Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.6 Published:20 March 2015

  Research Advance on Relation of Aerial Part and Root Traits of Rice Li Xiangling and Feng Yuehua 2015, 31 (6):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2474 Abstract + ( 883 )   PDF ( 531KB )   ( 904 ) The research overviews the morphology of rice roots, functions and vigor of rice roots, relationships between rice roots and aboveground parts and yield, and the impact of environmental factors on roots, and analyzes the impact of root growth and characteristics on quality and yield of rice, concludes that rice roots respond differently to the quality and yield of rice through itself and the impact of environmental factors. The analysis shows that it is of great significance to carry out more research on the root index of rice, strengthen the research of modern molecular biology techniques in rice roots, and improve roots study, in order to provide further guidance rice production.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Different Paddy (Upland) Rice Varieties (Line) Under Drought Stress Wang Shimei,Shen Guoxia,Chen Xiuchen,Zhu Qisheng,Wang Haijuan and Wang Shen 2015, 31 (6):  7-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2508 Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 1080KB )   ( 393 ) In order to expand the application of rice-drought-resources, and improve rice-drought-resistance breeding efficiency, this paper was comprehensive evaluation analysis of 105 materials, which paddy (upland) rice from 17 different countries. Under drought stress by identical-discrepant analysis method, 8 agronomic which were plant height, panicles, panicle length, grains per panicle, each spike total grains, seed rate, grain weigh and grain weight per plant, and economic traits referred to a comprehensive evaluation and analysis. The results showed that there were 60 “poor” varieties, accounting for 57.1%; 22 “general” varieties, accounting for 21%; 10 “better” and “good” varieties, each accounting for 9.5%; “choiceness” only 4 varieties, accounting for 3.8%, such as, IR77298-14-1-2-13, IR77298-5-6-18, CACHO PRETO, IR77298-5-6-11, all varieties were indica rice. Indica rice varieties of drought resistance were significantly higher than japonica rice varieties, identical-discrepant comment with different levels of drought was closely related to 3 traits, which were grains per panicle, seed setting rate and grain weight per plant.

  Comparison on Acid-tolerance of Late Rice Varieties at Seed Germination Stage Guo Lili,Chen Pingping,Tang Kun,Yuan Zhengui,Zhu Weiwen,Yang Jing,Yi Zhenxie and Tu Naimei 2015, 31 (6):  15-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2105 Abstract + ( 784 )   PDF ( 472KB )   ( 478 ) To provide reference for selecting suitable late rice varieties for acidified paddy field, a germination experiment was conducted under 6 pH levels to compare the acid-tolerance of 25 late rice varieties at seed germination period by examining the germination rate, seed germination potential and fresh weight per seedling. The results showed that: (1) there were clear difference in germination rate, seed germination potential and fresh weight per seedling among varieties, in which those of No.3, 7, 10 and 15 variety were higher, and those of No.18, 19, 21 and 22 variety were lower; (2) the change extent of germination rate, seed germination potential and fresh weight per seedling of No. 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24 and 25 under 6 pH levels were bigger, so these varieties belonged to acid-sensitive varieties; (3) the change extent of germination rate, seed germination potential and fresh weight per seedling of No. 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 17 under 6 pH levels were smaller, so these varieties belonged to acid non-sensitive varieties. Comparison on acid-tolerance of seeds at germination stage can provide important reference for preliminary screening of suitable rice varieties for acidified paddy field.

  Rice Yield Insurance Rates Estimating in Fujian Province Xu Xuerong,Ma Gaiyan and Zhou Lei 2015, 31 (6):  21-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010167 Abstract + ( 937 )   PDF ( 579KB )   ( 491 ) Estimating accurate insurance rate is very important to promote the development of crop insurance, it can contribute to achieving the goal that farmers can afford the crop insurance, insurance companies can afford the compensation and government can afford the subsidy. First, we used Normal distribution, Chi-square distribution, Weibull distribution, Logistic distribution, Gamma distribution, Extreme (Min) distribution and nonparametric kernel density distribution to simulate the probability distribution of the loss rate of rice yield in Fujian, and estimated its pure rates accordingly. Second, we used experience rating method to calculate the rice pure rate. Finally, based on the eight pure rates, we used the method of arithmetic average to estimate the rice yield insurance pure rate of Fujian, the pure rate was 1.2922%, and according to this rate, calculated the rice insurance rates. The results will provide reference for setting rice area insurance rate of Fujian.

  Effect of Nitrogen Dressing Application in Different Period on the Yield and Grain Quality of Strong Gluten Wheat 2015, 31 (6):  26-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1930 Abstract + ( 1608 )   PDF ( 567KB )   ( 502 ) In order to improve nitrogen management for higher yield and quality of strong gluten wheat, at N fertilizer application amount of 240 kg/hm2, the effect of nitrogen dressing application on the yield and grain quality of ‘Xinmai26’ at 4 different stages were studied. The results showed that, the yield increased first and decreased later with delay of nitrogen dressing application. Dressing nitrogen in booting stage was proved to be the best for the yield and achieved the most ears and the highest grain weight and second-placed grains per spike. Nitrogen dressing in shooting stage gained the longest dough stabilization time and the highest farinograph parameters, nitrogen dressing in flowering period had the lowest yield and the worst quality. The water absorption and stabilization time of different ‘Xinmai26’ dough in 4 different nitrogen dressing application didn’t vary significantly. All the above results suggested that dressing nitrogen in booting stage should be the best treatment with high yield and good quality.

  Effect of N Fertilizer and Removing Leaves after Flowering on 1000-Grain Weight Fu Xiaoyi,Shi Zhanliang,Ma Chunping,Shan Zilong,Liu Zhilian,Zhao Yankun and He Mingqi 2015, 31 (6):  31-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2451 Abstract + ( 695 )   PDF ( 456KB )   ( 420 ) To study the effects of removing leaves after flowering on 1000-grain weight of wheat, through the treatments of reserving all the leaves (CK), reserving flag leaf and backward second leaf, reserving flag leaf, removing flag leaf, removing all the leaves, we studied the effects of wheat leaves on the 1000-grain weight in different quantity of N. The results showed that there were significant differences in the 1000-grain weight between different treatments of removing leaf (P<0.05), the 1000-grain weight in the treatments of removal leaf was less than which in the treatment of no removing leaf. The trend of 1000-grain weight was accordance under different nitrogen treatment. The effect of treatments of removing leaf on 1000-grain weight was in the following order: removing all the leaves > reserving flag leaf > reserving flag leaf and backward second leaf > removing flag leaf.

  Effects of Phosphorus Adding on Water Use Efficiency, Leaf Water Potential and Yield of Wheat on Loess Plateau Zhang Beibei 2015, 31 (6):  35-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2517 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 425 ) In order to know the effect of phosphorus fertilizer adding in loess plateau agriculture, the leaf gas exchange parameters, instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi), leaf water potential and yield were measured under three phosphorus adding (P0, P90 and P180) on the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province. And the relationships among them were also analyzed. The results showed that, the photosynthetic performance was enhanced with the adding of phosphorus, and there were significant differences among the treatments. The adding of phosphorus could improve the WUEi, and the leaf water potential was also improved. The highest yield was the treatment P180, 4550 kg/hm2. There were significant correlations between gas exchange parameters and WUEi, leaf water potential, yield, while the correlation coefficients between photosynthetic performance and leaf water potential, yield were higher than that between photosynthetic performance and WUEi. There was also significant correlation between WUEi and yield.

  Effects of Continuous Application of Organic Chicken Manure on Soil Zn Accumulation and Zn Uptake by Wheat Ru Shuhua,Su Dechun,Zhang Guoyin,Geng Nuan,Sun Shiyou and Wang Ling 2015, 31 (6):  39-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2383 Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 664KB )   ( 396 ) To safely and reasonably use livestock and poultry manures from intensive farming, the field experiment was carried out to study the effects of organic chicken manure application for 2 consecutive years on soil Zn accumulation and wheat Zn uptake. The results showed that after application of 60 t/hm2 high Zn chicken manure organic fertilizer for 2-consecutive years, soil Zn content was not surpass the Second Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for soils (GB15618-1995) (pH>7.5, Zn≤300 mg/kg). The total Zn, available Zn contents of soil and Zn content in wheat grain increased significantly with the increasing amounts of the organic chicken manure for 2-consecutive years. Compared with first year of organic chicken manure, the treatment of organic chicken manure application for second year the soil total Zn content increased 1.39%-70.79%, soil available Zn content increased 35.37%-66.25%. There was a significant difference in Zn content in the grain of wheat between control and treatments above 30 t/hm2. When organic chicken manure application amount was 60 t/hm2, the treatment of organic chicken manure application for second year Zn content of wheat straw and grain increased by 14.75% and 2.74% than for first year. Along with the increasing of total Zn content of soil, Zn content in wheat grain increased significantly. The relationship between the amounts of the contents of soil total Zn and wheat grain Zn could be simulated by mathematic curve for 2 consecutive years. Test results suggested that both correlative coefficient attained very significant level. When the soil Zn content would not surpass the Second Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for soils, for first and second year of chicken manure application, Zn content in wheat grain were 93.21 mg/kg and 100.37 mg/kg, respectively.

  Effect of Lead and Chromium Stresses on Antioxidant Enzymes Activities and Malondialdehyde Content of Wheat Seedlings Yang Wenling,Gong Tao,Liu Yingying,Wang Jiwen,Li Guanjie,Liu Li,Zhen Jing,Yue Dandan,Mu Qi and Chen Guocan 2015, 31 (6):  45-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2396 Abstract + ( 927 )   PDF ( 854KB )   ( 498 ) For studying the toxicity mechanism of lead and chromium stresses on wheat, wheat seedlings, ‘Yumai 23’, were used to investigate the effects of different concentrations of lead and chromium stresses on activities of antioxidative enzymes namely catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and parameters of oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in wheat seedlings. The results indicated that lead and chromium stresses had activation effect on CAT, POD and SOD. Lead and chromium compound stresses caused notable changes on CAT, while the activities of POD and SOD increased obviously under the lead stress or chromium stress. The MDA contents in wheat seedlings had a reducing trend with lead and chromium stress and it decreased notably under lead and chromium compound stresses. But no significant changes were observed for MDA content in the treatment groups of lead stress or chromium stress. The antioxidative enzymes in wheat seedlings played important role under lead and chromium stresses, but it were completely different for the response mechanism to lead and cadmium. The response mechanism of wheat seedlings to heavy metals were influenced by the types of heavy metals as well as the concentration and treatment time of heavy metals.

  Analysis of Agronomic and Quality Characters of Wheat Varieties (Lines) of Mianmai Series Lei Jiarong,Yu Ao,Li Shengrong,Du Xiaoying,Ren Yong,Zhou Qiang,Tao Jun,Ou Junmei and He Yuanjiang 2015, 31 (6):  51-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2409 Abstract + ( 826 )   PDF ( 542KB )   ( 460 ) In order to make good use of wheat breeding resources, agronomic and quality characters of 19 Mianmai-series wheat were analyzed. The correlation analysis showed there were complex relations between agronomic and quality characters. There was significant or extremely significant correlation between 13 pairs of characters. There was significant or extremely significant partial correlation between 23 pairs of characters. The order of 8 agronomic characters influencing yield was basic seedling number > 1000-kernel weight > kernels per ear > test weight > plant height > maximum seedling number > growth period > ears per hm2. The order of 6 quality characters influencing yield was stability time > maximum resistance > kernel protein content > extension area > water absorbing rate > wet gluten content. The order of 9 agronomic characters influencing kernel protein content was maximum seedling number > ears per hm2 > basic seedling number > kernels per ear > yield > test weight > 1000-kernel weight > plant height > growth period. The order of 9 agronomic characters influencing stability time was test weight > maximum seedling number > yield>growth period > ears per hm2 > 1000-kernel weight > plant height > basic seedling number > kernels per ear. The order of 9 agronomic characters influencing extension area was basic seedling number > kernels per ear > 1000-kernel weight > yield > plant height > maximum seedling number > ears per hm2 > growth period > test weight. By clustering analysis, all tested materials from agronomic and quality characters were divided into three classes. ClassⅠ2, classⅠ3 and classⅠ4 could be used as high material of breeding, classⅠ3 and classⅠ4 could be used as dwarf wheat materials, classⅠ1, class Ⅰ4 could be used as quality breeding materials. ClassⅡ could be used as grain-weight materials. Class Ⅲ could be used as quality dwarf wheat materials.

  Sandy Soil Amendment Effect on Soil Water Content, Water Productive Efficiency and Yield of Sandy Maize Zhou Lei,Liu Jinghui,Hao Guocheng and Liang Mingquan 2015, 31 (6):  57-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1935 Abstract + ( 856 )   PDF ( 665KB )   ( 860 ) In order to explicit the long-term effect of sandy soil amendment on water retaining and yield increase of sandy maize, we applied sandy soil amendment in different years to study the long-acting effect of sandy soil amendment on soil water content, water productive efficiency and yield of sandy maize. The results showed that: the sandy soil amendment treatments could improve the water content in 0-40 cm soil layer in each growing period, and the performance of the soil water content in corresponding layer was: the third year (C) ＞ the fourth year (D)＞the second year (B)＞the first year (A)＞CK, increased by 53.95%, 46.68%, 37.83% and 34.92% compared with CK. The third year treatment had the highest yield, which was 9490.5 kg/hm2, increased by 11.11%, 18.01% and 38.69% compared with the fourth year, the second year and the first year. Water productive efficiency of the third year treatment was 6.91 kg/(hm2·mm), increased by 11.24%-59.53% compared with other treatments. The study showed that, sandy soil amendment treatments applied after the first three years could significantly improve soil water content, water productive efficiency and yield of sandy maize, and reached to the highest on the third year, which indicated that it had a remarkable water conserving and yield-increasing effect.

  Effect of Irrigation Modes and Sowing Date on Maize Water Dynamics and Water Use Efficiency Li Ying,Zhao Funian,Ding Wenkui,Ren Liwen and Wang Heling 2015, 31 (6):  62-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2448 Abstract + ( 1247 )   PDF ( 838KB )   ( 664 ) By setting 3 irrigation treatments, including drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation, and 3 sowing dates, the comparative analysis method was used to research water consumption of the same variety and find out the relationship between yield and water use efficiency under the condition of different irrigation methods and sowing dates. Taking 1 m soil samples before sowing, at sowing and at harvest, and using the drilling method every ten days, the water content of soil was determined with drying and weighing method. The results showed that, the distribution and changes of soil moisture which were the best for the growth of maize was under the drip irrigation, followed by the sprinkler irrigation. Under drip irrigation, the yield and the water use efficiency were the highest, the water consumption reached the minimum, followed by the third sowing date. The drip irrigation’s storage capacity was the strongest under the premise of guaranteeing the water demand and this irrigation method was also an efficient method in arid regions. The maize variety of late-sowing and late-mature had better and greater production and extension potentials, and also was a method to improve the water use efficiency from the point of water and heat matching. The average yield under drip irrigation was 1.69% higher than that under sprinkler irrigation and 6.53% higher than that under flood irrigation. The water consumption under drip irrigation was 2.9% less than that under sprinkler irrigation and 16.1% less than that under flood irrigation. The water use efficiency under drip irrigation was 4.7% higher than that under sprinkler irrigation and 26.9% higher than that under flood irrigation. The average yield of the third sowing date was 2.76% higher than that of the first sowing date and 2.81% less than that of the second sowing date. The water consumption of the third sowing date was 18.2% less than that of the first sowing date and 18.3% less than that of the second sowing date. The water use efficiency of the third sowing date was 25.6% higher than that of the first sowing date and 19% higher than that of the second sowing date.

  The Yield Analysis of Maize in Different Ecological Area in Shanxi Zheng Xiangyang,Li Jianzhi,Wang Guoping,Cheng Kai,Zhao Taicun,Han Xuefang and Feng Shuqin 2015, 31 (6):  68-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1706 Abstract + ( 776 )   PDF ( 457KB )   ( 425 ) In order to better develop maize production in Shanxi, the author divided the whole province area into different planting areas according to the complex topography and changeful climate. The author studied the correlations between growth period, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear thickness, bald tip length, rows of each ear, grain number per row, hundred-grain weight, rate of seed and yield of varieties which had yield growth or the yield growth listed as top 5 in each testing area. The results showed that the correlations between the characteristics and yield were not the same in the different areas. It could effectively improve the utilization of agricultural resources and raise the yield per unit area to breed different varieties according to different requirements of corn characteristics in different ecological areas.

  Analysis of Grain Filling, Dehydration Characteristics and Yield of High-yield Varieties in the Spring Maize Planting Area of Heilongjiang in the Spring Maize Planting Area of Heilongjiang,,,,,, and 2015, 31 (6):  75-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2408 Abstract + ( 1224 )   PDF ( 628KB )   ( 505 ) In order to study the feasibility of different high-yield maize planted in the planting area of Heilongjiang spring maize, ‘Xianyu 335’ and ‘Zhengdan 958’ varieties were selected and the grain filling and dehydration characteristics of them were analyzed. The quick velocity of grain filling, physiologic dehydration, and higher yield in ‘Xianyu 335’ were found, whereas those of long duration period of grain filling in ‘Zhengdan 958’ and slow velocity of grain filling in early and middle of filling period were compared. While the quick velocity of grain filling and natural dehydration, and high yield were found in the later of filling period of ‘Zhengdan 958’. It is possible for ‘Zhengdan 958’ as a candidate for variety alternate and diversification to be planted in the zone which has higher accumulated temperature in Heilongjiang province.

  Estimation of Leaf Area Index and Aboveground Biomass of Spring Maize by MODIS-NDVI Liu Ming,Feng Rui,Ji Ruipeng,Wu Jinwen,Wang Hongbo and Yu Wenying 2015, 31 (6):  80-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2384 Abstract + ( 1142 )   PDF ( 1038KB )   ( 494 ) In order to construct the model of the leaf area index and aboveground biomass of spring maize, the leaf area index and aboveground biomass of spring maize were measured in the field experiments at different growth stage in 9 sites. In order to estimate the LAI and aboveground biomass, ten spectral vegetation indices (NDVI, RVI, DVI, PVI, EVI, GNDVI, RDVI, SAVI, OSAVI and NLI) were extracted from MODIS data. The results showed that the correlation between ten vegetation index and LAI, aboveground biomass was significant, using vegetation index to inverse LAI and aboveground biomass was feasible. Based on regression analysis method and artificial neural network method, LAI and aboveground biomass of spring maize were inversed by using ten vegetation indexes. With regression analysis method and OSAVI, NDVI, the inversion results were better. With artificial neural network method and RVI, DVI, EVI, the inversion accuracy was higher than that of regression analysis method.

  Research on the Waterlogged Indicators of Summer Maize in Anqing Kang Tongqian,Liu Hai,Yang Shuyun and Wang Haiou 2015, 31 (6):  88-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2599 Abstract + ( 1101 )   PDF ( 564KB )   ( 503 ) In order to study the waterlogging of Anqing City summer maize growth and yield influence, by using a variety of agricultural meteorological data of Anqing City from 1960 to 2011, the correlation between precipitation and summer maize water requirement were studied according to the probability of precipitation (≤20% and ≥80%) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). And the two methods were combined together to design the index of waterlogging for summer maize in different periods. Furthermore, the intensity of waterlogging was used to verify the index of waterlogging. The results showed that the index of waterlogging for summer maize in the growing period of Anqing City was ≥731.8 mm. The index of each ten days from early June to late September was ≥66.8 mm, ≥70.3 mm, ≥124.9 mm, ≥89.4 mm, ≥78.2 mm, ≥92.2 mm, ≥84.7 mm, ≥76.6 mm, ≥49.2 mm, ≥47.4 mm, ≥41.4 mm, ≥27.7 mm. Divided the typical years according to the index of waterlogging and the intensity of waterlogging were highly similar, and the rate of similarity reached to 81.8%. It showed the index of waterlogging was in accordance with the local situation of Anqing City and it could be regarded as practical value.

  The Study on Several Exogenous Phenolic Acids on Branching Potted Soybean Allelopathy Chen Long,Zhang Meiling,Li Jiandong,Xin Mingyue,Ren Zhiyong,Xu Zhuo and Sun Zhanyin 2015, 31 (6):  95-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2541 Abstract + ( 729 )   PDF ( 605KB )   ( 436 ) In order to explore the effects of different concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids on branching soybean growth and development, the several indicators were studied on potted soybean by the approach of pot experiment. The results showed that, benzoic and cinnamic acid treatment significantly inhibited the growth and branching of the soybean plant height except vanilla acid treatment. Three acid treatments significantly inhibited the increase in branching soybean leaf area. When the acid concentration was 0.01 g/kg, three kinds of acid treatment increased the number of branches of soybean root nodules. When the acid concentration was greater than or equal to 0.1 g/kg, three acid treatments of soybean nodule number increased inhibition gradually. The influence of three kinds of acid treatment on the shoot ratio of potted branching soybean was different, but the difference was not significant with the control.

  Abundant-lack Critical Index of Phosphorus and Potassium of Paddy Soil in Minqing County Yu Guanglan,Wang Fei,Zhang Yichang and Lin Jinmei 2015, 31 (6):  99-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2605 Abstract + ( 1050 )   PDF ( 615KB )   ( 476 ) In order to improve the fertilizer utilization ratio and reduce non-point source pollution by guiding farmers to scientific fertilization, phosphorus and potassium nutrient abundant-lack index were explored in Minqing County. According to the implementation of the national soil testing fertilizer project in 60 “3414” field experiments from 2007-2012, it was concluded that the yield of early rice, late rice and single seasonal rice of P fertilization was improved averagely by 3.8%, 3.2% and 3.7%, respectively, weighted average was 3.5%; and the yield of early rice, late rice and single seasonal rice of K fertilization was improved averagely by 4.6%, 8.0% and 6.9%, respectively, weighted average was 6.8%. There was a significant logarithm fitting relationship between available P, available K and corresponding relative deficiency/balanced fertilization rice, respectively. Based on relative yield 0.95 abundant-lack critical standard, lack critical index of available P in early rice, late rice and single seasonal rice was 9.3 mg/kg, 16.9 mg/kg and 11.1 mg/kg, respectively, the weighted average was 12.8 mg/kg; and lack critical index of available K in early rice, late rice and single seasonal rice was 60.4 mg/kg, 71.2 mg/kg and 66.4 mg/kg, respectively, the weighted average was 66.9 mg/kg. Compared to the basic abundant-lack critical index of phosphorus and potassium formulated by soil fertilizer technical expert group for the fourth time, available P was at the same level, but available K was 13.1 mg/kg lower than the formulated index. The above showed that the yield increase effect of K was more obvious than that of P fertilizer in Minqing County, and the application focus of K fertilizer was in the paddy field whose available K of soil was below 67 mg/kg.

  Straw Biochar Influence on Soil Properties Quality for Subtropical Vineyards Zhao Xuetong,Bao Li,Kang Hongyu and Zhang Naiming 2015, 31 (6):  104-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2638 Abstract + ( 711 )   PDF ( 677KB )   ( 553 ) Yunnan is located in important grape producing area on the south of the ChangJiang river in China, gived priority to with red soil vineyard in acid soil degeneration, glue, lead to the yield and quality of grapes decline. So improved degradation of vineyard soil becomes the key to developing the grape and wine production. This author for biochar soil improvement material, designed the conventional fertilization, biochar and conventional, high fertilizer and biochar three processing of field trial. The results showed as follow: (1)Application of biochar could significantly increase the soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium content. (2)Application of biochar could significantly increase the number of microbes and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, releasing bacteria. (3) Application of biochar meanwhile increased the activity of soil catalase and phosphatase. Therefore, Straw biochar could significantly increase the content of available nutrients in the soil, improved soil physical and chemical properties of subtropical vineyard.

  Analysis of Species Diversity and Soil Nutrition and the Correlation Between Them in the Abandoned Land in Minqin Han Fugui,Wei Linyuan,Wang Lide,Zhang Yinghua,Wang Fanglin,Guo Chunxiu and Sun Tao 2015, 31 (6):  109-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2516 Abstract + ( 1042 )   PDF ( 639KB )   ( 533 ) In order to research the vegetation restoration and use the resources reasonably, using the theory of species diversity and the dynamics of nutrient, the author studied the variation characteristics and correlation of vegetation succession process and soil nutrients. The result showed that during the process of vegetation succession in abandoned land in Minqin Oasis, the vegetation succession could be divided into stages as: vegetation restoration (1-3 years after farmland abandoning), succession of perennial herb (3-8 years after farmland abandoning), succession of perennial shrub (8-24 years after farmland abandoning) and stable stage of perennial shrub (24-31 years after farmland abandoning). Species diversity also presented certain regularity: the species richness index, the species diversity index, Shannon diversity index and superiority index presented a reducing tendency during the process of vegetation restoration; whereas the Pielou and Alatalo index presented a fluctuating increasing trend. Soil nutrition presented a tendency of consumption-accumulation-stability during the process of vegetation succession. There was less consumption of K and P at the initial stage, whereas there was more consumption of soil nutrition at the middle stage, and the soil nutrition was accumulated at the later stage and became stable. There was correlation between the species diversity and soil nutrition. Margalef index was significantly correlated with effective K and N. Simpson and Shannon-wiener index were significantly and negatively correlated with effective K, the community superiority index was significantly correlated with effective K, Pielou and Alatulo index were significantly and negatively correlated with total N and organic matter.

  Effects of Boron on Endogenous Hormones of Sugar Beet 2015, 31 (6):  115-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2420 Abstract + ( 1403 )   PDF ( 667KB )   ( 592 ) The study optimized the condition of using high performance liquid chromatography to determinate the endogenous hormones IAA, GA3, ZT and ABA of sugar beet. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the effects of different treatments of boron concentration on endogenous hormones content and proportions and to provide a strong support in theory for sugar beet production practice. The test materials were sugar beet monogerm HI0099, by the method of water culture, the test set acute deficient, deficient, moderate and excessive concentrations of boron nutrition conditions. Then content of hormones in the leaves of sugar beet were determined by HPLC. The results showed that, with boron concentration added, the content of IAA, GA3 and ZT increased at first and then decreased, ABA content changed in the contrary way. Lacking of boron and boron poison stress could make the content of IAA, GA3 and ZT decrease and the content of ABA increase at the same time. Lacking of boron, boron nutrition level and sugar beet ZT/ABA had significantly positive correlation (r=0.866*), under poison stress of boron, boron nutrition had significantly positive correlation (r=0.958*) with plant leaf ABA content, and significant negative correlation (r=-0.915*) with ratio ZT/ABA. The comprehensive?analysis showed that boron changed the hormone levels and balance of sugar beet leaves. We could control the plant endogenous hormone balance through field test and use exogenous plant growth regulator to relieve the boron stress eventually.

  Progress in Bacterial Chemotaxis Yang Shanshan,Ma Li,Sun Baixin,Zhang Xiaoxiao,Yang Yuwen and Zhao Tingchang 2015, 31 (6):  121-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110008 Abstract + ( 996 )   PDF ( 1026KB )   ( 862 ) Chemotaxis of bacteria refers to the response of some bacteria who own the athletic ability to a concentration gradient of a chemical attractant or repellent. In order to study the progress of bacterial chemotaxis, this paper focuses on the movement of bacterial chemotaxis, the molecular mechanism of chemotaxis, the role of chemotaxis in the pathogenesis and the significance of the bacterial chemotaxis in disease control. Movements of this bacterium include swimming and rolling which are regulated by the contrarotation and clockwise rotation of flagellum. Motile bacterial often use sophisticated chemotaxis signaling system to direct their movements. In general, bacterial chemotactic signal transduction pathways have three basic elements: (1) signal reception by bacterial chemoreceptors located on the membrane; (2) signal transduction to relay the signals from membrane receptors to the motor; and (3) signal adaptation to desensitize the initial signal input.

  Analysis of SUSIRI Gene from Rice by Bioinformatics and Subcellular Localization Lian Xiaohua and Chen Jian 2015, 31 (6):  128-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110097 Abstract + ( 5990 )   PDF ( 1114KB )   ( 10683 ) Transcription factors are a kind of proteins that play an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as in plant response to environmental variation. They usually contain a DNA-binding domain, a transcription regulation domain, an oligomerization site and a nuclear localization signal inside their DNA sequence. WRKY proteins had been identified as one of the important transcription factors in plants. There have been 103 WRKY genes which were predicted in rice genome by data mining and the annotation of the biological function of these genes had the important value for the functional genomics of rice. SUSIRI gene was one of the WRKY transcription factor genes cloned from the Oryza sativa sub. Japonica var. Nipponbare and its ORF was 1755 bp long, encoding a polypeptide of 584 amino acids with two typical WRKY domains. In this study, based on nucleotide sequence of the SUSIRI gene, its biological function in gene regulation in rice had been further elucidated. Firstly, the structure and functions of the predicted protein were analyzed by bioinformatics tools while the Motif sequence of SUSIRI gene was analyzed by using EBI interpro database, the conserved domains of the protein was analyzed by NCBI CDD database; the hydrophilicity (hydrophobicity) of amino acid residues and the transmembrane domains of SUSIRI protein were analyzed by DNAMAN and CBS TMHMM. By using CBS Protcomp version 9.0 and Protfun software, the subcellular localization and function of protein were predicted. Secondly, the fluorescence expression vector of pNSUGFP driven by actin promoter was constructed by fusing the SUSIRI gene and GFP gene and was used to transform into epidermis cell of onion by Gene gun for detecting gene subcellular location. The prediction from bioinformatics showed that the SUSIRI gene had the greatest probability in function of transcription, transcription regulation or signal transduction in the rice cell with the value in prediction of 0.973, 1.598 and 0.602. Similarly, it had the greatest probability in participation of translation, central intermediary metabolism, fatty acid metabolism with the predicted value of 4.800, 1.490 and 1.265. Because of high content of hydrophilic amino acid residues among peptide sequences, the SUSIRI protein had hardly inserted into the membrane in the cell when it was likely to be localized within the cell nucleus since the strong nucleus location signal was detected from the sequence of amino acids. By using the fluorescence microscopy to observe the onion epidermic cells, the GFP protein was shown to express along the cell wall in the control, but the fused protein of SUSIRI-GFP expressed strongly in the cell nucleus. The result indicated that the SUSIRI gene was likely to be the transcription factor regulating the intermediary metabolism in rice and playing the role during the gene transcription. SUSIRI protein could be localized in nucleolus which is an obvious feature of transcription factor of SUSIRI gene determined by the experiment.

  Optimization of ISSR-PCR System of Zizania latifolia Qiu Yuping and Lv Yufeng 2015, 31 (6):  136-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2391 Abstract + ( 574 )   PDF ( 1289KB )   ( 476 ) In order to establish a suitable ISSR-PCR reaction system for Zizania latifolia, the wetlands plant Zizania latifolia genomic DNA was optimized with choosing the primer UBC818. We used the orthogonal design to establish an ISSR-PCR reaction system and amplification program. The results indicated that 25 μL reaction system containing 1×PCR buffer, 250 μmol/L dNTP, 2.0 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.5 μmol/L primer, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase and 100 ng template DNA was suitable to ISSR-PCR amplifying. Amplification program as followed: pre-denaturation at 94℃ for 5 min, denaturrtion at 94℃ for 1 min, annealing at 56℃ for 45 s, extending at 72℃ for 90 s, after 35 cycles, then extending again at 72℃ for 10 min and keeping at 4℃.

  Identification of the Pathogens of Wolfberry Hardwood Cuttings Mildew and Comparison of Virulence Pharmacy Li Zhaoyu,Liu Yonggang,Zhang Xinrui,Shen Peizeng,Li Jiajia,Zhang Haiying and Guan Canzheng 2015, 31 (6):  142-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100099 Abstract + ( 667 )   PDF ( 1048KB )   ( 473 ) In order to identify the pathogen and provide effective disease control, the pathogen was isolated and identified, the pathogenicity test and return inoculation experiments were made for the pathogen causing wolfberry cuttings mildew in temperature control of root nursery. The effective fungicides for the main pathogens were also screened in the laboratory. The results showed that: the effective fungicides were Trichotheciumroseum Lk. ex Fr, Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissler and Rhizopusnigricans (Ehrenberg) Vuill. Their separation frequencies were 14.14%, 26.26% and 58.59%, respectively. The return inoculation mildew rates of the three fungicides were 100%. Their germination rates were 25%, 5% and 50%, respectively. Fungicide virulence test result showed that the inhibition rates of flusilazole (40?) were good for Rhizopusnigricans (Ehrenberg) Vuill, and the inhibition rates of flusilazole (40?) of 6000-fold and 8000-fold both were 100% for Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissler; the inhibition rates of difenoconazole (25?) of 1000-fold were 83.19%, 82.35%, 80.09% for Rhizopusnigricans (Ehrenberg) Vuill, Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissler and Trichotheciumroseum Lk. ex Fr.. The results may provide a reference for the reduction of diseases of wolfberry hardwood cuttings and the improvement of the rate of seedling.

  Study on the Medium Optimization of Degrading Bacteria Z2 Zhou Yuliang,Zhang Hao,Zhao Xiaofeng and Hou Zhiguang 2015, 31 (6):  147-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100130 Abstract + ( 688 )   PDF ( 742KB )   ( 480 ) The objective of this study was to obtain the optimal basal salt medium of quinclorac degradation bacteria strain Z2 in the laboratory, which provided a theoretical basis for bacteria multiplying of Z2. Through enriching separating and screening from wastewater sludge around pesticide plant, we got quinclorac degradation bacteria strain. The bacterium, designated as Z2, was identified as Alcaligenes sp. In the single-factor test and orthogonal test, we measured the AOD600 of Z2 and finally determined the optimal basal salt medium of degradation bacteria strain Z2. The results showed that optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were sodium citrate and yeast, and the optimal basal salt medium were sodium citrate 0.2%, yeast 0.7%, NaCl 2%, CaCl2 0.006%, FeCl3 0.0003%, K2HPO4 0.05%, KH2PO4 0.07%. Z2 could multiply in the optimal basal salt medium, which laid the foundation for its use in bio-remediation of contaminated soil.

  Effect of Thermal Resource Variation on Agricultural Production in Tianshui During 1964-2013 Li Xiaohe,Zhu Yongjun,Yuan Baishun,Li Lin and Hu Liping 2015, 31 (6):  153-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110030 Abstract + ( 1378 )   PDF ( 615KB )   ( 567 ) The paper aims to provide the references for improving the ability to deal with climate change, mitigate adverse effects of climate warming on agricultural production and adjusting plant structure, and analyze the response characteristics of climate warming on main crops (corn and winter wheat) in Tianshui. According to the temperature data of seven national meteorological observatories from 1964 to 2013, with the climate trend rate and Mann-Kendall statistical test method, statistical analyses were carried out on characteristics of the temperature change and thermal resources during 50 years in Tianshui. Using the yield data of corn and winter wheat in Tianshui City during 1981-2013, combined with the corresponding periods of meteorological data, the author set up the regression model equations with SPSS 13.0 software, explored the changing trends of crop growth period and the relationship with temperature. In 1964-2013, the annual mean temperature, the highest annual mean temperature and the lowest annual mean temperatures were on the rising tendency, but the negative accumulated temperature in absolute value had a decreasing trend in Tianshui. The temperature mutations happened before and after 1994, and then entered a period of significant warming, the average annual temperature rose 0.97℃ around warming. The seasonal variation of temperature was the maximum in spring and the next was in winter. There were 13 warm winters in 1994-2013, and that was a warmer period in nearly 50 years. Since 1981, the days of whole growth period for winter wheat were reducing linearly at a rate of 0.59 days per year on average, the total days of whole growth period reduced by 20 days during 1981-2013, of which regreening-jointing stage, heading-flowering stage respectively declined 0.57 and 0.16 days per year. The whole growth period of corn reduced by 5-7 days, after climate warming, the temperatures warming rate was 0.43℃ per decade during corn growth period in 1981-2013. Climate warming had a greater influence on crop growth. With expanding of planting area of thermophilic and winter crops, and uplifting the north boundary of growing region, spring crops such as corn could be sowed early and have extended reproductive period. For winter crops such as winter wheat, seeding could be put off, turning green in early spring could be advanced and growth period could be shortened.

  Biodiversity Maintenance Value Evaluation of Jilin Wetland Based on Contingent Valuation Method Kang Xiaoming,Cui Lijuan,Li Wei,Zhao Xinsheng,Liu Lu,Li Na and Ma Qiongfang 2015, 31 (6):  161-166.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120122 Abstract + ( 1026 )   PDF ( 788KB )   ( 525 ) As one of the most important ecosystem types of the global land surface, wetlands play an increasingly important role in maintaining biodiversity. In order to improve the protection of wetlands, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), a worldwide mature method for evaluating the economic value of ecosystem services, was employed and applied to evaluate biodiversity maintenance value in the Jilin wetlands. A total of 500 CVM questionnaires of payment card were sent out by integrating the local and network survey methods, and 491 usable questionnaires were received. The results showed that the willingness to pay (WTP) per capita of Jilin wetlands was 120.7 RMB per year in 2012. According to the total population of China and Jilin Province, the biodiversity maintenance values of Jilin wetlands were 100.51 and 2.08 billion RMB, respectively. The education level, income level and degree of concern for wetland biodiversity were significantly correlated with WTP (P<0.05), while the sex and age had no effects on WTP. The investigation way and distance also significantly affected WTP (P<0.0001). To better protect the biodiversity of Jilin wetlands, government managers should intensify propaganda and enhance the environmental protection consciousness of the public. This study makes it possible to contrast the cost of wetland protection and the value of exploitation, which will help the government and decision makers to make reasonable protection policy. Our results also have important significance in making reasonable decisions for regional ecological protection and economic development, which will be helpful for protecting and restoring wetland ecosystem in the future.

  Simulation Research of Impacts on Water Environment from Flowers and Vegetables Straw Cheng Yan and Zhang Naiming 2015, 31 (6):  167-171.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110066 Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 564KB )   ( 579 ) Straw waste is a major source of non-point source pollution. Yunnan Dianchi Lake basin is the production base and distribution center of fresh cut flowers and vegetables in China. Vegetables and flowers in processing and circulation are more than 4 million tones every year and generate a mass of waste at the same time. Those farmland solid wastes increase the difficulty in dealing with the non-point source pollution of the Dianchi Lake basin. The author selected 5 representative basin vegetables and flower stalks, and conducted immersion test and artificial rainfall simulation experiment in order to study the effects on water quality. The results showed that: (1) in the immersion test, the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the water reached the maximum at about 14 days and 21 days under the same level of straw dosing quantity, and the TN and TP of vegetable stalks were significantly higher than that of flower stalks, there was a significant positive correlation between TN, TP and the straw dosing quantity; (2) in the artificial rainfall simulation experiment, the TN and TP for vegetable and flower stalks reached the maximum value under moderate rain intensity, meanwhile, the TN and TP of the vegetable stalks were higher than that of flower stalks.

  Analysis of Climate Habitat of Wild Edible Fungi in Chuxiong Prefecture Lu Yongxin,Yang Haishu,Yang Yongsheng and Zhang Zhongping 2015, 31 (6):  172-179.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100059 Abstract + ( 1132 )   PDF ( 1030KB )   ( 634 ) Chuxiong is a typical low-latitude plateau semi-arid subtropical monsoon climate zone in central Yunnan. It has strong climate tridimensional character, rich light and heat resources, obvious wet and dry seasons, moderate rainfall during the rainy season, and provides high quality habitat for wild edible fungi. In order to reveal the climate difference between Chuxiong and other wild edible fungi zones of Yunnan Province and the country, the author selected air temperature, ground temperature, precipitation, sunshine, humidity (from May to October) and altitude from 125 counties in Yunnan and some wild edible fungi zones of the country, and conducted the principal component analysis of multiple-factor influence, calculation of the dryness and single factor analysis, then made an interpolation with ArcGIS. The results showed that during the initial transition stage of wild edible fungi mycelium to a fruiting body, Chuxiong had enough light and heat and an obvious dry-wet conversion. The harvest stage of fruiting body had a moderate heat and rainfall with a small amplitude of variation, large temperature difference between day and night, a counterchange of sunny and rainy and a moderate light and humidity (during May, June, July to September, the average temperature were 20, 21, 20℃, the precipitation were 80, 150, 480 mm, the relative humidity were 67%, 77%, 83% and the sunshine duration were 220, 160, 380 h). There was a good corresponding relationship between the habitat and the high richness and yield in Yunnan wild edible fungi zone. The results also verified the reliability and practicability of using principal component analysis to analyze the climate and habitat in low-latitude plateau with air temperature, ground temperature, precipitation, sunshine, relative humidity and altitude as influencing factors.

  Advances in the Research of the Soil Ecological Environment and the Heavy Metal Contaminant in Riparian Zone 陈诗越 2015, 31 (6):  180-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110006 Abstract + ( 735 )   PDF ( 613KB )   ( 558 ) The protection, recovery and reconstruction of ecological system in riparian zone have important scientific value and practical meaning. The author reviewed the research progress of the function of ecosystem in riparian zone, summarized the degradation mechanism and ecological remediation both at home and abroad, analyzed the research progress of heavy metal pollution of riparian zone soil and its evaluation methodology. In terms of soil environment and its repair research, the foreign scholars focus on the research of the restoration of degraded riparian ecological system and riparian management of the vegetation buffer zone in recent years, while the research on the theory and practice of the restoration of riparian ecosystems are still weak in our country. In terms of the research of heavy metal pollution in riparian zone soil, riparian zone soil has heavy metal pollution in different degrees both at home and abroad, and it has obvious ecological risk. Current researches concentrate on the degree of heavy metal pollution in soil and the analysis of pollution status; domestic and foreign scholars have not taken environmental factors and the response characteristic of soil organism into account, this lead to an unclear evaluation of possible heavy metal ecological hazard.

  Comparative Analysis of Three Kinds of Rainfall Factor for Geological Hazard Risk Prediction Based on GAM in Guizhou Province 2015, 31 (6):  187-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120072 Abstract + ( 628 )   PDF ( 975KB )   ( 453 ) Aimed at the characteristics of the geological hazard in Guizhou province, the continuous rainy days, continuous non-rainy days and the early accumulative rainfall are chosen to calculate the rainfall principal component with the method of Principal component analysis. Then the risk prediction model of geological disaster is built by the generalized additive models(GAM) under the topography in Guizhou province respectively with the 10-day cumulative rainfall, the 10-day effective rainfall and the rainfall principal component. The results after being inspected show: (1) The rainfall principal component explains objectively the effect of the precipitation on the geological hazards risk. The geological hazards happened mostly in both cases of the early continuous precipitation and the sudden rain after the early continuous non-rain. (2)Under the same underlying surface, the method of the rainfall principal component is better than the other two about the forecast verification result, and the refinement of geologic hazard is more close to the actual situation. (3)The choice of different rainfall factors affects the importance of geological hazard differently. The precipitation makes the most prominent contribution to the risk of geological hazard with the method of rainfall principal component. and the rest factors to the geological hazard follow the order of curvature, altitude, aspect ,slope and profile curvature.

  Sunshine Duration Variation and Its Influencing Factors in Recent 54 Years in Gansu Province Fan Limei and Che Kejun 2015, 31 (6):  194-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120036 Abstract + ( 681 )   PDF ( 810KB )   ( 987 ) The variation of annual, seasonal and monthly sunshine duration were analyzed by using climate trends method, based on monthly sunshine duration of 28 meteorological stations in Gansu Province from 1960 to 2013, and the effect of precipitation, wind speed, vapour pressure and relative humidity change on sunshine duration were studied. The results showed that: Gansu annual sunshine duration in recent 54 years had an increasing trend, and the rate was 1.2 h/10 a. The maximum and minimum sunshine duration presented in May and February respectively. In spring and autumn the sunshine duration showed an upward trend, the spring increase was obvious, while there was a decreasing trend in summer and winter. The sunshine duration had a negative correlativity with annual precipitation, vapour pressure and relative humidity, correlation index were -0.34, -0.27 and -0.51, respectively, while it had a positive correlativity with wind speed.

  Check Analysis of Climatic Factors in Hangzhou and South of Gansu Li Xiaojing,Sun Yun,Yuan Yaping and Pu Jinyong 2015, 31 (6):  200-203.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1937 Abstract + ( 1221 )   PDF ( 502KB )   ( 576 ) In order to study the difference of climatic factors between the south of Gansu and the famous tea producing area of China, the meteorological data such as mean temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration etc. of Hangzhou, Kangxian, Wudu and Wenxian from 1961 to 2010 had been used for the study. The agricultural climate similarity distance between Hangzhou and other areas had been analyzed. The results showed that the similar extent of meteorological factors between Hangzhou and the other tea producing areas in south of Gansu were higher and could pass the hypothesis testing. The study also indicated that the agricultural climate similar distances between the south of Gansu and Hangzhou were small and the south of Gansu could transplant the famous tea. We supposed that the Wenxian could be chosen as the most suitable place to transplant the Longjing tea and Kangxian and Wudu could also transplant Longjing tea. As a developing tea area in the south of Gansu, the tea industrial would be expected to perform well.

  Feature Analysis of Disaster-inducing Risk Index of Frost in Western Region of Liaoning Province Zhang Li,Yin Hongtao and Zhang Guolin 2015, 31 (6):  204-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100047 Abstract + ( 798 )   PDF ( 684KB )   ( 491 ) The paper aims to master the frequency of occurrence and the disaster-inducing risk of frost in western region of Liaoning, establish the disaster-inducing risk level of frost and provide service for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, so as to achieve the purpose of frost prevention and mitigation. The author took the daily lowest temperature data since 1953 to 2012 in Chaoyang District and phenological data of agricultural production as the seeding, emergence and crops mature period, used climate diagnosis analysis method, conducted the feature analysis of the disaster-inducing factors such as time, severity and frequency. The results showed that 80% assurance rate of the end date of frost was on April 27th, and there was an ahead of time trend in inter-annual variation, but it was not significant; the disaster-inducing risk index was 0.41, while the inter-annual variation appeared a downward tendency, the risk index dropped to 0.14 in the past 20 years. 80% assurance of the early frost date was on September 26th, the inter-annual variation was obviously backward delayed and was delayed by an average of 9 days in past 20 years; the disaster-inducing risk index was 0.20, while the inter-annual variation appeared a downward tendency, the risk index was only 0.03 in the past 20 years. Annual frost disaster risk index was 0.47, and disaster-inducing frequency was 75%, the inter-annual variation appeared significantly reducing. The disaster-inducing risk index fell to 0.15 and disaster-inducing frequency to 35% in past 20 years. The division of the risk level and feature analysis of disaster-inducing frost could broaden the meteorological service for ‘agriculture, rural areas and farmers’, and provide the basis for agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation.

  Research Status and Prospect of Tea Drying Technology Liu Fei,Wang Yun,Li Chunhua,Wang Xiaoping,Tang Xiaobo and Li Tianli 2015, 31 (6):  210-215.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110098 Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 556KB )   ( 574 ) As an important process of tea preliminary processing, drying technology was of great significance for tea sensory quality. With continuous dissipation of water in the drying process, the endoplasmic components and the physical characteristics were also dramatically changed under the effect of heat and force. The author expounded the principle and characteristics of drying technologies at the preliminary processing of tea in China, pointed out that the development tendency would be from single technology to combined application of technology, and put forward the suggestion like perfecting the fundamental research of combined application of drying technology and the online inspection of water content of drying articles being processed, thus provided ideas for future research and development of drying equipment and tea drying technology.

  Optimization of Processing Technology and Formulation of Green Tea-Dragon Fruits Compound Beverage Sun Hongyan,Li Dandan,Shang Li,Zhou Jianwu,Shen Jinyan,Fan Chenfen and Shao Chengcheng 2015, 31 (6):  216-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1967 Abstract + ( 1031 )   PDF ( 580KB )   ( 606 ) This study aimed to develop a new green tea and dragon fruits compound beverage with unique flavor, with green tea and dragon fruits as the main raw materials, supplemented by some citric acid and sucrose. Single factor experiment was adopted to determine the screening level range of orthogonal experiment, and then combined the orthogonal experiment analysis results and comprehensive sensory score to optimize the processing technology and formulation of the beverage. The result showed that the best technological parameters of optimum green tea-dragon fruits compound beverage were as follows: green tea to dragon fruits ratio of 2:1, the skimmed milk concentration of 9%, citric acid addition of 0.20%, sugar addition of 4%. Under these conditions, the product obtained good taste and excellent stability with the content of protein of 9.34 mg/mL, the Vc content of 438 μg/mL, the total sugar content of 2.5%, the tea polyphenol content of 11.5%, there were no toxic elements and microbial contamination, and this processing technology would provide academic and theoretic ground for fruit composite beverage production.

  Effects of Ice Bag Pre-cooling on Storage Quality of Hot Pepper Fruit Wei Qiang,Huang Manqing,Sun Rui and Liu Chang 2015, 31 (6):  223-228.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120078 Abstract + ( 724 )   PDF ( 958KB )   ( 588 ) The purpose of our study was to understand the effects of ice bag pre-cooling on storage quality of hot peppers. We used ‘Zhongjiao 107’ as experimental materials. We harvested hot peppers at environmental temperature of 25℃ and 29℃, then pre-cooled the peppers with ice bags at the weight of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of hot peppers, peppers not received ice bag pre-cooling as control, after that hot peppers were stored at 10℃. Our results suggested the ice bags had good pre-cooling effects on hot peppers. The quantities of ice bag used in our experiment could not enhance storage quality of hot peppers when environmental temperature was 25℃. The ice bags at the weight of 10% of hot peppers were appropriate for pre-cooling treatment when environmental temperature was 29℃. This treatment reduced weight-loss rate and decay rate, raised commodity rate, also kept higher contents of total sugar, soluble protein, and vitamin C in hot peppers. Compared with hot peppers as control, hot peppers received this treatment reduced decay rat by 57.6%, raised commodity rate and total sugar content by 44.6% and 10.4%, respectively.

  Optimization of Batch Fermentation Conditions for Starter Culture of Lactobacillus casei from Tibetan Kefir Zhang Qian,Zhang Hongxing,Bai Yongqiang,Xu Hongyuan,Xiong Lixia and Liu Hui 2015, 31 (6):  229-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120069 Abstract + ( 667 )   PDF ( 604KB )   ( 594 ) In order to improve Lactobacillus casei KL1 of bile salt hydrolase which was isolated from Tibetan Kefir since fermentation broth number of the living bacterium, the author adopted the method of the three factors and three levels orthogonal experiments [L9(34)] with 5 L automatic fermentor, and studied the effect of different mediums and fermentation conditions on the living bacteria number of the starter culture. The results showed that under the condition of the fermentation temperature of 40℃, the inoculation quantity controlled in 3%, fermentation broth pH 6.5 and the fermentation time of 20 h, using the improved MRS culture medium, the living bacteria number of starter culture would be 8.2×109 CFU/mL. Under the optimize fermentation conditions, the living bacteria number was 25.63 times as many as that before.

  Rapid Detection and Identification of Mycovirus in the Main Cultivated Strains of Flammulina velutipes Zhang Junling,Zhang Lujun,Shang Xiaodong and Tan Qi 2015, 31 (6):  234-240.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110109 Abstract + ( 620 )   PDF ( 918KB )   ( 592 ) In this study, a lower cost, time saving, simple operation and specificity dsRNA extraction method was explored to detect and identify the mycovirus in the main cultivated strains of Flammulina velutipes. We applied two different methods to extract the dsRNA in the main cultivated strains, extraction Kit method and Redzol method, and compared the advantages of these two methods. To identify the virus type, reverse transcription PCR was employed to amplify the dsRNAs and sequence a part of them. Results showed that both Kit and Redzol methods discovered the dsRNA in strain F-4889 and F-4891 of the tested strains. Compared with the Kit method, Redzol method was time saving, simple operation, cost saving and easy pretreatment, besides it just need small amount of samples. So it was more suitable for general laboratory and large to middle-size edible fungi factory. Redzol method can accurately extract dsRNA from the mycelium of F. velutipes, and detect FvBV virus in strain F-4889 and F-4891, which provide the theory basis for cultivation and breeding, and can optimize the germplasm resources of commercial strains.

  Study on the Classification of Flue-cured Tobacco Based on the Random Forest Algorithm Guo Dongfeng,Hu Haizhou,Wang Jitao,Yao Zhongda,Yang Hui,Xu Wei and Liu Xinmin 2015, 31 (6):  241-246.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110089 Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 630KB )   ( 492 ) In order to find out the key factors affecting the tobacco flavor classification, 3 types of flue-cured tobacco leaves in 6 tobacco planting areas in China were used as the research objects, and the objects were classified based on the random forest algorithm. The results showed that the correct rate made up 82.35% of the whole samples, in particular the correct rate for QING type reached 100%, but the correct rate for the other types did not match the reality perfectly. Meanwhile the importance of each variable could be reflected under random forest algorithm. In this case the key factors was as following: benzyl alcohol, β-ionone, 2-cyclopentene-1,4-dione, 2-acetyl-5-methyl-furan, methyl palmitate, 5 -(hydroxymethyl) furfural, 3-hydroxy-β-damascone, β-dihydro damascene, furfural, phenylethanol, dihydroactinidiolide etc. Therefore, the random forest algorithm could be applied to the study of tobacco flavor classification, achieve good result in the classification of overall flue-cured tobacco samples, and find out the key factors of classification. Therefore, the random forest algorithm could be explored in the tobacco research.

  Research on the Chemical Composition Change of Yunnan Big Leaf Species Sun-dry Tea in Different Months Pu Shaoliu,Xia Lifei,Deng Shaochun and Zhou Yuzhong 2015, 31 (6):  247-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2256 Abstract + ( 1025 )   PDF ( 502KB )   ( 848 ) To grasp the change trend of main chemical composition of Yunnan big leaf species sun dried green tea, analyze the optimum processing suitability, and provide the theory basis for the production of Pu'er tea, the author conducted an experiment on the content change of the main chemical composition of Yunnan big leaf species sun-dry tea which were produced between March and October in 2013. The results showed that tea polyphenols content increased progressively from March to July, and it showed a decreasing trend from July to October, the highest record appeared in July which reached 41.77%. Catechins content presented an increasing trend from March to August, and it showed a decreasing trend from August to October, the highest record was 14.5% which appeared in August. Water extract content increased progressively from March to July, and it decreased progressively from July to October, the highest record appeared in July which reached 51.74%. The amino acid content presented a decreasing trend from March to June, and it showed an increasing trend from June to October, the lowest record appeared in June which was 2.45%. Caffeine content presented an increasing trend from March to July, and it showed a decreasing trend from July to October, the highest record was 3.82% which appeared in July.

  Analysis of the Transfer of Rural Surplus Labor Force Based on Ridge Regression Model Zhu Yadong and Yang Ningsheng 2015, 31 (6):  251-257.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100122 Abstract + ( 869 )   PDF ( 619KB )   ( 497 ) In order to explain the factors which affecting the transfer of rural surplus labor better, the author used qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the factors based on the relevant research literature. Ridge regression model was used to avoid the effect of collinearity. Effects of promote factors and restrictive factors were verified through the analysis. Then the author put forward four policy suggestions which were promoting regional economic development and improving farmers’ income; accelerating the process of urbanization and broadening employment channels for farmers; promoting the transition of the second and third industry and strengthening the training of farmers’ professional skills; deepening the system reform, particularly in household registration system.

  The Village Committee Advantages and Strategic Choices in the Implementation of the Policy of Rural Minimum Living Security Liang Xiaoyun and Shang Mingrui 2015, 31 (6):  258-264.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100127 Abstract + ( 846 )   PDF ( 587KB )   ( 521 ) As the agent of the town government, the village committee shouldered heavy responsibilities in the implementation of rural minimum living security policy. But loopholes appeared one after another in the process. To solve the problem of unfair rural subsistence allowances, characteristics of rural minimum living security and problems in the implementation of the rural minimum living security were analyzed. Advantages, weaknesses, challenges and opportunities in implementation of the rural village of subsistence were investigated. Then the SWOT model was optimized by using qualitative and quantitative SWOT analysis. The results showed that village committee had significant internal strengths and external opportunities in implementing the rural minimum living security policy. So the growth-oriented strategy combining the internal strengths and external opportunities was needed to be the main direction of development. But the presence of the internal disadvantages and external threats should not be ignored, so the reverse and defensive strategies were also needed for promoting the village development. Analysis methods and findings used by this research have practical significance for improving the implementation of rural minimum living security.

  A Study on Rural Human Settlement Evaluation Based on People-Centered Approaches Li Bin,Cao Qianqian,He Jieqiong and Liu Shuang 2015, 31 (6):  265-270.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110062 Abstract + ( 608 )   PDF ( 987KB )   ( 684 ) The improvement of rural human settlement is an important part of the coordinated urban- rural development program and it is the key to beautiful countryside construction as well. The author used a people-centered angle, took Yujian village of Nancheng street of Tongliang district in Chongqing city as an example, examined villagers’ satisfaction degree and the optimized direction through villagers’ people- centered approach and quantitative mathematical model. The results showed that the villagers generally demonstrated modest satisfaction with their settlement environment. In terms of soft environment system, they showed modest satisfaction with social environment, but dissatisfaction with economic environment; in terms of hard environment, facility environment and ecological environment contributed the most to the overall satisfaction. In conclusion, the optimization of rural human settlement environment needed overall arrangement and planning. The optimized countermeasures proposed in this study had common reference for the building of rural human settlement environment in mountainous and hilly land.

  Study on Factors Affecting the City Settlement Willingness of Migrant Workers from the View of Generation Gap: Based on Survey Data From 9 Provinces in China Ding Guanliang and Mo Qiuyu 2015, 31 (6):  271-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120203 Abstract + ( 768 )   PDF ( 578KB )   ( 770 ) Since the 1990s, migrant worker group has been divided into the old and new generation of migrant workers. In order to understand the situation about their city settlement willingness and the influencing factors, this paper analyzed the factors impacting the migrant workers’ city settlement willingness from five aspects which were individual characteristics, family characteristics, work characteristics, policy factors and psychological factors based on sample data of 3358 migrant workers from 9 provinces. The results showed that the nature of work, educational level, housing satisfaction and the new rural cooperative medical system had significantly positive effects on the new generation of migrant workers’ city settlement willingness, whereas marital status had significantly negative effect on it. Gender, educational level, house owned in the countryside, monthly income, the average daily working time, life satisfaction and endowment insurance had significantly positive effects on the old generation of migrant workers’ city settlement willingness. Therefore, in order to improve migrant workers’ city settlement willingness, on the one hand, more education and training opportunities should be provided to improve the professional skills and working quality; on the other hand, in order to provide basic protection for migrant workers in the city, the social security system should be improved and perfected.

  Pro-poor Tourism Effects Study Base on Famer’s Perception: A Case Study of Longwan Village Bao Junjun and Yan Jiangping 2015, 31 (6):  278-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2593 Abstract + ( 1039 )   PDF ( 578KB )   ( 467 ) As a totally new type of poverty alleviation, pro-poor tourism is drawing attention world widely because of its spontaneity. On the basis of literature reading, this paper divided the causes of poverty into four parts and analyzed the remission or elimination degree created by development of tourism. With Longwan Village, Baiyin, Gansu Province as the study area, this paper showed that the pro-poor tourism comprehensive perception index was 3.33 by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Among which the economy promotion perception index was the highest (3.72); followed by right acceleration perception index (3.45), idea progress perception index was the third (3.31), and resources remedy index (3.15) was the last. After combined data analysis and field survey, this paper put forward several suggestions to support the local development of pro-poor tourism in a harmonious, stable, sustainable, reasonable way and to try to find a new way for the development of tourism style village.

  Study on Food Security in Sichuan Province Lin Zhengyu,He Peng,Li Xiao and Tang Sha 2015, 31 (6):  284-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100081 Abstract + ( 752 )   PDF ( 947KB )   ( 521 ) The aims were to study food quantity security of Sichuan Province, and provide scientific basis for government decision-making on food quantity security. The statistical number from 1978 to 2012 was used, and combined with minimum cropland acreage per capita (Smin) and cropland pressure index (K), to analyze the situation and development trend of cultivated land and food security in Sichuan Province, by using the GM(1,1) model to predict the food security trend of the next 6 years. The result showed that, from 1978 to 2012, Smin in Sichuan presented downtrend, food security was more reliable on the rise of per unit area yield of grain, multiple-cropping index and the slightly increase of land supply, so K didn’t show significant upward trend, and the food security was still under control, which helped to realize the policy requirement of “overall balance, basic self-sufficiency”. In the 21 cities and prefectures of Sichuan Province, there was great pressure on food security in Chengdu City, Panzhihua City, Leshan City, Ya’an City, Aba State, Ganzi State, and need to use the inventory or reallocation of food from other cities to ensure their market equilibrium. With the time passing-by, and under the pressure of in-depth development of urbanization and transformation and upgrade of industrialization, the food security issue will be more acute in Chengdu City and Panzhihua City. The study puts forward suggestions like improving the resource utilization rate on the base of strictly protecting the quantity of cultivated land, strengthening the construction of infrastructure, speeding up the breakthrough of new varieties and the popularization and application of new technology, preventing and reducing the disaster scientifically, and implementing different policy according to regional disparity.