbs (0.934)＞the model of enclosure after planting economic forest (0.794)＞the model of mixed shrubs and herbs (0.487)＞the model of planting shrubs (0.484)＞CK (0.337). The governance models of enclosure after planting economic tree species and the model of mixed trees, shrubs and herbs were optimization with high plant species richness and biodiversity index, and soil properties improving which were popularization models in intensity soil erosion area of southern China.

  Short and Mid-term Prediction Method of Forest Fire Weather Danger Classification Over Tibetan Forest 2014, 30 (1):  93-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1955 Abstract + ( 689 )   PDF ( 705677KB )   ( 444 ) Using the 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 Tibet forest fire prevention period (from November to next April) meteorological observations and T639 numerical forecast data, based on artificial neural network BP algorithm (BPM), the forest fire danger rating forest model in 7 days in Tibet was established. The model history matching rate was more than 85%, through the 2012/2013 fire prevention period fire danger rating test report results showed that: the average absolute error in 3 days was less than 0.5, and the average absolute error in 7 days was less than 0.6; comparing with using numerical weather prediction model, the BPM effectively correct prediction of system deviation factor. It indicated that: the BPM had a good prediction results. The model improved on the Tibetan forest fire danger rating prediction to improve forest fire prevention.

  Estimation and Research of Forest Water Conservation Based on Remote Sensing 2014, 30 (1):  98-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2092 Abstract + ( 679 )   Forest water conservation is an important indicator of the state of the forest ecological function, the estimation of the volume can be a very effective way of understanding the ecological value of forest resources, and the data support for the determination of management strategy for the forest resources. The author chose Liuhe County in Jilin Province as the study area, and extracted relevant factors to establish the model of remote sensing estimation of forest water conservation volume in Liuhe County based on Landsat-5 TM remote sensing image data. It showed that: the prediction accuracy of the model was 79.24%, after precision test. From the distribution map of the forest growing stock of Liuhe, as a result of the inversion of the model, it showed that the forest stock volume was 4.62×106 m3. The distribution of forest water conservation quantity Liuhe Country was formed for analysis of the relationship between ability of water conservation forest in space and spatial elements.

  Research on Semantic Information Retrieval System of Bamboo & Rattan Area 2014, 30 (1):  103-107.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1976 Abstract + ( 591 )   PDF ( 789128KB )   ( 439 ) According to bamboo & rattan resource various data formats, deficient integration, low efficiency intelligent retrieval, lacking of individualized information service mode and more problems, the project did research and explore in bamboo & rattan area terminology information retrieval model, retrieval methods, retrieval system framework design and more contents, Finally to build bamboo & rattan area terminology information retrieval system. The application of the project is the solution of bamboo & rattan resource using technical barrier, it provides theory support for bamboo & rattan macro level research and provides a new method for other agriculture area terminology information retrieval.

  Steam Injection Pressing Self-bonding of Bindless Tobacco Stem Particleboard 2014, 30 (1):  108-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2054 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 672496KB )   ( 534 ) In order to study the steam injection pressing self-bonding mechanism of bindless tobacco stem particboard, bindless tobacco stem particleboard was prepared by steam injection pressing in this paper. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), high performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC) and specific surface area (BET) were used to analyze the self-bonding mechanism of bindless tobacco stem particboard. The results showed that: the number of active hydroxyl in cellulose molecule was increased by the synergistic effect of the water and heat, active hydroxyl groups could form hydrogen bonds (O-H…H), van der Waals forces was formed between each of the two tobacco stem particles in the process of steam injection pressing; part of hemicellulose in tobacco stem particle was hydrolyzed by the synergistic effect of the water and heat, the hydrolysate could be subjected to polycondensation reaction to generate polycondensation furan resin which was similar to adhesives, the hydrolysate also could be subjected to polycondensation reaction with the lignin having a phenolic hydroxyl structure to generate a kind of condensation compound which was similar to phenolic resin adhesive. In addition, the lignin in tobacco stem particle was fully expanded and part of lignin was evenly distributed between each of the two tobacco stem particles by the synergistic effect of the water and heat, which could improve the physical and mechanical properties of bindless partcleboard to some extent.

  Research Progress on Organic Acids in Tobacco 2014, 30 (1):  114-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1274 Abstract + ( 969 )   PDF ( 560305KB )   ( 626 ) The achievements about analysis of organic acids in tobacco at home and abroad over past years were reviewed comprehensively, and analyzed the properties and effects of various organic acids, such as volatile, semi-volatile and nonvolatile acids. Pretreatments of samples included solvent extraction, solid phase extraction, stream distillation, etc. Finally, this paper comprehensively introduced analysis of organic acids in tobacco about gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion chromatography (IC) and other methods. It was considered that it was possible to get a good understanding of various elements in smoke as the application and development of this modern separation technology and analysis equipment. And it provided factual basis for perfuming in tobacco industry.

  The Improvement of Mechanism of Detoxification of Aluminum for Organic Acids 2014, 30 (1):  120-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1209 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 429867KB )   ( 992 ) Aluminum toxicity is the main reason to limit the plant growth in acidic soil and forest degradation. In the acid soil, some plant species and cultivars have evolved some mechanisms for detoxifying Al both internally and externally. It is a hot field in aluminum tolerance research that organic acids secrete detoxification of aluminum under the induced aluminum. The paper reviewed organic acids’kinds which secreted by the plant’s root and the mechanism of aluminum detoxification, furthermore, reviewed the identification of organic acids channel protein gene, cloning and the functional analysis etc; at the same time pointed out that the plant resistance to aluminum toxicity was polygenic control complex features, therefore, from the aspects of aluminum resistance gene expression regulation in-depth research, to effectively reveal the mechanism of plant resistance to aluminum.

  A New Way for Identification of Cold Tolerance in Tobacco at Seedling Stage 2014, 30 (1):  124-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1054 Abstract + ( 805 )   PDF ( 625714KB )   ( 543 ) Low temperature stress frequently occurs at early spring season after transplanting of tobacco seedlings in China, which results in slow growing at seedling stage and early flowering, and seriously leads to fluctuation of yield and quality of tobacco leaf. A new way for identification of cold tolerance in tobacco at seedling stage was present in the paper in order to evaluate the low temperature sensitivity and screen cold tolerant germplasm resources. The screening processes were sequentially done from preparing seedlings with float system, transplanting into pots at three to four true leaves stage, acclimating in room temperature for two to three days at six to eight true leaves stage, stressing the potted plants continuously at 6℃to 8℃for seven days, and then restoring growth at room temperature for ten days. The low temperature susceptible, moderately tolerant and cold tolerant resources were classified based on morphological performance of the resulted tobacco plants at low temperature stress and then restored growing at room temperature. Thirty six accessions including flue-cured tobacco, sun-cured tobacco and wild species were identified with the above method for cold tolerance at seedling stage, four types were easily differentiated according to leaf morphological damage under continuous low temperature for six days, and three types were simply classified based on the restoring growth states during subsequent room temperature condition. Comprehensively, five lines were classified as tolerant to cold, seven lines were classified as moderately tolerant based on the morphological performance of these tobacco resources under low temperature stress and subsequent room temperature condition.

  The Effect of Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) Infection on Cabbage Seedling Leaf Lipid Peroxidation 沈 向群 2014, 30 (1):  128-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1210 Abstract + ( 868 )   PDF ( 733401KB )   ( 481 ) The aim was to study the membrane lipid peroxidation indicators and protective enzymes activity of the Chinese cabbage leaf under clubroot bacteria stress conditions. Taking the susceptible 91-12B and resistant CR91-12B cabbage as test material, shots was adopted to carry out the inoculation, and then determined by sampling. 91-12B and CR91-12B activities of antioxidant enzymes showed increase and then decreased. The results showed that resistant CR91-12B responded quickly and timely defense to pathogens, reactive oxygen species in dynamic equilibrium. Susceptible 91-12B responded slowly, the defense was not timely; the balance of reactive oxygen system was broken. It also found that, 8 days after the inoculation of the bacteria was the reaction time of resistance CR91-12B. The experiment verified the relationship between clubroot resistance and membrane lipid oxidation which provided basis for the applications of growth regulators, synthetic active oxygen scavenger in resistance to clubroot and early screening of CR91-12B.

  Effects of Drought Stress on Chlorophyll Contents and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cucumber Seedlings 2014, 30 (1):  133-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1445 Abstract + ( 818 )   PDF ( 637172KB )   ( 627 ) To study the effects of drought stress on chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber seedlings, the author carried pot experiments by using cucumber seedlings as materials to research the effects of PEG imitation drought stress on them. The results showed that the decreasing amplitude of chlorophyll contents, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of cucumber seedlings increased by improving drought stress concentration and prolonging stress time. The different of total chlorophyll content between compare (CK) and 5% PEG was indifferent, but their of 10% and 20% PEG treatment decreased by 5.2% and 16.3% respectively than CK at drought stress first day. The total chlorophyll content of 5%, 10% and 20% PEG treatment reduced by 8.6%, 12.0% and 37.2% respectively than CK at drought stress second day. The different of net photosynthetic rate(Pn), transpiration rate(E), stomatal conductance(Gs) between compare (CK) and 5% PEG was indifferent, while the different of intercellular concentrations of carbon dioxide (Ci) among treatments of CK, 5%, 10% and 20% PEG was different at drought stress first day, but the different of Pn, E and Ci among treatments of CK, 5%, 10% and 20% PEG was different at drought stress second day. At drought stress second day, the effective photochemical efficiency of PSII (YIELD) of 5% , 10% and 20% PEG treatment reduced by 2.4% , 8.7% and 13.2% respectively than CK, the photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR) reduced by 4.6%, 9.3% and 12.7%，while non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence but increased (qN) reduced by 8.7%, 18.1% and 66.6%.

  Identification of 18 S-genotypes and Cloning Novel S-RNase in Pyrus from Gansu 2014, 30 (1):  138-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1308 Abstract + ( 882 )   PDF ( 883084KB )   ( 703 ) To identify S-genotypes of a few types of wild species originating from Gansu Province, S-RNase specific PCR were used. After cloning and sequencing of PCR products, the S-genotypes of 18 species native to Gansu were determined. The results were as follows:‘Linxiaxiangba’S12S21,‘Ganguheili’S16 S54,‘Kanglebaiguo’SbSi,‘Wudutianli’S26Si,‘Linxiahuangma’S3Se,‘Kanglesumuli’S1Sh,‘Linxiasala’S16Se,‘Jiuquanchangbali’S6S22,‘Linyaomatianli’S22Sd,‘Jiuquanmaili’S6S17,‘Manluwowoguo’S12S21,‘Wushantangli’S8S19,‘Kangleganchangba’S22Sd,‘Hezhengganchangba’S22Sd.‘Ganguxiangshui’and‘Lixianxinbapan’had a Se-RNase gene. There was a S26 in‘Linxiadadiaodan’and S16 in‘Ganguhongxia’. Subsequent sequence analysis showed that there was a novel S-RNase in‘Ganguheili’, which was named S54. The results would be useful for research of evolution of genes between different pear species, selection of pollinizers and design of crossing in cultivar improvement of pear.

  Effects of Natural Cover Grass in Pear Orchard on Soil pH in Yellow River Delta 2014, 30 (1):  143-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1644 Abstract + ( 738 )   PDF ( 694383KB )   ( 475 ) To provide a theological basis on improving saline-alkali soil and spreading grass growing techniques, the soil pH, organic matter, available N, P, K content change in different grass years of pear orchard were studied. The inter-row and inter-plant soil in the orchard with golden pear [Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.).cv.‘Nakai’] grown with grass for 2, 3 and 4 years respectively were compared with that of the clean cultivated pear orchard. The correlation analysis between soil pH and soil organic and soil elements was studied. In pear orchard with grass growing, the pH of inter-row soil were depressed 1.2%-3.4%, inter-plant soil were depressed 0.6%-4.08%; the organic matter of inter-row and inter-plant soil were both increased, especially for the grass 4 years, inter-row soil were improved 64.6%; the available N, P, K were both improved; correlation analysis showed that soil pH and organic matter and available N, P, K showed a negative correlation relationship.

  The Research of Rosa roxburghii Tratt’ s Vc and SOD in Different Moisture Content 2014, 30 (1):  149-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1253 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 600472KB )   ( 705 ) To solve the problem that consumers' consumption of fresh and produced Rosa roxburghii Tratt, as well as obtain nutrition and so on, using fresh and vary degrees dried Rosa roxburghii Tratt as test material, so that applying the method of data comparison to study vitamin C and SOD. This paper used the method of thorn spectrophotometer pear to determine of the Vc value and the SOD activity in different moisture content of Rosa roxburghii Tratt. The determination of Vc value was compared with apple and kiwi. The result indicated fresh Rosa roxburghii Tratt content in 1900-2200 mgVc/(100 g·FW), which was 46-53 times of the apple, and 14-17 times as much as kiwi. When the moisture content of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fell to 60%, the Vc value proved a significant decrease. Similarly, when the moisture content dropped below 75% until fully dry state, SOD activity showed a maximum loss. This paper could make guidance to people’s diet.

  Determination of Four Trace Elements in Macadamia Kernel by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 2014, 30 (1):  153-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1306 Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 495370KB )   ( 509 ) In order to investigate the determination method and content of iron, manganese, copper and zinc in the kernel of macadamia, the content of four trace elements in the kernel of four macadamia cultivars were determined by flames atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), the sample were decomposed by three ways include dry ashing, acid digestion, microwave digestion, the content of each trace element in different macadamia cultivars were compared. The results showed that the content of iron and copper determined by three decomposition ways had no significant differences, but the content of manganese and zinc which determined by microwave digestion were slightly higher than the other two decomposition ways, but the differences were not significant. The average content were Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu in the kernel of macadamia, the content of manganese showed a significant difference among cultivars. The iron content of‘YunMac 51’was the highest and‘YunMac 58’had the highest content of manganese, copper and zinc. All the three decomposition ways could be used for trace element determination of macadamia kernel by FAAS.

  ISSR Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Germplasm Resources in Yunnan 2014, 30 (1):  157-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1964 Abstract + ( 896 )   PDF ( 998220KB )   ( 548 ) In order to reveal genetic diversity of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) germplasm resources in Yunnan and promote their effective utilization, 60 accessions of coconut germplasm collected from different locations in Yunnan were used as experimental materials and the ISSR molecular marker technique was employed to analyze their genetic diversity. The result showed that 272 loci were amplified from the accessions by means of 27 ISSR primers, and 230 loci were polymorphic, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 84.56%. PIC index of the 27 primers was 0.85. SM similarity coefficient averaged out at 0.664. According to the SM similarity coefficient, a dendrogram for the accessions was obtained by using UPGMA method of the software NTSYSpc2.10e, and the 60 accessions were clustered into 3 groups (A, B and C). Among them, group A was composed entirely of local germplasm separated from others, group C included not only some of the local germplasm and but also others from other places. The results revealed that there were rich genetic diversity among the coconut germplasm resources in Yunnan, and suggested the relation of independence and relevance all existed in coconut germplasm in Yunnan and other places. These results also would provide a reference for further research and development of coconut germplasm resources in Yunnan.

  Climate Ecological Adaptability and Division of Camellia nitidissima in Guangxi Based on GIS 2014, 30 (1):  163-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1457 Abstract + ( 1013 )   PDF ( 835613KB )   ( 674 ) Guangxi is a Camellia nitidissima species most resource-rich area in the world. According to the requirements of growth and development for climate conditions of Camellia nitidissima, the author analyzed and identified the indexes of climate division for Camellia nitidissima planting in Guangxi. Using the climate data from 1961 to 2010 and the geographical information data of 90 weather stations in Guanxi, division indexes were worked out on small grid of 1 km×1 km by GIS, which gave out different values under different geographical conditions. By the function of spatial an analysis and multi-overlapping method of GIS, the climatic regionalization of suitable regions for Camellia nitidissima planting was done, and assessment and suggestions were put forward as a scientific basis for Camellia nitidissima promote the cultivation and production and its optimized distribution in Guangxi. The results showed that: the fitted regions were southern coastal areas, part of the area of the Zoujiang and Youjiang River Valley, and lower elevation areas of the southeast and southwest. The sub-fitted regions were the other southern region. The unfitted regions were northern region, and the southern elevations in the mountains. Suggestions were provided relevant and constructive to the production for Camellia nitidissima.

  Effect of Trichoderma Preparation on Jasmine Southern Blight and Amount of Soil Microorganism 2014, 30 (1):  169-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1435 Abstract + ( 716 )   PDF ( 617591KB )   ( 538 ) Study on the colonization of Trichoderma in the soil and the effect of Trichoderma preparations on the amount of soil microorganism by dilution isolation. And the control effect of Trichoderma preparation on jasmine southern blight was tested in field. The results showed that, in the case of containing substrate, the amount of Trichoderma in the soil was tended to increase first and then decreased. The amount of Trichoderma in sterilized soil was significantly higher than that in natural soil. The number of bacteria and fungi were increased significantly in the jasmine rhizosphere when the Trichoderma preparation was applied to jasmine plantations, and the incidence of jasmine southern blight was significantly reduced. The highest control efficiency was reached to 71.07%.

  Influence of Salicylic Acid on the Roots Activity and Root Morphology Indicators of Pennisetum glaucum ‘Purple Majesty’ Under Temperature Stress 2014, 30 (1):  174-177.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1364 Abstract + ( 841 )   PDF ( 476066KB )   ( 482 ) To provide reference for the seedlings, planting and application of Pennisetum glaucum ‘Purple Majesty’ in Chongqing, for screening and research of other turf grass vegetation, and contribute to enrich the Chongqing garden ground resources, Pennisetum glaucum ‘Purple Majesty’ was used as the material, and the author set high temperature stress and low temperature stress to study roots activity and root morphology indicators of purple pearl millet seedlings under temperature stress. The results indicated that: (1) high and low temperature stress made root activity decrease rapidly, salicylic acid treatment significantly improved the seedlings root activity at 3rd and 5th day under high temperature stress, 5th and 7th day at the stress of low temperature. (2) High and low temperature stress inhibited the root system growth of Pennisetum glaucum ‘Purple Majesty’ seedlings roots, the total root length, root surface area and root volume reduced, the impacts of low temperature stress on the total root length were greater than high temperature stress. Salicylic acid treatment significantly increased the surface area of the root under high temperature stress.

  Research on the HPLC Fingerprint of Radix Angelica dahurica in Chongqing 2014, 30 (1):  178-184.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1075 Abstract + ( 890 )   PDF ( 601078KB )   ( 554 ) The purpose of this research was to establish a HPLC fingerprint and analyse its main factors of Angelicae dahuricae in Chongqing in order to regulate the development and control quality. In the research, chromatogram collected by RP-HPLC method, the “Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM”published by GPC (Version 2004) was used to establish the various reference fingerprint and evaluate its similarity. The result showed that fingerprint similarity of 65 lots between 0.633 to 0.997, 9 lots ranged from 0.633 to 0.773 which treated with smouldering sulphur, others were all over 0.9; the quality of Angelica dahurica in Chongqing was similar with Suining area; the most influencing factors of fingerprint similarity in Chongqing were area、soil type and processing method, then altitude, harvesting time and types of skin had the least influence.

  Effects of Different Cultivation Modes on the Growth and Dry Matter Accumulations of Characteristic Scent Flue-cured Tobacco in Enshi Region 2014, 30 (1):  185-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1027 Abstract + ( 1061 )   PDF ( 678404KB )   ( 534 ) Enshi mountainous region is one of suitable areas to develop intermediate scent type flue-cured tobacco varieties in China. To find out the elite cultivation modes of intermediate scent tobacco will help increase in the yield and income of local tobacco-producing farmers in Enshi region. In this study, five cultivation modes involving different culture factors, such as transplanting time, nitrogen application level, plant density and remaining leaves, were compared in the growth mode and dry matter accumulation dynamics in the whole growth periods. The results demonstrated that, all five cultivation showed a low-fast-slow pattern of dry matter accumulation in the field growth periods. The highest amount and rate of accumulation appeared from 60 to 75 days after transplantation, leaf had a higher dry matter accumulation rate than stem and root organs, they all conformed to two polynomial regression equations, and also the dry matter accumulation rates was in the order of leaves, stems and root tissues. Path analysis showed that, the dry matter in the leaves was mainly influenced by the maximum leaf area with direct path coefficient 2.152 and stem dry weight with negative value -1.248, the super-high flue-cured tobacco percent was regulated more by starch content with direct coefficient 1.22, reduced sugar with value -0.369 and nicotine contents with value 0.145. However, reduced sugar had a positive value 0.692 by the means of starch and nicotine contents. And thus, cultivation method should be to improve the stem and leaf growths synchronously to keep an appropriate root-shoot ratio, as well as increase the reducing sugar levels, reduce the starch and nicotine contents to obtain the higher super-high tobacco leaf percent. According to the clustering analysis of the yield and chemical component contents in the flue-cured tobacco, the cultivation mode N4 was the best for intermediate scent flue-cured tobacco with intermediate scent type in the Enshi region, potentiating a great application in the cultivation of characteristic tobacco yield and high quality in the future.

  Effects of Interaction Between Ecology and Species on the Economic Traits of the New Flue-cured Tobacco Strains 2014, 30 (1):  193-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1003 Abstract + ( 953 )   PDF ( 750814KB )   ( 474 ) To explore the influence of different ecological, variety and interaction between its ecological and varieties on flue-cured tobacco main economic characters, five varieties, HB023, HB061, HB086, HB107, HB112, and normal controls‘( Yunyan 87’and‘K326’) were chosen and planted in Xiaoguang, Liangwu, Yerengu, Huangliang and Maliang in Hubei Province to analyze the influence of interaction between its ecological and varieties on flue-cured tobacco yield, output value, the proportion of the superior and medium tobacco. The results showed that the economic characters of tested varieties in five test sites were higher than normal controls, the difference between the pilot area for significant economic character index and different, especially in Baokang pilot area, the tested strains of output, output value, the proportion of superior tobacco smoke and medium scale significantly higher than those of‘Yunyan 87’and‘K326’clouds that Baokang zone pilot ecological condition to improve the economic benefit was very advantageous; flue-cured tobacco HB023 and Fangxian County area pilot, HB086 and Xuan’en zone pilot, HB112 and Xing Mountain and Fangxian County area pilot interactions, its yield and output value, the proportion of superior tobacco evidently higher than those of control‘Yunyan 87’and‘K326’; HB061 and Xuan’en zone pilot interactions, the output value and the proportion of medium smoke relative to control were improved. HB107 and Fangxian County area pilot interactions, the yield increased with contrast that ecology and species interactions to improve the economic benefits of new strains tested.

  Effects of Tobacco No-tillage Cultivating on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Root Growth 2014, 30 (1):  200-203.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1389 Abstract + ( 740 )   PDF ( 530344KB )   ( 420 ) The effects of tobacco no-tillage cultivating and conventional cultivation on the tobacco planting soil physical and chemical properties and root growth were compared in the research. The result of no-tillage cultivating treatment showed that the soil arable layer were shallow. The soil arable layer bulk density of treatment A was appreciably increased, while other treatments were almost same. The contents of soil pH, organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, total nitrogen, slowly available potassium had little difference among all treatments. The soil microorganism had certain differences among all treatments, but the effects of the activity of soil enzyme were less. Compared with conventional cultivation, the tobacco root range of no-tillage cultivating of treatment A were appreciably wider, and the distribution were shallow, and the main root were shorter, but the lateral root number and fresh and dry weight were appreciably increased. Compared with conventional cultivation, the tobacco root range of no-tillage cultivating of treatment B were resemble and the lateral root number and fresh and dry weight were appreciably increased.

  The Effects of Different Times of Top-dressing on the Growth and Quality of Organic Flue-cured Tobacco Shou-Jun Ying Ding CanXian-Ren Lu 2014, 30 (1):  204-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1440 Abstract + ( 727 )   PDF ( 547754KB )   ( 439 ) A field experiment was carried out in Fuquan City, Guizhou Province in 2012, to study the effects of the different times of top-dressing in the same amounts of fertilizer on yield and quality of organic flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that: there was no difference of growth period in different treatments. Top-dressing four times were significantly higher than the two times in agronomic traits, and grew best. As the increase of the times of fertilizer, it was favorable to raise the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. Top-dressing four times can increase the yield, production value, average price of flue-cured tobacco and ratio of first-class tobacco leaf, and the compositions of various compounds and their proportions were found suitable. With the increase in times of top-dressing, would help shorten the field growth period of the tobacco plant, agronomic traits to improve, increased photosynthetic indicators, to improve the quality of production.

  The Effects of Cu Treatment on the Physiological and Biochemical Characters of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis 2014, 30 (1):  209-214.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1271 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 790900KB )   ( 567 ) By pot experiments，this paper studied the effects of Cu pollution on the biomass, the accumulation of Cu, content of chlorophyll, membrane permeability, the content of catalase (CAT), nitrate reductase (NR) of Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis in order to supple a scientific and theoretical evidence for vegetable safely planted and diagnosing the heavy metal pollution. The result showed that, the biomass of Brassica campestris ssp was evidently increased under low concentration of Cu. When concentration of Cu is over 100 mg/kg, the biomass of the ground and underground parts are decreased. At the same time the accumulation of Cu in roots was much higher than those in leaves and stems, special in the high Cu condition. Content of chlorophyll and activity of NR first increased, then decreased with increasing concentration of Cu; However, membrane permeability, Content of reducing sugar and activity of CAT showed an opposite trend.

  Carbon, Nitrogen Mineralization and Effects on Yield and Quality of Tomato in Greenhouse of Biochar Made by Sludge 2014, 30 (1):  215-220.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1141 Abstract + ( 936 )   PDF ( 625598KB )   ( 405 ) Both house culture and field experiments were carried out to study effects of biochar made by sludge and combining application of biochar made by sludge and chemical fertilizer on yield and quality of cultivated tomato and utilization rate of fertilizer in order to investigate carbon, nitrogen mineralization characteristics and fertilizer effect of biochar made by sludge. The results showed that, under the same organic carbon (or nitrogen) application rate, the amount of CO2-C mineralized of biochar made by sludge was significantly lower than that of cow composting (P<0.05). The carbon mineralization rate of sludge biochar which was cultured 21 weeks was 13.7% that of cow composting. Soil average nitrogen mineralization rate of sludge biochar treatment was significantly higher than that in cow composting. The average nitrogen mineralization rate of sludge biochar and cow composting cultured for 21 weeks were 6.9% and 1.0%, respectively. There was no difference in tomato fruit yields and biomass between sludge biochar and cow composting treatments in cultured soil with higher fertility level. In addition, there was no undesirable effect on tomato nutrient quality, flavor quality and nitrate and nitrite content in tomato in the sludge biochar treatment. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer utilization of sludge biochar treatment was lower than single application of cow composting. But sludge biochar was very beneficial to improve greenhouse soil fertility the condition that the tomato yield and quality was not affected.

  Preliminary Exploration of Improved Germination Rate of Hard Seeds in Snap Bean 2014, 30 (1):  221-225.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1469 Abstract + ( 811 )   PDF ( 545635KB )   ( 623 ) In this study, using several physical methods such as hot water soaking and mechanical damage seed coat, preliminary exploration were preformed to the reasons in snap bean hard seeds and the methods of break it. The results showed that hard seed phenomenon and seed volume, seed hundred grain weights (weight) of negative correlation. Application cut the seed coat and treated by 80℃ hot water, can break the hard seed and improve the germination rate. From operation is convenient and effective consideration, suggest that 80℃ hot water 2 min were used in the production practice.

  Analysis of the Nutritional Components of Momordica charantia L. and Effect of Harvesting Time on Its Nutritional Quality 2014, 30 (1):  226-231.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1281 Abstract + ( 828 )   PDF ( 702029KB )   ( 667 ) In order to screening the specialized varieties (lines) of Momordica charantia L. for suitable fresh vegetables or pharmaceutical processing and clarifing its harvesting time, 22 different varieties (lines) of Momordica charantia L. as test materials, were studied the different nutritional quality of dry matter, vitamin C, titrable acid content, cellulose content, polysaccharide content, flavonoid content and saponin content and effects of harvesting time on nutritional quality. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the nutritional components in the 22 different varieties (lines) of Momordica charantia L.. The weight of dry matter, vitamin C content, titratable acid content, cellulose content, polysaccharide content, flavonoids content and saponins content on average was 5.48%, 8.34 mg/(100 g·FW), 10.24 mmol/(100 g·FW), 2.33%, 8.8 mg/(g·FW), 105.99 mg/(100 g·FW) and 53.46 mg/(100 g·FW) respectively. The same time, the results showed that the harvesting time had a significant effect on the vitamin C content, titratable acid content, cellulose content, polysaccharide content, flavonoids content and saponins content of Momordica charantia L. and the best harvesting time for Momordica charantia L. was 16-17 days after pollination.

  Analysis on Effect of 4 Kinds of Heavy Metals on the Yield and Quality of Pleurotus ostreatus Different Harvest Times 2014, 30 (1):  232-237.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1121 Abstract + ( 606 )   PDF ( 703041KB )   ( 1295 ) In order to provide reliable advice on edible fungus production quality and safety, and promote the sustainable development of the edible fungus industry, with Pleurotus ostreatus as a medium, the study was executed by adding 4 kinds of heavy metals at different concentrations into the medium in order to research the effect of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) on the yield and quality of the different harvest times of Pleurotus ostreatus. The results showed that except for 50 mg/kg As postpones the expected fruiting date by 8 days, the three other heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) in different concentrations can advance the expected fruiting date by 5 to 13 days. By adding different concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, Hg in the medium (except for 50 mg/kg As), Pleurotus ostreatus yield can be increased. In detail, the increasing effect of 0.05 mg/kg Pb, 1 mg/kg Pb, 1 mg/kg As and 10 mg/kg Pb was apparent. Except for 50 mg/kg As reduced Pleurotus ostreatus biological efficiency by 15.3%, other different concentrations of heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Hg) can apparently increase the biological efficiency. The highest was 89.2%, processed by 0.05 mg/kg Pb, which was 42.4% higher than the reference substance. In addition, correlation and principal component study results showed that the lower Pleurotus ostreatus yield was, the higher content of heavy metals was, as well as the concentration coefficient; the higher the heavy metal content in the medium was, the higher its content in the later harvest times was, as well as the concentration coefficient. The cumulative effect of heavy metals Pb, Cd, As, Hg was apparent in Pleurotus ostreatus.

  Effect of Foliar Application of Fertilizer on the Growth of Plant and Bulb of‘Conca d’or’ 2014, 30 (1):  238-241.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1341 Abstract + ( 612 )   PDF ( 487797KB )   ( 517 ) The effects of different foliar fertilizer on the growth and development of plant organs’Conca d’or’were explored, and provide the basis for breeding bulb and cut production to realize high quality and efficient cultivation. The impact of foliar application of fertilizer on the characteristics of plant growth and bulb yield of Conca d’or’had been studied with the random block design of two factors under the field farmland in areas of Liaoning Province. Foliar application of vitamin B1 could significantly increase the lily plants the diameter of stem, bulb yield, stem and root numbers and length, spraying urea significantly increased leaf area. Vitamin B1 and urea with spraying could effectively improve the growth traits in lily plants, improve the yield of lily bulb, with vitamin B1 and urea at times are the best results at the 3 time, lily bulb yield reached the highest value, increased 40.9%. It suggested that urea and the vitamin B1 was sprayed with 3 times in the bulb production.

  Effects of Different Nutrient Solutions on Growth of Alocasia cucullata Micropropagation Plants in Greenhouse 2014, 30 (1):  242-247.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1230 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 872275KB )   ( 419 ) In order to improve the survival rate of Alocasia cucullata micropropagated plants transplanted into greenhouse, reduce production cost, improve working efficiency and economic benefits, the effects of different nutrient solutions on growth of Alocasia cucullata plantlets in greenhouse were investigated by analyzing growth parameters and physiological indexes. The results indicated that nutrient solution E (N:P:K=21:2:9) showed best on morphological and physiological indexes. The other four treatments showed no significant difference with each other. Compared with water, Alocasia cucullata which supplied with five nutrient solutions all showed better on growth.

  Photosynthetic Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Tea Plant Under Different Soilmoisture Condition 2014, 30 (1):  248-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1310 Abstract + ( 651 )   PDF ( 889452KB )   ( 536 ) To solve seasonal water shortage in south China, different tea plant adaptability to soil moisture were analyzed in this paper which can provide a theoretical guide of tea plant cultivation. In experiments under different conditions of soil moisture that normal supply (soil moisture was 75% field water holding capacity), mild water stress (55% ), moderate water stress (35% ) and severe water stress (20% ), photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency (WUE) of 1-year-old seedlings of five tea varieties (Camellia sinensis‘Huangdan’,‘JinXuan’,‘YingHong 9th’,‘HongYan 12th’and‘QingXin 1st’) were researched in pot experiments. The results tested that photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), WUE and other physiological factors showed significant impact on different soil water treatment. Under water stress Pn, Tr, Gs of tea plant decline and the mean value of WUE decline smaller than Pn. The Pn and WUE of‘Yinghong 9th’decreased fastest. Mean Pn value was 1.47μmolCO2/(m2·s) in T3 treatment that reduced 80% than CK and mean WUE reduced 51.5% than CK. In the same conditions‘Jinxuan’,‘Hongyan 12th’and‘Qingxin 1st’showed better ecological adaptability to soil water moisture and‘Yinghong 9th’was the weakest. Cultivation techniques supporting should be matched in varieties promotion.

  Study on Suitability of Different Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties in Baoshan, Yunnan High Altitude Region 2014, 30 (1):  254-257.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1411 Abstract + ( 944 )   PDF ( 580727KB )   ( 548 ) In order to study the suitability of different flue-cured tobacco varieties in Baoshan, Yunnan high altitude region, used 99 flue-cured tobacco middle leaves of grade C3F about 7 different varieties from Baoshan, Yunnan 2000 m altitude region through 2011-2012 collected were analyzed.‘Yunyan’series varieties overall elevation sensitivity was low,‘Yunyan 100’integrated performance were best, leaf appearance outstanding physical properties, intrinsic chemical composition, all the indicators were in high quality flue-cured tobacco of yunnan suitable range, industrial high availability, suitable planting in Baoshan high altitude area;‘Yunyan 99’stem content on the high side,‘Yunyan 97’total sugar content was on the high side,‘K326’high nicotine and total nitrogen content and total sugar content was low, all above three varieties after baking tobacco intrinsic chemical composition inharmonious, high altitude sensitivity, industrial availability was low, not suitable for planting in Baoshan high altitude area;‘Yunyan 85’,‘Yunyan 87’,‘Hongda’whether suitability plant in Baoshan high altitude area analysis needed further validation.

  A Survey of Arsenic Concentrations in Soils and Vegetables in Fuzhou and the Potential Risks to Human Health 2014, 30 (1):  258-263.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1311 Abstract + ( 1211 )   PDF ( 662653KB )   ( 491 ) In order to assess the risks to human health posed by elevated concentrations of As in soils and vegetables produced, 98 soil samples and 111 vegetable samples were collected from plough layer of vegetable field on suburbs, cities and towns in Fuzhou. As concentration was measured using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (HG-AFS). The results showed that: As concentrations in soils ranged from 1.16 to 26.94 mg/kg, with were ithmetic means of 6.02 mg/kg. The distribution showed that As contents of soils were different in different areas, with the order as Mawei Development Region, Lianjiang County, Jinan Region, Changle City and Minhou County. As concentrations in the edible plant portions ranged from less than the analytical detection limit to 0.0575 mg/kg fresh weight, with a mean of 0.0080 mg/kg fresh weight. Consuming vegetables with elevated As concentrations might pose a health risk to local residents. Chinese chives, garden pea seedlings, ginger and garland chrysanthemum had higher As bioconcentration factors, while purple cai-tai, leaf beet, spinach, Chinese mallow, garlic, Chinese cabbage, most of the root＆stem vegetables and melon＆fruit vegetables had lower As bioconcentration factors.

  Layout, Type and Function of Farmland Vegetable Buffer with Insect Pests Control in Agricultural Landscape 2014, 30 (1):  264-270.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2339 Abstract + ( 825 )   PDF ( 1333440KB )   ( 668 ) Farmland vegetable buffer benefited biodiversity conservation, biological control and soil conservation. Therefore, it was popular in Europe and America. We designed a set of vegetable buffer to control insect pests of cropland in Qubeiying Village, Shunyi, Beijing, based on the distribution of current road, ditch, side slope and ridge in the farmland. The set of buffer included three levels. The first level, main buffer, connected the semi-nature habitat in the landscape. The second level, vice-buffer, constructed a network of corridors. And the third level, inferior buffer, varied these buffer types and plants. Each of 21 vegetable buffers considered the current site condition, focused on indigenous plant, and chose the plant which attracted predators. The diverse buffer types and plants could provide diverse habitat and food to different insects or birds. Low or no disturbance management was important. The farmland vegetable buffer would be a good choose for pests control and field boundary construction.

  Functional Orientation And Classification of Agricultural Technology Demonstration Park ---Plan of Shandong Gaoqing Green Agricultural Technology Demonstration Park 2014, 30 (1):  271-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2365 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 3269342KB )   ( 443 ) Agricultural technology demonstration park develops rapidly nowadays, which is a efficient way to achieve agricultural modernization, as well as functions of high-tech technology demonstration, high-quality production producing, seed-breeding technology training, and tourism. The core area, demonstration area and radiation area are generally appeared to be“circle”morphology, in agricultural technology demonstration park, of which the functions contains the agricultural production area, technology demonstration area, tourist entertainment area and supporting service area. Taking Shandong Gaoqing Green Agricultural Technology Demonstration Park as an example, the feature orientation and functional classification were discussed, as well as their contents and planning points, in order to guide the planning and design of the agricultural technology demonstration park.

  The Study on Landscape System Evaluation of Ecological Sightseeing Agriculture Garden 2014, 30 (1):  278-282.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1907 Abstract + ( 729 )   PDF ( 656829KB )   ( 562 ) In order to establish the landscape evaluation system which adapts all types of ecological agriculture sightseeing garden, understand the each of the landscape elements function in the construction of the landscape in the ecological agriculture sightseeing garden. Using the principle of analytic hierarchy process to build the landscape evaluation index system of the completly set of ecological sightseeing agriculture garden. Then using expert consultation and the 1-9 scale method established by Satty to construct the judgment matrix, to calculate the each factor’s weight of the evaluation. The results showed that: the weight of natural landscape, in the project layer, was much greater than the weights of culture landscape and production landscape; the importance of agricultural landscape, in the factor layer, was higher the landscape plants in the same project layer; the weight of the overall image of agricultural landscape, in the indicator layer, got the first rank, the diversity of species was secondary, it also had somewhat effect that farming experience, farming activity, folk-custom’s show and the style of landscape architecture. The study on ecological agriculture sightseeing garden landscape design and construction, grading and classification management and classification guidance provided theoretical basis.

  Analysis on Landscape Structure of Urban Greenland in Meilie District, Sanming City 2014, 30 (1):  283-288.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2374 Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 606256KB )   ( 694 ) To comprehensively understand urban green space distribution of Meilie District, Sanming City, the visual interpretation technique was used in extracting urban greenland information, and the spatial structure and spatial distribution of urban greenland were also studied by the method of remote sensing coupled with geographical information system technique. The results showed that the green rate, green density, average fractal dimensions, contagion/aggregation, green diversity index and green evenness index of Meilie were 23.58%, 147.4776 individual/hm2, 1.5840, 72.7777, 0.9494 and 0.4879 respectively. The greenland area of six types ranked from high to low as follows: public greenbelt (PU)>residential greenbelt (R)> traffic greenbelt (T)> public construction greenbelt (PC)>protective green buffer space (PR)> agriculture greenbelt (A). In terms of plaque, Meilie green plaque was dominated by medium-sized plaques (45.54%) andⅡmedium-sized plaques (116.9398 hm2) >Ⅲmedium and large plaques (72.5536 hm2) >Ⅳlarge plaques (51.9676 hm2 ) >Ⅰsmall plaque (15.3127 hm2). Eight landscape fragmentation indexes was used to principal component analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate of four principal components after dimension reducing processing was 99.782%. The law of green space fragmentation level to different Greenland types was R> PC> PR> T> A> PU. In terms of spatial relationships, the plaque of R, A, T and PR was continuous and compact, while the plaque of PC and PU was relatively isolated. These results may guide Sanming City to green, recycling, low-carbon development, and it’s also may provide a scientific basis for building a rational urban green structure and ecological security pattern.

  Research Progress in Cucumber Molecular Markers Related to Important Agronomic Character 2014, 30 (1):  289-297.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2729 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 543393KB )   ( 736 ) This paper summarized the application of different molecular markers closely linked with important agronomic traits such as disease-resistance (powdery mildew, downy mildew, fusarium wilt, anthracnose, scab and virus disease), fruit quality (fruit tumor, bitterness, fruit color, fruit shiny and fruit shape), reproductive development (sex differentiation and parthenocarpy), and vegetative development (leaf color, plant height and lateral branch), which was aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the future cucumber breeding. Finally, discussed the relative weak causes of cucumber molecular markers in cucumber breeding at present, and made a prospect for future cucumber breeding.

  Advance in Researches of Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus 2014, 30 (1):  298-301.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1252 Abstract + ( 881 )   PDF ( 486780KB )   ( 501 ) Sweet potato leaf curl disease is the most devastating virus diseases to sweet potato production around the world. The disease has been spreading widely in sweet potato growing areas in the United States, Spain, Brazil, China, Japan, Korea and South Africa. Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) is one of the main pathogens which belongs to the monopartite begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminivirade), which only possessing the DNA-A genomic component. SPLCV is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci in a persistent manner and grafting. In China, SPLCV was firstly isolated from the sweet potato in Dalian City of Liaoning Province in 2006, after then, SPLCV was isolated from sweet potato, Ipomoea purpurea and Ipomoea indica in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Yunnan Provinces. Based on the literatures at home and abroad, the occurrence, distribution, molecular characteristics, epidemiology of SPLCV were summarized, meanwhile, the problems were also pointed out and discussed. The threat of SPLCV on sweet potato production was aggravating around the world. The study will provide the basis for the prevention and control of SPLCV.

  Location and Morphological Structure Observation of Male Setiferous Sex Patch in the Red Flour Beetles Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) 2014, 30 (1):  302-306.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0545 Abstract + ( 814 )   PDF ( 1771381KB )   ( 497 ) To understand the location and Morphological structure of setiferous sex patch, both stereo microscope and scanning electron microscope examinations were made in males of the red flour beetles Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The results showed that the red flour beetles were sexually dimorphic, with adult males possessing setiferous sex patches located on the femora of their first pair of legs. The smooth, short and fluted setae arose from the exterior surface of the setiferous sex patch whose tips were above the level of the cuticle, and the setae were particularly sparse within the center of the setiferous sex patch but appeared dense in arrangement at its periphery. The surface area of the patch measured (1247.7 ± 133.3) μm2, and each patch contained (56 ± 6.2) setae. This study provided the basis for developing the extraction and identification of male-produced secretions from the prothoraeic femoral setiferous sex patch of T. castaneum.

  Study on Fermentation Medium Optimization of Metribuzin Degrading Bacteria N1 2014, 30 (1):  307-311.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0565 Abstract + ( 962 )   PDF ( 611071KB )   ( 528 ) 旨在研究嗪草酮高效降解菌N1菌株的培养基最优组成配方，为降解菌提供最优发酵条件，从而为降解菌扩大生产提供理论依据。应用正交试验设计对培养基组分进行优化。结果表明，单因素试验中最优碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和酵母粉，最优添加量为0.3%和0.1%。对降解菌生长有促进作用的无机盐有K2HPO4、NaCl、KH2PO4、MgSO4·7H2O。嗪草酮高效降解菌N1的最佳发酵培养基组成为：pH 7.0，K2HPO4 0.15%，蔗糖0.3%，酵母粉0.15%，NaCl 0.1%，KH2PO4 0.05%，MgSO4·7H2O 0.04%。

  Photolysis Kinetics and Mechanism of Metamifop 2014, 30 (1):  312-315.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0584 Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 559458KB )   ( 472 ) In order to study the environmental characteristics of metamifop for correctly appraising metamifop in the environment for the photodissociation behavior, as well as providing scientific basis for guiding metamifop scientifically and reasonably use. Photolysis of metamifop was determined in organic solvents and aqueous solution under the high pressure mercury lamp and xenon lamp. The results showed that: under the irradiation of mercury lamp and xenon lamp, the photolysis half lives were 2.1 h and 9.3 h. Photolysis of metamifop half-life in organic solvents were 2.5-25.3 h. The photolysis rate of metamifop in different of organic solvents showed following sequences: methanol>ethanol>n-hexane>actone. Metamifop photolysis rates were decreased with the initial concentration increasing. Initial concentration, the type of organic solvent, length of the radiation wave length were related to the photolysis rate of metamifop.

  Effects of Triadimefon Seed-coating Formulation on Growth of Wheat Seedling and Main Diseases Control as well as Yield Increase 2014, 30 (1):  316-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0570 Abstract + ( 930 )   PDF ( 540154KB )   ( 523 ) In order to provide a basis for fair using, study the effects of triadimefon seed coating formulation (Tri SCF) on wheat seedling growth regulation and control main diseases of winter and spring wheat in Gansu Province. The pot experiment results showed that, triadimefon mixing with seeds had a little influence to germination and growth of wheat seedlings, but using Tri SCF could not only alleviate this influence, but also significantly improve chlorophyll content and root activity. The field tests results showed that, Tri SCF could not reduce the basic seedlings, while control effects on spring wheat stripe rust and powdery mildew at early stage were 76.2% and 77.0% respectively, the rate of yield increase was 8.95%. Control effect on soil-borne winter wheat take-all was 83.6%, the rate of increased yield was 13.09%. Meanwhile and the prospects of wheat seed coating formulation were also concisely discussed in this paper.