Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.2 Published:14 January 2011

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  Identification of Hybrid Progenies as Populus deltoides cl.‘Xianglin 90’ etc. Based on ISSR Molecular Markers 2011, 27 (2):  1-6.  Abstract + ( 1346 )   PDF ( 1140845KB )   ( 1107 ) In order to explore the application of ISSR markers for molecular identification and marker-assisted breeding of Populus deltoides, 15 populus deltoides clones were analyzed by ISSR. ①The reaction volume of ISSR-PCR which was fit for populus deltoids was set up by single analysis of variance test. The reaction volume was 25 μL and adds with primer for 1.0 μmol/L, template for 30 ng, Taq enzyme for 1.5 U, dNTP for 0.25 mmol/L, Mg2+ for 2.0 mmol/L. ISSR program was: 3 min at 94℃ for calefaction to DNA denaturalized, then 35 cycles of 45 s at 94℃ for denaturalization, 30 s at 56℃ for annealing, 1 min at 72℃ for extension and extension at 72℃ for 5 min finally. ②15 populus deltoides clones were analyzed by 10 primers of ISSR. The number of the fragments examined were 63, the percentage of polymorphism fragments of each clone was between 20.63% and 30.16%, the highest of which were XL-77, XL-83, XL-101, 2KEN8 and I-69, the lowest of which were XL-92, XL-90. ③The clones except A65/31 belonged to the same group which included 3 subgroups, and the genetic differentiation and genetic relationship among the hybrid progenies of populus deltoides can be identified accurately by the specific makers bands of ISSR-PCR.

  Comparison of Total RNA Isolation from the leaf of Acer palmatum 2011, 27 (2):  7-11.  Abstract + ( 1346 )   PDF ( 1451022KB )   ( 1251 ) The polysaccharides and polyphenols in Acer palmatum leaves have seriously affected the purity and quality of RNA extraction. In order to obtain the appropriate method of total RNA extraction, three methods of column plant RNAout, TRIzol reagent and improved CTAB were chosen for comparison analysis of total RNA extraction from Acer palmatum. Total RNA extracted by column plant RNAout method had the highest yield, but the worst quality due to the pollution of DNA. The worst quality of total RNA by TRIzol method was due to the lowest yield and the pollution of carbohydrate and phenols. By use of the improved CTAB method, the ration value of OD260∕OD280 of total extracted RNA was 2.0, as well its clear electrophoresis pattern showing the good quality, high purity and higher yield. So the improved CTAB method is suitable for the total RNA isolation from the leaf of maple. The total RNA was used for RT-PCR and the specific band could be observed in agarose gel. These results demonstrate that the quality and purity of the RNA obtained by the improved CTAB method can meet the demands of molecular biology experiment. The improved CTAB method was the appropriate method of extraction the total RNA in Acer palmatum leaves.

  Physiological and biochemical effects of chromium on Siraitia grosvenorii seedings 2011, 27 (2):  12-16.  Abstract + ( 1245 )   PDF ( 800363KB )   ( 1074 ) Heavy metal chromium markedly inhibits plant growth and development. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the effects of chromium on other plant species such as wheat, the mechanisms of effects of chromium on Siraitia grosvenorii remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed the responses of Siraitia grosvenorii to various levels of Cr6+ (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200μmol?L-1) at physiological and biochemical levels . The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll, protein, soluble sugar, activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase were significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of chromium; the levels of peroxidase (POD) activity were increased at low concentrations of chromium and decreased when the plants were exposed to high concentrations of chromium. By contrast, the contents of proline and malonaldehyde(MDA)were substantially increased with increasing concentrations of chromium in the growth medium. The results indicate that chromium causes damage of the celluar membrane system and subsequent growth inhibition of Siraitia grosvenorii and proline and ROS signaling may play important roles in plant response to chromium.

  Effects of Culture Conditions on the Pollen Germination in Pistacia chinensis Bunge 2011, 27 (2):  17-20.  Abstract + ( 1246 )   PDF ( 623683KB )   ( 1060 ) The optimal conditions of assaying the pollen germination in Pistacia chinensis Bunge were deteminged by orthogonal matrix method. The concentration of sucrose and boric acid in culture medium, cultivated temperature, and cultivated time were optimized. The results showed that the most significant factor was the concentration of sucrose, the more significant factors were concentration of boric acid and cultivated time. 25℃, 6 h, 1% agar, 15% sucrose, 0.06% boric acid were the optimal conditions for pollen germination, in which pollen germination rate was 90%.

  Studies on Drought Resistance on Anatomical Structure of Leaves of 5 Poplar Clones 2011, 27 (2):  21-25.  Abstract + ( 2417 )   PDF ( 1056841KB )   ( 1463 ) Anatomical structure of leaves of 5 poplar clones were observed to explore the ways of poplar drought resistance breeding. Applying the method of subordinate function, 9 drought resistance indexes of 5 species were measured and a comprehensive evaluation on drought resistance of them was given. The results showed that the drought resistance capability decreased in order of Albaginaceae, Agelastica alni orienealis ealy, P. xiaoz huanica‘Zhongtian, P. alba×P. alba var. pyram idalis, Hamamelis virginiana. Applying the method of grey correlative analysis, the correlation of drought resistance and drought resistance indexes were analyzed. It indicated that the fitting to drought of plant leaves went through different approaches, also differed from one another on behaviour ways.

  Differences in Response of Larix principis-rupprechtii and Picea Seedlings to Nitrogen Concentration 2011, 27 (2):  26-29.  Abstract + ( 1336 )   PDF ( 746733KB )   ( 985 ) In order to master the difference in growth strategy of Larix principis-rupprechtii and Picea, and provide the theory basis for mixed forests management, with seedlings cultivation experiment under manual control conditions, this paper studied the growth performance in the seedling stage of 2 species under different nitrogen concentrations, and analyzed the differences of height growth, basal diameter growth, tatal biomass and biomass allocation. The results showed that: the growth in seedling stage of 2 species with variation of nitrogen concentrations had significant differences, the response tendency were similar, and the nitrogen utilization also had significant differences; the growth index in seedling stage of Larix principis-rupprechtii were higher than that of Picea, especially the height of seedling and single biomass. Therefore, Larix principi-rupprechtii was more sensitive to microenvironment heterogeneity and had distinct advantages in the growth of seedling stage supported by utilizing land environment resources than Picea.

  Seed Germination and Seedling Culture of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus 2011, 27 (2):  30-34.  Abstract + ( 1485 )   PDF ( 796402KB )   ( 1257 ) The technique of artificial cultivating was resolved through seed germination and seedling culture of Ammopiptanthus mongolicu. It is provided that the technical measure for its artificial breeding. The effects of salt solution, covering sand thickness, treating methods and temperature on seed germination of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus were studied under laboratory and flowerpot. The results indicated that: (1)The optimal temperature for the seeds to germinate was 15~35℃, transient water temperature of 60、70、80℃ disposal may urge the seed to attract effectively, raises the germination percentage, the germination percentage reached above 80%; (2)Salt tolerance of seed was lower when the NaCl solution density exceeded 0.8％, and germination rate would decreased rapidly; (3)The percentage of remaining hard-coated seeds of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus was higher, and the seed was not easy socking in normal temperature condition. At the start of absorption, water content of seed increased fast, and relative amount decreased gradually with the time; (4)The optimal seed-covered sand thickness was 1~2 cm; (5)The optimized breeding soil was small sandy loam soil, seedlings growth and biomass displayed the quick growth, and sandy loam was the ideal soil of breeding. The seed of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus can sprout normally in the suitable temperature range. Temporary high temperature water could increase velocity of socking and promote seed germination. Seed of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus was sowed in the sandy soil, soil covering depth was 1~2 cm, and raising seedlings can obtain success.

  Impacts of Soil Carbon Storage on Different Land Use in Wetland and Grassland of Dongting Lake 2011, 27 (2):  35-39.  Abstract + ( 1536 )   PDF ( 586551KB )   ( 1104 ) In order to study the effects of different land use/cover change (LUCC) types on soil carbon storage, the changes were analyzed based on the data of soil organic carbon contents at different time. The results showed that: (a) there was a leap decrease on soil orgamic carbon storage in the early stage when sedgelands changed into poplar forest, which mainly lead to the loss of soil organic carbon at or below 40 cm depth; (b) the land lost soil organic carbon at 33.89 t/hm2 after 8 years of poplars plantation; (c) taking away the aboveground vegetation products every year changed soil organic carbon storage gradually, which mainly affected soil carbon accumulation in the top layer of soil especially at 0~10 cm depth. Compared with sedgeland which had not been disturbed by human, the soil carbon accumulation reduced 1.95 t/hm2 within 8 years; (d) whatever LUCC types, all reduced soil carbon accumulation in wetland and grassland of Dongting Lake.

  Study on growth of crop and vegetation in the purple soil area of central Sichuan 2011, 27 (2):  40-45.  Abstract + ( 1458 )   PDF ( 993815KB )   ( 1104 ) Crop and vegetation has great effect on soil erosion in the purple soil area of central SiChuan Basin. A simulation of crop and vegetation growth was carried out in Chenjiawan watershed by using the crop growth module of Water Erosion Prediction Project, The height、canopy、LAI of crop and vegetation of simulation results was compared with measured value. Comparison results show that the crop growth module of WEPP simulates crop height in a high precision, can predicts the growth trend of canopy、LAI of vegetation but have some high results in some extent.

  The study on the insects diversity in the customs supervision treasury area of the capital airport during the Beijing Olympic Games 2011, 27 (2):  46-52.  Abstract + ( 1582 )   PDF ( 759828KB )   ( 1118 ) The customs supervision treasury is an important distribution center of packaging goods imported into China. In order to monitoring effectively some invasive alien species carried by packing materials imported into China during the Beijing Olympic Games, the insect species and diversity was investigated in the customs supervision treasury area of the capital airport by the methods of insect attractants and ultraviolet light trap, from early June to early October in 2008. The results showed that the insects had 211 species, belonging to 11 orders, 64 families. The species of Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were most, and accounting for 46%, 22% and 9.5% respectively. In an individual family, the species of Noctuidae and Pyralididae of Lepidoptera were most, and the next were Carabidae, Coccinellidae and Melolonthinae, and they formed a dominant population in the inspecting treasury. The population number of Loxostege sticticalis and Cicadella viridi were most, and accounting for 4.65% and 2.54% respectively, and they becomed a dominant species. In addition, we also found some Hyphantria cunnea and Trichoferus campestris, but the population number of that was fewer. The results were of the very important instructing meaning for monitoring and controlling the occurring of some pests in the customs supervision treasury of Beijing capital airport, and preventing the invasion of alien pests, and protecting the ecological environment security and agricultural and forestry production.

  Study on the Microbial Diversity of Rhizosphere Soil in Different Forest Types of Pinus tabulaeformis and Ostryopsis davidaiana 2011, 27 (2):  53-56.  Abstract + ( 1206 )   PDF ( 675933KB )   ( 1239 ) In order to learn the variation of microflora and the changing rule of its functional diversity in different forest types of Pinus tabulaeformis and Ostryopsis davidiana, and discover the mechanism of Ostryopsis davidiana’s promoting effects to the growth of Pinus tabulaeformis, by traditional separation method and BIOLOG technology, the microbes of different rhizosphere soil were separated and identified and the functional diversity were tested and analyzed. The results turned out that: in the mixed forests of Pinus tabulaeformis and Ostryopsis davidiana, the microbes of rhizosphere soil were tested to be in largest number, uniform distribution and best stability; the functional diversity index in this rhizosphere soil was much higher than two pure forest types.

  The Optimization of Polyphenols Extraction Process of Prunus Humilis leaves 2011, 27 (2):  57-60.  Abstract + ( 1275 )   PDF ( 613380KB )   ( 1147 ) 【OBJECTIVE】This paper used Prunus Humilis leaves as experimental materials, the rate of polyphenols extraction indicators as the evaluation standard to explore the extraction process conditions of polyphenols in Prunus Humilis leaves.【METHOD】This paper had chosen acetone as extraction agent, and selected the extraction time﹑the solvent concentration﹑the liquid-solid ratio and the extraction temperature as four investigation factors, and used the L9(34) orthogonal experiment design, and used regular extraction method and microwave extraction method to study the best conditions of the extraction process of polyphenols of Prunus Humilis leaves.【RESULTS】The primary and secondary effects of polyphenols extraction indicators by using regular extraction method from Prunus Humilis leaves was as follows: extraction temperature>extraction time>solid-liquid ratio>extraction concentration; the optimal scheme was A1B3C3D3, which corresponded with the best treatment combination A1B3C3D3. The primary and secondary effects of polyphenols extraction indicators by using microwave method from Prunus Humilis leaves was as follows: extraction concentration>solid-liquid ratio>irradiation time>radiated power; the optimal scheme was A1B2C3D2, which did not correspond with the best treatment combination A1B2C2D2.【CONCLUSION】The best extraction process of polyphenols in Prunus Humilis leaves was the 70% of acetone solution, the solid-liquid ratio was 1:450, the extraction temperature was 70℃, the extraction time was 1.5 h。

  A New Method for Rapid Measurement of N, P, K Contents of Forest Soil 2011, 27 (2):  61-65.  Abstract + ( 1619 )   PDF ( 948565KB )   ( 2220 ) To achieve the rapid monitoring of forest soil fertility, a new method was put forward to measure the total N, total P and total K concurrently by visible/near infrared reflectance spectra. 48 fir soil samples were collected using a FieldSpec?3 visible/near infrared spectrometer. All samples were divided randomly into 2 groups, one group with 32 samples used as calibrated set, and another with 16 samples used as validated set. The original spectra were pretreated by the methods of S.Golay smoothing and standard normal variate, and then the PLS model was established with the spectra in the range of 350~2350 nm. The result showed that the accuracy of the model was high, and the calibration R2 and validation R2 of the total N, P and K models were above 0.892 and 0.884 respectively. The results indicated that it was feasible to measure the total N, P and K contents in fir soil concurrently by visible/near reflectance spectra, and a new method was put forward to monitor the forest soil fertility rapidly.

  The Effect of Soil Amendment and Lime on Afforestation Survival in Antimony Mine 2011, 27 (2):  66-71.  Abstract + ( 1291 )   PDF ( 734324KB )   ( 1192 ) Using 8 tree species in different dosages special amendments and lime test to study the soil improvement in antimony mine on the effects of afforestation survival. The results showed that: different doses of amendments and lime had very significant effects on pH values in the 0~20, 20~40, 40~60 cm soil. It was very significant effects that different doses of soil amendments and lime on survival rate, among species and 1 year of height increment. After application of soil amendments, the survival rate of manchurian catalpa, goldenrain tree, chinese fir, robinia and zenia insignis were high which was 84.5% to 88%; The height increment of zenia insigni, robinia, smanchurian catalpa and goldenrain as large as 62.44 to 155.33 cm; 200 g of amendment per hole was best, the average survival rate of 8 trees was 89.2%, while the contrast was only 50.8%. It can improve the survival rate by 38.4% in control and reasonable casting amendment. After application of lime, the survival rate of manchurian catalpa, goldenrain tree, chinese fir, robinia and zenia insignis were high which was 84.6% to 95.3%; The height increment of zenia insigni, robinia, smanchurian catalpa and goldenrain as large as 60 to 152.3 cm; 200 g of lime per hole was best, the average survival rate of 8 species was 79.5%, while the contrast was 54.7%. It can improve the survival rate by 38.4% in control and reasonable casting lime. The mechanism of soil amendments and lime may increase the pH values of soil, accordingly, reduce the content of heavy metals in soil, which can be used to reduce the bio-availability.

  Evaluation of the bacteriostatic effects of Equisetum Arvense on bacterias 2011, 27 (2):  72-74.  Abstract + ( 1218 )   PDF ( 1107284KB )   ( 1071 ) Abstract: [Objective]The PAE of E. arvense and the PWE of E. arvense have different inhibitory effects on different bacterias. The drugs should be used in a rational way to ensure the best treatment effect. [Methods] The filter paper method was used to compare the bacteriostatic effect of the PAE of E. arvense and the PWE of E. arvense on Staphylococcus aureus and other two bacterias: The length of bacteriostatic belt indicated the bacteriostatic effect. [Results] In general, the PAE of E. arvense had stronger bacteriostatic effect than the PWE of E. arvense. Both the drugs had the strongest bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus, weaker effect on Bacillus subtilis, and weakest effect on Escherichia coli. [Conclusion] The PAE of E. arvense contains elements such as flavonoid, alkaloid, and silicon compounds. Different chemical substances have different mechanisms in bacteriostasis, which may lead to the different bacteriostatic effect.

  Advances in the Studies of Salt Tolerance in Plant by Grafting 2011, 27 (2):  75-78.  Abstract + ( 1305 )   PDF ( 607917KB )   ( 1373 ) Soil secondary salinization has been a common phenomena in vegetable protected culture, mainly as a consequence of improper fertilizer application, unsuitable culture and management practices, less raining rinse and so on, leading to the progressive accumulation of salts in the soil, which inhibits vegetable growth and development, causes decline of yield and quality, brings a negative effect on sustainable development of vegetable. It showed that grafting could improve vegetable tolerance to environmental stresses, became an effective approach to overcome salt stress. In the article, it provided advances of plants by grafting under salt stress, including growth and development, ion distribution, photosynthesis, osmotic substances, antioxidative enzymes and endogenous hormones etc, and the problems and prospects on these relative studies about grafting were put forward. This review may help to study the salt-tolerant mechanism of plants by grafting.

  Research Progress on Evaluating the Physiological Indexes of Tea Plant Resistance 2011, 27 (2):  79-83.  Abstract + ( 1447 )   PDF ( 632762KB )   ( 1372 ) Tea plant is affected by adverse conditions at any time as it grows, such as high or low temperature, drought, high light, etc. It is of significance in resistance breeding, identifying the resistance, screening out the resistant materials and setting up the early-warning and regulation mechanism to study how tea plant resist to environmental stress, ascertain and build up physiological evaluation system with all kinds of new technique and testing method. Based on the current study situation in agriculture, this paper explicated the research progress on physiological evaluation of tea plant resistance mainly from the following aspects. They were anti-oxidative enzyme activities, organization structure, MDA, electrical conductivity and soluble sugar content, etc. Two realizations were suggested: ①Have the theoretical research of resistance to stress of environment and lasting resistance to stress; ②Screen out physiological indexes of tea plant resistance and evaluate them.

  Advances in Synthetic Seeds of Fruit Crop 2011, 27 (2):  84-89.  Abstract + ( 1277 )   PDF ( 1112560KB )   ( 1363 ) Compared with natural seeds, synthetic seeds have many advantages in seedling production and breeding. But the applications of synthetic seeds to commerce are limited because of various reasons. In order to solve them, the author elaborates advances in research on synthetic seeds of fruit crops through advances in making techniques of synthetic seeds and the applications of synthetic seeds to several important fruit crops. The article also brings up the main factors which limit the applications of synthetic seeds to commerce and the main aspects of researching on the technique of synthetic seeds of fruit crops, such as the quality of propagule, encapsulation technology, conversion and survival rate.

  Advances in Research of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus 2011, 27 (2):  90-94.  Abstract + ( 1504 )   PDF ( 607566KB )   ( 1753 ) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomatoes in the world, and it has become the limiting factor for production of tomatoes in both open field and protected cultivation systems. Recent years, TYLCV has resulted in great economic losses, and spread from south to north in China. The research progress of TYLCV was summarized in the following aspects: the characteristics, the diagnosis methods and the preventive measures.

  Cloning of WRKY2 Gene in Tomato 2011, 27 (2):  95-98.  Abstract + ( 1533 )   PDF ( 690736KB )   ( 1334 ) WRKY protein play an important role both in biotic and abiotic stress, also in growth and development of plant. In order to study the function of WRKY in tomato, the primers were designed according to the cloned WRKY transcription factors. The 608 bp fragment was obtained from tomato with RT-PCR method. Sequential analysis indicated that this sequence contained WRKYGQK conservative domain, and the similarity with Capsicum annuum WRKY-c and Nicotiana tabacum NtWRKY-7 were 79% and 74%, respectively. The results showed that WRKY gene sequence in tomato was cloned successfully.

  Cloning & Expression Analysis of WRKY Gene Segment in Brassica campestris 2011, 27 (2):  99-103.  Abstract + ( 1488 )   PDF ( 827518KB )   ( 1398 ) The WRKY transcription factor is considered to be involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses widely in plants. The purpose of the paper is to study the relative expression trends of WRKY transcription factor gene under ABA treatment in Brassica campestris. Actin gene and WRKY gene were cloned by using the homology cloning method. The sequences of nucleic acid and amino acid were analyzed using BLAST and DNAMAN software. Relative expression trends of WRKY gene were detected by applying real-time relative quantification PCR (RT-qPCR) under ABA (100 μM) treatment; A 680 bp NAC gene segment and a 933 bp Actin gene segment were acquired in Brassica campestris. The result of RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the relative expression of WRKY gene reaches the peak at 1h with ABA treatment. In this paper, Actin and WRKY gene in Brassica campestris were cloned successfully, which was proved to play an important role in ABA signal pathway

  The Selection of Resistant Paraquat Callus Variation Line of Garlic 2011, 27 (2):  104-108.  Abstract + ( 1412 )   PDF ( 575397KB )   ( 1144 ) Four different ecotypic garlic cultivars ‘modified garlic’, ‘Jintang early garlic’, ‘Cangshan’ and ‘Europe 01’ were chosen to select for the resistant paraquat callus, in the medium including paraquat concentrations 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.5%, respectively. The results showed that the four cultivars had some resistance under the low concentration stress (﹤0.4%), and the resistance of the callus were enhanced by step-to-step culturing method. The survival rates of the callus were from 7.8% to 20.6% in the medium including containing 0.6% paraquat. Some callus was also survived in the medium containing 0.8% and 1.0% Paraquat. Stability Test showed the ability of resistant paraquat could keep for a long time.

  Phenotype Observation and Variation Analysis of Chili Pepper F2 Derived from the Seeds by Ion Implantation 2011, 27 (2):  109-113.  Abstract + ( 1525 )   PDF ( 727088KB )   ( 1066 ) [OBJECTIVE] The genetic characteristics of Chili pepper F2 generation, which from F1 generation with ion implantation were observed. [METHOD] Five groups of chili pepper seeds were selected to sow in the field, which biological mutation occurred in F1 generation. Then the major phenotype changes in F2 were observed. The biochemical changes caused by ion implantation were analyzed by determination of peroxidase isozyme. [RESULT] Implanting one side of the seeds with 9×1011P2+/cm2 the other side with 1×1012 Cu2+/cm2contributed to the continued superiority in yield per plant while the other 4 control groups failed to stably inherit the superior qualities of F1 generation. [CONCLUSION] The prominent biological characters induced in the seeds of group No.21 were relatively stably inherited, indicating the value of continuing breeding and further selection.

  Horticultural Classification and Identification of the Yellow Gene Resources in Xun-hua Line Pepper 2011, 27 (2):  114-118.  Abstract + ( 1680 )   PDF ( 586953KB )   ( 1014 ) The purpose of studying is giving the scientific identification and valuation of HJ2002, and establishes a basis of this yellow variation gene resource. The main agronomic traits of 30 domestic line pepper (C. annuum L. var. dactylus M.)resources were compared , especially focus on horticultural classification and determination of ‘HJ2002’——the yellow variation resources. The results showed that ‘HJ2002’ is a rare nature variation gene resource of yellow line pepper at domestic. According Dr Smith’s system of pepper horticulture classification, there are some differences between ‘HJ2002’ and cayenne type in the color and special flavor of mature fruit.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Endo-β-mannanase Gene Fragment from Abscission Zone of Navel Orange 2011, 27 (2):  119-122.  Abstract + ( 1299 )   PDF ( 976905KB )   ( 1232 ) Endo-β-mannanase is an important enzyme involved in the mobilization of mannan, which is the component of hemicellulose. In order to investigate the relationship between endo-β-mannanase and organ abscission, the PCR based homologous cloning strategy was used to identify endo-β-mannanase (CiMan) genes from the fruit stalks abscission zone of navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). The results showed that a 274 bp cDNA encoding 91 amino acids was successfully cloned and characterized．Multiple alignment analysis of amino acid sequences of the putative CiMan cDNA fragment was 53%-65% homologous with other sequences from Genbank. It was supposed that the cDNA fragment was the endo-β-mannanase of navel orange.

  Genetic Analysis of ‘Cabernet’ Family Strains in Grape Growing Areas of Yantai 2011, 27 (2):  123-127.  Abstract + ( 1537 )   PDF ( 1291726KB )   ( 1137 ) The genetic diversity analysis of the 6 kinds of ‘Cabernet’, which were planted in grape growing areas of Yantai, was made by RAPD and SSR techniques for clearing the phylogenetic relationships of the wine grape strains of ‘Cabernet Gernischt’ and other ‘Cabernet’ strains, and for further selecting the fine wine grape. The results showed that the 6 kinds of ‘Cabernet’ could be divided to two groups in the phyogenetic tree. Although the inheritances of the 4 kinds of ‘Cabernet Gernischt’ were different from the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, or from the ‘Cabernet Franc’, the 4 kinds of ‘Cabernet Gernischts’ were not fallen under one group. We guess that the ‘Cabernet Gernischts’ might be the strain obtained by characteristic selection from the ‘Cabernet Franc’. The gather of the ‘Qixianan Cabernet Gernischt’ and the ‘Xingfu Cabernet Gernischt’ offer a basis for selecting the excellent grape strains.

  A Study on the Juvenile Phase and Juvenile Span of the Hybrid Progenies in Pear 2011, 27 (2):  128-131.  Abstract + ( 1354 )   PDF ( 539898KB )   ( 1278 ) 492 seedlings from 8 crosses of pear were used to investigate the juvenile span、first flower node number、internode length and the trunk diameter. In order to provide reference for breeding work of pear, the relationship between juvenile phase and juvenile span was discussed. The results showed that the juvenile phase of 68.7% seedling progenies was 3 to 5 years at the materials, and the value of juvenile span was 214.26 centimeters. There was a positive correlation between internode length and juvenile span. The juvenile span was remarked significant positive to the first flower node number and the trunk diameter. The results also indicated that the juvenile phase was remarked significant positive to the juvenile span, and the plants of dwarfing had the potential of early bearing.

  In vitro Polyploid Induction and Its Identification in Cymbidium sinense 2011, 27 (2):  132-136.  Abstract + ( 1310 )   PDF ( 1821090KB )   ( 1565 ) Investigations were carried out on the effects of colchicine treatment on growth and polyploid induction of rhizomes of Cymbidium sinense ‘QiJianBiaMo’. The results showed that colchicine treatment had severe toxic and lethal effects on the rhizomes, and in the range of concentration of colchicine and duration of treatment adopted, the higher the concentration of colchicine and the longer the duration of treatment were, the stronger the toxic and lethal effects were. Chromosome doubling was found in all rhizomes pretreated with colchicine, while, the efficiency depended on the concentration of colchicine and the duration of treatment. Tetraploids were obtained only in the treatment of 0.01%×3 d, with the induction rate being 11.11%. In other treatments, only mixoploids were produced with the induction rate between 0.00 % and 19.44%. The tetraploid rhizome was rounder in growth tip and larger in diameter, and the regenerated tetraploid plant was more sturdy and compacted in appearance with harder leaves and thicker roots compared to the diploid one.

  Effects of high boron stress on the growth and element content of Bromeliaceae 2011, 27 (2):  137-143.  Abstract + ( 1243 )   The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high boron stress on the growth and the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, starch and element in leaves and roots of Bromeliaceae. The four boron treatments were designed with boron 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/L, respectively, with three replicates each treatment. The results showed that after supplying boron fertilizer, the growth of shoots and roots was inhibited. The inhibitory extent of growth was increased as the boron concentration increasing. As compared with no boron treatment, supplying boron fertilizer caused leaf apex in the mid-lower part brown and dried. Boron could reduce the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and starch. Supplying boron resulted in an increase in the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc in roots, together with a decrease in the content of these elements in leaves. Boron also decreased the content of copper in leaves and roots. These results suggest that Bromeliaceae is very sensitive to excessive boron. Excessive boron in substrate and irrigation water would hamper the growth of Bromeliaceae.

  Response of Physiology of Phalaenopsis Cultivars with Different Heat Tolerance to High Temperature Stress at seedling stage 2011, 27 (2):  144-150.  Abstract + ( 1740 )   PDF ( 844323KB )   ( 1267 ) Abstract:Changes of physiology index of two Phalaenopsis cultivars with different heat tolerance which treated at 25℃、35℃、40℃ for 2 day respectively were determined .The results showed that the electrolytic leakage and contents of malondialdehyde(MDA) in two Phalaenopsis cultivars with different heat tolerance were increased continuously with high temperature going up. However, the growing rate of the electrolytic leakage and contents of MDA in cultivar of heat resistance was the smaller than that in cultivar of heat sensitivity. The superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD) activities and solube protein content show a transient rise and then reduce with high temperature going up,but the growing rate of the SOD,POD activities and solube protein content in cultivar of heat resistance was the largest than that in cultivar of heat sensitivity,the range of decrease the SOD,POD activities and solube protein content in cultivar of heat resistance was the smaller than that in cultivar of heat sensitivity.The contents of free proline and soluble sugar were increased continuously with high temperature going up. However, the growing rate of the contents of free proline and soluble sugar in cultivar of heat resistance was the largest than that in cultivar of heat sensitivity. The above results indicated that there were better capability in maintaining osmotic adjustment and eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultivar of heat resistance,this is one of all physiological base which cultivar of heat resistance had high heat tolerance.

  Effects of Medium, N, P, K Ratio and Nitrogen Concentration on Vegetative Growth of Oncidium 2011, 27 (2):  151-156.  Abstract + ( 1282 )   PDF ( 848077KB )   ( 1393 ) Research was conducted to investigate the interaction of different medium, N, P, K Ratio and nitrogen concentration combinations on growth of ‘Onc. Goldiana × Onc. Guiena Gold’. Plants grown in the sphagnum moss: charcoal (1:1) promoted shoot, pseudobulb and significantly enhanced secondary shoot growth. Combinations of sphagnum moss: charcoal (1:1), 30N:10P2O5:10K2O and 200mg/L nitrogen accelerated shoot growth, while giving combinations of sphagnum moss: charcoal (1:1), 20N:20P2O5:20K2O and 100mg/L nitrogen boosted pseudobulb growth, at the same time enhanced secondary shoot growth only increasing N from 100mg/L to 200mg/L.

  Effects of Phosphorus Stress on the Root Morphology and Root Exudates in Different Sugar Beet Genotypes 2011, 27 (2):  157-161.  Abstract + ( 1494 )   PDF ( 783561KB )   ( 1240 ) Phosphorus deficiency was induced in sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris L., ‘var. 14’, ‘var. 17’ and ‘var. 20’ with different resistance ability to phosphorus stress), cultured hydroponically and sandily under standardized environmental conditions, by removing phosphorus from the nutrient supply at the seedling stage. Root morphology, H+ excretion and organic acid in rhizosphere were investigated. The main results were showed as following: the average length of roots and the ratio of root to shoot in all genotypes were increased significantly (p<0.05), among which, the decreasing range of ‘var. 14’ was the biggest one; sugar beet root mainly excreted oxalic, lactic, maleic acid and trans-butenedioic acid, among which, the first two kinds of the organic acids were the main ingredient, and the phenomena of the significant increase in the secretion amount of those two kinds acids was only appeared in ‘var. 20’ with higher resistance to phosphorus stress; phosphorus deficiency stimulated the environment changed in root vicinity of sugar beet, and showed as an increase of the H+ secretion in all the genotypes used in the experiment, but the increased amount of H+ were genetic dependent, i.e. ‘var.20’>’var.17’>’var.14’.

  Residue Dynamics of Mancozeb in Cucumber and Soil 2011, 27 (2):  167-170.  Abstract + ( 1675 )   PDF ( 701182KB )   ( 1389 ) A field experiment was conducted to reveal residue dynamics of mancozeb in cucumber and Soil. The residues of mancozeb in cucumber and soil were determined by gas chromatography with ECD detector. The average recoveries of mancozeb were in a range of 89.02%-95.50% in cucumber and 86.59%-93.03% in soil. The results showed that the Mancozeb dissipated rapidly in cucumber and soil. The half-life of mancozeb in cucumber and in soil were 1.57d -3.51d and 3.85d -11.44d respectively. When the cucumber was sprayed three times with mancozeb W.D.G，and the last application was done 2 days before harvesting，the final residues of mancozeb in cucumber was lower than 2 mg?kg-1 ，demonstrating that it is safe to apply mancozeb to cucumber with the recommended rate.

  Study on Soil Chemical Constituents of the Tableland Tea Gardens in Yunnan Province 2011, 27 (2):  171-174.  Abstract + ( 1438 )   PDF ( 546408KB )   ( 1567 ) The research aimed to provide theoretical basis for improving soil fertility of the tableland tea garden in Yunnan province. The contents of chemical composition including major nutrients, minor nutrients, heavy metal elements and other chemical constituents were determined in the soil of tableland tea garden from main tea areas (Xishuangbanna, Puer, Lincang, Baoshan) of Yunnan by flame photometry, atomic absorption spectrometry and other methods. The results showed that the average contents of soil organic matter were 3.88%. The average contents of Available N, P and K were 133.55, 6.78, 83.56 mg/kg respectively. The average contents of effective Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn and B were 177.55, 64.39, 24.04, 11.35, 0.70, 0.68, 1.22 mg/kg respectively. The average contents of total Cr and Pb were 70.64, 83.6 mg/kg respectively. The contents of soil organic matters of the tableland tea garden were high, but the contents of the major nutrients and minor nutrients of the tableland tea garden were low. Therefore, it proposed to enhance using the fertilizer of major nutrients, while increasing the fertilizer of minor nutrients. The qualities of soil environment in the tableland tea garden were good on the whole，and it accorded with the soil environment quality standards of the non-polluted tea garden.

  Effect of Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris) on the Morphological and Physiological Property of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) Seedlings Roots 2011, 27 (2):  175-179.  Abstract + ( 1474 )   PDF ( 770434KB )   ( 1195 ) In order to discuss the effect of black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris) on the morphological and physiological property of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) seedlings roots, and provide evidence for establish a new root breeding method of cauliflower resistance to black rot, a serious of root morphological and physiological changes of cauliflower seedlings infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris were studied. The results of the experiment showed that root length, root dry weight, above-ground parts dry weight and root activity increased significantly 7 DAI (days after inoculation) compared with those of 2 DAI in two treatments. Root length, root dry weight and above-ground parts dry weight in inoculated plants were significantly lower than those in non-inoculated plants. However, root activity in inoculated seedlings was significantly higher than that in non-inoculated seedlings. There was higher soluble protein concentration in roots of cauliflower under inoculation than that under non-inoculation 3 DAI; SOD activity in inoculated plants was strikingly lower than that in non-inoculated plants during 0-4 DAI, and then significantly higher than that in non-inoculated plants 5-7 DAI; PPO activity and ABA concentration in roots were significantly elevated by inoculation. However, POD activity in roots was not elevated by inoculation. The results indicated that black rot caused root morphological changes of cauliflower seedlings, and induced activities of defense enzymes and regulated endogenous hormones, such that the plant had better resistance to black rot and prevent invasion of the pathogen.

  Model establishment for citrus leaves dry-basis moisture content based on spectral signature 2011, 27 (2):  180-184.  Abstract + ( 1118 )   PDF ( 950187KB )   ( 1165 ) In the experiment, data of 46 citrus leaves was collected, half of them were used to establish model, and other half of them were used to verify model. The relationship between leaf water content and leaf reflectance was studied, models of leaves dry-basis moisture content based on spectral were established using stepwise regression method and constructing spectral indexes method respectively. As the result, model established using stepwise regression method has higher precision than model using another method. But we recommend model established using constructing spectral indexes method considering the physical meaning.

  The Induction of Bacillus subtilis Strain TR21 on related Enzymes of disease resistance of Banana Seedling 2011, 27 (2):  185-190.  Abstract + ( 1463 )   PDF ( 788569KB )   ( 1415 ) In order to screen different fractions of Bacillus subtilis strain TR21 fermented liquor which induced related enzymes of disease resistance of banana seedling, and explore the mechanism which induced resistance. The strain TR21 can be used to control banana fusarium wilt in fields, polyphenoase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenlalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) of banana Brazil (Musa spp.) seedlings were chosen as the indicators of disease resistance of banana after being inoculated with different fractions of TR21 fermented liquor by drenching root method to reveal the disease control mechanism. The results showed that: the PPO, POD and PAL activities of banana roots inoculated with TR21 fermented liquor, cells suspension, a cell-free fermented supernatant fluid and NB liquid medium were always higher than those just inoculated with sterile water control, and there were all two activity peaks. PPO or POD activity peak reached at 3 d and 7 d after inoculation, and PAL activity peak at 1 d and 5 d. There were no difference at activity levels of these three enzymes after inoculated with TR21 fermented liquor or cells suspension, but the roots inoculated with TR21 fermented liquor or cells suspension had higher activities of PPO, POD and PAL than those inoculated with a cell-free fermented supernatant fluid and NB liquid medium control. Therefore, the main bioactive fraction in the strain TR21 fermented liquor was cell. Banana seedlings were inoculated with TR21 cells suspension by drenching root method, and the related enzymes activities of disease resistance in leaves were determinated. The results showed that the leaves had higher activities of PPO, POD and PAL than those inoculated with sterile water control. It suggested that induced systemic resistance was one of antagonistic mechanism of the strain TR21 against banana fusarium wilt.

  The Effect of Pouring Fertilizer in Growing Season on the Protective Enzyme Activity of Leaves of Transplanted Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. 2011, 27 (2):  191-195.  Abstract + ( 1242 )   PDF ( 650522KB )   ( 1049 ) In order to determine the fertilizer which was most beneficial for the growth of transplanted seedlings, provide theoretical support for the practical production by studying the protective enzyme activity changes of leaves of transplanted Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. in growing season after pouring fertilizer. This paper took 3-year-old Euonymus alatus (Thunb.)Sieb. as experiment material, poured fertilizer in which NPK ratio was 6:12:18 and the amount of fertilizer per plant for the F1 8.33 g, F2 28.33 g, F3 48.33 g, F4 68.33 g, F5 88.33 g, adopted one contrast, three repeat, poured fertilizer into the soil for 4 months on average, took 25 plants per cell and random arrangement. Then we sampled in the 10th day per month(April, May, June, July, August) and determine the enzyme activity. The results showed that: (a) the SOD activity changes increased and then decreased as a single-peak curve, and arrived at highest value under F3, F4, F5 treatment a month earlier than that under F1, F2 treatment; (b) the POD activity of seedlings after fertilization all arrived at the highest values in June and then decreased except the contrast; (c) the PPO activity of the contrast arrived at the lowest value in June to July, while the PPO activity after fertilization always had a increasing trend which had a significant difference with the contrast. By the comprehensive comparisons, it was found that the fertilizer under F3 treatment was the best option.

  Analysis on the peculiarities of rainfall in the main plantation of Tieguanyin. 2011, 27 (2):  196-200.  Abstract + ( 1456 )   PDF ( 1692079KB )   ( 1043 ) Tieguanyin is a popular tea cultivar cultivated in Fujian, China. Due to the seasonal drought, the yield of Tieguanyin tea had been lost a lot. Based on the precipitation data during 1965 - 2006 for three climatological stations in the main Tieguanyin cultivate area , some peculiarities of the precipitation , such as the circle and degree of concentration , as well as the changes in the years and months, were analyzed in this paper. The result showed that the total rainfall changed more significantly in the years after 1979 than in the years before 1979. Typically, it wass wet season from May to September in the Tieguanyin cultivate area, whilst, it was dry season from October to November. The rainfall of the dry season at the 3 station were 7.5%, 6.0% and 5.8% of the annual rainfall in the years before 1979, respectively. However, they decreased to 5.8%, 4.7% and 5.0% in the years after 1979. The conclusion could be drawn here that the rainfall in the fall season could not reach the watering amount, which was necessary for the Tieuanyin tea plant developing. The irrigation works must be carried out for the optimal produce of Tieguanyin Tea plants.

  Study on the Freeze Prevention of the Tea Plantation with Mulching in the Plastic Green House 2011, 27 (2):  201-204.  Abstract + ( 1297 )   PDF ( 584230KB )   ( 877 ) Mulching treatments on the tea plantation in the plastic green house could decrease the maximum temperature and increase the minimum temperature. And they reduced the D-value of the maximum and minimum temperature obviously. They were effective on protecting the tea shoots out of the frostbite. Non-woven fabric mulching was the best among all the treatments, which tea trees grew fast after freezing, not only the yield was the highest, but also the production value and economic benefit.

  Study on Precise Comprehensive Agricultural Climate Regional Planning and Application of Leechee in Guangxi 2011, 27 (2):  205-209.  Abstract + ( 1393 )   PDF ( 1842538KB )   ( 1287 ) Study on Precise Comprehensive Agricultural Climate Regional Planning and Application of Leechee in Guangxi Guo Shumin1, Chen Yinjun1, Su Yongxiu2, Zhong Shiquan2, Li Zheng2 (1Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, CAAS, Beijing 100081; 2Guangxi Meteorological Disaster Mitigation Institute, Nanning 530022) Abstruct:The paper was studied the current status and ecological suitability of Guangxi leechee combined closely with the production reality of Guangxi leechee production and be selected the index on Study on Precise Comprehensive Agricultural Climate Regional Planning of Guangxi leechee Based on the geographic information and climate data of 90 meteorological stations in Guangxi from 1971 to 2000, the climatic models in grids were established by using the principles of Geographical Information System and method of weighting on the Precise Comprehensive Agricultural Climate Regional Planning method and the Guangxi leechee production area be divided into most feasible area and feasible area and next to feasible area and out of feasible area with Study on Precise Comprehensive Agricultural Climate Regional Planning system and be studied the scientific layout and structural adjustment of agricultural production compare to the current production situation of Guangxi leechee and the aim is that provide with scientific basis of Guangxi leechee production.

  The Effects of Different Capacity on Yield and Quality of Red Fuji Apple 2011, 27 (2):  210-214.  Abstract + ( 1555 )   PDF ( 648446KB )   ( 994 ) The Red Fuji apple was used to study the effect of different capacity treatments on the weight of per apple, fruit exterior, inner quality, the fruit product and economic benefit during two years. The results showed that, under the medium management, the load was smaller (treatments 1 and 2), though the average weight of per apple and the fruit product were high, the fruit exterior and inner quality were better, the unit area product and economic benefit were lower; the load was too high(treatments 5 and 6), it had great disadvantage to the weight of per apple, fruit exterior, inner quality, the fruit product and economic benefit; the load maintained at 52500-60000 kg/hm2 ( treatments 3 and 4), it had less disadvantage about the fruit growth and development. It could not only assure high yield quality but also achieve sustainable development of production.

  Investigation and Spatial Distribution of Wormhole on Arbela bailbarana Mats. 2011, 27 (2):  215-220.  Abstract + ( 1238 )   PDF ( 740446KB )   ( 1023 ) In order to find out the hazard and the occurrence regularity of Lagerstroemia indica、Magnolia grandiflora by Arbela bailbarana Mats. in Liuzhou City, and provide the control of these pests with a theoretical basis and reference, by surveying the wormhole numbers of branches of L. indica and M. grandiflora to calculate the ratio of damaged trees, the ratio of trees with wormholes, the wormhole numbers per branch (strain) on average, the number and ratio of wormholes at different heights. Moreover, the spatial pattern of A. bailbarana was analyzed by the index of distribution and regression models and the optimal sampling and sequential sampling were calculated. The results showed that: the ratio of damaged trees, the ratio of trees with wormholes of L. indica were 100%, the average number of 5.8 wormholes per stick, and branches had wormhole distribution at different heights, the wormholes were at a maximum when the height above ground were 250~300 cm, accounting for 23.0% of total wormholes; the ratio of damaged trees, the ratio of trees with wormholes of M. grandiflora were 23.5%, the average number of 3.1 wormholes per plant, the wormholes were at a maximum when the height above ground were 200~250 cm, accounting for 20.4% of total wormholes. The wormholes of branches of L. indica showed aggregate distribution of which the basic components were individual groups. When the permissible error D was 0.2, the average number of 5.8 wormholes per branch, the theoretical sampling numbers of branches surveyed was 14; the numbers n of branches surveyed was 33, the total numbers of wormholes were 191 which were beyond the upper and lower limits of control index which was from 86 to 113. In summary，L. indica and M. grandiflora were harmed by A. bailbarana seriously which had greatly influenced their view and caused the phenomenon of withered branches. It should be timely cured.

  Community Structure of Major Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemiesin Xinyang’s organic tea orchard 2011, 27 (2):  221-225.  Abstract + ( 1440 )   PDF ( 724524KB )   ( 990 ) Effective pest control is of great significance to the construction of Xinyang organic tea orchard. By surveying in field, consulting data and visiting farmer, the population status of the main insect pests and natural enemy were investigated in Xinyang organic tea orchard in 2007-2009. The results indicates that the main insects are Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli (Ectropis o.), Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand (Euproctis p.) and Empoasca vitis Gothe (Empoasca v.), and the main natural enemies are spiders, ladybugs and parasitics. In organic tea garden, between the one of the most important insects Euproctis p. and the populations of natural enemies, the relationship formula is y=0.8159x+3.9514, and coefficient of relevance is 0.7313. While that of the insect Empoasca v. and the populations of natural enemies, the relationship formula is y=0.482x+6.0326, and coefficient of relevance is 0.7960. The natural enemy had some inhibition influences to Euproctis p. and Empoasca v. The appearances of Ectropis o., Euproctis p. and Empoasca v. were in May and June together with their natural enemy in the same period. So, it is possible that to use natural enemy to control the insect pests.

  Preliminary study on mutagenic effects of space flight on winter gourd 2011, 27 (2):  226-229.  Abstract + ( 1195 )   PDF ( 1053408KB )   ( 992 ) In the current studies, winter gourd seeds were treated with space flight. Dry seeds of inbreeding lines B98 was carried by recovered satellite. The biological effects and the variation frequency of SP1 generation were compared to its originality under the same planting conditions. The results indicated that there was significant difference for content of solids and other traits between treatment by space flight and its origins. The variation frequency in SP1 generation of space flight treatment was 11.77 %. It showed that space flight can promote winter gourd mutagenesis mutation, there were mutants with gourd shape and color in skin. P5 is a new winter gourd hybrid developed by crossing lines‘B32’בBH1’, which was bred from CHA44-6.

  Effects of Shading Sunshine on Artemisinine Content in Artemisiae Annie Bud 2011, 27 (2):  230-233.  Abstract + ( 1289 )   PDF ( 863253KB )   ( 1020 ) Under shading and normal sunshine, three artemisiae annie were selected to study the effect of shading stress on the artemisinine content, wet weight of bud, diameter of bud, soluble protein content, soluble sugar, SOD, PAL, and total flavonoids in artemisiae annie. The experiment was conducted with three replications. The main results were summarized as follows : the artemisinine content, wet weight of bud, diameter of bud, soluble protein content, soluble sugar among artemisiae annie decreased under shading sunshine, while SOD, PAL, and total flavonoids increase, comparing with normal sunshine. Differences of them in artemisiae annie were significant between shading and normal sunshine.

  Studies of Application Effect of Reed Vinegar on Improving Quality of Malus domestica ‘Fuji’ 2011, 27 (2):  234-237.  Abstract + ( 1163 )   PDF ( 737968KB )   ( 1005 ) In order to develop a kind of environmental protective liquid fertilizer for apple, quality improvement of reed vinegar on ‘Fuji’(Malus domestica Borkh.) apple have been studied in field. Research result showed, there was a direct effect of reed vinegar on leaf growth and photosynthesis of apple. Under a proper density, hundred leaf weights and net photosynthesis higher than control 18.03% and 325% respectively. further research also indicated that, color index, anthocyanidin content, individual fruit weight, ratio of sugar and acid, Vc content and soluble solids content under certain density(800 times ) have been significant improved compared to control. Form this research we can concluded that reed vinegar would be a good quality improvement fertilizer in apple production.

  Effect of Super Absorbent Polymers in Soil on the Growth and Development of Tomato Seedlings 2011, 27 (2):  238-242.  Abstract + ( 1324 )   PDF ( 810780KB )   ( 1022 ) Tomato cv. ‘Liaoyuanduoli’ was cultivated in order to study the effects on the growth and development of tomato seedlings by super absorbent polymers with different granularity in soil. The results showed that the height, stem diameter, the weight of leaf blade, the fresh and dry weight of tomato seedlings were increased. G value and sound seedling index were also improved. The photosynthesis of function leaves in tomato seedlings was enhanced. The chlorophyll contents and net photosynthesis rate of tomato function leaves were increased. Together, the results demonstrated that the medium granularity of super absorbent polymers had the best treatment efficiency in the growth and development of tomato seedlings.

  Research on the Design of Space-oriented of Chinese Traditional Garden 2011, 27 (2):  243-248.  Abstract + ( 996 )   PDF ( 5789012KB )   ( 1007 )

  Research on Landscape Planning and Design of Chinese-Style Terrace Garden——The Landscape design of “XueLangQingYin” terrace garden as an Example 2011, 27 (2):  249-252.  Abstract + ( 1357 )   PDF ( 619632KB )   ( 1353 ) Abstract: Based on full understanding of the terraced site and creative thinking and characteristics of Chinese classical garden, this paper analyzed the landscape design of the “XueLangQingYin” terrace garden in Boshan，and try to talk about how to use traditional methods of the classical Chinese garden to contribute special landscape of terrace garden. The methods and the utilization of terrace place formed a dynamic and interactive structure which can provide the experiences and direction for Chinese-style terrace garden。 Key words: terrace garden; classical Chinese garden; landscape

  Potential and Policy Implications of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in China 2011, 27 (2):  253-259.  Abstract + ( 1145 )   PDF ( 713423KB )   ( 1245 ) The improved GTAP-E model and the 6th version of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions database is used to simulate the emission reduction potential and policy implications of Chinese non CO2 greenhouse gas. The results showed that China will become the country that has the maximum emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gas in the world in 2020, and will account for about 20% of the total emissions in the world. 73% of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions come from agricultural sector. The next 10 years, cattle and sheep sector, industry and service sectors will have the fastest increasing speed of the non-CO2 green house gas emission, and the increasing speed of service sector grow faster than that of industry sector and will surpass industrial emissions in 2010. China could implement non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions policy to reduce the international pressure of CO2 reduction. Although higher carbon tax levy will bring higher non-CO2 emission reduction, the efficiencies of the policies between low carbon tax and high carbon tax have little difference. Therefore, when the policy of non-CO2 emission reduction is implemented, it should be controlled at a reasonable level.

  Quality and Safety of China’s Agricultural Products and its Competitiveness Evaluation 2011, 27 (2):  260-265.  Abstract + ( 1011 )   PDF ( 621804KB )   ( 1054 ) The paper analyzes the relationship of quality, safety and competitiveness of China’s agri-products, and then summarizes the evaluation approaches of quality and safety on the competitiveness of China’s agri-products. Taking an example of China’s agricultural exports to EU, we arrive at the conclusion that quality and safety is the key factor which affects the competitiveness of China’s agri-products. Therefore a feasible research framework of systemic evaluation on competitiveness of agri-products of quality and safety is indicated.

  The new type of rural financial system and rural credit cooperatives 2011, 27 (2):  266-270.  Abstract + ( 994 )   PDF ( 555362KB )   ( 1028 ) Abstract: This paper analyzes the historical causes of the rural financial system in foreign countries and Taiwan province. According to the attitude changes of different governments in the process of develop the rural finance, it pointed out the necessity of develop and support the rural financial cooperatives. This paper shows the frame of new type of rural financial service system in China, and it offers some practical suggestion and solution on how to develop the rural cooperative finance as well. Keywords: new type;rural;finance;service;credit cooperatives

  Evaluation on Input-Output Efficiency of Land Consolidation Projects Based on DEA -A Case Study of Several National Invested Land Consolidation Projects in Shandong Province 2011, 27 (2):  271-275.  Abstract + ( 1185 )   PDF ( 677140KB )   ( 960 ) The purpose of this paper is to make quantitative evaluation on input-output efficiency of land consolidation projects and to provide reference for the scientific implementation of land consolidation projects. Method employed is DEA.. The relative efficiency value of Heikou District is 0.81, the other 9 projects is 1. It showed that most projects studied achieve a better economic, social and ecological benefits and rational input-output. But the investment structure of land consolidation project in Heikou District is relatively irrational, the project has redundant inputs in land leveling, irrigation, field road, and ecological protection. The social benefits were not maximum either. In order to achieve better benefits, scientific planning should be made and arrange inputs reasonably. The inputs for social benefits also should be emphasized.

  Analysis on Urban Spatial Expansion Process in agricultural areas——The example of Suihua City of Heilongjiang province 2011, 27 (2):  276-280.  Abstract + ( 975 )   PDF ( 751026KB )   ( 845 ) Based on the remote sensing images of 1976, 1990, 2001, 2006 and 2007, the urban spatial expansion information of Suihua city was extracted with the method of human-computer interactive. This paper focused on the quantitative characteristic and space variation characteristic about Suihua city using GIS technology .The results showed that during the 33 years from 1976 to 2009, the urban area of Suihua increased persistently, especially between 2001 and 2009. The center of the urban land moves to the northwest, then to the southwest. The expansion of urban land had obvious space differentiation characteristics, which showed that the expansion directions of the city were different at different time, city compactness became small and the morphological feature became complex.

  Strategic Consideration on the Development of Urban Modern Agriculture in Beijing in New Era 2011, 27 (2):  281-284.  Abstract + ( 1050 )   PDF ( 549338KB )   ( 1174 ) Urban modern agriculture is the advanced stage of modern agriculture. With the slogans of World City and “Humanities Beijing, High-Tech Beijing and Green Beijing”, the urban modern agriculture in Beijing is being put into a higher level. By summarizing the Achievements of urban modern agriculture in Beijing, this paper analyzes the Challenges of development of urban modern agriculture in Beijing. Finally, we propose the development trend and focus work of urban Modern agriculture in Beijing in new era.

  Research on Demand-Control Model of Qianjiang District ChongQing Urban Constructive Land Based on P-S-R Model 2011, 27 (2):  285-288.  Abstract + ( 1065 )   PDF ( 740122KB )   ( 765 ) In recent years, large migration from rural to urban areas coupled with the natural growth of urban population, the demand for urban land is very strong; In addition, with the economic development, urban fixed asset investment increased year by year, resulting in strong demand for urban land use in various sectors of society. The migration of population and government investment play an important role in urban sprawl. To prevent the extensive urban sprawl, this study analyzed the pressure mechanism of the population and fixed asset investment that led to the urban expansion, and built a demand model that could estimate construction land. Based on the data of 2004-2008, the reasonable scale of Qianjiang town was obtained by using P-S-R model, and the extensive expansion of the town was prevented. The increments of Qianjiang construction land was 380.92 hm2.

  Study on the comparative advantage of rice production in Jilin province 2011, 27 (2):  289-293.  Abstract + ( 1369 )   PDF ( 740122KB )   ( 852 ) Study on the comparative advantage of rice production in Jilin province Zhang Dayu1，Shao Xiwen1, Ling Fenglou1,Zhang Jun1，Zhang Jiahuang1, Zhou Yanhui2, Zhang Yongfeng3 . (1Jilin Agricultural University,Changchun 130118；2 The fifty-second middle school of er’dao district in Changchun city Changchun 130031;3 Jilin Agricultural Science Technology Changchun 130124;) Abstract： The comparative advantage of rice production in Jilin province is analyzed based on the sow area index ，unit yield index and benefit index in this paper．The results show that there is no comparative advantage in sow area index ，compared with the other provinces in China，the average of 2003 to 2007 stands the fifteenth in China；there is comparative advantage of unit yield index compared with the average of the whole countries,the average of 2003 to 2007 stands the eleventh in China ；there is comparative advantage of benefit index compared with the average of the whole countries,the average of 2003to 2007 stands the thirteenth in China ；there is no comprehensive comparative advantage in Jilin provincial rice production ，the average of 2003 to 2007 stands the thirteenth in China．On the basis of the above,we put forward the suggestions to develop rice production in Jilin province．

  The StatusAnalysis of the Non-material Sports Culture heritage of the National Minority ------- In HeiLongjiang Province 2011, 27 (2):  294-298.  Abstract + ( 1112 )   PDF ( 536420KB )   ( 874 ) Abstract: Mainly uses the literature method﹑inductive method﹑survey method such as sport science research methods，we carried out a detailed analysis and researchfor the status（Such as the development history，distribution area，project，management systems，benefits，government capital investment， protection，etc）of the non-material sports culture heritage of the nationalminority inheilongjiang province，and draw the corresponding conclusions．Believes that it is able to provide the feasibility of reference for the protection and heritage of the non-material sports culture heritage of the national minority inheilongjiang province．

  The Research about the Brand League of Geographical Symbol Based on the Strategy League Thought: Taking Fujian White Tea as An Example 2011, 27 (2):  299-303.  Abstract + ( 1163 )   PDF ( 629526KB )   ( 970 ) Geographical symbol brand plays an important role in the development of the area feature agriculture. However, the phenomenon of the common existing geographical symbol brands which have the same quality has greatly reduced the promotion function. This article put forward the thinking of this problem that was under the guidance of strategy league, the geographical symbol brands having the same quality formed an alliance to obtain the complementary of advantages. Finally the winning of two sides could be achieved and the gather and stretch of the industry could be pushed. Base on the above, taking Fujian while tea as an example, the suggestion on geographical symbol brand league was provided. The related problems of the geographical symbol brand league were also discussed.

  Prospect Analysis of Fu Ding white tea industry 2011, 27 (2):  304-309.  Abstract + ( 1164 )   PDF ( 582723KB )   ( 1256 ) The production of white tea commenced in Fu Ding County, Fujian Province, China around 200 years, hence Fu Ding is regarded as the "hometown of Chinese white tea". Since that time, its production had undergone various improvements and spread to more places in Fujian. In this paper, we carried out a survey to determine the extent of growth and development of Fu Ding tea industry. From the result, we identified the social benefits of the tea industry to the people and problems currently faced by the industry. Finally, we put forward possible measures that may revitalize the industry.

  The Application of the Internet of Things in China Modern Agriculture 2011, 27 (2):  310-314.  Abstract + ( 1070 )   PDF ( 711029KB )   ( 2546 ) In recent years, extensive attention has been paid to Internet of Things. The concept, history, development of Internet of Things and its early application in modern agriculture were introduced firstly by the author. The key technologies of Internet of Things were analyzed，including RFID technology，sensor network and intellectual technology. The application of Internet of Things to agricultural production and scientific research is a big step towards the modern agriculture depending on the new application of information. It can change the extensive management of agriculture operation. It can also improve the prevention and controlling capability of animal or plant epidemic diseases to guarantee quality and safety of agricultural products, and it lead the modern agricultural development. The internet of things combines with agriculture in this paper, and it can provide a reference in modern agriculture.

  The Research on integrated grain supply chain management Based on Internet of Things 2011, 27 (2):  315-317.  Abstract + ( 1212 )   PDF ( 488878KB )   ( 1225 ) Abstract: This paper first optimizes the grain supply chain based on internet of things and network technology, according to the theory of "pull" Supply Chain integrates the function of modern logistics and supply chain, in the use of information technology integrates the enterprises involved of grain supply chain and the link of grain circulation, and then builds integrated grain supply chain model and the whole structure based on radio frequency identification technology, obtains accurate prediction, calculates based on radio frequency technology providing large amounts data and processing power. studies integrated grain supply chain management under the support of internet of things, establish to track the quality of grain and the processed products, control and traceability, to ensure security of grain and the processed products, establish grain security early warning system of supply and demand according to the accurate prediction relying on integrated grain supply chain management based on internet of things, according to integrated supply chain management based on internet of things, reduce logistics costs of grain and the processed products, improve efficiency and effectiveness of circulation.

  The main System Synergies and System Construction Based on Circular Economy 2011, 27 (2):  318-322.  Abstract + ( 1089 )   PDF ( 759263KB )   ( 960 ) Whether the agricultural recycle economic model can be successfully carried out depends largely on the power of main systems. Recycle economy subject system which government, enterprise or peasant household, the public make up, because of lacking the support of technological innovation, obvious motive force is insufficient. For this reason, this text proposes systematic models of the subject of " four yuan is connected in parallel " made up of four yuan such as government, enterprise or peasant household, the public and agricultural R&D organization,etc., advance agricultural advantage of recycle economy in coordination through mathematics knowledge, economics knowledge analysis it. This model has certain realistic meanings in guiding agricultural recycle economy.

  Agricultural Development of Shanghai Pujiang Town Based on Reasonableness of Agricultural Structure Jia MA JIa 2011, 27 (2):  323-327.  Abstract + ( 1093 )   PDF ( 680348KB )   ( 906 ) In modern agriculture development, Shanghai Pujiang Town achieves good results. Through the collation of statistical data, this article compares the differences in agricultural structure of Shanghai1, Minhang District and Pujiang Town. Furthermore, through Shift-Share Method, this article discusses the competitiveness of various sectors of agriculture of Pujiang Town in Minhang District. The results pointed out that farming and husbandry have good overall leading role in Pujiang Town’s agricultural structure, but forestry and fisheries show signs of recession. Finally, this article puts forward some development proposals.

  Study on Technology Achievements Commercialization of Special Industry 2011, 27 (2):  328-332.  Abstract + ( 1053 )   PDF ( 676999KB )   ( 905 ) Along with the continuous deepening of Science and technology system reform, the commercialization of technology achievements has been imperative. This paper analyze on the commercialization process of special industrial technological achievements. The main research from the following aspects: The Classification of technological achievements, The necessary conditions for commercialization, The models of commercialization and pricing of technological achievements of Special Industry.

  Research Progress and Prospects of Zeaxanthin 2011, 27 (2):  333-339.  Abstract + ( 1381 )   PDF ( 748916KB )   ( 1585 ) Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment, which was named from maize where it was first extracted. Because it couldn’t be synthesized by human, and it was obtained only from daily dietary food, and could not only protect eyes, but also played an important role in the prevention of aged-related macular degeneration (AMD, the leading cause of blindness), cataract, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and so on, people paid more attention to zeaxanthin in crops. In this study, the properties and source of zeaxanthin, its physiological functions and its biosynthesis pathway were summarized according to new progress. Moreover, its extraction, measurement methods and application in food industry were also reviewed. In addition, studies on zeaxanthin-rich crops were discussed.

  Research Advances on Mating Type Factors in Lentinula edodes 2011, 27 (2):  340-344.  Abstract + ( 1402 )   PDF ( 567107KB )   ( 1060 ) Lentinula edodes, a famous edible fungus in the world, is a typical bifactorial heterothallic homobasidiomycete, whose mating type factors play an important role in the life cycle. The studies of mating type factors is the foundations of further research on inheritance, breeding, strain improvement and variety identification. This paper focused on the amounts, distorted segregation, secondary recombination, gene mapping and gene clone of mating type factors in Lentinula edodes.

  Research Progress on the Hypolipidemic Effect and Ingredients of Pu-erh Tea 2011, 27 (2):  345-348.  Abstract + ( 1409 )   PDF ( 507304KB )   ( 1364 ) This paper summarized research advances in hypolipidemic effect and ingredients of Pu-erh tea in recent years. It is summarized achievements in pu-erh tea hypolipidemic field and point out Pu-erh tea has a good hypolipidemic effect and the main active ingredients may be polyphenols, polysaccharides, theabrowns, statins.This paper also provid clues to ascertain hypolipidemic ingredients of pu-erh tea and develop high hypolipidemic pu-erh tea.

  Research and Application of Plant Polysaccharide 2011, 27 (2):  349-352.  Abstract + ( 1670 )   PDF ( 545233KB )   ( 2883 ) Plant polysaccharide involved in various physiological metabolism of the body, had broad phacology effect, such as regulation of immune, anti-tumor, resisting guard against a seni1ity, antivirus, hypoglycemic, antioxidation and so on. At present, the studies on increasing the production of polysaccharide and exploring the mechanism of its pharmaceutical activities were very popular. The article summarized the progress in structure, extraction method, pharmacological action, as well as in medicine, food, agricultural and other areas of application in the past years and provides reference for the utilization of plant polysaccharide.

  Comparison of Major Cuticular Components from Cured Leaves of Different Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties 2011, 27 (2):  353-359.  Abstract + ( 1342 )   PDF ( 782582KB )   ( 1132 ) In order to find the leaf quality characteristics of major grown tobacco varieties for the purpose of producing special quality leaves, we selected four tobacco varieties, ‘Yunyan 85’, ‘K326’, ‘Guiyan 201’ and ‘Nanjiang 3’, which were widely grown in Guizhou, to study the characteristic of leaf cuticular components. The major cuticular components from cured leaves at three plant positions of four flue-cured tobacco varieties grown in Guizhou were analyzed after extracted with methylene chloride. The results showed that the major cuticular components of cured leaf were nicotine, neophytadiene, trichome exudates and alkanes, the amount of which varied among various varieties. The order of total cuticular components, neophytadiene and trichome exudates for four varieties, from low to high was ‘Nanjiang 3’,‘K326’,‘Guiyan 201’and‘Yunyan 85’. The average content of rentinol was roughly equal to the total amount of all other terpenes, the average content of cembratriene-diol was more than that of cembratriene-ol, the level of α-cembratriene-diol was more than twice as that of β-cembratriene-diol. The average levels of alkanes from middle position leaves of all varieties were the lowest; further research is needed to explore the causes.

  HPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Polyphenols in Different Fermented Type Tea Products Prepared from Camellia sinensis‘Baiye Dancong’ 2011, 27 (2):  360-366.  Abstract + ( 1157 )   PDF ( 715062KB )   ( 1318 ) Chemical compositions of broken black tea, oolong tea and dark tea prepared from Camellia sinensis ‘Baiye Dancong’ were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS method. Comparing the UV absorption spectra and mass spectra of the peaks in the obtained HPLC chromatograms with those of the authentic standards and related literatures, 32, 30 and 14 compounds were identified from broken black tea, oolong tea and dark tea respectively. These compounds included catechins, alkaloids. Some non-catechin polyphenol compounds such as flavonol glycosides with kaempferol, quercetin and myricitin as aglycones, and catechin polymers such as theasinensins were also identified.

  Effects of Nitrogen Amounts on Acid and Alkali Aroma Substance Content in Flue-cured Tobacco 2011, 27 (2):  367-372.  Abstract + ( 1164 )   PDF ( 645893KB )   ( 1053 ) Field experiments and chemical analysis were carried out to study the effects of different amount of applied nitrogen on the content of the acid and alkali aroma substances of flue-cured tobacco leaves. The results showed that, the totals of 18 kinds of volatile acid aroma components and the totals of 11 kinds of non-volatile acid aroma components were obviously increased, and there wasn’t regularly change for totals of fifteen alkaline aroma components, as the increasing of the amount of applied nitrogen. The relationship between nitrogen amount and 16 kinds of acid aroma components, and the total contents of different kinds of volatile acid or non-volatile acid aroma substance could be simulated by dualistic and quadratic equation respectively with highly significant relation. There were 4 kinds of alkaline aroma components had regularly changes as the increasing of the amount of applied nitrogen. It is possible to improve the flavor quality of tobacco leaves through regulating the measures of nitrogenous fertilizer.

  Biochemical and Molecular Cell Biological Mechanisms of Tea for Anti-obesity 2011, 27 (2):  373-377.  Abstract + ( 1307 )   PDF ( 527540KB )   ( 1631 ) Tea has been widely used as healthy drink for thousands of years. Its function of anti-obesity has brought more and more attention all over the world. In this paper, both biochemical and molecular cell biological mechanisms of tea for anti-obesity were analyzed and reviewed. At last, the development prospect and the investigational tendency of tea for anti-obesity in the future were discussed.

  Comparison on Main Chemical Components of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves Grown in Different Ecological Areas of Hunan Province 2011, 27 (2):  378-381.  Abstract + ( 1242 )   PDF ( 615232KB )   ( 849 ) The difference of chemical components of flue-tobacco leaf were studies by detecting total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine, total nitrogen, potassium and chlorine of 54 samples with 3 grades(B2F,C3F,X2F) from the typical tobacco-growing counties(Ningxiang,Ningyuan,Sangzhi) of Hunan Province. The results showed that: (1)The average concentration of total sugar, reducing sugar and chlorine in different counties was as follows Ningyuan＞Ningxiang＞Sangzhi; the total nicotine was as follows Sangzhi ＞Ningxiang＞Ningyuan; the total nitrogen was as follows Sangzhi＞ Ningyuan＞Ningxiang; the potassium was as follows Ningxiang＞Ningyuan＞Sangzhi.(2) The concentration difference of total sugar, reducing sugar, total nicotine, chlorine and potassium in different ecological areas were significant; the difference of chemical components of flue-tobacco leaf of Xiangnan and Xiangxibei was bigger than the difference of Xiangnan and Xiangzhong.

  Standardization of Withering Technology in White Tea 2011, 27 (2):  382-385.  Abstract + ( 1043 )   PDF ( 547066KB )   ( 1126 ) Process white tea samples using fresh leaves of ‘Fuding Dahao’ tea as materials, and then carry on quality inspection, in order to study the effect of withering temperature and humidity (low, medium and high) and withering time (20 h, 26 h and 32 h) on the sensory quality and its main chemical composition. Results showed that withering temperature and humidity had a significant influence on the sensory quality, and the sample which spent 26 h to wither under middle temperature and humidity had the most excellent quality. Withering technology had impacted on the content of water extract, tea polyphenol, free amino acids and caffeine, but it was not notable. As withering temperature and humidity increased and withering time was extended, the sense quality in white tea increased at first and then decreased. Therefore, the best withering environment of white tea was in middle temperature and humidity, where the best withering time was 26 h.

  Studies on the Varieties of Pathogenic Fungi and the Ways of Infection on Whangkeumbae during Storage Stage 2011, 27 (2):  386-388.  Abstract + ( 1195 )   PDF ( 570867KB )   ( 872 ) The species of pathogenic fungi and the ways of infection and disease during storage stage on Whangkeumbae were studied. Nine varieties of pathogenic fungi were obtained in the separation process．The results showed that the pathogenic capability of these 9 fungi was different. Alternaria sp., Mucor racemosus, Promises sp. and Penicillium italicum were identified as the main causative fungi of Whangkeumbae during storage stage.

  Preliminary Study on Extraction Efficiency of Chlorophyll by Diferent Organic Solvents in Mulberry Leaves 2011, 27 (2):  389-394.  Abstract + ( 1439 )   PDF ( 766689KB )   ( 1378 ) Chlorophyll in fresh mulberry leaves was extracted by organic solvent extraction process and measured with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Effects of some parameters on extraction efficiency were compared to obtain the preliminary extraction process of chlorophyll in mulberry leaves, such as concentration or volume of different organic solvent and extraction time. It was found that chlorophyll was easy to dissolve in anhydrous ethanol and acetone, but a little bit dissolve in ethyl acetate. Moreover, extraction efficiency could be enhanced when acetone and anhydrous ethanol were combined as extraction solvent. In addition, the results of extraction process optimization showed that extraction efficiency was highest when chlorophyll in 5 circular mulberry leaves (d=0.6 cm) was extracted with 6 ml mixture solution of acetone and anhydrous ethanol (ratio of acetone to anhydrous ethanol was 1 to 2) for 24 h at dark. And the contents of chlorophyll a and b were 2.22 mg/g and 0.82 mg/g, respectively; the value of chlorophyll a/b was 2.71. This study did not only supply method guidance for extraction and measurement of chlorophyll, but was conducive to optimize the extraction process of chlorophyll in mulberry leaves.

  DNA Extraction and RAPD Identification of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. 2011, 27 (2):  395-399.  Abstract + ( 1199 )   PDF ( 2270390KB )   ( 835 ) Genomic DNA of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. was extracted by means of three different DNA extraction methods, CTAB, SDS and improved CTAB methods. The purity and quality of DNA obtained by these methods were compared, and the quality was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that DNA sample obtained by improved CTAB method had the highest purity and quality. Good repeatability of RAPD amplification can be obtained with this DNA template. Fourteen random primers of good repeatability generated 67 bands, with an average of 4.8 fragments per primer, and 86.6% of them were polymorphic. UPGMA analysis showed similar results with the morphological classification. The accessions can be divided into three groups at the coefficient 0.69. The RAPD technology system can be used to identify 10 Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. accessions.

  The Effect of Sodium Nitrite on Life-span and Reproductive Capacity of Drosophila melanogaster and Antagonism of Vc on Sodium Nitrite 2011, 27 (2):  400-404.  Abstract + ( 1161 )   PDF ( 639566KB )   ( 1147 ) Abstract: In this study, Drosophila melanogaster was used as the experimental animal to study the effects of sodium nitrite on life span, reproductive capacity and antagonistic effects of Vc on sodium nitrite. The results showed that the lifespan, average longest and average shortest life span was shortened in sodium nitrite. Compared with the control group, the average life span of D.melanogaster was shortened in sodium nitrite significantly(P〈0.05 or P〈0.01) except for 30mg/ml sodium nitrite experimental group. The reproductive capacity of D.melanogaster was shortened in sodium nitrite significantly (P〈0.01). When the concentration of Vc were 0.13%, 0.40% and 1.20% in the 480mg/ml sodium nitrite Medium, with the concentration of Vc increased, the average life span of D.melanogaster was prolonged significantly(P〈0.05 or P〈0.01) except for 30mg/ml sodium nitrite experimental group of male D.melanogaster. The reproductive capacity of D.melanogaster was prolonged significantly (P〈0.01 except for 30mg/ml sodium nitrite experimental group).

  Study on the Screening and Purification of Astaxanthin from Rhodotorula 2011, 27 (2):  405-409.  Abstract + ( 1286 )   PDF ( 779991KB )   ( 1528 ) Abstract: In this paper，the screening and purification technology of astaxanthin was studied, which would be the important basis for its character research and value in use. After extracting and concentrating，astaxanthin crude extract was saponified by NaOH-Ethanol. Then the astaxanthin was purified by polyamide column chromatography, and its purification efficiency tested by TLC and HPLC. The results showed that the optimum saponification conditions were: Saponification liquid 20 g/L NaOH-Ethanol，temperature 15℃，Saponification time 10 min. The astaxanthin sample was puried by polyamide colum chromatography under N-Hexane, N-Hexane:Dichloromethane=4:1, N-Hexane:Dichloromethane=2:1, dichloromethane with gradient elution. The dissociative astaxanthin elution was distilled and concentrated under temperature 35℃, vacuum 0.08 MPa condition. Its purity was 92.9%.

  Application of Laser Speckle Technology on the Detection of Agricultural Products 2011, 27 (2):  410-415.  Abstract + ( 1772 )   PDF ( 1686057KB )   ( 1664 ) With the improvement of living standard, people give great concern on the detection of the agricultural products gradually. Developing a new detection method is useful for the competitive product market, and increases the farmers’ income. As a non-destruction and high sensitivity technology, the laser speckle technology plays an important role in the detection of agricultural product very simply and rapidly. This article described the basic principle of the laser speckle technology, and discussed the application in agriculture.

  The Research on Preparation of Residual Oil of Camellia oleifera with Press Technology 2011, 27 (2):  416-419.  Abstract + ( 1307 )   PDF ( 566007KB )   ( 1174 ) The quality of tea-oil is better, but the extraction rate is lower with the preparation of press. To improved the extraction rate, the residual oil of seedcake was preparation with re-press. The results showed: With the high-temperature steam, the water rate of the seedcake increased from 9-10% to 15-16%. Any residual oil of the seedcake was extracted out effectively with the preparation of re-press. The extraction rate was increased from less than 85% to nearly 90%. The quality of the extracted residual oil is equal to the seed oil. This method was effective and safety. Shortening the road of oil and increasing the press, the extraction rate would be increased yet.

  Studies on Processing Technology of Cherry -tomato Wine Fermentation Technology 2011, 27 (2):  420-423.  Abstract + ( 1154 )   PDF ( 590923KB )   ( 990 ) The fermentation technology of cherry tomato wine with the pure cherry tomato juice and the key technology parameters which have effect on the product quality were studied. The results showed that: in accordance with the ratio of 0.025 percent to the press after the juice to add patinas, and 50 ℃ under the insulation role of 1h, take 100ml of fruit juice, add the sugar 20g, add Citric acid to pH3.6, emphasis on sub-quality potassium sulfate concentration of SO2 to110mg/L,controlling respectively, main fermentation temperature and back fermentation temperature at 22℃for(7d)and 16℃ for(10days) and aging for 2～3 months at 10℃.pH was adjusted with citric acid. Add the optimal quantity of K2S2O3 sulfate concentration of SO2 to 110mg / L. The new fermentation cherry tomato wine was clarified with compound glutens -tannin clarifying agent. After sterilization at 75℃for 15 minutes, the cherry tomato wine with full-bodied flavor, golden-yellow color , high quality and good clarification level was obtained. Key words: Cherry tomato; Cherry –tomato wine; Fermentation technology

  Isolation and Identification of Bacteriocin-producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from Meat Production 2011, 27 (2):  424-428.  Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 1106879KB )   ( 1327 ) Strain L5-6, isolated from meat production in Beijing, produced antimicrobial substance which was inhibitory to Listeria monocytogenes 54003. After eliminating the effect of organic acid and hydrogen peroxide, the antimicrobial substance with its proteinaceous nature was confirmed as bacteriocin. And also strain L5-6 was identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus by using 16S rRNA gene sequence homology analysis. Pediocin shows potential developing value and broad market prospect, especially in the meat products. The bacteriocin produced by L5-6 was identified as pediocin after cloning its structural gene. In this paper a preliminary study on L5-6 had been made to lay the basis for the development of natural food preservative.

  Deterniming Biological Index of Several Mushroom Collected in Beijing Mountainous Areas 2011, 27 (2):  429-433.  Abstract + ( 1232 )   PDF ( 703236KB )   ( 1013 ) In order to exploit application resources of wild mushroom, we collected four fruiting bodies of wild mushroom which are common in Peking mountainous areas, Pnoliota adiposa, Chroogomphis rutillus, Suillus brevipes and Lasiosphaera fenzlii. We detected the contents of protein and hydrophilic polysaccharide, proteinase, phosphatase, laccase and lectin in four types of fruiting bodies by bicinchoninic acid method, phenol-sulphuric acid method and modified enzyme detection. The aim of this study is to compare the resource value of the four wild mushrooms, and find the wild materials for further processing. The results showed that the contents of protein and hydrophilic polysaccharide of Pnoliota adipose, which were equal to 5.12% of fresh mycelium weight and 2.39% of dry mycelium weight, respectively, were higher than those of the others. Lectin activity was only found in the fruiting body of Pnoliota adipose. The result showed that all of the tested wild mushroom exhibited the phosphatase activity, and the activity of Lasiosphaera fenzlii was the highest at 339.91 U/mg. Suillus brevipes and Lasiosphaera fenzlii were found with slight laccase activity at of 0.341 U/mg and 0.438 U/mg, respectively. Proteinase activity was not found in the tested mushroom. All in all, Pnoliota adipose, with high protein and polysaccharide contents, as well as Lasiosphaera fenzlii, with high phosphatase activity, can be considered as advanced materials in process investigation.

  The Studies of the Influence Between Tobacco Quality and Differently Way of Energizes Supply on Tabacoo Roasting 2011, 27 (2):  434-438.  Abstract + ( 1089 )   PDF ( 570904KB )   ( 989 ) In order to study the effect of the tobacco baking which energy supply by gas, we compared the influence of the way of energizes supply, burning coal(BC) and burning fuel(BF), to the room temperature and the quality of tobacco, and also the energy consumptions of two way has analyzed in this paper. The result of the experiment showed that, BF is better than BC in the processes of achieve the establishment temperature and the stability of temperature in certain time; Also BF can reduce dry material loss, enhances single leaf weight、average price and quality of tobacco, reduces the starch content, and the starch content of tobacco in the process of BF is less than BC process, 55.4% on the middle and 70.7% on the upside，and could obviously improve the ingredient content of the eggplant alkone and β-Malaysian alkone fragrance. Finally BF processing saved the roasting cost in energy consumption, 1.03 yuan/kg on the middle and 0.99 yuan/kg on the upside.

  Analyzing the Technical Efficiency of Rice Production in China's main food producing area 2011, 27 (2):  439-445.  Abstract + ( 1117 )   PDF ( 724582KB )   ( 1350 ) Abstract: This research takes SFA measure methods to calculate and estimate the technical efficiencies about rice production for main grain producing districts from 1988 to 2008 (we get rid of the date of 2001 due to unavailability).The study shows that, in view of the overall situation, the technical efficiency of rice in main grain producing districts stay a certain upper level, and becomes balance at the district level. To large degree, There are natural disasters to impact producing technical efficiency in main grain producing area. Based on the whole analysis, this paper comes up to improve the conditions for agricultural production to reduce loss of natural disasters; expand the main food crop planting area; strengthen well-bred breeding and popularization, further improve the efficiency of conversion technology. so as to increase our nation’s grain producing technical efficiency.

  Construction and Applied of Appraises Model of Urban-rural Coordinate Degree Based on the Dual Structure and the Problem of Agriculture Countryside and Peasant’s 2011, 27 (2):  446-451.  Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 730883KB )   ( 905 ) To achieve China's modernization, the urban-rural coordinated development is one of the key issues, and, to study urban-rural relationships, scientific evaluation of the developing degree and state is the important issue. In this paper, based on the urban-rural dual structure and three agricultural problems, integrated with the content of urban-rural coordinated degree, the evaluation index system of urban-rural coordinated degree was designed, and , the evaluation model of urban-rural coordinated degree was also constructed, which were applied to research the urban-rural relationships in Henan Province. This is from the systematical perspective to scientifically evaluate urban-rural relationships, and the purpose is to provide a reliable quantitative research model for making the urban-rural coordinated developmental policies, and, increase the organization degree of urban-rural space. The results indicated that: the analysis of urban-rural coordinated degree, by the distance coordinated degree model and change coordinated degree model usually applied to evaluate the environment and the economy, could estimate the developmental states in the system of urban-rural regions, as well as the specific sub-systems; the assessment model of urban-rural coordinated degree, based on the urban-rural dual structure and three agricultural problems, can accurately determine the problems in the system of regional urban and rural during the development. In general, the two major urban-rural systems in Henan Province developed in the direction of coordination, however, a wide gap of developmental speed exists between the urban and rural regions, and, the coordinated degree was increased in the fluctuations. As for Henan, it was mainly due to exist the big gaps between improving the agricultural production conditions and the farmer living standards and developing the rural economy, therefore, the key to realize the urban-rural coordinated development is to solve the problems of agriculture and farmers.

  Study about the exchange and development between Fujian and Taiwan about organic agriculture in the background of low-carbon agriculture 2011, 27 (2):  452-457.  Abstract + ( 1084 )   PDF ( 668791KB )   ( 1087 ) Abstract: In the background of global climate change, the low-carbon economy as a new type of Industrial Revolution is put forward. And on the basis of expounding low carbon economy and low carbon agriculture，we argue that the organic agriculture should be the breakthrough point of low-carbon agriculture in Fujian province by using low-carbon agriculture technology and drawing the development experience of low-carbon agriculture and organic agriculture in Taiwan.

  On Rural Food Bank Operating Status, Existing Problems and Countermeasures in Anhui Province 2011, 27 (2):  458-462.  Abstract + ( 1072 )   PDF ( 571969KB )   ( 1064 ) Rural food bank ,which is playing an increasingly important role in reducing farmer grain loss, solving farmer grain storage difficulty, beautifying rural populations living conditions, improving rural people life quality, which has been accelerated in recent years obviously in main grain producing area. The investigation discovered that rural food bank in Anhui Province in general exist many problems, such as smaller scale, lower credit, farmer at greater risk and so on. Currently, the key to solve this problem is to build a unified food bank organizational leadership and management system, regulating food bank operators; the establishment of rural food bank access system; implementation of food reserves for feed management systems; strengthening of risk management, the establishment of a risk reserve fund, catalytic households participating food banks.

  Analysis on Weakness of Property Rights in the Course of Collecting Farmland 2011, 27 (2):  463-466.  Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 501704KB )   ( 903 ) Based on the viewpoint of theory of property rights this article analyzed the weakness of property in the course of collecting farmland. The results indicated that there were three aspects lead the contradictions of compensation for farmland collection: the rent dissipation of farmland, pricing problems of collecting farmland and the weak of farmland protection which were caused by the weakness of farmland property rights. The conclusion to solve the contradictions of compensation for farmland collection was that farmland collection system can be innovated in the following ways: establish the market of farmland using rights, establish the third-party evaluation system, reforming government functions and strengthening farmland property rights protection.

  Study on the per Capita Net Income among Chinese Rural Residents 2011, 27 (2):  467-471.  Abstract + ( 1052 )   PDF ( 636547KB )   ( 977 ) This paper made a survey on the level and variation of chinese the income differential among chinese rural residents in recent years. With the method of absolute differences in index, the relative differences in index and relative theory, the income differential among chinese rural residents from 1997 to 2008 was analyzed. The results showed that the absolute differences variation of the income differential among chinese rural residents kept growing and the relative difference kept pace with the average level, but in growing trend. Hence, the income differential among chinese rural residents had been increasing with the development of the economy. Besides analysis and discussion, some countermeasures and suggestions were proposed to deal with this situation.

  The Changes and Factor Decomposition of Rural Regional Income Inequality in Hunan Province 2011, 27 (2):  472-476.  Abstract + ( 1196 )   PDF ( 717526KB )   ( 1080 ) Rural regional income inequality was currently a hot issue studying on rural district. This paper focuses on the changes of rural regional income inequality and measures the income changes of rural residents and decomposes the income structure to concentration effect and structure effect in Hunan from 1993 to 2008 on basis of Gini index, and then explains the causes of its real inequality. In order to explore the factors behind the changes in rural income inequality in Hunan，the overall rural income inequality was decomposed into contributions by different income sources：wages，household operations，properties and transfers．This analysis implies that the wage income will play the most key role on rural regional income inequality in Hunan. The increasing contribution from wages was mainly due to the increase of its share from 1997 to 2002, and was mainly due to evident elevation of its concentration after 2002．In recent years，with the decline of household operations concentration index and its share in total income, it had weak effects in decreasing the total regional inequality, and then it was a main factor in rural total income．The rural regional inequality should be reduced by more financial transfer and public services from the local and central government in Hunan．

  Financing of the Rural Old-age Insurance in Hebei Province 2011, 27 (2):  477-482.  Abstract + ( 1098 )   PDF ( 598713KB )   ( 1150 ) This study describes the Hebei Province rural endowment insurance is an important role on constructing the Chinese social security system, the construction of socialist new countryside, and in-depth analysis of the rural old-age insurance serious lack of Hebei Province. Through the analysis shows that the Hebei Province rural endowment insurance at the root of the problem is the imperfect fund-raising mechanism and financing mode, according to the status of financing problems, putting forward some views to how perfect Hebei new rural endowment insurance fund-raising problem.

  The Innovation of New-style Farmers Technology Training Mode and Practice ——Mode and Operation Mechanism of Shenyang Technology Training Project For Rural Youth 2011, 27 (2):  483-487.  Abstract + ( 1136 )   PDF ( 590537KB )   ( 799 ) The core of a new socialist countryside construction was Farmers education. Farmers education was the key that cultivates a large number of new-style farmers with a certain degree of professional knowledge, who can stay in the countryside and be used suitably.“Shenyang technology training project for rural youth” implemented by the universities and local governments has explored the new technology training model of “government-funded, university training, farmers benefit from”and built a training platform for the new socialist countryside construction. The mode has also trained a large number of new-style farmers who understand technology, are good at management, can stay in the countryside and are used suitably. It has produced very good economic and social benefits.

  Study on Model of Tobacco’s Standardized Production and Operation in Shaanxi Province 2011, 27 (2):  488-492.  Abstract + ( 1071 )   PDF ( 569381KB )   ( 1081 ) The tobacco standardizing production is the key measures of modern tobacco agriculture development and increasing farmers’ income. The problems of current tobacco standardizing production and operation in Shaanxi province was analyzed based on the results of field investigation in major tobacco producing areas (Long county, Heyang county and Chengcheng county in Shaanxi province). The tobacco standardizing production mode leaded by tobacco companies, based on farmer independent production, and connected by farmer specialized cooperative was proposed.